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Discourse arises among people, in interaction, and it is part of the means by which people accomplish social actions. Meanings arise within the pragmatic unfolding of events and mediate the alignment of participants to perceptions of immediate situations and relevant contexts (whether fictive or non-fictive) called to mind by language. Language is crafted, deployed, and interpreted by individuals in the course of social participation, even when individuals use language in a personally reflective mode, considering one’s own identity, commitments, and actions while using received language. Language users (with particular neurophysiological capacities and individual histories of language experience) in the course of interaction call upon the resources of language that are socially and culturally available and that have been typified through histories of social circulation; nonetheless, individuals construct meanings and consequentiality from their perception of particular novel situations and of their participant action in those situations. Thus situated meaning is a negotiation between the public distribution and practices of language expected within the site of communication and the personal meaning systems of the receiving individuals, developed through a lifetime of socially embedded language use, as applied to the communicative issue at hand. These interactions over meaning may occur in the here-and-now in terms of material space, but they may also occur at a distance in time and space-a distance mediated through recorded language. We may use language both to cooperate in building a stone wall that is physically in front of us and to establish principles of chemical bonding in scientific publications (which, however, index and are accountable to the material chemical interactions in specialized experimental probes and in everyday life.) We may even use language to transport the imaginations of our audience into imagined events in a fictive galaxy where fundamental principles of the world we know are suspended.

This special issue on crying and responses to crying is composed of six papers that investigate the ways children's crying is produced and responded to in everyday interaction in a range of languages, settings, and cultures. Crying episodes are approached from a multimodal interactional perspective, by paying attention to the participation frameworks and precipitating events in which it emerges (e.g., peer conflicts, accidents), its verbal and embodied production, and the ways caregivers and other adults and children respond in displaying stances, performing social actions, and (re-)engaging the crying children into activities. In addition to interactional micro-analysis of crying and responses to crying, the papers discuss the implications of crying episodes for children's pragmatic socialization, including stance, social action, identity, and morality.

Recent advances in social neuroscience have highlighted the critical role of the cerebellum and especially the posterior cerebellar Crus in social mentalizing (i.e., theory of mind). Research in the past 5 years has provided growing evidence supporting the view that the posterior cerebellum builds internal action models of our social interactions to predict how other people's actions will be executed, and what our most likely responses to these actions will be. This paper presents an overview of a series of fMRI experiments on novel tasks involving a combination of (a) the learning or generation of chronological sequences of social actions either in an explicit or implicit manner, which (b) require social mentalizing on another person's mental state such as goals, beliefs, and implied traits. Together, the results strongly confirm the central role of the posterior cerebellar Crus in identifying and automatizing action sequencing during social mentalizing, and in predicting future action sequences based on social mentalizing inferences about others. This research program has important implications: It provides for the first time (a) fruitful starting points for diagnosing and investigating social sequencing dysfunctions in a variety of mental disorders which have also been related to cerebellar dysfunctions, (b) provides the necessary tools for testing whether non-invasive neurostimulation targeting the posterior cerebellum has a causal effect on social functioning, and (c) whether these stimulation techniques and training programs guided by novel cerebellar social sequencing insights, can be exploited to increase posterior cerebellar plasticity in order to alleviate social impairments in mental disorders.

Developmental studies on Japanese children's use of ga report that they start using ga from an early age, but that their usage rate is quantitatively less than that of adults, thus concluding that children's knowledge about ga is limited and takes time before it reaches to the adult level. This study takes an interactional linguistic approach to the phenomenon instead, and observes how children as young as 2 years old deploy ga in order to accomplish particular social actions in their everyday talk-in-interaction. It studies ga's oft-noted “highlighting function” not cognitively, but situated within the field of ongoing participant interaction. The study finds that children mark NPs with ga when certain elements in the environment need to be recognized anew or picked out among other things, in order to shape the joint perceptual field for the purposes of interaction. Conversely, they choose not to mark NPs with ga when such recognition work is not necessary, or when the entity has already become relevant in the current discourse. Thus, children seem to understand the most basic action opportunities that ga affords quite early, and that “seeing” is a both a social practice and an interactional achievement.

This paper is a multimodal critical discourse study of other-representation in ISIS’s magazine, Dabiq, It focuses on both the micro-level analysis of actor and action representation, and the macro-structure of negative other-depiction in Dabiq from both textual and visual perspectives. Through in-depth examination of linguistic and non-linguistic elements, the study aimed to unfold ISIS’s ideology at the global level, which is to construct its desired reality and eventually to recruit supporters. The analysis was carried out on fifteen issues of Dabiq following a conceptual and analytical framework within Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis employing Van Leeuwen’s Socio-semantic inventory. The results show a considerable number of systematic utilizations of discursive strategies by ISIS to belittle its enemies and downgrade their practices. Throughout Dabiq, the out-group participants are represented either as passive reactants who are afflicted by ISIS’s attacks or as powerless agents whose actions are trivial and carry no significant weight. Ineffectuality of ‘others’ has further been substantiated by the visual analysis. Deactivation of out-groups is closely tied to ISIS’s propaganda of self-alteration to achieve the double aim of casting fear among their adversaries and brainwashing the audience by twisting the reality, and persuading them that the enemies’ chance of winning this war is dim.

