42,157 results
Search Results
2. Selective Actuation of Antisymmetric Lamb Waves Using Internal d15 Transducers for SHM
- Author
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Altammar, Hussain, Carrison, Parry, Salowitz, Nathan P., di Prisco, Marco, Series Editor, Chen, Sheng-Hong, Series Editor, Vayas, Ioannis, Series Editor, Kumar Shukla, Sanjay, Series Editor, Sharma, Anuj, Series Editor, Kumar, Nagesh, Series Editor, Wang, Chien Ming, Series Editor, Rizzo, Piervincenzo, editor, and Milazzo, Alberto, editor
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Development of Paper Actuators Based on Carbon-Nanotube-Composite Paper
- Author
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Takahiro Ampo and Takahide Oya
- Subjects
carbon nanotubes ,actuator ,paper ,carbon-nanotube-composite paper ,ionic liquid ,carbon powder ,Organic chemistry ,QD241-441 - Abstract
We propose a unique soft actuator—a paper actuator—based on carbon-nanotube-composite paper (CNT-composite paper), which is a composite of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and paper. CNT-composite paper has highly efficient properties because of the contained CNTs, such as high electrical conductivity and semiconducting properties. We are considering using CNT-composite paper for various devices. In this study, we successfully developed a paper actuator. We determined the structure of the paper actuator by referencing that of bucky-gel actuators. The actuator operates using the force generated by the movement of ions. In addition to making the paper actuator, we also attempted to improve its performance, using pressure as an index and an electronic scale to measure the pressure. We investigated the optimal dispersant for use in paper actuators, expecting the residual dispersant on the CNT-composite paper to affect the performance differently depending on the type of dispersant. Referring to research on bucky-gel actuators, we also found that the addition of carbon powder to the electrode layers is effective in improving the pressure for paper actuators. We believe that the paper actuator could be used in various situations due to its ease of processing.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Paper-Based Robotics with Stackable Pneumatic Actuators
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Smit Shukla, Tongfen Liang, Aaron D. Mazzeo, Michael Yang, Cora LoPresti, Meriem Akin, Xiyue Zou, Salman Hoque, Brian T. Weil, and Emily Gruber
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Pneumatic actuator ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Biophysics ,Soft robotics ,Control engineering ,Robotics ,Equipment Design ,Paper based ,Robotic systems ,Hardware_GENERAL ,Artificial Intelligence ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Elastic Modulus ,Humans ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Actuator - Abstract
This work presents a unique approach to the design, fabrication, and characterization of paper-based origami robotic systems consisting of stackable pneumatic actuators. These paper-based actuators (PBAs) use materials with high elastic modulus-to-mass ratios, accordion-like structures, and direct coupling with pneumatic pressure for extension and bending. The study contributes to the scientific and engineering understanding of foldable components under applied pneumatic pressure by constructing stretchable and flexible structures with intrinsically nonstretchable materials. Experiments showed that a PBA possesses a power-to-mass ratio greater than 80 W/kg, which is more than four times that of human muscle. This work also illustrates the stackability and functionality of PBAs by two prototypes: a parallel manipulator and a legged locomotor. The manipulator consisting of an array of PBAs can bend in a specific direction with the corresponding actuator inflated. In addition, the stacked actuators in the manipulator can rotate in opposite directions to compensate for relative rotation at the ends of each actuator to work in parallel and manipulate the platform. The locomotor rotates the PBAs to apply and release contact between the feet and the ground. Furthermore, a numerical model developed in this work predicts the mechanical performance of these inflatable actuators as a function of dimensional specifications and folding patterns. Overall, we use stacked origami actuators to implement functionalities of manipulation, gripping, and locomotion as conventional robotic systems. Future origami robots made of paper-like materials may be suitable for single use in contaminated or unstructured environments or low-cost educational materials.
- Published
- 2022
5. Soft actuators built from cellulose paper: A review on actuation, material, fabrication, and applications
- Author
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Yan Liu, Bin Yin, Peng Wang, Shuting Mo, Siyao Shang, and Jiaming Wei
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Materials science ,Fabrication ,Bionics ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,Soft actuator ,Mechanical engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Material ,Biomaterials ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Electronics ,Cellulose ,Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials ,Programmable action ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Actuation mechanism ,Flexible electronics ,0104 chemical sciences ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,chemistry ,Grippers ,Ceramics and Composites ,TA401-492 ,Robot ,Cellulose paper ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator - Abstract
Cellulose paper, a material that is naturally derived, low cost, lightweight, eco-friendly, and mechanically deformable, plays important roles in producing next-generation flexible electronics. Following the booms in the development of functional electronics, the soft actuators built from cellulose paper have attracted great attention. In this focused review, the milestones and recent achievements of cellulose paper-based actuators are summarized. Electro-, thermal, moisture and magnetic actuation mechanisms are utilized to acquire energy from external stimuli. Corresponding functional materials and available fabrication techniques like film assembly and layer deposition are described. Programmable actions for the emerging applications in bionics, paper grippers and robots are realized by pursuing different strategies to control the responding deformation. Along with a conclusion, the existing challenges and possible solutions in evaluating and improving the performance of cellulose paper are summarized in the final section.
- Published
- 2021
6. Actuation Properties of Paper Actuators Fabricated Using PEDOT/PSS Electrode Films
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Yujiao Wu, Yusuke Hara, Hiroyuki Minamikawa, and Tomoka Nakazumi
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Paper ,Materials science ,Polymers ,030309 nutrition & dietetics ,General Chemical Engineering ,Microfluidics ,Thiophenes ,03 medical and health sciences ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Electricity ,PEDOT:PSS ,Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ,Electric field ,Electrodes ,0303 health sciences ,business.industry ,Doping ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic ,040401 food science ,Electrode ,Polystyrenes ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Actuator ,Layer (electronics) ,Voltage - Abstract
The development of actuators for power sources is essential for the efficient manipulation of fluids in microfluidics systems. In this work, a capacitor-type three-layer paper actuator was fabricated by sandwiching a polyelectrolyte layer between two films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS). The paper actuator exhibited stable large electromechanical deformations in bilateral symmetry under alternating square-wave electric field. The actuation properties were examined in a function of voltage (±0.5, ±1, ±1.5, ±2, and ±2.5 V) and frequency (1, 0.5, 0.2, and 0.05 Hz). In addition, the PEDOT/PSS electrode films with different thicknesses were prepared, and the effects of actuator thickness on actuation properties were examined. As a result, it was found that the actuator displacement increased considerably with reducing actuator thickness. In addition, the actuator with a thickness of 48 μm demonstrated a maximum displacement of 5.8 mm at a voltage of 1.5 V and a frequency of 0.05 Hz. The proposed actuator can be potentially used in the development of power sources for micropumps and check valves of microfluidic devices.
- Published
- 2020
7. Foundations for Simulating IoT Control Mechanisms with a Chemical Analogy
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Kecskemeti, Gabor, Nemeth, Zsolt, Akan, Ozgur, Series editor, Bellavista, Paolo, Series editor, Cao, Jiannong, Series editor, Coulson, Geoffrey, Series editor, Dressler, Falko, Series editor, Ferrari, Domenico, Series editor, Gerla, Mario, Series editor, Kobayashi, Hisashi, Series editor, Palazzo, Sergio, Series editor, Sahni, Sartaj, Series editor, Shen, Xuemin Sherman, Series editor, Stan, Mircea, Series editor, Xiaohua, Jia, Series editor, Zomaya, Albert Y., Series editor, Mandler, Benny, editor, Marquez-Barja, Johann, editor, Mitre Campista, Miguel Elias, editor, Cagáňová, Dagmar, editor, Chaouchi, Hakima, editor, Zeadally, Sherali, editor, Badra, Mohamad, editor, Giordano, Stefano, editor, Fazio, Maria, editor, Somov, Andrey, editor, and Vieriu, Radu-Laurentiu, editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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8. Self-Tuning Cross Profile Control for a Paper Machine
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Axel Gräser and Werner Neddermeyer
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Grammage ,Engineering ,Control theory ,Filter (video) ,business.industry ,Control system ,Multivariable calculus ,Stability (learning theory) ,Self-tuning ,Control engineering ,Direct digital control ,Actuator ,business - Abstract
The paper discusses a self tuning control algorithm for a multivariable plant applied to a grammage cross profile control of a paper machine. The plant model represents the steady-state couplings as well as the dynamics behaviour of the system. The control algorithm handles special situations including the case where the numper of measurments is not equal to the numper of actuators and the case where special actuators are locked. The whole identification algorithm with a specical filter and an estimation of the required measurment accuary for a succesful identification of the steady-state couplings will be discussed. The paper shows how to proof the stability of the control system including the cases of locked actuators and identification errors. Finally, the whole conrol system is verified by in house simulations and at a real plant. The obtained control results are discussed.
