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Background Control of snail intermediate hosts has been proved to be a fast and efficient approach for interrupting the transmission of schistosomiasis. Some plant extracts have shown obvious molluscicidal activity, and a new compound Luo-Wei, also named tea-seed distilled saponin (TDS), was developed based on the saponins extracted from Camellia oleifera seeds. We aimed to test the molluscicidal activity of 4% TDS against the intermediate host snails in China and Egypt, and evaluate its environmental safety to non-target organisms. Methods In the laboratory, Oncomelania hupensis, Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus were exposed to 4% TDS, and the median lethal concentration (LC50) was estimated at 24, 48 and 72 h. In the field, snail mortalities were assessed 1, 2, 3 and 7 d post-immersion with 2.5 g/m3 4% TDS and 1, 3, 7 and 15 d post-spraying with 5 g/m2 4% TDS. In addition, the acute toxicity of 4% TDS to Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) and freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponense) was assessed by estimations of LC50 or median lethal dose (LD50). Results In the laboratory, the LC50 values of 4% TDS for O. hupensis were 0.701, 0.371 and 0.33 mg/L at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, and 4% TDS showed a 1.975 mg/L 24 h LC50 against B. alexandrina, and a 1.396 mg/L 24 h LC50 against B. truncatus. Across all study regions, the pooled mortalities of O. hupensis were 72, 86, 94 and 98% at 1, 2, 3 and 7 d, following field immersion of 4% TDS at a dose of 2.5 g/m3, and were 69, 77, 85 and 88% at 1, 3, 7 and 15 d, following field spraying at 5 g/m2, respectively. 4% TDS had moderate toxicity to Japanese quail (7 d LD50 > 60 mg/kg) and to shrimp (96 h LC50 = 6.28 mg/L; 95% CI: 3.53–11.2 mg/L), whereas its toxicity to zebrafish was high (96 h LC50 = 0.15 mg/L; 95% CI: 0.14–0.17 mg/L). Conclusions 4% TDS is active against O. hupensis, B. alexandrina and B. truncatus under laboratory and field conditions, and it may be a candidate molluscicide of plant origin.

In order to study toxicological effects of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and their mixtures (PFNA/PFOS) on Daphnia magna (D. magna), a suite of comprehensive toxicity tests were conducted, including a 48-h acute toxicity test, a 21-day chronic test, a feeding experiment, and a biomarker assay. D. magna were exposed to aqueous solutions of PFNA and PFOS (alone and in combination) at concentrations ranging from 0.008 to 5 mg/L. The survival, growth, and reproduction of D. magna were monitored over a 21-day life cycle. The biomarkers, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities, were determined after seven days of exposure. PFOS was more toxic than PFNA based on the results of the acute toxicity test. Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) inhibited both growth and reproduction of D. magna during the testing period. The ingestion rates and the biomarkers, including AChE, SOD, and CAT activities, were significantly inhibited by PFCs in most cases. Moreover, the combined effects related to the growth and reproduction showed the antagonistic effects of PFCs.

To investigate the effects of allisartan, a new angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist, on blood pressure (BP) and end-organ damage (EOD) in hypertensive rats and dogs. First, a single dose of allisartan was given intragastrically to evaluate the BP reduction in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), two kidney-one clip (2K1C) renovascular hypertensive rats and dogs, and Beagle dogs with angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Second, allisartan was mixed in rat chow for long-term treatment. After 4 months of drug administration, rats were instrumented to determine BP and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Observation of morphologic changes was used to estimate EOD. Third, the acute toxicity of allisartan was compared with that of losartan in mice. BP was significantly decreased after intragastric administration of allisartan in SHRs, 2K1C rats, 2K1C dogs and Beagle dogs with angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Compared with the control, SHRs that received long-term treatment with allisartan exhibited an improved BRS and organ protective effects. Mice who were administered allisartan experienced less acute toxicity than those treated with losartan. Allisartan is highly effective for BP reduction and organ protection with low toxicity.