This article presents an authored version of socio-cognitive modeling of repressive social action – as one of the political pillars of the Soviet state, rooted in its political discourse. The urgency of such modeling can be attributed both to the importance of a deep understanding of social processes and the obvious complexity of the “collective memory” of society and the continuity and non-linearity of cognitive reconstruction processes that go on. The sources of the research include reliable data of historical and sociological nature (“The GULAG History”) and documentary and fiction texts the reliability of which is universally recognized (the works of the former GULAG prisoners V. Shalamov and A. Solzhenitsyn). The author substantiates his methodology by turning to the traditions of the “sociology of knowledge” and modern interdisciplinary research. The marked significance of cognitive systems that construct the very reality of various social groups and kinds of social behavior can be considered as general supporting principle. Based on the material of Stalin’s era, the article explores the instrumental-operational strategy of the social activity of a single or collective subject. This cognitive-mental structure operates within the framework of a destructive-affective cognitive-pragmatic program, the main principles of which are internal inconsistency, dogmatism, simulation, mytho-ideologization of both external reality and the consciousness of the subject of social action. Simulative mytho-ideological virtualism (duality) of “socialist humanism” is the only “correct filter” for the political consciousness of the Soviet person for defining reality, their place, role and cognitive-mental status in it. The “depersonalized subject” of social action perceives the “orders” of the dominant cognitive-pragmatic program as a system of “socio-cognitive axioms” that guarantee harmonious functioning of all social systems. The social action itself is recoded. Thus a repressive social action is perceived by the performer of the “will” of the program as the best way to strengthen social stability. The author distinguishes four groups of repressive social actions: preventive-prophylactic action (agitation, self-control, surveillance, informing, etc.); repressive-investigative action (arrest, complex of investigative actions); repressive-transformational action (forced labor in the mode of “remoulding” of consciousness); and repressive-liquidation action. Neither the subject nor the object of such an action is a source of social action, since they are reduced to the status of “tools” that fulfill the “will” of the program.

Human being is a willing subject. He establishes and directs social life. The fact that man is prone to evil as well as good shows his relationship with social problems. Social problems arise as a result of human action, affect a significant audience, contain optimism for solution and can be observed in the outside world. Religions can shape social actions thanks to the power to direct human action. However, it is also the human who understands religion and shapes social life. The Qur'an contains principles for the solution of social problems. But the Qur'an assumes responsibility for the continuation of social life. Because it is the human being who understands the Qur'an, lives, adds to social life. The Qur’an con-nects the solution of social problems to human action with the guidance of the Qur’an. The universal qualities of the issues that can be described as social problems are remarked by Qur’an. Accordingly, injustice in violence, interest, measure and weight; unfair murder, adultery etc. issues are social problems. In the solution of social problems, the accumulation of humanity cannot be neglected. It is clear, however, that there is a need for a divine orientation. In this case, the guidance of the Qur'an comes up once again on the solution of social problems. However, the subject, whom will understand and interp-ret it, is the human being.

Suroan is known as a tradition which resulting from acculturation between Saka and Islamic calendar. This tradition is performed to beg blessings and protections from misery and disasters. The implementation of Suroan became a custom in society and involving some trusted agents through social actions. However, most of Suroan performed in society is not in accordance with its true meaning. Regarding with this problem, this research has purpose to obtain the action in the Suroan tradition. The method used is descriptive qualitative with the kind of research is ethnography using Miles and Huberman’s interactive model. The data is collected through interview and observation in Bangunharjo, Taman Sari village. The result shows that social actions performed by Bangunharjo society are: a) traditional action through Suroan implementation is performed; b) affective action in a form of burial of the goat’s head, group prayers and puppet shows; c) instrument rational action in a form of physic, material, and emotional involving; d) rational action of value in a form of ubarampe. Thus, it can be concluded that Bangunharjo society still conserving Suroan tradition.Keywords: Suroan, Social Action, Tradition, CultureSocial Action in Suroan Tradition in Javan

Social in-feed advertising delivers ads that seamlessly fit inside a user’s feed, and allows users to engage in social actions (likes or comments) with the ads. Many businesses pay higher attention to “engagement marketing” that maximizes social actions, as social actions can effectively promote brand awareness. This paper studies social action prediction for in-feed advertising. Most existing works overlook the social influence as a user’s action may be affected by her friends’ actions. This paper introduces an end-to-end approach that leverages social influence for action prediction, and focuses on addressing the high sparsity challenge for in-feed ads. We propose to learn influence structure that models who tends to be influenced. We extract a subgraph with the near neighbors a user interacts with, and learn topological features of the subgraph by developing structure-aware graph encoding methods. We also introduce graph attention networks to learn influence dynamics that models how a user is influenced by neighbors’ actions. We conduct extensive experiments on real datasets from the commercial advertising platform of WeChat and a public dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that social influence learned by our approach can significantly boost performance of social action prediction.

The presented study provides a theoretical interpretation of organizational processes associated with the collective activity of employees of enterprises and organizations during social, industrial, and economic transformations and substantiates measures to facilitate social action based on self-understanding and self-development. Aim . The study aims to determine the range of recurring and new challenges that limit the active engagement of employees in economic and social development and to substantiate directions for the development of social relations that form the socio-professional personality construct, which is creative at its core. Tasks . The authors use theoretical generalizations and determine cause-and-effect relationships in the activation of the collective activity of employees in solving socially important problems; advance arguments for the range of social actions that help employees establish an object-active stance on the transformation of social, industrial, and economic relations through self-understanding and self-development. Methods . The theoretical and methodological basis of the study draws on works of Russian and foreign scientists on the formation of social relations, development of the collective activity of employees in solving socially important problems, and formation of humanistic, social, and ethical principles of self-understanding and self-development. Results . This study identifies the restrictions and major directions of the development of collective activity in the system of social, industrial, and economic relations forming at modern enterprises and organizations and create conditions for the value-oriented activity of various professional, qualification, and status groups of employees. Conclusions . Determining the range of problem situations, object-active directions, and values of employees in the context of facilitating their engagement in collective activity associated with solving socially important problems makes it possible to implement measures aimed at shaping new economic thinking, modeling joint social actions, creating conditions for mutual trust between various professional and qualification groups of employees.

This paper aimed at studying the relation between social action indicators and listening to the common genres of music. This quantitative research was conducted based on the field method by designing questionnaire and direct surveys. Statistical samples were randomly selected then chosen and studied in various municipal regions of Tehran and Karaj. Statistical data analysis indicated a significant relation between social actions and behavior of citizens (including driving manner and violations due to lack of consideration for driving regulations, urbanization principles, and urban environmental health) and auditory music basket selection, which includes background music in routine social activities of individuals. According to the statistics obtained from traffic police of Tehran and Karaj there is a significant relationship between drivers’ attention to traffic rules and signs with the played music in the car.

