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Osphronemus goramy (Lacepède) Distribution. Wong Nai Chung Reservoir, Shing Mun Reservoir (current survey). Native range. Southeast Asia. Remarks. Common in the aquarium trade., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 141, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Vieja bifasciata (Steindachner) (Fig. 38, [LU]) Distribution. Tai Tam Reservoir, Tai Tam Byewash Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021; current survey); Hok Tau Reservoir; Tai Tam Tuk Reservoir (current survey). Native range. Central and South America., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on pages 147-148, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Glossogobius olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel) (Fig. 58, [LU]) Distribution. Plover Cove Reservoir (Lai, 2011; GBIF.org, 2021; current survey); Tai Lam Chung Reservoir (Lai, 2011; AFCD, 2021c; GBIF.org, 2021; current survey); Lower Shing Mun Reservoir (current survey); High Island Reservoir (H.T. Cheng, pers. comm., 2021). Native range. Russia, Japan, China, and Taiwan (East Asia). Remarks. This species has native populations in estuaries and lower reaches of streams locally. Reservoir populations are confined to sites receiving water transfers from mainland China., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 167, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Synodontis eupterus (Boulenger) (Fig. 18, [LU]) Distribution. Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve (current survey). Native range. Africa. Remarks. Juveniles are often present in the aquarium trade., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 140, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Malapterurus electricus (Gmelin) Distribution. Kowloon Reservoir (Lai, 2011). Native range. Africa. Remarks. Breeding populations were discovered by Lai (2011) in Kowloon Reservoir, but none were observed during the current study., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 140, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Lai SYH (2011) Reservoir fishes of Hong Kong with remarks on conservation options. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, (27): 63 - 82."]}

Tachysurus virgatus (Oshima) Distribution. Man Kam To area (Chan & Ho, 2011). Native range. China and Vietnam (East Asia). Remarks. The locality where this species has been recorded in receives water from mainland China via transfer pipes (Chan & Ho, 2011)., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 139, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Chan TKT & Ho CF (2011) The first record of two bagrid fishes in Hong Kong: Tachysurus virgatus and Pelteobagrus vachellii. Hong Kong Biodiversity, (20): 12 - 14."]}

Labeo rohita (Hamilton) Distribution. Ho Chung River, Ng Tung River, Shing Mun Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021); Plover Cove Reservoir (current survey). Native range. (South Asia), Myanmar, Southeast Asia. Remarks. Commonly found in the aquarium trade (as fingerlings and often mixed with Cirrhinus spp.) as food for large, carnivorous fishes., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 136, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Ophichthys cuchia (Hamilton) (Fig. 20) Distribution. Lui Kung Tin area, Ng Tung River (GBIF. org, 2021); Lau Shui Heung Reservoir, Wong Nai Chung Reservoir, Plover Cove Reservoir (current survey). Native range. (South Asia) and Southeast Asia. Remarks. Commonly sold as food in wet markets and is sometimes released during Buddhist rituals., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 140, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor) Distribution. Ho Chung River, Shing Mun Reservoir (current survey). Native range. Russia, Korea, Japan, China and Vietnam (East Asia). Remarks. This species is occasionally sold as live fish food along with Paramisgurnus dabryanus in the aquarium trade, and these fishes are often purchased for release in Buddhist rituals., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 166, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes) Distribution. Tai Ho River (Chan, 2001 as Ctenopharyngodon idellus; AFCD, 2021c); Lok Ma Chau Loop (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2013a); Hok Tau Reservoir (AFCD, 2021c; current survey); Ho Chung River (DSD, 2021; current survey); Ng Tung River, Sheung Yue River, Long Valley, Hong Kong Wetland Park (GBIF.org, 2021); Mai Po Nature Reserve (WWF, 2021). Native range. East China and Russia (East Asia). GBIF.org, 2021); Lam Tsuen River, Sheung Yue River, Ng Tung River (GBIF.org, 2021). Native range. South China, East Asia. Remarks. This species may have also been accidentally introduced during fish stocking of reservoirs (Lai, 2011)., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 137, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Chan BPL (2001) Sustainability and biodiversity: the impact, alternative design and prospects of restoration of channelized lowland streams in Hong Kong. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, pp. 169 - 211.","Lai SYH (2011) Reservoir fishes of Hong Kong with remarks on conservation options. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, (27): 63 - 82."]}

Hemiculter bleekeri (Warpachowski) Distribution. Plover Cove Reservoir (Man & Hodgkiss, 1977; Dudgeon, 1983). Native range. Central and South China, East Asia. Remarks. Reportedly introduced into Plover Cove Reservoir from “various rivers” through water transfer in 1967 (Man & Hodgkiss, 1977). This species has not been reported since Dudgeon (1983) and is presumably locally extinct., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 137, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Man HSH & Hodgkiss IJ (1977) Studies on the ichthyo-fauna in Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong: feeding and food relations. Journal of Fish Biology, 11 (1): 1 - 13.","Dudgeon D (1983) The utilization of terrestrial plants as a food source by the fish stock of a gently sloping marginal zone in Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 8 (1): 73 - 77."]}