- Published
- 2023
9. Machine Direction Adaptive Control on a Paper Machine
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R. Bhushan Gopaluni, Philip D. Loewen, Johan U. Backstrom, Michael G. Forbes, Qiugang Lu, and Lee D. Rippon
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business.product_category ,Adaptive control ,Computer science ,General Chemical Engineering ,SIGNAL (programming language) ,Open-loop controller ,Process (computing) ,Control engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Identification (information) ,Model predictive control ,Paper machine ,020401 chemical engineering ,0204 chemical engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator ,business - Abstract
Control of industrial sheet and film processes involves separate controllers and actuators for minimizing both temporal variations along the machine direction (MD) and spatial variations along the cross direction (CD). Model-based control methods such as model predictive control (MPC) have gained widespread implementation for controlling both the MD and CD processes. One limitation of model-based methods is that changes in the true process pose significant identification challenges for operators which are often resolved with costly open loop identification experiments. The predominant industrial measurement technology acquires a signal of mixed MD and CD variations that requires separation. This work compares various model-free approaches for MD-CD separation as a prerequisite to effective MD control. To address the challenges of model-based control, this paper introduces an adaptive control method for the MD process. Closed loop identification experiments are conducted and compared to benchmarks on an industrial paper machine simulator.
- Published
- 2019
10. Paper-Based Electronics for Brain-Machine Interface Home Supercomputer
- Author
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José Machado, Manuel Curado, Nicolás Lori, and Miguel Pais-Vieira
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010302 applied physics ,0303 health sciences ,SIMPLE (military communications protocol) ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Transistor ,Paper based ,Supercomputer ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Electronics ,business ,Actuator ,Computer hardware ,030304 developmental biology ,Neural decoding ,Brain–computer interface - Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) decode neural activity in real-time, allowing control of sensors and actuators. However, real-time neural decoding requires high computational resources. Recently developed paper-based electronics (e.g., transistors) are likely to reduce the cost of computing devices. In this theoretical study, we propose a roadmap to develop BMIs that take advantage of cellulose based supercomputers. Major milestones will include: 1) an initial prototype with a small number of elements capable of forming a simple brain-controlled On/Off switch, and 2) scaling up the capabilities of the new computing device, such that paper-based electronics lined in the walls of people’s homes will form a supercomputer. The initial prototype will be used to control the lights in a room, but more advanced devices are expected to decode more complex brain commands. As paper-based electronics are very low cost, it is proposed here that paper-based supercomputing capabilities may significantly improve BMIs.
- Published
- 2021
11. Cellulose Electro-Active Paper: From Discovery to Technology Applications
- Author
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Zafar eAbas, Heung Soo eKim, Jaehwan eKim, and Joo-Hyung eKim
- Subjects
Cellulose ,smart materials ,Piezoelectrics ,actuator ,Electro-Active Paper ,Technology - Abstract
Cellulose electro-active paper (EAPap) is an attractive material of electro-active polymers (EAPs) family due to its smart characteristics. EAPap is thin cellulose film coated with metal electrodes on both sides. Its large displacement output, low actuation voltage and low power consumption can be used for biomimetic sensors/actuators and electromechanical system. Because cellulose EAPap is ultra-lightweight, easy to manufacture, inexpensive, biocompatible, and biodegradable, it has been employed for many applications such as bending actuator, vibration sensor, artificial muscle, flexible speaker, and can be advantageous in areas such as micro-insect robots, micro-flying objects, microelectromechanical systems, biosensors, and flexible displays.
- Published
- 2014
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12. Superhydrophobic Photothermal Paper Based on Ultralong Hydroxyapatite Nanowires for Controllable Light-Driven Self-Propelled Motion
- Author
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Fei-Fei Chen, Zhi-Chao Xiong, Ri-Long Yang, Ying-Jie Zhu, and Dong-Dong Qin
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Materials science ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Nanowire ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,Paper based ,Photothermal therapy ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Motion (physics) ,0104 chemical sciences ,External energy ,Light driven ,Environmental Chemistry ,Optoelectronics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Actuator - Abstract
Stimulus-responsive actuators that can respond to the external stimuli and convert external energy into dynamic movement behaviors are highly desired for many applications. Among various driving sc...
- Published
- 2019
13. Robustness Analysis of decoupled PID controller for Paper Machine Headbox
- Author
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Parvesh Saini, Deepak Parashar, Rajesh Kumar, and Pradeep Kumar Juneja
- Subjects
Paper machine ,business.product_category ,Control theory ,Computer science ,Robustness (computer science) ,PID controller ,Particle swarm optimization ,business ,Actuator - Abstract
A Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) based PID controller has been proposed in this paper for a paper machine headbox. The considered headbox model has been perturbed and the proposed controller has been implemented on the perturbed model to assess the robustness of the system. The robustness of the proposed controller has been evaluated on the basis of sensitivity and complementary sensitivity functions. Sensitivity and complementary sensitivity functions provide significant insight into the system's behavior for disturbance, uncertainties, and noise (due to sensors/actuators). Hence, the controller to be designed for a given system should be concerned about these functions. Apart from these functions, worst-case sensitivity analysis has also been carried out for the perturbed headbox. The responses obtained from the proposed controller have been compared with some conventional PID tuning techniques and it is observed that the proposed controller yields better robustness.
- Published
- 2020
14. Humidity- and light-driven actuators based on carbon nanotube-coated paper and polymer composite
- Author
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Liqiang Yao, Mingcen Weng, Wei Zhang, Luzhuo Chen, and Peidi Zhou
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Coated paper ,Materials science ,Composite number ,Soft robotics ,Mechanical engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Carbon nanotube ,Bending ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Curvature ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,law.invention ,law ,General Materials Science ,Artificial muscle ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator - Abstract
Multi-responsive actuators driven by different stimuli (e.g. light, humidity, electricity) have attracted intense attention recently for the advantages of being used in various environments and show enormous actuation. In this work, we propose humidity- and light-driven actuators based on carbon nanotube (CNT)-coated paper and a biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) composite. The CNT-paper/BOPP actuator shows large bending actuation when driven by humidity change (curvature of 1.2 cm-1) and near infrared (NIR) light irradiation (curvature up to 1.6 cm-1). The great actuation performances outperform most other paper-based actuators. Finally, a smart gripper, of which the initial opening width can be enlarged, is fabricated on the basis of the CNT-paper/BOPP actuators. By utilizing the bidirectional bending motion of the actuator, the opening width of the gripper can increase to a width that is 4 times larger than its initial width, so as to grasp a large object. The gripper is also able to raise and move an object that is 20 times heavier than one actuator of the gripper. We assume that this new type of actuator has great potential in artificial muscle, soft robotics and biomimetic applications.