Durante l’intervista abbiamo provato a problematizzare domande che riguardano la ricerca sociale su le infanzie e gioventù, evidenziando i processi riflessivi che costituiscono le azioni sociali contemporanee. In questo modo, invitiamo Enzo Colombo ad un’interlocuzione sulle diverse prospettive teorico metodologiche che portano alla luce il tema della ‘riflessività’, considerandola come categoria di interpretazione visto i processi di socializzazione e di individualizzazione ai giorni d’oggi. I contributi che risultano dalle risposte di Enzo Colombo ci portano dalle critiche epistemologiche e delineano didatticamente filoni interpretativi dell'azione riflessiva. Cioè: a) riflessioni dell’attore sociale su sé stesso e il contesto, in interazione con codici e attività; b) processo ricorsivo di incorporazione dei risultati dell'azione e della conoscenza; e c) pratica relazionale di produzione di sensi e azioni nell’interazione. In questo modo, inoltra i suoi argomenti alla discussione sulle condizioni socio-politiche per la produzione di una ‘riflessività costruzionista’, imprigionata ai contesti e ai dialoghi tra soggetti, attenta alla participazione della ricerca nella costruzione della realtà sociale.

A group of students huddle around a table to discuss their written assessment task—an essay on a topic of interest or issue they face in their everyday lives. One of the students says, I need to write my paper completely over…do you guys like want to be like everyone else because you don’t want to be who you really are? (Beach & Beauchemin, 2019, p. 1) This is a distinctly complex question about personal identity and social inclusion and one that most young people face during their adolescent lives. Another student responds, Yeah. Cause like I do that all the time. You know all those trend setting things. I just don’t know how to like to say that in my paper. (p. 1) It is evident that these young people are aware of the complex relationships and personal challenges they experience, but it is also apparent that they find it difficult to discuss or express these relationships and challenges through language. So how do teachers and peers support students who are conscious of the challenges they face but unsure as to how to craftily express their emotions and experiences through the written word? Teaching Language as Action in the ELA Classroom by Richard Beach and Faythe Beauchemin (2019) is a new book that discusses language as 'social actions.' It explores a number of themes across 10 chapters including diversity, power, relationships, and mind–body connections, aiming to build trusting relations between teachers and students. The book largely hinges on the concept of language as a verb not a noun.

Contains fulltext : 236343.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) During natural conversation, people must quickly understand the meaning of what the other speaker is saying. This concerns not just the semantic content of an utterance, but also the social action (i.e., what the utterance is doing - requesting information, offering, evaluating, checking mutual understanding, etc.) that the utterance is performing. The multimodal nature of human language raises the question of whether visual signals may contribute to the rapid processing of such social actions. However, while previous research has shown that how we move reveals the intentions underlying instrumental actions, we do not know whether the intentions underlying fine-grained social actions in conversation are also revealed in our bodily movements. Using a corpus of dyadic conversations combined with manual annotation and motion tracking, we analyzed the kinematics of the torso, head, and hands during the asking of questions. Manual annotation categorized these questions into six more fine-grained social action types (i.e., request for information, other-initiated repair, understanding check, stance or sentiment, self-directed, active participation). We demonstrate, for the first time, that the kinematics of the torso, head and hands differ between some of these different social action categories based on a 900 ms time window that captures movements starting slightly prior to or within 600 ms after utterance onset. These results provide novel insights into the extent to which our intentions shape the way that we move, and provide new avenues for understanding how this phenomenon may facilitate the fast communication of meaning in conversational interaction, social action, and conversation. 17 p.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how preservice teachers conceive of and implement social actions on their college campuses related to a chosen social problem developed in a young adult novel and to examine how social action projects develop teacher candidates’ critical literacies. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative exploratory multiple case study (Stake, 2005) investigated 70 pre-service teachers on two college campuses over two semesters as they engaged in social action projects. The researchers engaged in layers of open and thematic coding through the theoretical lens of critical literacies. Findings Preservice teachers engaged in a range of direct and indirect action and, as a result, experienced varying levels of self-efficacy and impact. While most felt their endeavors were successful, those who conducted awareness campaigns noted an inability to measure the effects they had on their communities. Their development of critical literacies through social action was evidenced in the partnerships across campus they established as well as their levels of engagement with peers and local officials. Originality/value While the results of conducting social action with youth in secondary classrooms are well established in the literature, lesser well known are ways to engage preservice teachers in such endeavors. This study illustrates not only how teacher candidates can engage in social action as aligned with young adult literature but also offers insights gained from those processes.

As práticas culturais são consideradas verdadeiras interações sociais, que promovem a ação entre os grupos e fortalecem laços entre os participantes. Sabe-se que o contexto escolar favorece e muito a compreensão de opiniões e pensamentos e facilita aceitar o que é diferente. Este trabalho visa refletir sobre as práticas culturais no ambiente escolar, como ações sociais que fortalecem a cultura indígena e africana nestes espaços. A partir da análise e discussão sobre o ambiente escolar foi possível compreender que a sala de aula é um lugar de interação social que através das práticas de ensino e aprendizagem, cria conceitos e compartilha diferentes olhares culturais, por este motivo trabalhar as práticas culturais neste espaço é muito importante.