Melanotaenia trifasciata (Rendahl) (Fig. 41) Distribution. Black Hill area (current survey). Native range. Australasia. Remarks. A single individual recorded in a hill stream on Black Hill is likely a released aquarium specimen as it is commonly sold in Hong Kong. Distribution. Plover Cove Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021); Lower Shing Mun Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021); Lai King area (current survey). Native range. Central and South America., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 148, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Hemichromis fasciatus (Peters) Distribution. Tai Lam Chung Reservoir (AFCD, 2021c). Native range. Africa., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 144, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Vieja fenestrata (Günther) (Fig. 39, [LU]), Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 148, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas) Distribution. Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve (current survey). Native range. (Southeast Asia) and South Asia. Remarks. A single individual was observed in a man-made pond in the Reserve in 2020., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 141, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Chan, Jeffery C.F., Tsang, Alphonse H.F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C.H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David, Liew, Jia Huan (2023): The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 128-168, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012

Pelmatolapia mariae (Boulenger) Distribution. Tai Lam Chung Reservoir (AFCD, 2021c); Pak Ngan Heung Stream (DSD, 2021); Ting Kok area (GBIF. org, 2021; current survey). Native range. Africa., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 147, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Channa argus (Cantor) (Fig. 22A) Distribution. Ng Tung River (GBIF.org, 2021); Kowloon Reservoir; Tai Lam Chung Reservoir (current survey). Native range. Amur River Basin to South China (East Asia). Remarks. This species is occasionally sold together with Channa maculata and Channa argus × Channa maculata hybrids in local wet markets. Channa argus is bigger than C. maculata, with larger lateral blotches and a well-separated dorsal head pattern (Fig. 22A, B 1) between the eyes (Ou et al., 2018). Morphometrics cannot adequately differentiate between juveniles of C. argus, C. maculata, and C. argus × C. maculata hybrids in Hong Kong. A region-wide integrative taxonomic assessment is necessary to adequately understand the scale of introductions, breeding, and hybridisation of native and non-native channids. This species is sometimes released during Buddhist rituals., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 141, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Ou M, Zhao J, Luo Q, Hong X, Zhu X, Liu H & Chen K (2018) Characteristics of hybrids derived from Channa argus × Channa maculata. Aquaculture, 492: 349 - 356."]}

Chanodichthys erythropterus (Basilewsky) Distribution. Plover Cove Reservoir (Man & Hodgkiss, 1981 as Culter erythropterus; Dudgeon, 1983 as Culter erythropterus; Chong & Dudgeon, 1992 as Culter erythropterus; Lai, 2011 as Cultrichthys erythropterus); Tai Lam Chung Reservoir (AFCD, 2021c). Native range. East Asia. Remarks. Restricted to reservoirs that receive water from mainland China., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 137, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Man HSH & Hodgkiss IJ (1981) Hong Kong Freshwater Fishes. Urban Council Publication (Hong Kong Government), Hong Kong, 76 pp.","Dudgeon D (1983) The utilization of terrestrial plants as a food source by the fish stock of a gently sloping marginal zone in Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 8 (1): 73 - 77.","Chong DH & Dudgeon D (1992) Hong Kong stream fishes: an annotated checklist with remarks on conservation status. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, (19): 79 - 112.","Lai SYH (2011) Reservoir fishes of Hong Kong with remarks on conservation options. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, (27): 63 - 82."]}