- Published
- 2018
15. A Facile Nanoimpregnation Method for Preparing Paper‐Based Sensors and Actuators
- Author
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Carmen R. Tubío, Ricardo Brito-Pereira, Pedro Martins, Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez, and Universidade do Minho
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0 technologies ,Science & Technology ,Materials science ,nanotechnology ,Ciências Naturais::Ciências Físicas ,Ciências Físicas [Ciências Naturais] ,4.0 technologies ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,Paper based ,actuators ,sensors ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,0104 chemical sciences ,Mechanics of Materials ,magnetic materials ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator ,impregnation - Abstract
Paper-based advanced functional materials have become the focus of intense research in recent years. Particularly, magnetic papers show strong potential for applications in a wide range of 4.0 technologies including communication, magnetic sensing, electromagnetic filtering, magnetic-based health care tools, point-of-care microfluidic devices, and security. In situ and lumen-loading, the main methods to prepare magnetoactive papers, have problems such as the rigorous reaction conditions, hard control of deposition location, decreased tensile strength, poor retention of magnetic nanoparticles, or the obligation to perform the magnetic impregnation during the papermaking process, that hinder their applicability. Those issues are addressed in the present work, in which approximate to 20 nm Fe3O4 nanoparticles are hydrothermally synthesized and later incorporated in a wax-based home-made cartridge and nanoimpregnated into paper by a thermal process leading to a magnetic paper with improved stress and strain at rupture and Young's modulus, 30 MPa, 4.5%, and 2 GPa, respectively, when compared to neat paper, 15 MPa, 3.5%, and approximate to 1 GPa, respectively. Additionally, the reported magnetic impregnation method provides the paper with a 0.2 emu g(-1) magnetic saturation, allowing it to work as a bending actuator with a bending of 12 mm at an applied magnetic field of 105 mT., The authors thank the FCT- FundacAo para a Ciencia e Tecnologia- for financial support in the framework of the Strategic Funding UID/FIS/04650/2020 and under projects PTDC/BTM-MAT/28237/2017 and PTDC/EMD-EMD/28159/2017. R. B-P. acknowledges also support from FCT (SFRH/BD/140698/2018). P.M. thanks FCT- FundacAo para a Ciencia e Tecnologia for the contract under the Stimulus of Scientific Employment, Individual Support - 2017 Call (CEECIND/03975/2017). The authors thank funding by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERFD) through the project PID2019-106099RB-C43/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and from the Basque Government Industry and Education Department under the ELKARTEK, HAZITEK and PIBA (PIBA-2018-06) programs, respectively. Technical and human support provided by SGIker (UPV/EHU, MICINN, GV/EJ, EGEF and ESF) is gratefully acknowledged.
- Published
- 2021
16. Reduced graphene oxide paper as bimorphic electrical actuators
- Author
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Ali Alsalme, Ramasamy Jayavel, D. Selvakumar, and Ahmad Al-Ghamdi
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Materials science ,Fabrication ,Graphene ,Mechanical Engineering ,Oxide ,Ionic bonding ,02 engineering and technology ,Electrolyte ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Mechanics of Materials ,law ,Electrode ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator ,Graphene oxide paper - Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) papers prepared by simple self-assembly process were used as electrode material for the fabrication of bimorphic electrical actuators. Initially, the structural studies of the rGO paper confirmed the formation of graphitic structure. The ionic gel electrolyte was prepared separately and used to couple the two rGO paper electrodes. This forms the tri-layered structure as an actuator, the displacement was measured by varying the applied potential with respect to time. The actuation properties were extended for both photon as well as electronic conducting gel electrolyte. The experimental results suggest that the flexible rGO paper can be used for electronic actuators.
- Published
- 2017
17. Carbon Nanotube-Based Hierarchical Paper Structure for Ultra-high Electrothermal Actuation in a Wide Humidity Range
- Author
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Rituparna Ghosh and Abha Misra
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Materials science ,Polydimethylsiloxane ,Humidity ,Nanotechnology ,Polymer ,Carbon nanotube ,Thermal expansion ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,law ,Materials Chemistry ,Electrochemistry ,Cellulose ,Actuator ,Joule heating - Abstract
The hierarchical structure of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), cellulose paper, and the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer is realized for a low-power-driven actuator capable of operating unde...
- Published
- 2021
18. Paper microzones as a route to greener analytical chemistry
- Author
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Mihkel Kaljurand
- Subjects
Computer science ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,Microfluidics ,Analytical chemistry ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,01 natural sciences ,Catalysis ,010406 physical chemistry ,0104 chemical sciences ,Chemistry (miscellaneous) ,Carbon footprint ,Actuator ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Actuators, detectors and controllers associated with most current microfluidic chips continue to be bulky and costly. The ability of paper (and other porous materials) to wick fluids circumvents the need for a pump, making such devices portable, low-cost, and ideal for use in low-resource settings. Such devices are known as “paper microfluidic devices” and when combined with smartphones as recording devices, represent an ultimate achievement in green analytical chemistry. The carbon footprint of such an approach to chemical analysis is almost negligible. In this paper, recent developments in the field of paper microfluidic devices are described with an emphasis on the simplest variant of paper microfluidics: microzones on paper. The role of smartphones as an inexpensive and green counterpart to paper microzones with a similarly low environmental impact level and simplicity of operation is also described.
- Published
- 2019
19. Wireless Walking Paper Robot Driven by Magnetic Polymer Actuator
- Author
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Ayoung Hong, Han-Sol Lee, Eunpyo Choi, Yong-Uk Jeon, Jin-Yong Jeong, Chang-Sei Kim, Jong-Oh Park, In-Seong Lee, and Manh Cuong Hoang
- Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology ,Control and Optimization ,Computer science ,02 engineering and technology ,Computer Science::Robotics ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,paper robot ,lcsh:TK1001-1841 ,lcsh:TA401-492 ,Wireless ,Simulation ,electromagnetic actuation ,magnetic polymer ,business.industry ,Rotational speed ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Magnetic field ,lcsh:Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations ,Mechanism (engineering) ,Control and Systems Engineering ,soft robot ,Magnetic nanoparticles ,Robot ,lcsh:Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator ,business ,Body orifice - Abstract
Untethered small-scale soft robots have been widely researched because they can be employed to perform wireless procedures via natural orifices in the human body, or other minimally invasive operations. Nevertheless, achieving untethered robotic motion remains challenging owing to the lack of an effective wireless actuation mechanism. To overcome this limitation, we propose a magnetically actuated walking soft robot based on paper and a chained magnetic-microparticle-embedded polymer actuator. The magnetic polymer actuator was prepared by combining Fe3O4 magnetic particles (MPs, diameter of ~50 nm) and silicon that are affected by a magnetic field, thereafter, the magnetic properties were quantified to achieve proper force and optimized according to the mass ratio, viscosity, and rotational speed of a spin coater. The fabricated polymer was utilized as a soft robot actuator that can be controlled using an external magnetic field, and paper was employed to construct the robot body with legs to achieve walking motion. To confirm the feasibility of the designed robot, the operating capability of the robot was analyzed through finite element simulation, and a walking experiment was conducted using electromagnetic actuation. The soft robot could be moved by varying the magnetic flux density and on&ndash, off state, and it demonstrated a maximum moving speed of 0.77 mm/s. Further studies on the proposed soft walking robot may advance the development of small-scale robots with diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities for application in biomedical fields.
- Published
- 2020
20. Low‐Cost Sensor‐Rich Fluidic Elastomer Actuators Embedded with Paper Electronics
- Author
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Ryo Kanno, Jun Mizuno, Tilo H. Yang, Jun Shintake, and C. Robert Kao
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fluidic elastomer actuators ,soft robotics ,lcsh:Computer engineering. Computer hardware ,Computer science ,lcsh:Control engineering systems. Automatic machinery (General) ,Soft robotics ,Mechanical engineering ,lcsh:TK7885-7895 ,sensors ,Elastomer ,lcsh:TJ212-225 ,soft grippers ,Fluidics ,Electronics ,Actuator ,paper electronics ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance - Abstract
Fluidic elastomer actuators (FEAs) are popular actuation ways in soft robotics due to their low cost and simple fabrication process. To realize intelligent soft robotic systems, real‐time monitoring of their deformation and interactions with surrounding objects including shape and proximity is important. Thus, integration of sensors into FEAs while considering cost reduction and mass production is required. Because paper features low cost and recyclability, herein, two paper‐based sensors, resistive strain sensors (RSSs) and capacitive proximity sensors (CPSs), are incorporated into FEAs as the strain‐limiting layers. The RSS exhibits the ability to detect the actuated bending angle with hysteresis ≈0.01% and high repeatability for 30 cycles. The RSS is also able to detect different object sizes being grasped by the FEA. In contrast, the CPS starts detecting object proximity 8 mm away from the sensor surface and functions well at various approaching speeds. The CPS is also capable of distinguishing objects of different materials by their permittivity. Finally, an intelligent soft gripper which carries these two sensors is demonstrated, where bending curvature, object proximity, contact, and release are monitored in real time. The results provide a pathway for the development of low‐cost sensorized soft robotic systems with advanced sensing functionalities.
- Published
- 2020
21. Green Paper-based Piezoelectric Material for Sensors and Actuators.
- Author
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Lemaire, E., Moser, R., Borsa, C.J., Shea, H., and Briand, D.