In what ways do young children use talk and gesture to participate in conversational storytelling with family members? This paper addresses this question by examining the interactions between Japanese-speaking children (ages one year and ten months to two years and five months) and their parents at the dining table. In focusing on children’s use of talk and gesture in inhabiting the dynamic and shifting roles of ‘recipient’ and ‘speaker’, the analysis shows how children (1) display their understanding of parents’ tellings and (2) animate the activities, social actions, and stances of characters (self and other). It also shows how parents respond to children’s talk and gesture, through practices such as alignment, assessment and repair. The findings shed light on children’s multimodal participation in conversational storytelling, and their abilities to engage in action and make relevant contributions to interaction.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o processo de construção estético-retórica da ação social desempenhada pelos gêneros discursivos fundados no seio da multimodalidade música-palavra, tomando os jingles como um exemplo representativo dessa ampla categoria. O cabedal teórico desta investigação encontra seu embasamento no sistema de ideias e posicionamentos erigidos pelos autores afiliados à escola da Nova Retórica (MILLER, 1984). A metodologia aqui proposta insere-se no viés da pesquisa qualitativa. À luz dos interesses deste trabalho, analiso o jingle Retrato do Velho. A análise sugere que a escolha paradigmática de dadas construções discursivas em articulação com certas estruturas musicais no jingle em questão tem como fundamento um esforço de concretização de determinadas ações sociais pretendidas por seus compositores e intérpretes.

Recent research has revealed that the cerebellum plays a critical role in social reasoning and in particular in understanding false beliefs and making trait attributions. One hypothesis is that the cerebellum is responsible for the understanding of sequences of motions and actions, which may be a prerequisite for social understanding. To investigate the role of action sequencing in mentalizing, we tested patients with generalized cerebellar degenerative lesions on tests of social understanding and compared their performance with matched healthy volunteers. The tests involved understanding violations of social norms making trait and causal attributions on the basis of short behavioral sentences and generating the correct chronological order of social actions depicted in cartoons (picture sequencing task). Cerebellar patients showed clear deficits only on the picture sequencing task when generating the correct order of cartoons depicting false belief stories and showed at or close to normal performance for mechanical stories and overlearned social scripts. In addition, they performed marginally worse on trait attributions inferred from verbal behavioral descriptions. We conclude that inferring the mental state of others through understanding the correct sequences of their actions requires the support of the cerebellum., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Based on a comparative survey conducted in 2016, this article explores the social actions of young people in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao from the perspective of social injustice and social frustration as advanced by Gurr (2011). Applying a two-dimensional model of perceptions of social and individual fairness, it is found that young people in Taiwan and Hong Kong have higher levels of frustration and show greater tolerance and acceptance towards radical confrontational approaches than those in Macao. Furthermore, in Hong Kong, young people with a higher level of both social and individual unfairness display more interest in local politics, are more likely to take part in social movements, and are more inclined to agree to a radical confrontational approach.

Purpose This paper aims to revive the old idea of the Learning Organisation by providing a fresh conceptualisation and illustration. The New Learning Organisation is conceptualised, focussing on the common good through responsible action. It is positioned as responding to the VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity, Bennett and Lemoine, 2014) conditions with a VUCA approach to Learning Leadership fostering Institutional Reflexivity and High Agility Organising . Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a new organisational learning framework – the 8As – Sensuous Organisational Learning framework. It illustrates the operationalisation of this framework in PART II through the educational practices and learning culture of the Norwegian Defence University College, Royal Norwegian Air Force Academy’s (RNoAFA) approach to growing (Military) leaders. Findings The Sensuous Organisational Learning – 8As – framework illustrates how attentiveness, alertness, awareness, appreciation, anticipation, alignment, activation and agility form an integral part of the New Learning Organisation. Their unique contribution as aspect of a Sensuous Organisational Learning framework is that they explicate how the three principles of Institutional Reflexivity, High Agility Organising and Learning Leadership can be operationalised to serve the common good. Research limitations/implications The paper presents a novel way of reviving the Learning Organisation beyond an ideology as a practical approach to responding to VUCA conditions. It introduces a new learning theory and injects a fresh perspective in our understanding of the role and impact of learning in the workplace. Practical implications By focussing on Learning Leadership practices that extend previous Organisational Learning frameworks, The New Learning Organisation promoted here focuses on responsible action to serve the common good through Institutional Reflexivity and High Agility Organising. Social implications By focussing on how the common good can be better served, the New Learning Organisation becomes a mantra for social change to identify the higher purpose that social actions must serve. Originality/value The need for fresh contributions in the Organisational Learning debate is long overdue. This paper marks a new chapter in Organisational Learning research and practice by demonstrating the value of sensousness as a foundation for improving the practical judgements across professional practices.

Effect-based accounts of human action control have recently highlighted the possibility of representing one's own actions in terms of anticipated changes in the behavior of social interaction partners. In contrast to action effects that pertain to the agent's body or the agent's physical environment, social action effects have been proposed to come with peculiarities inherent to their social nature. Here, we revisit the currently most prominent demonstration of such a peculiarity: the role of eye contact for action-effect learning in social contexts (Sato & Itakura, 2013, Cognition, 127, 383-390). In contrast to the previous demonstration of action-effect learning, a conceptual and a direct replication both yielded evidence for the absence of action-effect learning in the proposed design, irrespective of eye contact. Bayesian statistics supported this claim by demonstrating evidence in favor of the null hypothesis of no effect. These results suggest a limited generalizability of the original findings-for example, due to limitations that are inherent in the proposed study design or due to cultural differences.

Can we predict the future by reading others’ minds? This study explores whether attributing others’ personality traits facilitates predictions about their future actions and the temporal order of these future actions. Prior evidence demonstrated that the posterior cerebellar crus is involved in identifying the temporal sequence of social actions and the person’s traits they imply. Based on this, we hypothesized that this area might also be recruited in the reverse process; that is, knowledge of another person’s personality traits supports predictions of temporal sequences of others’ actions. In this study, participants were informed about the trait of a person and then had to select actions that were consistent with this information and arrange them in the most likely temporal order. As hypothesized, the posterior cerebellar crus 1 and crus 2 were strongly activated when compared to a control task which involved only the selection of actions (without temporal ordering) or which depicted non-social objects and their characteristics. Our findings highlight the important function of the posterior cerebellar crus in the prediction of social action sequences in social understanding.