Gyrinocheilus aymonieri (Tirant) (Fig. 3, [LU]) Distribution. Siu Lek Yuen area (GBIF.org, 2021); Plover Cove Reservoir (H.T. Cheng, pers. comm., 2021). Native range. Southeast Asia. Remarks. The golden variety of this species is commonly sold as a ‘cleaner fish’ in the aquarium trade., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 134, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Labidochromis caeruleus (Fryer) Distribution. Plover Cove Reservoir; Kowloon Reservoir (current survey). Native range. Africa (Lake Malawi endemic). Remarks. One of the most commonly sold ornamental cichlids in Hong Kong. However, they are rarely recorded in the wild., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 145, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Lepisosteus oculatus (Winchell) Distribution. Pun Chun Yuen area (starfish_gaia, 2021). Native range. North America. Remarks. This was a record from iNaturalist (https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/72235295), but has not been included in the GBIF database due to only recently attaining ‘research grade’ recognition., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 133, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) Distribution. Wong Lung Hang, Lam Tsuen River (DSD, 2021); Ng Tung River, Ho Chung River (GBIF.org, 2021). Native range. South Asia. Remarks. Fingerlings are sold as feeder fish for large, carnivorous ornamental species and are sometimes released during Buddhist rituals. Distribution. Sandy Ridge Cemetery (Chan, 2001; Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2016); Kam Tin River (Black & Veatch Hong Kong Limited, 2005; current survey); Wo Shang Wai area (Mott Connell Limited, 2008); San Tau area (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2009); High Island Reservoir, Ho Pui Reservoir, Hok Tau Reservoir, Shing Mun Reservoir, Kowloon Reservoir, Kowloon Reception Reservoir, Pok Fu Lam Reservoir (Lai, 2011; current survey); Tai Lam Chung Reservoir (Lai, 2011; AFCD, 2021c; GBIF.org, 2021; current survey); Plover Cove Reservoir (Lai, 2011; GBIF.org, 2021); Kong Nga Po area (Mott MacDonald Hong Kong Limited, 2013); Tai Sheung Tok area (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2014); Tseng Lan Shue area (Black & Veatch Hong Kong Limited, 2018); Ha Che area (Atkins China Limited, 2020); Nam Wa Po area (DSD, 2020); Shek Kiu Tau area (Mott MacDonald Hong Kong Limited, 2020); Shek Pik Reservoir (AFCD, 2021c); Wong Lung Hang, Shek Kong Stream, Ho Chung River, Yuen Long Bypass Floodway, Lam Tsuen River, Ma Wat River (DSD, 2021); Ng Tung River, Hong Kong Park, Tin Shui Wai River, Yuen Long Park, Tin Shui Wai Park, Kowloon Park, Wetland Park, Sheung Wo Hang Stream, Tai Tam Byewash Reservoir, Plover Cove Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021, as Cyrpinus carpio and Cyprinus rubrofuscus); Mai Po Nature Reserve (WWF, 2021)); Sham Tseng Settlement Basin, Aberdeen Upper Reservoir, Hoi Ha Stream, Tai O River, Yung Shue O Stream (current survey). Native range. Black, Caspian, and Aral seas basins, Europe. Remarks. Only Cyprinus carpio has been recorded in the results of our DNA barcoding despite citizen science suggesting the presence of both C. carpio and C. rubrofuscus. The latter is not considered to occur in Hong Kong until genetic evidence is obtained. Wild-types are most commonly encountered in Hong Kong’s fresh waters and likely originate from aquaculture while the ornamental variety originate from the aquarium trade, with the latter now becoming increasingly common in village streams. Juvenile ornamental varieties are sometimes released during Buddhist rituals., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 135, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Chan BPL (2001) Sustainability and biodiversity: the impact, alternative design and prospects of restoration of channelized lowland streams in Hong Kong. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, pp. 169 - 211.","CH 2 M HILL Hong Kong Limited (2008) Proposed Development at Fung Lok Wai, Yuen Long at Lot 1457 R. P. in D. D. 123. Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared for the Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong Government. https: // www. epd. gov. hk / eia / register / report / eiareport / eia _ 1492008 / EIA % 20 Report / html / FLW _ EIA. htm (Accessed 21 October 2021).","Lai SYH (2011) Reservoir fishes of Hong Kong with remarks on conservation options. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, (27): 63 - 82."]}

Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) (Fig. 35, [LU]) Distribution. Tai Chung Hau area, Lam Tsuen River, Kau Lung Hang Lo Wai area, Shuen Wan area, Sha Ling area, Tan Shan River, Pui O Stream, Tong Fuk River, Tai O River, Tai Ho River (Chan, 2001); Lung Mei area (Halcrow China Limited, 2007); Fung Lok Wai area (CH 2M HILL Hong Kong Limited, 2008); Tsang Tsui area (Metcalf & Eddy Limited, 2008); Sha Lo Wan area (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2009); Big Wave Bay Stream (DSD, 2010; current survey); Kong Nga Po area (Mott MacDonald Hong Kong Limited, 2013); Fanling area, Kwu Tung area (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2013b); Ho Pui Reservoir, Hok Tau Reservoir, Shing Mun Reservoir, Kowloon Reservoir, Plover Cove Reservoir, Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, Kowloon Reception Reservoir, Shek Lei Pui Reservoir (Lai, 2011; current survey); Sandy Ridge Cemetery (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2016); Mui Tsz Lam stream (AECOM Asia Company Limited, 2016a); Hung Shui Kiu area (AECOM Asia Company Limited, 2016b); Shan Ha Tsuen area, Muk Kiu Tau Tsuen area, Tai Tong area (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2017); Sung Shan New Village, Lin Fa Tei area, Ha Che area (Atkins China Limited, 2020); Yuen Long Town Nullah (Black & Veatch Hong Kong Limited, 2020a); Hong Po Road area (Black & Veatch Hong Kong Limited, 2020b); Nam Wa Po area (DSD, 2020); Shek Kiu Tau area (Mott MacDonald Hong Kong Limited, 2020); Pak Tin area (Tai Wai) (AECOM Asia Company Limited, 2021a); Lau Shui Heung Reservoir (AFCD, 2021c); Ma Wat River, Ping Yuen River, Pak Ngan Heung Stream, Ma Tso Lung Stream, Ngau Tam Mei River, Yuen Long Bypass Floodway, Ho Chung River, Kam Tin River, Ping Kong Stream, Cheung Po Stream, Wong Lung Hang Stream, Tai Tei Tong Stream, Shek Kong Stream, Ho Pui River, Deep Water Bay Stream (DSD, 2021); Wetland Park, Hang Tau area, Tin Shui Wai Park, Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve, Sheung Yue River, Tin Shui Wai River, She Shan River, Ting Kok area, Nam Sang Wai area, San Tin area, Kai Tak River, High Island Reservoir, Hung Shui Hang Irrigation Reservoir, Shan Pui River (GBIF.org, 2021); Tung Chung River (Green Power, 2021; current survey); Mai Po Nature Reserve (WWF, 2021); Kowloon Byewash Reservoir; Lam Tei Irrigation Reservoir, Tai Shui Hang area, Aberdeen Lower Reservoir, Aberdeen Upper Reservoir, Tai Tam Reservoir, Tai Tam Tuk Reservoir, Tai Tam Byewash Reservoir, Tai Tam Intermediate Reservoir (current survey). Native range. Africa. Remarks. The introduction of this species has not been as well documented as that of O. mossambicus. However, this species may have been misidentified as O. mossambicus in earlier studies. Presently, O. niloticus appears to be relatively abundant and has replaced O. mossambicus in numerous habitats. It differs from other Oreochromis spp. in that the caudal fin has black bars, and the upper margin of the dorsal fin is black or grey and never entirely fringed with red as in O. mossambicus, O. aureus, or hybrids (Trewavas, 1983)., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on pages 146-147, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Chan BPL (2001) Sustainability and biodiversity: the impact, alternative design and prospects of restoration of channelized lowland streams in Hong Kong. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, pp. 169 - 211.","CH 2 M HILL Hong Kong Limited (2008) Proposed Development at Fung Lok Wai, Yuen Long at Lot 1457 R. P. in D. D. 123. Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared for the Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong Government. https: // www. epd. gov. hk / eia / register / report / eiareport / eia _ 1492008 / EIA % 20 Report / html / FLW _ EIA. htm (Accessed 21 October 2021).","DSD (2010) Drainage Improvement in Big Wave Bay. Project Profile for Environmental Permit prepared for the Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong Government, 22 pp.","Lai SYH (2011) Reservoir fishes of Hong Kong with remarks on conservation options. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, (27): 63 - 82.","Green Power (2021) Ecological Baseline Study of Tung Chung River Catchment. Green Power, Hong Kong, pp. 60 - 62.","Trewavas E (1983) Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 878: 1 - 583."]}

Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz) (Fig. 27) Distribution. Black Hill area, Kowloon Reservoir, Plover Cove Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021); Shing Mun Reservoir; Lai King area (current survey). Native range. Central and South America. Remarks. Popular in the aquarium trade; frequently released in urban ponds. However, breeding populations have never been observed in Hong Kong., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 143, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (Cuvier) (Fig. 2) Distribution. Ng Tung River, Plover Cove Reservoir (A.C. Lam, pers. comm., 2017); Tsing Yi Park, Tai Tam Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021); Lai King area, Shing Mun Reservoir (current survey). Native range. South America. Remarks. Commonly in the aquarium trade, but breeding has not been reported locally., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 133, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Garra orientalis (Nichols) Distribution. Tai Lam Chung Reservoir, Plover Cove Reservoir (A.C. Lam, pers. comm., 2021). Native range. Asia (presumably East Asia). Remarks. Native riverine populations of this species have not been recorded again since Chan (2001) and are suspected to be extirpated as their local habitat has been channelised. It is unlikely this species naturally occurred in feeder streams of the two reservoirs as it usually inhabits tributaries of large rivers (Pan et al., 1991), which are not present within the catchments of Tai Lam Chung and Plover Cove. The populations in the two reservoirs likely arrived through water transfer from mainland China since this species naturally occurs in the Dongjiang river system (Guangdong and Beijiang rivers) (Pan et al., 1991)., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 166, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Tanichthys albonubes (Lin) (Fig. 57.) Distribution. Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve (current survey). Native range. China and Vietnam (East Asia). Remarks. This species once had native populations but was extirpated during the 1960s (Chong & Dudgeon, 1992). The individuals observed in the stream at Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve in 2018 do not resemble those of the wild types that have been found in Hainan Island and Guangdong (Chan & Chen, 2009; Zhao et al., 2018), and instead, are identical to those from the aquarium trade. No individuals were observed during surveys in Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve before or after 2018., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 167, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Poecilia reticulata (Peters) (Fig. 44, [LU]) Distribution. Lam Tsuen River, Shuen Wan area, Wang Tong River, Sha Lo Wan Stream, (Chan, 2001); Fung Yuen area (Mouchel Asia Limited, 2002); Tai Po Tsai area (Allied Environmental Consultants Limited, 2004); Lam Tin area (Maunsell Consultants Asia Limited, 2005b); Man Uk Pin Stream (Black & Veatch Hong Kong Limited, 2007); Lung Mei area (Halcrow China Limited, 2007); Ping Yuen River (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2007); Fanling area, Kwu Tung area (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2013b); Cheung Chau Island area (Atkins China Limited, 2013); Sandy Ridge Cemetery (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2016); Muk Kiu Tau Tsuen area, Tai Tong area, Shan Ha Tsuen area (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2017); Lai Chi Wo area (So, 2019); Sung Shan New Village area, Lin Fa Tei area, Ha Che area (Atkins China Limited, 2020); Pak Tin area (Tai Wai), Pok Hong area, Chun Shek area (AECOM Asia Company Limited, 2021a); Sha Lo Tung Stream, Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve, Shap Long Irrigation Reservoir (AFCD, 2021c; current survey); Pak Ngan Heung Stream, Pui O Stream, Wong Lung Hang Stream, Tai Tei Tong Stream, Ngong Ping Stream, Shek Kong Stream (DSD, 2021); Lion’s Nature Education Centre, Mui Tsz Lam Stream, Ha Wo Hang area, Ng Tung River, Tung Ma To Stream (GBIF.org, 2021); Tung Chung River (Green Power, 2021; current survey); Little Hawaii Stream, Tai Tung Wo Liu Stream, Man Hang Stream, Sam Dip Tam Stream, Tung Tsz Stream, Kau Lung Hang Lo Wai Stream, Tsing Tam Tsuen Stream, Tsui Keng area, So Kwun Wat Stream, Pak Long Stream (Tsang & Dudgeon, 2021a); Deep Water Bay Stream (current survey). Native range. Central and South America. Remarks. This species was introduced alongside Gambusia affinis by the Hong Kong Government for mosquito control around 1940 (Dudgeon & Corlett, 2004). Escapees or discards from the aquarium trade and individuals released during Buddhist rituals may have also contributed to their establishment in many parts of Hong Kong (Tricarico et al., 2016). However, this species appears to be less widespread than it was in the 1980s. Distribution. Lam Tsuen River (DSD, 2021; current survey); Sam Dip Tam Stream, Tung Tsz Stream (Tsang & Dudgeon, 2021a; current survey). Native range. Central and South America. Remarks. Most abundant in a rocky hillstream (Sam Dip Tam Stream)., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on pages 149-150, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Chan BPL (2001) Sustainability and biodiversity: the impact, alternative design and prospects of restoration of channelized lowland streams in Hong Kong. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, pp. 169 - 211.","So KYK (2019) Ecology, conservation and management of Hong Kong freshwater marshlands. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, pp. 140 - 174.","Green Power (2021) Ecological Baseline Study of Tung Chung River Catchment. Green Power, Hong Kong, pp. 60 - 62.","Tsang AHF & Dudgeon D (2021 a) Do exotic poeciliids affect the distribution or trophic niche of native fishes? Absence of evidence from Hong Kong streams. Freshwater Biology, 66 (9): 1751 - 1764.","Dudgeon D & Corlett RC (2004) The Ecology and Biodiversity of Hong Kong. Friends of the Country Parks, Hong Kong Government, 336 pp.","Tricarico E, Junqueira AOR & Dudgeon D (2016) Alien species in aquatic environments: a selective comparison of coastal and inland waters in tropical and temperate latitudes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 26 (5): 872 - 891."]}

