Search

Hyphessobrycon bussingi Ota, Carvalho & Pavanelli, 2020: 404, fig. 1a. Paratypes: 1 lot, 9 specimens — NUP 22293, 9, 27.2–34.0 mm SL: Costa Rica, Limón, stream tributary of río Gandoca, finca Elida Morales, río Sixaola basin, 09°34’10”N, 82°37’19.7”W, W. McLarney, 18 Mar 1983.

Hyphessobrycon uaiso Carvalho & Langeani, 2013: 527; fig. 1. Paratypes: 1 lot, 15 specimens —NUP 1090, 15, 24.9–45.8 mm SL: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Uberaba, Ponte Alta District, headwaters of rio Uberaba, near BR-262 road, 19°40’58.7”S, 47°40’7.3”W, 1,020 meters a.s.l., F. R. Carvalho, F. Langeani, H.F. Chaves, F.O. Martins & C.P. Ferreira, 8 Sep 2006., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["Carvalho, F. R. & Langeani, F. (2013) Hyphessobrycon uaiso: new characid fish from the rio Grande, upper rio Parana basin, Minas Gerais State (Ostariophysi: Characidae), with a brief comment about some types of Hyphessobrycon. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (3), 525 - 536. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252013000300006"]}

Hyphessobrycon uaiso Carvalho & Langeani, 2013: 527; fig. 1. Paratypes: 1 lot, 15 specimens —NUP 1090, 15, 24.9–45.8 mm SL: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Uberaba, Ponte Alta District, headwaters of rio Uberaba, near BR-262 road, 19°40’58.7”S, 47°40’7.3”W, 1,020 meters a.s.l., F. R. Carvalho, F. Langeani, H.F. Chaves, F.O. Martins & C.P. Ferreira, 8 Sep 2006.

Hyphessobrycon veredus Teixeira, Dutra, Penido, Santos & Pessali, 2019: 141, fig. 1. Paratypes: 1 lot, 2 specimens — NUP 21117, 2, 37.9–44.7 mm SL: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Olhos D'água, Vereda Volta da Capoeira, tributary of Ribeirão da Areia, rio Jequitinhonha basin, 17°15’29.54”S, 43°43’10.10”W, T. C. Pessali & A.A. Rodrigues, 7 Jan 2016., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["Teixeira, T. F., Dutra, G. M., Penido, I. S., dos Santos, S. A. & Pessali, T. C. (2019) A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes, Characidae) from the upper Rio Jequitinhonha basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with comments on morphological similarities with Stethaprioninae species from headwater environments. Journal of Fish Biology, 96, 140 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 14198"]}

Hyphessobrycon veredus Teixeira, Dutra, Penido, Santos & Pessali, 2019: 141, fig. 1. Paratypes: 1 lot, 2 specimens — NUP 21117, 2, 37.9–44.7 mm SL: Brazil, Minas Gerais, Olhos D'água, Vereda Volta da Capoeira, tributary of Ribeirão da Areia, rio Jequitinhonha basin, 17°15’29.54”S, 43°43’10.10”W, T. C. Pessali & A.A. Rodrigues, 7 Jan 2016.