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PIEZOELECTRIC materials ,ACTUATOR design & construction ,FABRICATION (Manufacturing) ,STRUCTURAL engineering ,ROCHELLE salt - Abstract
In this work, the fabrication of Rochelle salt based piezoelectric structures is illustrated. Structures composed of paper and Rochelle salt are easily manufactured using simple processes. Both manufacturing and the material itself are environmental friendly. Additionally Rochelle salt is biocompatible. In the paradigm of a cleaner piezoelectric technology, the fabrication of active sensing or actuating devices is developed. Thus processing method, material and piezoelectric properties have been studied: (1) pure crystals are used as acoustic actuator, (2) properties of paper impregnated with Rochelle salt are detailed, (3) charge generation is demonstrated on the impregnated material. Actuating and sensing devices are reported in order to highlight the potential of this green piezoelectric material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Green Paper-based Piezoelectric Material for Sensors and Actuators
- Author
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Etienne Lemaire, Herbert Shea, C. J. Borsa, R. Moser, and Danick Briand
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Engineering ,Fabrication ,green manufacturing ,business.industry ,paper ,greentech ,Mechanical engineering ,Active sensing ,General Medicine ,Biocompatible material ,Piezoelectricity ,Environmentally friendly ,Processing methods ,Charge generation ,material ,sensor ,Optoelectronics ,Piezoelectric ,Actuator ,business ,Rochelle salt ,actuator ,Engineering(all) - Abstract
In this work, the fabrication of Rochelle salt based piezoelectric structures is illustrated. Structures composed of paper and Rochelle salt are easily manufactured using simple processes. Both manufacturing and the material itself are environmental friendly. Additionally Rochelle salt is biocompatible. In the paradigm of a cleaner piezoelectric technology, the fabrication of active sensing or actuating devices is developed. Thus processing method, material and piezoelectric properties have been studied: (1) pure crystals are used as acoustic actuator, (2) properties of paper impregnated with Rochelle salt are detailed, (3) charge generation is demonstrated on the impregnated material. Actuating and sensing devices are reported in order to highlight the potential of this green piezoelectric material. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. A versatile valving toolkit for automating fluidic operations in paper microfluidic devices
- Author
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Jessica A. Wang, Lisa Lafleur, Mayuri Gupta, Bhushan J. Toley, Paul Yager, Elain Fu, Barry R. Lutz, and Joshua R. Buser
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Paper ,Engineering ,Time Factors ,Microfluidics ,Protozoan Proteins ,Biomedical Engineering ,Antigens, Protozoan ,Bioengineering ,STRIPS ,Biochemistry ,Article ,law.invention ,Automation ,law ,Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ,Metering mode ,Fluidics ,business.industry ,Volume (computing) ,Control engineering ,General Chemistry ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Valve actuator ,business ,Actuator - Abstract
Failure to utilize valving and automation techniques has restricted the complexity of fluidic operations that can be performed in paper microfluidic devices. We developed a toolkit of paper microfluidic valves and methods for automatic valve actuation using movable paper strips and fluid-triggered expanding elements. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first functional demonstration of this valving strategy in paper microfluidics. After introduction of fluids on devices, valves can actuate automatically a) after a certain period of time, or b) after the passage of a certain volume of fluid. Timing of valve actuation can be tuned with greater than 8.5% accuracy by changing lengths of timing wicks, and we present timed on-valves, off-valves, and diversion (channel-switching) valves. The actuators require ~30 μl fluid to actuate and the time required to switch from one state to another ranges from ~5 s for short to ~50s for longer wicks. For volume-metered actuation, the size of a metering pad can be adjusted to tune actuation volume, and we present two methods – both methods can achieve greater than 9% accuracy. Finally, we demonstrate the use of these valves in a device that conducts a multi-step assay for the detection of the malaria protein PfHRP2. Although slightly more complex than devices that do not have moving parts, this valving and automation toolkit considerably expands the capabilities of paper microfluidic devices. Components of this toolkit can be used to conduct arbitrarily complex, multi-step fluidic operations on paper-based devices, as demonstrated in the malaria assay device.
- Published
- 2015
24. Tuning the oxygen functional groups in reduced graphene oxide papers to enhance the electromechanical actuation
- Author
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Ling Qiu, Ganaka G. Chandrakumara, Xi-Ya Fang, Christopher D. Easton, Jefferson Zhe Liu, Tuncay Alan, Jin Shang, Frank Antolasic, Jingchao Song, and Dan Li
- Subjects
Materials science ,Graphene ,General Chemical Engineering ,Oxide ,Nanotechnology ,General Chemistry ,Carbon nanotube ,Capacitance ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,law ,Electrical resistivity and conductivity ,Specific surface area ,Composite material ,Actuator ,Graphene oxide paper - Abstract
The superior mechanical flexibility, mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, high specific surface area, and a special two-dimensional crystalline structure make graphene a very promising building block material for flexible electromechanical actuators. However, graphene papers have exhibited limited electromechanical actuation strain in aqueous electrolyte solution. In this paper, we show an easy approach to significantly improve the electromechanical actuation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) papers via fine tuning the oxygen functional groups in rGO sheets, which was achieved by careful control of quantity of the reduction agent used in the chemical reduction process of graphene oxide. The actuation strains are enhanced up to 0.2% at an applied voltage of −1 V, which is more than a 2 fold increase compared to the regular pristine rGO paper. Further theoretical and experimental analyses reveal that the change of the capacitance and the stiffness of the rGO papers are two key factors responsible for the observed improvement.
- Published
- 2015
25. User-friendly cross-directional MPC tuning for uncertain multiple-array paper-making processes
- Author
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Johan U. Backstrom, Michael G. Forbes, Tongwen Chen, and Ning He
- Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology ,Event (computing) ,Computer science ,Applied Mathematics ,Multivariable calculus ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,Process (computing) ,02 engineering and technology ,Computer Science Applications ,Model predictive control ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,Sampling (signal processing) ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Filter (video) ,Control theory ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Actuator ,Parametric statistics - Abstract
The cross-directional model predictive control (CD-MPC) tuning problem is investigated for multiple-array paper-making process with parametric uncertainty. A systematic spatial tuning method is proposed to tune the penalty matrices such that the harmful high frequency elements in each actuator profile can be eliminated. A multivariable temporal filter is employed to adjust the output references, and a temporal tuning algorithm is developed for the filter parameters to achieve the pre-specified 2 σ performance indices. The computational time of the proposed methods is reduced via event-based sampling strategy. The effectiveness of the techniques is shown via a CD system from paper-making industry.
- Published
- 2019
26. Bending force enhancement of sodium alginate-based polymer gel paper actuators
- Author
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Junjie Yang, Honghao Zhao, Zhijie Wang, and Gang Zhao
- Subjects
Materials science ,Polymers and Plastics ,Work (physics) ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Capacitance ,0104 chemical sciences ,Ion ,Resist ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator ,Layer (electronics) ,Elastic modulus ,Sodium alginate - Abstract
This work mainly studies the effect of calcium chloride crosslinking on the bending force properties of sodium alginate-based polymer gel paper actuators (PGPAs), where the driving layer is fabricated by the method of freeze-drying. The results indicate that the concentration of the crosslinking solution strongly affects the performance of the PGPAs and inappropriate concentration of crosslinking solution will even lead to a lower bending force of the PGPA compared with the uncrosslinked one. In particular, the bending force of excessively crosslinked PGPAs is lower than that of uncrosslinked actuators. The bending force of the PGPA achieves the highest value of 3.14 mN (1.94 times than when uncrosslinked) when the concentration of the crosslinking solution is 2 wt%. The driving layer of the PGPA shows optimal performance when the concentration of crosslinking solution is 2 wt%, and the elastic modulus of the driving layer was the smallest under this condition. Compared to the uncrosslinked actuators, the PGPAs consume less force to resist the bending strain produced. The pore structure of the driving layer is more uniform, and the connectivity between the pores is better, which is favorable for the bending force output of the PGPA. Moreover, compared with other concentrations of the crosslinking solution, the 2 wt% crosslinking solution leads to a desirable specific capacitance of the driving layer, which is beneficial for the movement of internal ions. Therefore, the bending force of the PGPA is improved.