We present two studies on the mind of ordinary citizens regarding what instructions to give in order to drive social distancing. We take methods effectively used in the world of consumer research (Mind Genomics) to drive purchase of products and service, retooling them to drive social actions, and then emerge with specific recommendations about what to say, and to whom. Our results deal with what is important to the Canadian and to the US citizen (ages 18-80), revealing that there are different mindsets by country, and more profoundly, within people across countries. Our three mind-sets are MS1 – Tell me how to distance, MS – 2 Pandemic Onlookers, MS -3 Bow to authority. These mind-sets react to different messages. We apply the same technology to move beyond deep understanding to recommending specific messages. Key emergent findings are the importance of governmental action (military lockdown) and religious figures (clergy) as communicators. Key to our results is that the entire study of each country was started and competed in a period of three hours, with actionable recommendations after two additional hours, viz., a five-hour testing/learning cycle. The technology promises the ability to learn quickly through experimentation, then to scale the learning world-wide to provide general findings and granularity (by country, by age/gender, and by emergent mind-sets), and finally to pivot as we learn, refining answers and recommendations in a few days through 3-6 affordable, iterated experiments.

When taking a turn at talk, a speaker normally accomplishes a sequential action such as a question, answer, complaint, or request. Sometimes, however, a turn at talk may accomplish not a single but a composite action, involving a combination of more than one action. I show that factual declaratives (e.g., “the feed drip has finished”) are recurrently used to implement composite actions consisting of both an informing and a request or, alternatively, a criticism and a request. A key determinant between these is the recipient’s epistemic access to what the speaker is describing. Factual declaratives afford a range of possible responses, which can tell us how the composite action has been understood and give us insights into its underlying structure. Evidence for the stacking of composite actions, however, is not always directly available in the response and may need to be pieced together with the help of other linguistic and contextual considerations. Data are in Italian with English translation.

O artigo trata da utopia no Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra – MST, a fim de compreender o que mantém os militantes do MST em sua luta pela sociedade almejada. Os objetivos do MST são a luta pela terra, pela reforma agrária e por uma sociedade justa e fraterna. Sustentamos que a utopia, entendida como sonho social ou desejo-esperança, é elemento essencial nos movimentos sociais, haja vista que a ideia de um mundo melhor, presente nas diversas épocas da história da humanidade, impulsiona as pessoas à ação, ao fazerem a crítica da realidade em que vivem. No MST, as aspirações e ações sociais para um mundo melhor [a utopia] antecipam nos seus integrantes aquilo que é aguardado como realidade futura.

Inviting is a ubiquitous social action. Although the outcome of an invitation and whatever arrangements are made thereafter involve collaboration between the parties involved, nevertheless an invitation is made (usually) with the aim that the invitee will accept and hence that inviter and invitee(s) will get together to do something, i.e. for some sociability. In Mandarin, invitations are realized mainly through three syntactic forms or conversational practices, namely, interrogatives in the form of “Verb-not-Verb”, imperatives, and declaratives containing the lexical item “hai” (还) or “benlai (本来). The distributional pattern of these syntactic forms is systematically related to the inviter’s anticipation of the likelihood of the success of an invitation (e.g. the ease or difficulty with which the invitee might have in accepting the invitation). There is a symmetry or congruence between on the one hand the inviter’s choice of a specific syntactic form, and on the other the invitee’s response. Inviting is executed not only through turn design but also through sequential management, either simply in an adjacency pair or in a rather extended sequence. The present study is informed by the methodology of conversation analysis and uses audio-recorded daily communications in Mandarin as data. The findings contribute to the existing conversation analysis studies on social actions and also to the study of Mandarin grammar.

With advances in technology, artificial agents such as humanoid robots will soon become a part of our daily lives. For safe and intuitive collaboration, it is important to understand the goals behind their motor actions. In humans, this process is mediated by changes in activity in fronto‐parietal brain areas. The extent to which these areas are activated when observing artificial agents indicates the naturalness and easiness of interaction. Previous studies indicated that fronto‐parietal activity does not depend on whether the agent is human or artificial. However, it is unknown whether this activity is modulated by observing grasping (self‐related action) and pointing actions (other‐related action) performed by an artificial agent depending on the action goal. Therefore, we designed an experiment in which subjects observed human and artificial agents perform pointing and grasping actions aimed at two different object categories suggesting different goals. We found a signal increase in the bilateral inferior parietal lobule and the premotor cortex when tool versus food items were pointed to or grasped by both agents, probably reflecting the association of hand actions with the functional use of tools. Our results show that goal attribution engages the fronto‐parietal network not only for observing a human but also a robotic agent for both self‐related and social actions. The debriefing after the experiment has shown that actions of human‐like artificial agents can be perceived as being goal‐directed. Therefore, humans will be able to interact with service robots intuitively in various domains such as education, healthcare, public service, and entertainment.

Contains fulltext : 236339.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) In a conversation, recognising the speaker's social action (e.g., a request) early may help the potential following speakers understand the intended message quickly, and plan a timely response. Human language is multimodal, and several studies have demonstrated the contribution of the body to communication. However, comparatively few studies have investigated (non-emotional) conversational facial signals and very little is known about how they contribute to the communication of social actions. Therefore, we investigated how facial signals map onto the expressions of two fundamental social actions in conversations: asking questions and providing responses. We studied the distribution and timing of 12 facial signals across 6778 questions and 4553 responses, annotated holistically in a corpus of 34 dyadic face-to-face Dutch conversations. Moreover, we analysed facial signal clustering to find out whether there are specific combinations of facial signals within questions or responses. Results showed a high proportion of facial signals, with a qualitatively different distribution in questions versus responses. Additionally, clusters of facial signals were identified. Most facial signals occurred early in the utterance, and had earlier onsets in questions. Thus, facial signals may critically contribute to the communication of social actions in conversation by providing social action-specific visual information. 39 p.