Hyphessobrycon bussingi Ota, Carvalho & Pavanelli, 2020: 404, fig. 1a. Paratypes: 1 lot, 9 specimens — NUP 22293, 9, 27.2–34.0 mm SL: Costa Rica, Limón, stream tributary of río Gandoca, finca Elida Morales, río Sixaola basin, 09°34’10”N, 82°37’19.7”W, W. McLarney, 18 Mar 1983., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["Ota, R. R., Carvalho, F. R. & Pavanelli, C. S. (2020) Taxonomic review of the Hyphessobrycon panamensis species-group (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa, 4751 (3), 401 - 436."]}

Hyphessobrycon bayleyi, new species (Figs. 1���4) Hemigrammus marginatus (not Ellis): G��ry, 1964: 27, fig. 4 (photo in life), 32 (Peru, Loreto, ���surroundings of Iquitos���; specimen examined); L��ling, 1981: 175 (upper photo), 176 (Peru, Ucayali, Pucallpa, ���Weisswasserbach��� at road to Tournavista; specimen not examined); Ortega & Vari, 1986: 8 (listed for Peru; based on G��ry, 1964); Bogot��-Gregory & Maldonado-Ocampo, 2006: 67 (listed, Amazon basin, Colombia; see Discussion); Bejarano et al., 2006: 362 (Colombia, Caquet��, R��o Mesay, Rio Caquet�� basin; specimens examined); Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2008: 167 (in part; Amazon basin, Colombia; based on Bogot��-Gregory & Maldonado-Ocampo, 2006); Ortega et al., 2010: 36 (Peru, Amazon basin; listed, based presumably on Ortega & Vari, 1986); Barriga, 2012: 107 (Ecuador, R��o Napo basin); Meza-Vargas et al., 2021: 18 (Peru, Departamento Loreto). Hemigrammmus sp.: Claro-Garc��a et al., 2013: 1413, 1416, 1423 (Brazil, Acre, rio Acre basin; photo; specimens examined). Hyphessobrycon diancistrus (not Weitzman): Lima et al., 2013: 278���279 (in part; Brazil, middle rio Madeira basin; see Remarks). Moenkhausia intermedia (non Eigenmann): Galvis et al., 2007: 384, fig. 158 (Colombia, Amazonas, Puerto Nari��o, R��o Loreto Yacu; photo in life; specimen not examined). Holotype: ZUEC 17121 (male, 33.4 mm SL): Brazil, Amazonas, Benjamin Constant, igarap�� do Palhau, Ramal do Incra, 4��24���28������S, 70��1���24������W; F.C.T. Lima, C.R. Moreira, G.N. Salvador & N. Flausino Jr., 16 Nov 2017. Paratypes: Brazil, Amazonas. ZUEC 15501 (9, 2 females, 34.1���36.0 mm SL, 5 males, 31.1���36.0 mm SL); ANSP 206907 (2, 1 female, 34.7 mm SL, 1 male 32.4 mm SL); LBP 26061 (1, male, 31.4 mm SL, alcohol-preserved); FMNH 141250 (2, 1 female, 33.5 mm SL, 1 male, 32.8 mm SL); MCZ 173977 (2, 1 female, 35.3 mm SL, 1 male, 31.8 mm SL): same data as holotype. ZUEC 15040 (3, 2 females, 32.5���34.2 mm SL, 1 male, 29.1 mm SL): Benjamin Constant, igarap�� Cajarizinho (trib. rio Solim��es), 4��26���41������S, 69��59���56������W; F.C. T. Lima, C. R. Moreira, G.N. Salvador & N. Flausino Jr., 17 Nov 2017. ZUEC 16963 (5, 2 males, 27.2���28.5 mm SL, 1 female, 32.8 mm SL, 2 sex undetermined, 24.9���27.8 mm SL): Benjamin Constant, igarap�� da Prosperidade, road Benjamin Constant/Atalaia do Norte, 4��26���17������S, 70��5���22������W; F.C. T. Lima, A.A. Acosta & A. Camacho, 11 Aug 2018. ZUEC 15475 (6, 2 females, 35.4���37.2 mm SL, 4 males, 31.6���33.3 mm SL, 2 C&S, 32.8���35.4 mm SL); MCP 54775 (2, 1 female, 34.7 mm SL, 1 male, 32.0 mm SL); MNRJ 51459 (2, 1 female, 34.1 mm SL, 1 male, 32.8 mm SL); CAS 246907 (2, 1 female, 36.0 mm SL, 1 male, 33.6 mm SL): Atalaia do Norte, igarap�� do Adolfo, road Benjamin Constant/Atalaia do Norte, 4��26���5������S, 70��7���19������W; F.C. T. Lima, C. R. Moreira, G.N. Salvador & N. Flausino Jr., 11 Nov 2017. ZUEC 15569 (2 females, 33.6���33.9 mm SL): Atalaia do Norte, igarap�� do Pixaim (trib. rio Javari), 4��21���46������S, 70��12���5������W; F.C. T. Lima, C. R. Moreira, G.N. Salvador & N. Flausino Jr., 10 Nov 2017. ZUEC 15432 (2, 1 male, 29.7 mm SL, 1 female, 32.2 mm SL): Atalaia do Norte, igarap�� do Tampinha (trib. rio Javari), 4��21���53������S, 70��11���52������W; F.C. T. Lima, C. R. Moreira, G.N. Salvador & N. Flausino Jr., 13 Nov 2017. ZUEC 15101 (5, 1 male, 31.7 mm SL, 4 sex undetermined, 25.4���27.0 mm SL, 1 c&s, 27.0 mm SL): Atalaia do Norte, igarap�� Boa Vista (trib. rio Itaqua��), above the mouth of rio Quixito, 4��26���37������S, 70��14���11������W; F.C. T. Lima, C. R. Moreira, G.N. Salvador & N. Flausino Jr., 15 Nov 2017. INPA 56395 (2, 1 male, 30.2 mm SL, 1 sex undetermined, 24.4 mm SL): Atalaia do Norte, pond behind comunidade Cachoeira, rio Itaqua�� (trib. rio Javari), 4��29���7.33������S, 70��16���45.26������W; J. Zuanon, G. Torrente-Villara & D. Bastos, 26 Aug 2017. INPA 56064 (1, male, 27.7 mm SL): Atalaia do Norte, Aldeia S��o Pedro, below comunidade Palmari (rio Javari basin), 4��17���55.36������S, 70��16���16.25������W; J. Zuanon & D. Bastos, 22 Aug 2017. INPA 56018 (1, sex undetermined, 25.5 mm SL): Atalaia do Norte, stream tributary of rio Javari at comunidade Palmari, 4��17���37.61������S, 70��17���29.51������W; J. Zuanon, G. Torrente-Villara & D. Bastos, 21 Aug 2017. INPA 55237 (18, sex undetermined, 22.1���26.3 mm SL): Atalaia do Norte, Igarap�� da Pousada (trib. rio Itaqua��), Lago do Contrabando, near comunidade Santa Cruz (rio Javari basin), 4��21���46.17������S, 70��16���13.26������W; J. Zuanon & D. Bastos, 14 Aug 2017. INPA 56509 (1, sex undetermined, 21.9 mm SL): Rio Quixito, above its mouth at rio Itaqua��, 4��26���9.82������S, 70��20���10.93������W; J. Zuanon, G. Torrente-Villara, D. Bastos, F. Rocha, R. Ribeiro, A. Cella-Ribeiro & S. Hashimoto, 28 Aug 2017. INPA 57267 (3, males, 27.6���30.8 mm SL, 1 C&S, 30.4 mm SL): S��o Paulo de Oliven��a, igarap�� Taboca, tributary of rio Camati��, Nossa Senhora de Nazar�� community, 3��39���04���S 69��16���51���W; L.H. Rapp Py-Daniel, A.L.C. Canto & A. Negr��o, 31 Jan 2008. INPA 49142 (2, females, 30.0��� 30.7 mm SL): Japur��, stream trib. rio Japur��, 1��50���56���S 69��01���43���W; P.M. Ito & R. Collins, 6 Sep 2014. INPA 49254 (5, females, 27.7���38.9 mm SL): stream trib. rio Japur��, 1��42���52���S 69��07���40���W; P.M. Ito & R. Collins, 8 Sep 2014. ZUEC 15388 (1, sex undetermined, 28.5 mm SL): Tef��, Igarap�� A��u (trib. rio Solim��es), Ramal do Emade, 3��25���23������S, 64��37���6������W; F.C. T. Lima, G.N. Salvador, N. Flausino Jr. & J.A. Oliveira, 26 Nov 2017. Peru, Loreto. UF 242746 (1, female, 35.9 mm SL): Iquitos, Quebrada San Pedro, road Iquitos/Nauta, 4��18���14������S, 73��31���16������W; W.G. R. Crampton, R.E. Reis, H. Ortega & F.C. T. Lima, 7 Jan 2004. MHNG 1576.059 (1, sex undetermined, 30.3 mm SL); MHNG 2180.078 (1, sex undetermined, 28.0 mm SL): Jenaro Herrera, Quebrada Copal; P. de Rham, 18 Oct 1977. MUSM 66974 (2, 1 female, 37.7 mm SL, 1 male, 30.9 mm SL): Jenaro Herrera, Quebrada Copal, km 15 at the road Jenaro-Herrera-Colonia Angamos, 4��56���22������S, 73��30���25������W; H. Ortega, W.G. R. Crampton, R.E. Reis & F.C. T. Lima, 10 Jan 2004. Colombia, Amazonas. ICNMHN 17244 (8, 1 sex undetermined, 28.4 mm SL, 7 males, 34.1���38.0 mm SL): Quebrada Jotabey��, trib. R��o Apap��ris, 0��37���20������S, 70��13���32������W; F. Arbel��ez, 27���30 March 2009. ICNMHN 5066 (167, 102 females, 32.7���43.0 mm SL, 65 males, 32.2���36.8 mm SL): Leticia, R��o Pur��, 2��7���5������S, 