- Published
- 2019
27. Magnetic-responsive Fe3O4 nanoparticle-impregnated cellulose paper actuators
- Author
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Qian-Cheng Zhang, Bin Han, Zhao Zhenyu, Run-Pei Yu, Fei-Chen Li, Tian Jian Lu, and Xin Wang
- Subjects
Materials science ,Nanocomposite ,Mechanical Engineering ,Bioengineering ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Magnetic hysteresis ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Computer Science::Robotics ,Condensed Matter::Materials Science ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Flexural strength ,Mechanics of Materials ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Composite material ,Cellulose ,Deformation (engineering) ,0210 nano-technology ,Material properties ,Actuator ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Beam (structure) - Abstract
Fe3O4 nanoparticle-infiltrated chromatography paper is prepared using a low-cost blending method. Upon characterizing the basic material properties of the Fe3O4/paper nanocomposite, beam-, accordion- and star-shaped actuators are constructed using the nanocomposite and the corresponding actuation performance is investigated experimentally. The beam-shaped actuator exhibits a reversible flexural deformation due to low magnetic hysteresis loop of the Fe3O4/paper nanocomposite, maintaining a stable response after 100 cycles. The accordion-shaped actuator can reach a maximum strain of 100% while the star-shaped actuator can capture a spitball twice heavier than itself.
- Published
- 2018
28. Piezoelectric Polymer and Paper Substrates: A Review
- Author
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Sharmistha Bhadra and Kiran Kumar Sappati
- Subjects
Materials science ,Fabrication ,polymer ,Nanotechnology ,Review ,02 engineering and technology ,sensors ,lcsh:Chemical technology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,lcsh:TP1-1185 ,Ceramic ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,substrates ,Instrumentation ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Flexibility (engineering) ,paper ,Polymer ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Piezoelectricity ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,0104 chemical sciences ,Pyroelectricity ,chemistry ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,piezoelectric ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator ,Piezoelectric polymer - Abstract
Polymers and papers, which exhibit piezoelectricity, find a wide range of applications in the industry. Ever since the discovery of PVDF, piezo polymers and papers have been widely used for sensor and actuator design. The direct piezoelectric effect has been used for sensor design, whereas the inverse piezoelectric effect has been applied for actuator design. Piezo polymers and papers have the advantages of mechanical flexibility, lower fabrication cost and faster processing over commonly used piezoelectric materials, such as PZT, BaTiO3. In addition, many polymer and paper materials are considered biocompatible and can be used in bio applications. In the last 20 years, heterostructural materials, such as polymer composites and hybrid paper, have received a lot of attention since they combine the flexibility of polymer or paper, and excellent pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties of ceramics. This paper gives an overview of piezoelectric polymers and papers based on their operating principle. Main categories of piezoelectric polymers and papers are discussed with a focus on their materials and fabrication techniques. Applications of piezoelectric polymers and papers in different areas are also presented.
- Published
- 2018
29. Electro-Active Paper as a Flexible Mechanical Sensor, Actuator and Energy Harvesting Transducer: A Review
- Author
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Heung Soo Kim, Faisal Raza Khan, and Asif Khan
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mechanical engineering ,Review ,02 engineering and technology ,flexible smart material ,lcsh:Chemical technology ,Smart material ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,lcsh:TP1-1185 ,characterization ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Instrumentation ,electro-active paper (EAPap) ,010401 analytical chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Polyvinylidene fluoride ,Piezoelectricity ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,0104 chemical sciences ,Vibration ,Transducer ,chemistry ,Mechanical sensor ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator ,Energy harvesting - Abstract
Electro-active paper (EAPap) is a cellulose-based smart material that has shown promising results in a variety of smart applications (e.g., vibration sensor, piezo-speaker, bending actuator) with the merits of being flexible, lightweight, fracture tolerant, biodegradable, naturally abundant, cheap, biocompatible, and with the ability to form hybrid nanocomposites. This paper presents a review of the characterization and application of EAPap as a flexible mechanical vibration/strain sensor, bending actuator, and vibration energy harvester. The working mechanism of EAPap is explained along with the various parameters and factors that influence the sensing, actuation, and energy harvesting capabilities of EAPap. Although the piezoelectricity of EAPap is comparable to that of commercially available polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), EAPap has the preferable merits in terms of natural abundance and ample capacity of chemical modification. The article would provide guidelines for the characterization and application of EAPap in mechanical sensing, actuation, and vibration energy scavenging, along with the possible limitations and future research prospects.
- Published
- 2018
30. Paper-Embedded Roll-to-Roll Mass Printed Piezoelectric Transducers
- Author
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Ricardo Alonso Quintana Soler, Pramul Muraleedhara Panicker, Issac Wils, G. Schmidt, Arved C. Hübler, Aravindan Joseph Benjamin, and Xunlin Qiu
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Process (computing) ,Mechanical engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Piezoelectricity ,0104 chemical sciences ,law.invention ,Roll-to-roll processing ,Transducer ,Mechanics of Materials ,law ,Printed electronics ,Lamination ,General Materials Science ,Electronics ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator - Abstract
The trend to a world with ubiquitous electronics has the need for novel concepts for sensors and actuators that are lightweight, flexible, low-cost, and also sustainable. Piezoelectric transducers on the basis of functional polymers can meet these expectations. In this work, a novel concept for paper-embedded large-area piezoelectric devices realized solely by means of roll-to-roll (R2R) mass printing and post printing technologies including inline poling are introduced. The device set-up, as well as the process technology, offers the great opportunity for a cost-efficient and environmentally friendly mass production of thin and flexible organic large-area piezoelectric devices. As the functional layers are embedded into paper by the hot lamination of two poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) layers, the printed electronics is protected and invisible. The paper gives insights to the R2R printing of a 500 m long web including R2R post printing processes and electrical and acoustic inline characterization. Fully R2R processed devices show a high remnant polarization of up to 78 mC m-2 and can be realized with high yield of >90%. Finally, a 360° surround-sound installation realized with a 387 cm long paper web consisting of 56 piezoelectric speakers including wiring is presented.
- Published
- 2020
31. PF-IPMC: Paper/Fabric Assisted IPMC Actuators for 3D Crafts
- Author
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Hiroyuki Nabae, Akio Kodaira, Koichi Suzumori, and Asuka Ishiki
- Subjects
Control and Optimization ,Fabrication ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Bandwidth (signal processing) ,Composite number ,Biomedical Engineering ,Mechanical engineering ,Computer Science Applications ,Human-Computer Interaction ,Polyester ,Artificial Intelligence ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Electroactive polymers ,Robot ,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Actuator ,Low voltage - Abstract
An ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuator is one of the most promising electroactive polymer devices. It is a lightweight and flexible actuator that can be operated in low voltage, high-frequency bandwidth, and even water. To widen the application field and enhance the potential of the IPMC actuator, a stable and flexible arbitrary 3D fabrication method is required. To address this arbitrary 3D fabrication problem, we have proposed and studied a novel fabrication method using papers and fabrics as the base materials of IPMC actuators. In this letter, we propose a novel paper/fabric (PF)-IPMC and its detailed fabrication process. For future design optimization, the fundamental characteristics derived from a type of paper and fabric are also determined through experiments. PF-IPMCs created from papers (Tissue, Kimwipe, and Kimtowel) have a greater ability for deformation, blocking force, and adsorption ratio than those created from fabrics (cotton and polyester). After the fundamental properties were evaluated, an origami plane and a crane PF-IPMC robots were created using the proposed method. Both PF-IPMC robots retained their initial shapes after completion of the fabrication process and could be operated normally. This shows the potential of the PF-IPMC for application to 3D craft.