This conversation-analytic paper reports on the structure and interactional use of what I term the ‘do-construction’ in English-language conversation: Utterances such as The kids do eat cake (cf. The kids eat cake). The argument developed here is that, at its core, the do-construction is used to index a contrast with a prior understanding. As will be shown, this prior understanding can be overtly demonstrated or merely presumed or potential, and it may be the understanding of the speaker him/herself, or that of the recipient. Similarly, the do-construction can be seen in a variety of sequential positions, and in conjunction with a range of social actions. Nonetheless, what binds this diversity of cases together is the use of the do-construction to introduce content into the interaction in a way that actively orients to a contrastive understanding. After establishing the contrastive work that this resource accomplishes as a general feature of turn design, we then consider how the use of the do-construction can be seen to be relevant to specific sequences of action. I conclude with a discussion of the relationship between the grammatical construction analyzed here and other-correction, and comment on some related resources for indexing contrasts in English.

Based on research carried out over two years amongst groups of students from the United Kingdom, France, United States and Russia, this article explores how churnalism is not only having an impact on what people read but also on how they read it, with far-reaching consequences for what has traditionally been perceived as the news genre. Drawing on genre as a social action, we explore the ways in which churnalism is changing news consumption. New news genres are appearing in response to new social interactions that users repeatedly act out predominantly online. As users, we produce and consume texts which we refer to as “news” in multiple situations which can be sorted into patterns. Our comparative analysis offers surprising insights into how these patterns form new news genres, characteristic of social media (many-to-many) instead of mass media (one-to-many). Genres should be studied not only through textual analysis but also through the prism of social reality and recurrent social actions, particularly ...

The present study investigates the ways that members of society refer to time. Concrete methods for communicating about points in time and locating events in relation to them make relevant and thereby ground abstract time-reckoning in the lives of interactants. Through a taxonomy of references to time—termed absolute and event-relative, each with subcategories—we describe the intrinsic affordances that different designs provide coparticipants engaging in social interaction. In analyzing talk from both ordinary and institutional contexts, we demonstrate how these affordances can be mobilized in the co-construction and maintenance of intersubjectivity, in managing interpersonal relationships, and in conjunction with a variety of social actions. By describing how sociotemporal ordering is invoked, put into use, and contextually achieved in the immediacy of quotidian conduct, we posit that time-reckoning categories are social not only in their construction but also in their everyday use.

In this paper, we adapt a broad understanding of the term media (after McLuhan) and discuss the term geomedia, which we define in a wider sense, focusing not only on localized forms of geomedia, such as digital maps, but also on representations that are loosely linked to the lifeworld, without geometrically and geographically measurable addresses. Furthermore, geomedia, like all media, refer to a communication space which creates spaces of the in-between. In the case of geomedia, these spaces of the in-between are somehow de-linked from geographical spaces and the limitations of the lifeworld. At the same time, geomedia are closely linked to spaces, due both to the lifeworld content to which geomedia refer and to the influence of geomedia on human action. These spaces of the in-between can open up in digital and analogue media, which we regard as inseparably intertwined. This opening up of the in-between presents opportunities for people, including marginalized groups, to get connected and stimulate social actions by sharing interests, exchanging ideas or criticizing social injustices, as well as discussing options for implementing social change. Given the strong connection between communication, participation and being innovative, we argue that geomedia are useful instruments that enable people to acquire innovativeness, which in turn fosters their ability to participate in society. OA gold

Understanding how humans make competitive decisions in complex environments is a key goal of decision neuroscience. Typical experimental paradigms constrain behavioral complexity (e.g. choices in discrete-play games), and thus, the underlying neural mechanisms of dynamic social interactions remain incompletely understood. Here, we collected fMRI data while humans played a competitive real-time video game against both human and computer opponents, and then, we used Bayesian non-parametric methods to link behavior to neural mechanisms. Two key cognitive processes characterized behavior in our task: (i) the coupling of one’s actions to another’s actions (i.e. opponent sensitivity) and (ii) the advantageous timing of a given strategic action. We found that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex displayed selective activation when the subject’s actions were highly sensitive to the opponent’s actions, whereas activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex increased proportionally to the advantageous timing of actions to defeat one’s opponent. Moreover, the temporoparietal junction tracked both of these behavioral quantities as well as opponent social identity, indicating a more general role in monitoring other social agents. These results suggest that brain regions that are frequently implicated in social cognition and value-based decision-making also contribute to the strategic tracking of the value of social actions in dynamic, multi-agent contexts.

Rational choice theorists have frequently been polemical against specific sociological conceptions which rarely had any but certainly almost have completely lost their influence on empirical studies. Yet the strong aspiration to formulate general theories and universal laws of social action may be one of the reasons why many sociologists consider rational choice theory to be empirically unappealing. Many proponents of rational choke theory have blamed social stratification and mobility researchers to be "variable sociologists" studying the relationships between variables instead of actors. True, researchers of social structure theoretically focus on the constraints of individual actions rather than on individuals' intentions. Individuals' actions must therefore be studied from the perspective that they interact with the processes over time. Thus, the interdependencies of individuals' social actions and structural processes at different levels have to be reconstructed. The chapter also presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in this book.

The biggest challenge for voice technologies is action recognition. This is partly because current approaches prioritize abstract context over practical action, and tend to ignore the detailed, sequential structure of talk by emulating scripted, often stereotypical dialogue. This provocation paper analyzes an urgent case of how a caller and a 911 dispatcher work together to achieve action recognition. We outline their 'seen but unnoticed' interactional methods and suggest how computational systems can learn from conversation analysis and use micro-analytic detail to recognize social actions.