Amphilophus labiatus (Günther) Distribution. Plover Cove Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021; current survey). Native range. Central and South America. Remarks. Breeding populations found in Plover Cove Reservoir but not as abundant as Amphilophus citrinellus., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 143, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Maylandia lombardoi (Burgess) Distribution. Shing Mun Reservoir (current survey). Native range. Africa (Lake Malawi endemic). Remarks. As with Labidochromis caeruleus, it is one of the most commonly sold ornamental cichlids in Hong Kong, but is rarely recorded in the wild., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 145, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky) (Fig. 56, [LU]) Distribution. High Island Reservoir, Hok Tau Reservoir, Shing Mun Reservoir, Lau Shui Heung Reservoir, Plover Cove Reservoir, Kowloon Reservoir, Shek Lei Pui Reservoir, Tai Lam Chung Reservoir, Tai Tam Tuk Reservoir (Lai, 2011; current survey); Shek Pik Reservoir (AFCD, 2021c; current survey); Tai Tam Byewash Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021; current survey). Native range. North and South Korea, China, and Japan (East Asia). Remarks. This species is suspected to have both native and non-native populations in Hong Kong (Chong & Dudgeon, 1992). Reservoir populations are likely to have been introduced by water transfers from mainland China and from local rivers., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 166, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Tachysurus sinensis (Richardson) Distribution. Tai Lam Chung Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021; current survey). Native range. China and Korea (East Asia). Remarks. Restricted to reservoirs that receive water from the mainland. It is also commonly sold in wet markets, which may represent an additional source of introductions from aquaculture. Distribution. Sandy Ridge Cemetery (Chan, 2001); Kam Tin River (Black & Veatch Hong Kong Limited, 2005; DSD, 2021; current survey); Nam Long Shan area (within Ocean Park) (Maunsell Environmental Management Consultants Limited, 2006); Kowloon Reservoir (Lai, 2011; current survey); Yuen Long Town Nullah (Black & Veatch Hong Kong Limited, 2020a); Nam Wa Po area (DSD, 2020; GBIF. org, 2021); Lok Ma Chau area (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2013a); Ho Chung River, Ping Yuen River, Yuen Long Bypass Floodway, Ngau Tam Mei River, Ping Kong Stream, Ho Pui River, Ma Wat River (DSD, 2021) Lin Ma Hang Stream, Ma Tso Lung area, Wong Yue Tan area, Sheung Yue River, Hung Leng Tsuen area, Shan Pui River, Long Valley (GBIF.org, 2021); Tin Shui Wai River, Mui Wo area, Pui O Stream, Tai Ho River, Jordan Valley (H.T. Cheng, pers. comm., 2021); Mai Po Nature Reserve (WWF, 2021); Waterfall Bay Stream, Ng Tung River, Kai Tak River (current survey). Native range. Africa. Remarks. This species thrives in rivers polluted by organic waste in the New Territories., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 139, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Chan BPL (2001) Sustainability and biodiversity: the impact, alternative design and prospects of restoration of channelized lowland streams in Hong Kong. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, pp. 169 - 211.","Lai SYH (2011) Reservoir fishes of Hong Kong with remarks on conservation options. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, (27): 63 - 82."]}