- Published
- 2020
32. Actuation and locomotion driven by moisture in paper made with natural pollen
- Author
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Yun Yang, Subra Suresh, Teng-Fei Fan, Juha Song, Young Kyu Hwang, Ze Zhao, Nam-Joon Cho, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Subjects
Bioengineering [Engineering] ,Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,Materials [Engineering] ,Moisture ,Control reconfiguration ,natural materials ,wearable sensor ,Biological Sciences ,Biocompatible material ,actuators ,Natural Materials ,Stress (mechanics) ,Biophysics and Computational Biology ,Biomimetics ,pollen ,Physical Sciences ,Surface roughness ,Applied Biological Sciences ,biomimetics ,Biological system ,Actuator ,Material properties - Abstract
Significance Much progress has been made in developing bioinspired sensors and actuators based on engineered synthetic materials, although there remains a critical need to incorporate cost-effective and eco-friendly materials. Here naturally abundant pollen grains are used as a material template to produce paper that sensitively and reversibly responds as an actuator to variations in environmental humidity. The actuating properties of the all-natural paper are readily tuned by material characteristics, such as sheet thickness and surface roughness. We demonstrate self-actuation of the pollen-based paper by mimicking flower blooming. The results presented here point to pathways for the creation of self-propelled robots, flexible electronics, and multifunctional devices. They also offer the potential for digital printing and fabrication of complex and programmable natural actuators., Here we describe the development of a humidity-responsive sheet of paper that is derived solely from natural pollen. Adaptive soft material components of the paper exhibit diverse and well-integrated responses to humidity that promote shape reconfiguration, actuation, and locomotion. This mechanically versatile and nonallergenic paper can generate a cyclically high contractile stress upon water absorption and desorption, and the rapid exchange of water drives locomotion due to hydrodynamic effects. Such dynamic behavior can be finely tuned by adjusting the structure and properties of the paper, including thickness, surface roughness, and processing conditions, analogous to those of classical soapmaking. We demonstrate that humidity-responsive paper-like actuators can mimic the blooming of the Michelia flower and perform self-propelled motion. Harnessing the material properties of bioinspired systems such as pollen paper opens the door to a wide range of sustainable, eco-friendly, and biocompatible material innovation platforms for applications in sensing, actuation, and locomotion.
- Published
- 2020
33. SPIN (Self-powered Paper Interfaces)
- Author
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Gregory D. Abowd, Hyunjoo Oh, Tingyu Cheng, Sienna Sun, Christopher Chen, Zhong Lin Wang, Steven L. Zhang, Youngwook Do, and David Howard
- Subjects
Bridging (networking) ,Fabrication ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Nanogenerator ,Electrical engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Electricity generation ,Embedding ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator ,business ,Triboelectric effect - Abstract
We present Self-powered Paper INterfaces (SPIN) combining folding paper creases with triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). Embedding TENG into paper creases, we developed a design editor and set of fabrication techniques to create paper-based interfaces that power sensors and actuators. Our SPIN design editor enables users to design their own crease pattern by changing parameters, embed power generating modules into the design, estimate total power generation, and export the files. Then following the fabrication instructions, users can cut and crease materials, and assemble them to build their own interfaces. We employ repetitive push-and-pull based embodied interactions with the mechanism of paper creases and demonstrate four application examples that show new expressive possibilities applying different scales of embodied interactions.
- Published
- 2020
34. Corrigendum to 'Cobalt metal-organic framework modified carbon cloth/paper hybrid electrochemical button-sensor for nonenzymatic glucose diagnostics' [Sens. Actuators B Chem. 329 (2021) 129205]
- Author
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Bin Liu, Xiangying Sun, Xiaofeng Wei, Jialei Guo, and Huiting Lian
- Subjects
Materials science ,Metals and Alloys ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Electrochemistry ,Article ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Modified carbon ,Chemical engineering ,Materials Chemistry ,Cobalt metal ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Actuator ,Instrumentation - Abstract
In the growing pandemic, family healthcare is widely concerned with the increase of medical self-diagnosis away from the hospital. A cobalt metal-organic framework modified carbon cloth/paper (Co-MOF/CC/Paper) hybrid button-sensor was developed as a portable, robust, and user-friendly electrochemical analytical chip for nonenzymatic quantitative detection of glucose. Highly integrated electrochemical analytical chip was successfully fabricated with a flexible Co-MOF/CC sensing interface, effectively increasing the specific area and catalytic sites than the traditional plane electrode. Based on the button-sensor, rapid quantitative detection of glucose was achieved in multiple complex bio-matrixes, such as serum, urine, and saliva, with desired selectivity, stability, and durability. With the advantages of low cost, high environment tolerance, ease of production, our nanozyme-based electrochemical analytical chip achieved reliable nonenzymatic electrocatalysis, has great potential for the application of rapid on-site analysis in personalized diagnostic and disease prevention.
- Published
- 2022
35. An isogeometric scaled boundary plate formulation for the analysis of ionic electroactive paper
- Author
-
Sven Klinkel and Markus Klassen
- Subjects
Materials science ,Field (physics) ,Mechanical Engineering ,Computational Mechanics ,Boundary (topology) ,Mechanics ,Isogeometric analysis ,Bending ,Nonlinear system ,Ionic polymer–metal composites ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Electric field ,ddc:530 ,Actuator - Abstract
Acta mechanica (2021). doi:10.1007/s00707-021-03056-8, Published by Springer, Wien
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Robust Tuning of Cross-Directional Model Predictive Controllers for Paper-Making Processes
- Author
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Ning He, Xiaotao Liu, Tongwen Chen, Johan U. Backstrom, and Michael G. Forbes
- Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology ,Engineering ,Settling time ,business.industry ,02 engineering and technology ,Weighting ,System model ,Model predictive control ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,020401 chemical engineering ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Control theory ,Robustness (computer science) ,Process control ,0204 chemical engineering ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Actuator ,business ,Parametric statistics - Abstract
This paper studies automated tuning of cross-directional model predictive control for industrial paper-making processes under user-specified model parameter uncertainties. Automated parameter tuning algorithms are developed to reduce the variability of the actuator and measurement profiles in the spatial domain and to achieve satisfactory performance in terms of worst case settling times and worst case control signal overshoots in the temporal domain for given parametric uncertainties. Due to decoupling properties of the spatial and temporal frequency components, the controller design and parameter tuning can be realized separately. For the spatial design and parameter tuning in the presence of parametric uncertainties, the undesirable high-frequency components in the actuator profile are suppressed via an appropriate design of the weighting matrix $S_{b}$ using the real-valued Fourier matrix approach. For the temporal design, a temporal filter is adopted to smooth the reference trajectory, where the parameter in the temporal filter is carefully tuned to achieve a tradeoff between the worst case settling time and the worst case control signal overshoot. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed tuning algorithms is verified using a system model extracted from the pulp and paper industry.
- Published
- 2018
37. Versatile high-performance inkjet-printed paper photo-actuators based on 2D materials
- Author
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Shima Azizi, Milad Farzad, Vahid Rahneshin, and Balaji Panchapakesan
- Subjects
Fabrication ,Materials science ,Bioengineering ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Nanomaterials ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,law ,General Materials Science ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Molybdenum disulfide ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Graphene ,Mechanical Engineering ,General Chemistry ,Polymer ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Biocompatible material ,Exfoliation joint ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,Mechanics of Materials ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator - Abstract
In this paper, we present high-performance and versatile inkjet-printed paper photo-actuators based on two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. As a rapid fabrication method, inkjet printing of 2D materials is used to promptly fabricate photo-actuators in a bi-layer paper/polymer structure. Water-based and biocompatible inks based on graphene and molybdenum disulfide are developed based on liquid phase exfoliation and differential centrifugation technique. It is shown that incorporation of 2D materials with inkjet printing techniques and liquid phase exfoliation can lead to rapid fabrication of photo-actuators with huge opto-mechanical energy release and versatility with a broad range of applications due to specific design and methods presented in this paper.
- Published
- 2019
38. Convertible aircraft dynamic modelling and flatness analysis ⁎ ⁎This paper has been supported by the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), MICA project
- Author
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Franck Cazaurang, Gemma Prieto Aguilar, Tudor-Bogdan Airimitoaie, Christophe Farges, and Loïc Lavigne
- Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology ,Computer science ,Convertible ,Flatness (systems theory) ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Dynamic modelling ,Nonlinear control ,Fault detection and isolation ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Control theory ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Motion planning ,Actuator - Abstract
This paper describes the dynamic modelling of a vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft and shows the flatness of the proposed model. Flat systems have the property that the inputs and the states can be written as functions of a set of the system outputs (called flat outputs) and the derivatives of these flat outputs. The flatness property allows to compute an inverse dynamic model of the given system. This can be used in path planning, nonlinear control and fault detection and isolation. The convertible aircraft presented in this paper uses redundant actuators. The advantage of this design is twofold. Firstly, it is possible to configure actuators to optimize both stationary and fast horizontal flight. Secondly, in case of one actuator failure, it provides sufficient flexibility to reconfigure the actuators in order to land safely. An important contribution of this paper is the demonstration of the flatness property for the proposed dynamical model of the convertible aircraft.