This chapter seeks to make the case that emotions are central in organising in schools and that the way members of staff oversee their emotion processes is crucial to the legitimacy of the institution. The logic of the case is simple, as follows. There are three forms of affect: feelings, moods and emotions. Feelings and moods are affective states, the description of which depicts our inner world. Emotions are very different. They entail a process in which an event of some kind is experienced and appraised. This appraisal results in physiological responses, psychological changes and social responses, which entail actions. The emotion process creates a state of action readiness and a motivation to act. The actions are manifestations of power and they may influence those who experience them. Because actions influence, they are leadership actions and are therefore central to organising processes. Actions may have a high affective content and may be experienced as an individual ‘emoting’, which typically increases the significance of the action experienced by others. Emoting can therefore change the influencing effect of an action. We may seek to defend ourselves from actions with a high affective content by means of social defences, which can take various forms. The social actions resulting from the emotion process and emoting are subject to a whole range of ‘rules’: personal, interpersonal, institutional and cultural. How well members of the school staff understand and oversee – manage – that emotion process in relation to these rules is crucial to the legitimacy of schools as institutions.

The focus of RPTRA's activities reflects services for children and community services to become a community center that functions as a center of interaction and is used by all elements of society from various age groups. This research is an advanced stage of previous research on the relationship of RPTRA managers. The communication network that is built into the use of the RPTRA can be utilized for the development of institutional components that are socio-economic. By using Max Webber's instrumental rationality approach, this study can identify the social changes that have been formed. This study will provide a description relating to changes in knowledge, attitudes and actions of the people who use RPTRA. Changes that arise from individual RPTRA users (mothers) are driven by actions based on value orientation. Their actions involved in activities at RPTRA were not driven by instrumental orientation (to obtain economic benefits) or traditional orientation (because of tradition - driven by the authority structure) In general it can be concluded that RPTRA was able to take a good role. RPTRA is not a material space that distributes materials / materials to make a transformation of the social structure of society (change in social action). The results of the study indicate the formation of rationality in the use of RPTRA if it is associated with user social actions and program activities that put RPTRA as a center in building social relations for their local communities and social change. Keywords: RPTRA, communication network, social change, social actions.

Neuroimaging studies suggest that areas in the lateral occipitotemporal cortex (LOTC) play an important role in the perception of social actions. However, it is unclear what precisely about social actions these areas represent: perceptual features that may be indicative of social actions – such as the presence of persons in a scene, their orientation toward each other, and in particular the directedness of action movements toward persons or other targets – or more abstract representations that capture whether an action is meant to be social. In two fMRI experiments, we used representational similarity analysis (RSA) to test whether LOTC is sensitive to perceptual action components important for social interpretation and/or more general representations of sociality (Experiment 1) and implied person-directedness (Experiment 2). We found that LOTC is sensitive to perceptual action components (person presence, person orientation, and action directedness toward different types of recipients). By contrast, more general levels of sociality and implied person-directedness were not captured by LOTC. Our findings suggest that regions in LOTC provide the perceptual basis for social action interpretation but challenge accounts that posit specialization at more general levels sensitive to social actions and sociality as such. We propose that the interpretation of an action – in terms of sociality or other intentional aspects – arises from the interaction of multiple areas in processing relevant action components in a situation-dependent manner.

This chapter outlines some of the main theoretical principles and analytical procedures of mediated discourse analysis and illustrates how they can be applied to studies of language and sexuality. Where mediated discourse analysis differs from other approaches to language and sexuality is its focus on the concrete social actions that people take in their lives, like putting on a condom or sharing a dick pic. The approach asks how language and other cultural tools that people have available to them make these actions possible, and, how through their actions, people reproduce or “technologize” these cultural tools so that they can be taken up and used in future actions. Sexuality emerges through a process of making our bodies (and parts of our bodies) meaningful in the ongoing negotiation of mediated actions through processes of entextualization, appropriation, and recontextualization.

International audience; Social interactions entail reciprocal reactions where one’s communicative acts triggers responses in others. Fluent interpersonal exchange relies on the ability to discriminate behaviors produced by others that are responses to one’s actions, thus involving a social sense of agency. Given the pivotal role of gaze in human communication, we propose to use gaze following as a model for studying the sense of agency in social actions. The experiment investigates the influence of sensory expertise and timing of the action’s effects by comparing feedback provided by a human avatar versus a nonfigurative animated object (an arrow) and by varying the control exerted by participants’ gaze on the feedback (avatar vs arrow). Results revealed a linear relationship between the judgement of agency and feedback latencies and higher agency discriminating performances with the avatar. These outcomes suggest that classical cognitive accounts of the sense of agency can be expanded to the realm of social actions and provide important information for designing virtual agents to train social gaze interactions.

There seems to be nothing unusual about a conversation between two people who have never been in contact. These people understand each other because they speak the same language. That is commonly believed because the notion of ‘langue’ has always been there when we think about German, Spanish or Catalan languages. The concept seems useful but may be problematic at times. We cannot avoid using this notion to write a language test; nevertheless, the idea limits us, in understanding the process that is taking place in the interaction. The aim of this text is to discuss how individuals develop a physical and social history together with others. By doing it, some pressures involved lead to common actions that modifies the state of the world to which they belong. All the way to seek less effort in their social actions should be coordinated with other actions of the other speakers involved. These pressures are the product of what is called: Upmost Common Routine (UCR) that is in permanent change in relation to the amendments of Direct Common Knowledge (DCK) and Indirect Common Knowledge (ICK). Each common action causes mental changes related, but not identical, to the knowledge of the individuals involved. Their stories are partly shared and partly individual, so a complex network of shared knowledge that gives the illusion that there is a fixed and unchanging knowledge as a real representation of the world is built. These illusions are reinforced by pressures that emerge from the ideologies, values and beliefs.

Social hermeneutics is a young, emerging branch of philosophy associated with problems of understanding social actions. Since any social action is aimed at transforming the human world, our present, future and past, understanding its motives and goals is of practical importance for each person and humanity as a whole. A social action always has a cultural-historical context. Understanding the motive and the meaning of the social action is impossible outside the language system that determines it and the culture of a particular nation.