Amphilophus citrinellus (Günther) (Fig. 26, [LU]) Distribution. Plover Cove Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021; current survey). Native range. Central and South America. Remarks. Common in the aquarium trade., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 143, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Heterotilapia buttikoferi (Hubrecht) (Fig. 32, [LU]) Distribution. Kowloon Byewash Reservoir (Mott MacDonald Hong Kong Limited, 2008 as Tilapia joka; current survey); Plover Cove Reservoir (Lai, 2011 as Tilapia buttikoferi; GBIF.org, 2021; current survey); Lai Chi Kok Park, Aberdeen Lower Reservoir, Tai Tam Tuk Reservoir, Shing Mun Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021; current survey); Lok Ma Chau area, Aberdeen Upper Reservoir (current survey). Native range. Africa., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 145, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["CH 2 M HILL Hong Kong Limited (2008) Proposed Development at Fung Lok Wai, Yuen Long at Lot 1457 R. P. in D. D. 123. Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared for the Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong Government. https: // www. epd. gov. hk / eia / register / report / eiareport / eia _ 1492008 / EIA % 20 Report / html / FLW _ EIA. htm (Accessed 21 October 2021).","Lai SYH (2011) Reservoir fishes of Hong Kong with remarks on conservation options. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, (27): 63 - 82."]}

Vieja melanurus (Günther) (Fig. 40), Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 148, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes) (Fig. 12, [LU]) Distribution. Shing Mun River, Sandy Ridge Cemetery (Chan, 2001); Kam Tin River (A.C. Lam, pers. comm., 2015); Tai Lam Chung Reservoir (AFCD, 2021c); Ng Tung River, Sheung Yue River (GBIF.org, 2021); Pak Ngau Shek Stream (current survey). Native range. China and Vietnam (East Asia). Remarks. Juveniles are regularly stocked (suspected to be from aquaculture) in (unspecified) reservoirs to control algae as they are believed to be incapable of reproducing in Hong Kong’s fresh waters (WSD, 2019)., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 137, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Chan BPL (2001) Sustainability and biodiversity: the impact, alternative design and prospects of restoration of channelized lowland streams in Hong Kong. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, pp. 169 - 211."]}

Heros efasciatus (Heckel) Distribution. Aberdeen Lower Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021). Native range. Central and South America., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 145, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Puntigrus tetrazona (Bleeker) (Fig. 10, [LU]) Distribution. Kowloon Reception Reservoir (C.Y. Tse, pers. comm., 2020); Plover Cove Reservoir (current survey). Native range. Southeast Asia. Remarks. Common in the aquarium trade., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 136, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Misgurnus dabryanus (Dabry de Thiersant) (Fig. 4, [LU]), Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 134, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Parabramis pekinensis (Basilewsky) Distribution. Tai Lam Chung Reservoir (Lai, 2011). Native range. Amur River basin to East China (East Asia). Remarks. Restricted to a single reservoir that receives water from the Dongjiang. Previously, it has been cultivated in fishponds (Man & Hodgkiss, 1981), suggesting it may also have individuals released from aquaculture., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 136, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Lai SYH (2011) Reservoir fishes of Hong Kong with remarks on conservation options. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, (27): 63 - 82.","Man HSH & Hodgkiss IJ (1981) Hong Kong Freshwater Fishes. Urban Council Publication (Hong Kong Government), Hong Kong, 76 pp."]}