- Published
- 2018
39. Paper-based origami transducer capable of both sensing and actuation
- Author
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Jian Zhu, Hareesh Godaba, and Jisen Li
- Subjects
Computer science ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Capacitive sensing ,Electrical engineering ,Wearable computer ,Bioengineering ,Soft sensor ,Transducer ,Mechanics of Materials ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Robot ,ComputerSystemsOrganization_SPECIAL-PURPOSEANDAPPLICATION-BASEDSYSTEMS ,Actuator ,business ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Wearable technology ,Haptic technology - Abstract
Human muscles can sense external stimuli and generate forces as well. To emulate these capabilities, we design a paper-based transducer capable of both sensing and actuation. Utilizing the origami technique, we develop a soft transducer with attributes of simple structure, easy fabrication and low cost. The origami transducer can function as a deformable capacitive sensor to measure contract forces/pressures. It can achieve a sensitivity up to 0.051 kPa −1, comparable to soft capacitive sensors in the literature. During cyclic tests up to 1000 cycles, this soft sensor exhibits excellent repeatability and negligible hysteresis, thus enabling a high accuracy. On the other hand, this origami transducer can act as a soft actuator to generate haptic feedback. The voltage-induced output force can be 0.4 N, comparable to haptic devices based on soft actuators in the literature. This origami transducer is finally demonstrated for application to breath monitoring of a subject, functioning as both a wearable sensor and actuator. It is believed that paper-based origami transducers can offer a unique option to soft robots and wearable devices, due to their simple design, low cost, and capability for simultaneous sensing and actuation.
- Published
- 2021
40. Multi-responsive soft paper-based actuators with programmable shape-deformations
- Author
-
Zhendong Tang, Jiemin Zhu, and Mingcen Weng
- Subjects
Surface (mathematics) ,Bending (metalworking) ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Metals and Alloys ,Mechanical engineering ,Robotics ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Curvature ,Grayscale ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Robot ,Artificial intelligence ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Actuator ,business ,Instrumentation ,Pencil (mathematics) - Abstract
Over the past few years, researchers have focused on stimulus-responsive soft materials and their applications in the design of soft actuators. The key factor of the soft actuators to achieve various applications is the programmable and controllable shape deformations. Here, a versatile and simple surface patterning method consisted of pencil drawing and pasting polymer films is proposed to design the soft actuators with programmable deformations. Due to the thermal expansion effect and the hygroexpansion effect, the graphite paper/polymer actuator performs a bending motion with a curvature of 1.4 cm−1 under light irradiation and 1.2 cm−1 under high humidity. Owing to the convenience of the patterning method, different patterns on both two surfaces of the paper substrate are designed without effort. Thus, through tuning the grayscale of the graphite on one surface of the paper, three types of T-shaped actuators can be obtained with different deformations under light irradiation. In addition, by pencil drawing or hydrophobically modifying specific patterns on the two surfaces of the paper, three types of strip-shaped actuators are also proposed to demonstrate that different 3D shape deformations can be obtained under different stimuli. Finally, a helix-shaped actuator inspired by the natural plant tendrils is fabricated by the thermal-induced shaping method. The helix-shaped actuator performs twisting/untwisting motion under different stimuli and can be used as a grasping robot. These results demonstrate the diversified programmability of the graphite paper/polymer actuator. Hence, the simple and versatile programming methods of soft actuators have great potential to be used in the field of biomimetic applications, intelligent robotics, and lab-on-paper devices.
- Published
- 2021
41. Mechanically Robust Magnetic Carbon Nanotube Papers Prepared with CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Magnetomechanical Actuation
- Author
-
Seongwon Woo, Hiesang Sohn, Sang-Eui Lee, Kyoung-Seok Moon, Guh-Hwan Lim, Ho-Young Lee, and Byungkwon Lim
- Subjects
Nanotube ,Vinyl alcohol ,Fabrication ,Materials science ,Nanoparticle ,02 engineering and technology ,Carbon nanotube ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,law ,Electromagnetic shielding ,Ultimate tensile strength ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator - Abstract
The introduction of inorganic nanoparticles into carbon nanotube (CNT) papers can provide a versatile route to the fabrication of CNT papers with diverse functionalities, but it may lead to a reduction in their mechanical properties. Here, we describe a simple and effective strategy for the fabrication of mechanically robust magnetic CNT papers for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and magnetomechanical actuation applications. The magnetic CNT papers were produced by vacuum filtration of an aqueous suspension of CNTs, CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). PVA plays a critical role in enhancing the mechanical strength of CNT papers. The magnetic CNT papers containing 73 wt % of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles exhibited high mechanical properties with Young’s modulus of 3.2 GPa and tensile strength of 30.0 MPa. This magnetic CNT paper was successfully demonstrated as EMI shielding paper with shielding effectiveness of ∼30 dB (99.9%) in 0.5–1.0 GHz, and also as a magnetomechanical actuator i...
- Published
- 2017
42. A fast, reconfigurable flow switch for paper microfluidics based on selective wetting of folded paper actuator strips
- Author
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Matthew Weinstein, Santosh Pandey, Taejoon Kong, Shawn Flanigan, Christopher Legner, and Upender Kalwa
- Subjects
Engineering ,business.industry ,Small volume ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Microfluidics ,Biomedical Engineering ,Electrical engineering ,Response time ,Bioengineering ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,STRIPS ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,0104 chemical sciences ,law.invention ,law ,Electronic engineering ,Fluid dynamics ,Fluidics ,Wetting ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Actuator - Abstract
In paper microfluidics, the development of smart and versatile switches is critical for the regulation of fluid flow across multiple channels. Past approaches in creating switches are limited by long response times, large actuation fluid volumes, and use of external control circuitry. We seek to mitigate these difficulties through the development of a unique actuator device made entirely out of chromatography paper and incorporated with folds. Selective wetting of the fold with an actuation fluid, either at the crest or trough, serves to raise or lower the actuator's tip and thus engage or break the fluidic contact between channels. Here the actuator's response time is dramatically reduced (within two seconds from wetting) and a very small volume of actuation fluid is consumed (four microliters). Using this actuation principle, we implement six switch configurations which can be grouped as single-pole single-throw (normally OFF and normally ON) and single-pole double-throw (with single and double break). By employing six actuators in parallel, an autonomous colorimetric assay is built to detect the presence of three analytes - glucose, protein, and nitrite - in artificial saliva. Finally, this work brings the concept of origami to paper microfluidics where multiple-fold geometries can be exploited for programmable switching of fluidic connections.
- Published
- 2017
43. Updated Author Guidance for Papers to Actuators
- Author
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Delbert Tesar
- Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology ,education.field_of_study ,Control and Optimization ,Computer science ,Population ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Industrial engineering ,lcsh:Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,n/a ,Control and Systems Engineering ,lcsh:TK1001-1841 ,lcsh:TA401-492 ,lcsh:Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials ,0210 nano-technology ,education ,Actuator ,Range (computer programming) - Abstract
The potential authors for Actuators must consider a wide range of scientific, technical, application, and economic issues in creating a useful paper of interest to the widest population of readers and decision makers [...]