This paper explores the turn to context within contemporary studies of sports coaching, observing that the theoretical progress in reconceptualising coaching as complex and contextually shaped social activity has not yet been matched by empirical studies explicating how coaching actually transpires as situated action. It argues that this imbalance is attributable, at least in part, to a research practice predominant within sociological research on coaching that involves mobilising theorised conceptualisations of context to specify the significance of social actions. The paper outlines an alternative understanding of context, shared by the perspectives of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, under which actions and contexts are treated as being reflexively configured by participants in and as their ongoing accomplishment of intersubjectively intelligible social activities. It suggests that empirical investigation of coaching practices adopting an ethnomethodological conversation analytic app...

This study raises the problem of the still low Youth Organization Participation Against Community Activities in Cikole Village, Lembang District, West West Bandung Regency. The objectives of the study are: (1) To find out the organized youth activities in Cikole Village, Lembang Subdistrict, West Bandung Regency (2) To find out the effectiveness of social actions carried out by Youth Organization (3) To find out the impact of social action by Youth Organization on community participation . This research uses descriptive research methods, data collection techniques using questionnaires, interviews, observations, and documentation studies. Research objects 50 people. The results of the research and findings show that: Youth activities with organized institutions color the lives of the people with various activities. The social action programs undertaken include (1) Collaborative Work to build villages and communities. (2) Greening the Environment. (3). Compensation for the poor, the poor and orphans. (4) Community Reading Gardens and (5) Houses for the Poor. There is a paradigm shift in thinking in people's lives by placing young people in strategic positions. The obstacle faced by Karang Taruna Cikole Village is the difficulty to synergize the various empowerments in an integrated program, funding constraints and misunderstanding among the members of the youth organization. The conclusion shows that social action carried out by Karang Taruna Cikole Village is seen as able to prosper the environment.

Social interactions are fundamental components of social life, and we as social members witness and participate in a myriad of social actions and activities. It is in and through these interactions that cultures are established, identities are constructed and relationships are created, maintained or changed. Conversation analysis (CA), as an emergent discipline and research method, is committed to pin down the refined details in social interaction, in the hope to develop systematic knowledge and analysis of what participants in social interactions do and what they achieve. Doctor-patient interaction has long been a much explored topic in CA, but there is still much to be probed into, as talks in the medical context can be a complicated process dependent on many contingencies arising right from that context. This paper adopts conversation analysis as its research method and takes advice-giving in doctor-patient talks as its focus. It is argued that despite the apparently fixed layman-professional relationship in clinical contexts, the professional and lay people relationship is continually created, maintained and adjusted. In medical contexts, a professional’s advice is given with displays of higher epistemic authority, but it may meet with resistances as a result of contingencies in the diagnosis or treatment process. To manage those resistances, a doctor can resort to different practices, including embedding the advice into stories or fusing the advice-giving action into information delivery, and so on. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of dynamic relationship construction and advice-giving practices in medical encounters.

To what extent do the markets influence art production and creativity? Is it true that nowadays art is a mere managed cultural project result? Can the artist really become a “worker” inside the capitalist cultural machine, or is there still a difference between artistic creation and the industrial-capitalist creation of art? This chapter inquires into these issues and tries to find possible ways of meaning in the changing relationship between artistic work, social imagery, and marketing priorities. The shift from the so-called direct commission to the modern and contemporary art markets implies a change in the very concept of art, and a transformation linked to this shift. Art is a part of culture, it shares the same spheres of action, and it is strictly connected to certain national symbols, in one way or another. However, is it possible to assume that as social actions art and culture share the same Weberian “motivation”?

Significance Why is it so easy for humans to interact with each other? In social interactions, humans coordinate their actions with each other nonverbally. For example, dance partners need to relate their actions to each other to coordinate their movements. The underlying neurocognitive mechanisms supporting this ability are surprisingly poorly understood. We show that human brain processes are sensitive to pairs of matching actions that make up a social interaction. These findings provide insights into the perceptual architecture that helps humans to relate actions to each other. This capability is essential for social interactions, and its understanding will aid future development of therapies to treat social cognitive disorders., A hallmark of human social behavior is the effortless ability to relate one’s own actions to that of the interaction partner, e.g., when stretching out one’s arms to catch a tripping child. What are the behavioral properties of the neural substrates that support this indispensable human skill? Here we examined the processes underlying the ability to relate actions to each other, namely the recognition of spatiotemporal contingencies between actions (e.g., a “giving” that is followed by a “taking”). We used a behavioral adaptation paradigm to examine the response properties of perceptual mechanisms at a behavioral level. In contrast to the common view that action-sensitive units are primarily selective for one action (i.e., primary action, e.g., ‘throwing”), we demonstrate that these processes also exhibit sensitivity to a matching contingent action (e.g., “catching”). Control experiments demonstrate that the sensitivity of action recognition processes to contingent actions cannot be explained by lower-level visual features or amodal semantic adaptation. Moreover, we show that action recognition processes are sensitive only to contingent actions, but not to noncontingent actions, demonstrating their selective sensitivity to contingent actions. Our findings show the selective coding mechanism for action contingencies by action-sensitive processes and demonstrate how the representations of individual actions in social interactions can be linked in a unified representation.

Translation is shown to work not only at linguistic ruptures as is usually believed but as a ubiquitous means of communication in the social realm. Translation is a catalyst of social interactions. Yet like a chemical catalyst it can facilitate interactions or hinder them. Translation works in the situation known in sociology as double contingency. Drawing on Jurgen Habermas, translation is examined as either a communicative action or an instrumental action. Moreover, translation can aggravate the instrumentalization of social actions or contribute to communicative actions in the public sphere. Translation, if practiced ethically, can help the instrumentally minded mediated parties to enrich their appreciation of the lifeworld of the other and thereby lessen the instrumentalization of modern public spheres.