Cirrhinus molitorella (Valenciennes) (Fig. 7, [LU]) Distribution. Plover Cove Reservoir (Dudgeon, 1983; Lai, 2011; current survey); Tai O River (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2002; current survey); Mai Po Nature Reserve (WWF, 2006; WWF, 2021); Hok Tau Reservoir, Upper Shing Mun Reservoir, Kowloon Reservoir, Shek Lei Pui Reservoir (Lai, 2011; current survey); Tung Chung River (Green Power, 2021); Sandy Ridge area (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2016); Lau Shui Heung Reservoir, Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve, Tai Lam Chung Reservoir, Tai Ho River (AFCD, 2021c); Wong Lung Hang, Cheung Po Stream, Shek Kong Stream, Lam Tsuen River, Ho Chung River (DSD, 2021); Mui Tsz Lam Stream, Ng Tung River, Wu Kau Tang Stream (GBIF.org, 2021); Sam Dip Tam Stream (Tsang & Dudgeon, 2021a); Deep Water Bay Stream, Yung Shue O Stream, Kowloon Reception Reservoir (current survey). Native range. (Southeast Asia) to Vietnam and South China. Remarks. This species was imported from Guangzhou and introduced into the fish farms of New Territories prior to the 1950s (Lin, 1949). It is still reared as food and sold in local markets. Fingerlings are sold as feeder fish for large carnivorous ornamental species and are sometimes released during Buddhist rituals., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 135, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Dudgeon D (1983) The utilization of terrestrial plants as a food source by the fish stock of a gently sloping marginal zone in Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 8 (1): 73 - 77.","Lai SYH (2011) Reservoir fishes of Hong Kong with remarks on conservation options. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, (27): 63 - 82.","Green Power (2021) Ecological Baseline Study of Tung Chung River Catchment. Green Power, Hong Kong, pp. 60 - 62.","Tsang AHF & Dudgeon D (2021 a) Do exotic poeciliids affect the distribution or trophic niche of native fishes? Absence of evidence from Hong Kong streams. Freshwater Biology, 66 (9): 1751 - 1764.","Lin SY (1949) Freshwater fishes of Hong Kong. Journal of the Hong Kong Fisheries Research Station, 2: 75 - 101."]}

Mesonauta festivus (Heckel) Distribution. Aberdeen Lower Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021). Native range. Central and South America., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 145, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Channa maculata (Lacepède) (Fig. 22B) Distribution. Kam Tin River (Black & Veatch Hong Kong Limited, 2005; current survey); Mai Po Nature Reserve (WWF, 2006; WWF, 2021); Kong Nga Po area (Mott MacDonald Hong Kong Limited, 2013); Sandy Ridge Cemetery (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2016); Lin Fa Tei area (Atkins China Limited, 2020); Shan Pui River (Black & Veatch Hong Kong Limited, 2020b); Ma Wat River, Ho Chung River, Ping Yuen River, Yuen Long Bypass Floodway, Lam Tsuen River, Shek Kong Stream (DSD, 2021); Ting Kok area, Wo Shang Wai area, San Tin area, Sheung Yue River, Ng Tung River, Ping Kong area (GBIF.org, 2021); Sam Dip Tam Stream (Tsang & Dudgeon, 2021d); Lau Shui Heung Reservoir, Shing Mun Reservoir, Kowloon Reservoir, Kowloon Byewash Reservoir, Shing Mun River, Lower Shing Mun Reservoir, Mui Tsz Lam Stream, Plover Cove Reservoir, Fo Tan Nullah, Tai Lam Chung Reservoir, She Shan River (current survey). Native range. Japan, China, Taiwan, and Vietnam (East Asia). Remarks. As native populations of this species occur in several reservoirs, the distribution records presented above include only obvious feral populations (e.g., including many damaged individuals and/or found in exceptionally high abundances in channelised water courses). Historically, this species has been cultivated in fish ponds since the 1940s (Lin, 1949), and non-native individuals may have been able to breed in local fresh waters or interbreed with native populations. Channa maculata differs from Channa argus and their hybrids by having a single stroke in the dorsal head pattern in between the eyes (more separated from the eyes, the larger they become) and smaller blotches on its lateral side (for further details, see Ou et al., 2018)., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 168, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Anabas testudineus (Bloch) (Fig. 21, [LU]) Distribution. Lok Ma Chau area (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2013a; current survey); Tsung Yuen Stream, Long Valley area (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2013b); Nam Sang Wai area (Black & Veatch Hong Kong Limited, 2020a; current survey); Tung Chung River, Ma Tso Lung Stream (DSD, 2021); Tai Ho River, Shek Pik Reservoir, Tai O area, Mai Po Nature Reserve, Pui O Stream, Shui Lo Cho Stream, Sandy Ridge Cemetery area (GBIF.org, 2021); Tsing Tai Stream, Shui Hau Stream, Mui Wo area (current survey). Native range. (South Asia), Southeast Asia, and China. Remarks. Many breeding populations are found in the northern New Territories and some parts of Lantau Island, where they occur in stagnant waters. During heavy rain, they have been observed attempting to colonise new habitats by travelling across the inundated terrestrial landscape., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 141, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Coptodon zillii (Gervais) (Fig. 28, [LU]) Distribution. Shing Mun River (Chan, 2001 as Tilapia zillii); High Island Reservoir, Hok Tau Reservoir, Kowloon Reservoir, Lau Shui Heung Reservoir, Plover Cove Reservoir, Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, Kowloon Reception Reservoir, Shek Lei Pui Reservoir, Tai Lam Chung Reservoir (Lai, 2011 as Tilapia zillii); Lok Ma Chau Loop, Tse Koo Hang area (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2013a as Tilapia zillii); Sham Wat River (Mott MacDonald Hong Kong Limited, 2014 as Tilapia zillii); Sandy Ridge Cemetery (Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited, 2016 as Tilapia zillii); Lin Fa Tei area (Atkins China Limited, 2020); Nam Sang Wai area (Black & Veatch Hong Kong Limited, 2020a; current survey); Shek Pik Reservoir (AFCD, 2021c); Ma Tso Lung Stream, Ping Yuen River, Yuen Long Bypass Floodway, Ho Chung River, Ma Wat River, Lam Tsuen River, Pak Ngan Heung Stream (DSD, 2021 as Tilapia zillii); Tung Chung River (Green Power, 2021); Wetland Park, Shui Lo Cho Stream, Pui O Stream, Shek Lei Pui Reservoir, Shap Long Irrigation Reservoir, Lamma Island area, Ting Kok area, Tai Tam Byewash Reservoir, Tan Shan River, Tai Ho River, Hang Hau Man Kuk Lane Park (GBIF.org, 2021); Deep Water Bay Stream, San Tin area, Ng Tung River, Sheung Yue River, Kam Tin River, Tsing Tai Stream, Shing Mun Reservoir, Lower Shing Mun Reservoir, Lam Tei Irrigation Reservoir, Hung Shui Hang Irrigation Reservoir, Kowloon Byewash Reservoir, Tai Tam Tuk Reservoir, Tai Tam Reservoir, Tai Tam Intermediate Reservoir (current survey). Native range. Africa. Remarks. One of the most widespread cichlids in Hong Kong, thriving in both degraded lowland streams and pristine hill streams. Abundant in reservoirs where they are now found in greater numbers than Oreochromis spp., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on pages 143-144, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Chan BPL (2001) Sustainability and biodiversity: the impact, alternative design and prospects of restoration of channelized lowland streams in Hong Kong. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, pp. 169 - 211.","Lai SYH (2011) Reservoir fishes of Hong Kong with remarks on conservation options. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, (27): 63 - 82.","Green Power (2021) Ecological Baseline Study of Tung Chung River Catchment. Green Power, Hong Kong, pp. 60 - 62."]}