- Published
- 2020
44. Editorial: Current Advances in Soft Robotics: Best Papers From RoboSoft 2018
- Author
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D. P. Thrishantha Nanayakkara, Helmut Hauser, Fumiya Iida, Perla Maiolino, and S. M. Hadi Sadati
- Subjects
Technology ,Computer science ,lcsh:Mechanical engineering and machinery ,continuum manipulator ,Soft actuator ,soft actuator ,Soft robotics ,Mechanical engineering ,3D printing ,fiber jamming ,lcsh:QA75.5-76.95 ,Artificial Intelligence ,growing ,0801 Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing ,lcsh:TJ1-1570 ,soft sensor ,learning-based modeling ,Science & Technology ,Variable stiffness ,business.industry ,Robotics ,Soft sensor ,Computer Science Applications ,0906 Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Bellows ,soft robot ,lcsh:Electronic computers. Computer science ,Current (fluid) ,business ,Actuator - Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. From Filter Paper to Functional Actuator by Poly(Ionic Liquid)-Modified Graphene Oxide
- Author
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Jiayin Yuan, Huijuan Lin, Haojie Song, and Markus Antonietti
- Subjects
Materials science ,Oxide ,FOS: Physical sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,law ,Thin film ,Composite material ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Filter paper ,Graphene ,Mechanical Engineering ,Bilayer ,Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci) ,Polymer ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,Mechanics of Materials ,Ionic liquid ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator - Abstract
A commercially available membrane filter paper composed of mixed cellulose esters bearing typically an interconnected pore structure was transformed into a stimuli-responsive bilayer actuator by depositing a thin film of poly(ionic liquid)-modified graphene oxide sheets (GO-PIL) onto the filter paper. In acetone vapor, the as-synthesized bilayer actuator bent readily into multiple loops at a fast speed with the GO-PIL top film inwards. Upon pulling back into air the actuator recovered their original shape. The asymmetric swelling of the top GO-PIL film and the bottom porous filter paper towards organic vapor offers a favorably synergetic function to drive the actuation. The PIL polymer chains in the hybrid film were proven crucial to enhance the adhesion strength between the GO sheets and the adjacent filter paper to avoid interfacial delamination and thus improve force transfer. The overall construction allows a prolonged lifetime of the bilayer actuator under constant operation, especially when compared to that of the GO/filter paper bilayer actuator without PIL., 23 pages, 7 figures
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Event-Triggered Based Reliable Control of Vehicle Active Suspension System Under Actuator Faults ⁎ ⁎This paper was not presented at any IFAC meeting. Corresponding author K. Bansal
- Author
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Pankaj Mukhija, Pankaj Dahiya, and Kritika Bansal
- Subjects
Scheme (programming language) ,0209 industrial biotechnology ,Computer science ,Control (management) ,02 engineering and technology ,Fault (power engineering) ,Active suspension ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Control theory ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,Actuator ,computer ,Event triggered ,computer.programming_language - Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of reliable control of a vehicle active suspension system under actuator faults.The methodology based on event-triggering scheme is employed to design the controller and the proposed results are expressed in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The motivation for introducing event-triggering control is to reduce the amount of data transmission in the system. The problem is contrived as a co-design problem to find both controller gain and event-triggering parameters. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed results is demonstrated for the system under fault through a simulation example. Also, a comparison is drawn between the sampled-data control and the proposed event-triggered control strategy.
- Published
- 2018
47. Electromechanical Actuators Based on Graphene and Graphene/Fe3O4 Hybrid Paper
- Author
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Shaoli Fang, Yongsheng Chen, Mikhail E. Kozlov, Yanfeng Ma, Dong Sui, Jiajie Liang, Ray H. Baughman, Yi Huang, and Jiyoung Oh
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Materials science ,Graphene ,business.industry ,Graphene foam ,Nanotechnology ,Electrolyte ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Capacitance ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,law.invention ,Biomaterials ,law ,Electrochemistry ,Optoelectronics ,Artificial muscle ,Actuator ,business ,Graphene nanoribbons ,Graphene oxide paper - Abstract
Exceptionally high specific surface area, mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and a special two-dimensional structure make graphene a highly promising material for electromechanical actuators. Electromechanical actuators are fabricated using flexible graphene-based paper prepared via a filtration process, and the stroke of these graphene-based actuators is directly measured during electrochemical double-layer charge injection. Actuation strain up to 0.064% was obtained for pristine graphene paper in response to an applied potential of –1 V in 1 M NaCl solution. Double-layer charge injection in graphene sheets is believed to induce actuation strain through a combination of coulombic and quantum-chemical-based expansion. To increase electrochemical-double-layer capacitance and actuator performance, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were used to partially prevent graphene sheets from restacking and allow the electrolyte ions to infiltrate the resulting magnetic graphene paper more easily. The magnetic graphene paper exhibits actuation strain as large as 0.1% at –1 V applied potential, which is about 56% higher than that of the pristine graphene paper.
- Published
- 2011
48. Reconstructing Paper Machine Sheet Process Data Variation Using Compressive Sensing
- Author
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Philip D. Loewen, Parisa Towfighi, Guy A. Dumont, M.S. Davies, and Bhushan Gopaluni
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Engineering ,Compressed sensing ,Paper machine ,business.product_category ,Low pass filtering ,business.industry ,Acoustics ,Bandwidth (signal processing) ,Perpendicular ,business ,Actuator ,Simulation ,Sampling theory - Abstract
During paper manufacture, system actuators need to control the properties of the entire sheet based on a restricted set of data measured by a scanning sensor that traverses the moving sheet. Cross direction variations (CD) are those along an axis perpendicular to the motion of the sheet, while machine direction (MD) variations are those along the axis of motion, and are assumed uniform in CD. Current industrial practice is to separate the relatively slow variations of the CD profile from the higher bandwidth MD variations using low pass filtering, although the spacing and timing of the scanned data measurements makes it inevitable that some process variations will be distorted or lost to aliasing in the filtered data. In this paper, a novel approach to estimation of MD and CD variations is proposed – compressive sensing. In this approach, knowledge of the process is used to help characterize the expected process variations, allowing accurate reconstruction of the true process variations from far fewer measurements than would be indicated by simple bandwidth-based uniform sampling theory. Instead, a random sampling protocol is used to accurately reconstruct the sheet properties. The approach is found to be effective, using simulated and actual industrial process data.
- Published
- 2011
49. Evaluation of PCA methods with improved fault isolation capabilities on a paper machine simulator
- Author
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Mats Nikus, Sirkka-Liisa Jämsä-Jounela, Hui Cheng, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
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PCA ,business.product_category ,Computer science ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,PCA, Fault detection, Fault isolation, Paper machine simulator ,CUSUM ,fault isolation ,Residual ,fault detection ,Fault detection and isolation ,Plot (graphics) ,Computer Science Applications ,Analytical Chemistry ,Paper machine ,paper machine simulator ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,business ,Actuator ,Spectroscopy ,Software ,Simulation - Abstract
The work presented in this paper addresses the issues of fault detection and isolation properties of the partial PCA method and the isolation-enhanced PCA method. In order to increase the sensitivity of the residuals with respect to various faults, the structured residuals generated from both partial PCA and isolation-enhanced PCA are optimized. For the residual evaluation, the bootstrap technique is combined with the CUSUM method to achieve fast and robust detection. Three sensor faults and three actuator faults were studied using simulations employing a rigorous, first principles based, paper machine simulator. All the faults were correctly detected and isolated with both studied methods, and the results are compared with the classical T 2 and SPE contribution plot methods.
- Published
- 2008
50. Self-Actuated Paper and Wood Models: Low-Cost Handcrafted Biomimetic Compliant Systems for Research and Teaching
- Author
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Thomas Speck, Bernd Bruchmann, Tom Masselter, Olga Speck, Simon Poppinga, and Pablo Schenck
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Technology ,Computer science ,hygroscopic materials ,Biomedical Engineering ,Soft robotics ,Bioengineering ,02 engineering and technology ,actuators ,Biochemistry ,Article ,Biomaterials ,03 medical and health sciences ,biomimetics ,Architecture ,4d printing ,030304 developmental biology ,Abstraction (linguistics) ,0303 health sciences ,Scale (chemistry) ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Variety (cybernetics) ,compliant systems ,plant movements ,Systems engineering ,Molecular Medicine ,Biomimetics ,0210 nano-technology ,Actuator ,Biotechnology - Abstract
The abstraction and implementation of plant movement principles into biomimetic compliant systems are of increasing interest for technical applications, e.g., in architecture, medicine, and soft robotics. Within the respective research and development approaches, advanced methods such as 4D printing or 3D-braiding pultrusion are typically used to generate proof-of-concept demonstrators at the laboratory or demonstrator scale. However, such techniques are generally time-consuming, complicated, and cost-intensive, which often impede the rapid realization of a sufficient number of demonstrators for testing or teaching. Therefore, we have produced comparable simple handcrafted compliant systems based on paper, wood, plastic foil, and/or glue as construction materials. A variety of complex plant movement principles have been transferred into these low-cost physical demonstrators, which are self-actuated by shrinking processes induced by the anisotropic hygroscopic properties of wood or paper. The developed systems have a high potential for fast, precise, and low-cost abstraction and transfer processes in biomimetic approaches and for the “hands-on understanding” of plant movements in applied university and school courses.
- Published
- 2021
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