69��37���50������W; J.D. Lynch, Jan 2000. Not types: Brazil, Amazonas. MHNG 2180.074 (1, sex undetermined, 27.0 mm SL): rio Purus, Boca do Tapau��, 5��38���S, 63��12���W; H. R. Axelrod, H. Schultz & F. Terofal, Nov 1963. Brazil, Acre: MCP 37745 (7, 23.7���26.9 mm SL): Sena Madureira, igarap�� Taquari (trib. rio Antimari, rio Acre basin), at road BR-364, 9��27���49������S, 68��22���43������W; R. E. Reis, P.A. Buckup, F. Langeani & F.C. T. Lima, 21 Jul 2004. MCP 37771 (10 of 27, 26.8���28.4 mm SL): Bujari, Igarap�� Marizinho (trib. rio Antimari, rio Acre basin), at road BR-364, 9��36���41������S, 68��14���40������W; P.A. Buckup, J.F. Pezzi da Silva, P. Lehmann & V. A. Bertaco, 20 Jul 2004. MZUEL 6886 (2, 28.9���29.4 mm SL): Bujari, Igarap�� Fuma��a (trib. rio Antimari, rio Acre basin), at road BR-364, 9��34���23������S, 68��16���50������W; O.A. Shibatta & A. Claro-Garcia, 6 Oct 2010. Peru, Loreto. NRM 26870 (1, sex undetermined, 22.0 mm SL): quebrada Pintoyacu (R��o Itaya drainage), at road Iquitos-Nauta; S.O. Kullander et al., 3 Jul 1986. NRM 26943 (1, sex undetermined, 25.4 mm SL); NRM 30579 (12, sex undetermined, 22.8���30.9 mm SL): Quebrada Toc��n Grande, km 33 of Iquitos-Nauta road, c. 4��2���S, 73��26���W; S.O. Kullander et al., 4 Jul 1986. MHNG 2180.084 (1, 38.3 mm SL): ���surroundings of Iquitos ���; H. R. Axelrod, 27 Dec 1963. MHNG 2225.01 (2, 23.4���27.3 mm SL): Jenaro Herrera, Quebrada Copal (trib. R��o Ucayali), c. 4��56���S, 73��30���W; P. de Rham, 1 Sept 1981. NRM 15713 (2, sex undetermined, 22.3���24.1 mm SL): Jenaro Herrera, Quebrada Copal, km 15 at the road Jenaro-Herrera-Colonia Angamos, 4��56���22������S, 73��30���25������W; S.O. Kullander et al., 29 Aug 1983. MHNG 2180.089 (6, sex undetermined, 21.5���26.4 mm SL): R��o Huytoyacu (trib. R��o Paztaza) at Nuevo Progresso, c. 3��37���S, 76��25���W; C. Meyer, 20 Jul 1975. NRM 15714 (1, sex undetermined, 19.8 mm SL): Colonia Angamos, quebrada trib. Rio Galvez (trib. Rio Yavari), 20 min. upstream from Colonia Angamos, c. 5��10���40������S, 72��53���30������W; S.O. Kullander et al., 31 Jul 1984. NRM 26920 (26, sex undetermined, 15.0��� 24.5 mm SL): Loreto, Colonia Angamos, quebrada trib. Rio Galvez (trib. Rio Yavari), 25 min. upstream from Colonia Angamos, c. 5��10���40������S, 72��53���30������W; S.O. Kullander et al., 31 Jul 1984. Colombia: MPUJ 13846 (1, male, 31.7 mm SL): Caquet��, Solano, ca��o Trocha, trib. R��o Rutuya, rio Caquet�� basin, 0��20���59������N, 74��45���18������W; J. Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 18 Apr 2018. ICNMHN 4271 (2, sex undetermined, 21.4���21.8 mm SL): Caquet��, R��o Mesay, c. 0��4���27������N, 72��27���5������W; I. Bejarano & M.P. Blanco, July���Sept 2000. ICNMHN 13765 (4, 1 male, 31.4 mm SL, 3 females, 31.5���35.2 mm SL): Amazonas, creek 45 minutes above Puerto Nari��o, c. 3��45���S, 70��25���W; H. Hanima, H. Boschung & R. Beckham, 3 Jan 1972. ICNMHN 18712 (1, male, 34.8 mm SL): Amazonas, Puerto Asis, Vereda La Rosa, Quebrada Cadenas (R��o Putumayo basin), 0��26���16������N, 76��17���10������W; M. Murc��a, 26 Jul 2014. ICNMHN 17233 (7, 24.0��� 32.8 mm SL, largest specimen a mature male): Amazonas, Rio Apap��ris, above Raudal Jiri-Jirimo, 0��2���35������S, 70��56���53������W; F. Arbel��ez, 19���21 March 2009. CIACOL 3183 (26, sex undetermined, 24.4���38.4 mm SL): Amazonas, ca��o Hormiga, near village of Buenos Aires, c. 3��10���S, 69��59���W; A.A. Santos & E.C. Agudelo, 21 Feb 2018. Ecuador: FMNH 102587 (13, 13.5���34.7 mm SL): Napo, trib. R��o Tarapuy (trib. R��o Cuyabeno, R��o Napo basin), c. 0��10���S, 75��57���W; D.J. Stewart et al., 2 Dec 1983 (picture only). Tentative identifications (see Remarks): All from Brazil, Rond��nia. UFRO-I 4892 (2 of 5, 23.5���24.6 mm SL): Porto Velho, rio Madeira, Cachoeira de Teot��nio, 8��51���32������S, 64��3���46������W; J.L.O. Birindelli et al., 24 Oct 2009. UFRO-I 9026 (5 of 12, 22.7���23.1 mm SL): Porto Velho, rio Madeira, at mouth of igarap�� Jatuarana, 8��50���33������S, 64��2���55������W; E. Silva et al., 8 Sept 2009. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon bayleyi can be distinguished from all congeners, except from Hy. diancistrus and Hy. otrynus by presenting two symmetrical dark blotches at the distal portion of the caudal-fin lobes (vs. absence of two symmetrical dark blotches at the distal portion of the caudal-fin lobes in the remaining congeners). The new species can be distinguished from Hy. diancistrus and Hy. otrynus by the presence, in mature males, of typically a single large hook at last unbranched anal-fin ray (vs. presence in mature males typically of two large hooks, the first at last unbranched anal-fin ray, the second at first branched anal-fin ray). It can be additionally diagnosed from Hy. otrynus by presenting a patch of dark pigmentation on dorsal fin (vs. dorsal fin without any patch of dark pigmentation), and from Hyphessobrycon diancistrus by presenting a higher body depth (22.4���32.5 % SL, mean 28.4% SL, n = 63 vs. 19.0���26.8 % SL, mean 22.9 % SL, n = 76), and by a lower number of anal-fin branched rays (18���22, n = 63 vs. 12���16, n = 76). Hyphessobrycon bayleyi can be distinguished from two non-congeners which share the same color pattern, Hemigrammus durbinae and He. marginatus by presenting a patch of dark pigmentation on dorsal fin (vs. dorsal fin without any patch of dark pigmentation), by presenting anterior portion of anal fin with relatively broad dark stripe (vs. two parallel narrow stripes in He. durbinae, and a single narrow stripe in He. marginatus), and by the presence, in mature males, of a large hook at last unbranched anal-fin ray (vs. absence of hooks of any size in males of He. durbinae and He. marginatus). See the Discussion, for additional comparisons with these species. Description. Morphometric data summarized in Table 1. Body compressed, moderately slender; greatest body depth anterior to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head slightly convex from tip of snout to anterior naris; straight to gently concave from latter point to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; posteroventraly slanted and straight from latter point to adipose-fin origin and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body slightly convex from tip of dentary to anal-fin origin, posteroventraly slanted along anal-fin base. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Mouth terminal; jaws equal, isognathous. Distal tip of maxillary extending slightly beyond vertical through anterior margin of eye. Premaxillary teeth in two rows, outer row composed by 1(1), 2*(36), or 3(26) tricuspid teeth, central cusp longer; inner row with 4(1) or 5*(62) bi- to pentacuspid teeth teeth, central cusp longer. Maxilla with 1(2) or 2(2) small, unicuspid teeth. Dentary with 9(1), 10(2), 11(1) teeth, anteriomost four teeth larger than remaining, tri- to pentacuspidate, remaining 5 ��� 7 teeth unicuspid. One specimen with second inner row of 4(1) unicuspid teeth, situated on inner margin of dentary, justaposed with outer unicuspid