Melanochromis auratus (Boulenger) Distribution. Unknown. Native range. Africa (Lake Malawi endemic). Remarks. No location data was provided by AFCD (2021a)., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 145, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) (Fig. 17) Distribution. Plover Cove Reservoir, Kowloon Reception Reservoir (Lai, 2011); Ho Chung River (DSD, 2021); Ng Tung River (GBIF.org, 2021); Ko Po area (Fanling); Kam Tin River, Tin Shui Wai River, Aberdeen Upper Reservoir, Aberdeen Lower Reservoir, Kowloon Reservoir, Kowloon Byewash Reservoir, Tai Lam Chung Reservoir, Shing Mun Reservoir, Lower Shing Mun Reservoir, Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, Wong Nai Chung Reservoir, Tai Tam Byewash Reservoir, Tsing Tam Reservoir, High Island Reservoir (H.T. Cheng, pers. comm., 2021); Tan Shan River, Tung Tsz Stream, Lam Tsuen River (current survey). Native range. Central and South America. Remarks. These records might comprise several species, which are not identifiable to species level due to complex taxonomy and hybridisation (Wu et al., 2011)., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 139, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Lai SYH (2011) Reservoir fishes of Hong Kong with remarks on conservation options. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, (27): 63 - 82.","Wu LW, Liu CC & Lin SM (2011) Identification of exotic sailfin catfish species (Pterygoplichthys, Loricariidae) in Taiwan based on morphology and mtDNA sequences. Zoological Studies, 50 (2): 235 - 246."]}

Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède) (Fig. 51, [LU]) Distribution. Tai Tam Reservoir (Man & Hodgkiss, 1981); Ho Pui Reservoir (Lai, 2011); Hok Tau Reservoir (Lai, 2011; AFCD, 2021c); Lau Shui Heung Reservoir (AFCD, 2021c); Hung Shui Hang Irrigation Reservoir, Lam Tei Irrigation Reservoir; Kwu Tung Reservoir, Tai Tam Intermediate Reservoir, Plover Cove Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021; current survey); Shing Mun Reservoir (current survey). Native range. North America. Remarks. First released into some local reservoirs for angling purposes around 1935 (Law, 2006) and still has breeding populations., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Man HSH & Hodgkiss IJ (1981) Hong Kong Freshwater Fishes. Urban Council Publication (Hong Kong Government), Hong Kong, 76 pp.","Lai SYH (2011) Reservoir fishes of Hong Kong with remarks on conservation options. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, (27): 63 - 82.","Law SHH (2006) Invasive species: what can Hong Kong do? Unpublished MSc Thesis. University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, 21 pp."]}

Chitala chitala (Hamilton) Distribution. Shing Mun Reservoir, Kowloon Reservoir, Plover Cove Reservoir (Lai, 2011 as Nopterus chitala). Native range. India (South Asia). Remarks. Rare in the aquarium trade. May possibly be a misidentification of C. ornata due to similar morphological characteristics, which were unable to be verified in the current study., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 133, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, {"references":["Lai SYH (2011) Reservoir fishes of Hong Kong with remarks on conservation options. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, (27): 63 - 82."]}