teeth (Fig. 3). Scales cycloid, with two to seven strongly marked radii, diverging from focus to posterior portion of scale; circuli well-marked anteriorly. Lateral line incomplete, slightly curved ventrally, with 7(1), 8(3), 9(12), 10*(17), 11(16), 12(8), 13(3), 14(2), or 15(1) pored scales; longitudinal series including perforated scales 29(1), 31(1), 32(1), 33(5), 34(8), 35(15), 36(22), 37*(6), 38(3), or 39(1). Scales rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5*(61) or 6(1). Scales rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion 3*(61) or 4(1). Predorsal scales 10(7), 11*(40), or 12(16). Anal sheath along anal-fin base with 4 to 5 scales in a single row, covering base of first unbranched to fourth branched anal-fin rays. Circumpeduncular scales 12(9), 13*(36), or 14(18). Caudal-fin scales covering basis of upper and lower caudal-fin lobes margins, relatively large and few in number, concentrated over inner fin rays. Dorsal-fin rays ii,9*(63), first unbranched ray nearly one-third of second unbranched ray length; small ossification anterior to first unbranched ray present in four c&s specimens examined. Dorsal-fin origin at midbody or slightly behind this point. Insertion of first dorsal fin pterygiophore posterior to neural spine of 10 th (1) or 11 th (2) vertebrae. Adipose fin present. Pectoral-fin rays i,9 (5), 10(9), 11*(24), or 12(25). Pelvic-fin rays i,7*(63), its tip reaching anteriormost unbranched anal-fin rays. Anal-fin rays iv(2) ��� v(2), 18(4), 19(16), 20(25), 21*(14), or 22(2); last unbranched ray to fifth branched ray decreasing steeply in size, forming a distinctive anterior lobe; remaining rays decreasing very gradually decreasing in size to anal-fin terminus. Last anal-fin pterygiophore insertion behind hemal spine of 17th(4) vertebrae. Caudal fin forked, lobes slightly pointed, equal in size. Principal caudal-fin rays i,17,i (4); dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays 10(1), 11(1), 12(1), or 13(1); ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 9(2), 10(1), or 11(1). Vertebrae 36(4). Supraneurals 5(3) or 6(1). First gill arch with 2 (4) gill rakers on hypobranchial, 10 (4) on ceratobranchial, 1 (4) on cartilage between ceratobranchial and epibranchial, and 5 (1), 6(2) or 7(1) on epibranchial. Color in alcohol. Overall ground color light brown. Top of head, snout and tip of dentary dark gray as a result of dense concentration of dark chromatophores. Opercle and infraorbitals silvery in specimens retaining guanine. Predorsal midline dark gray, as a result of dense concentration of dark chromatophores covering entire surface of predorsal scales and upper margin of scales from scale row situated immediately below it. Post-dorsal midline with slightly less dense concentration of dark chromatophores, imparting a dark gray coloration. Lateral line slightly delineated by dark chromatophores. A moderately developed midlateral stripe, starting as a very narrow line slightly behind humeral region, broadening from vertical through dorsal-fin origin to caudal peduncle. Midlateral stripe at caudal peduncle fused with caudal peduncle blotch, with a roughly rhomboidal shape. Anal-fin basis with a conspicuous black stripe, broader at anterior portion of anal fin, from anal-fin origin to fourth to sixth branched anal-fin ray, becoming very narrow from that point to anal-fin terminus. Anal fin with dark chromatophores aligned in rows along posterior margin of fin rays. Dorsal fin with a dark patch of pigmentation situated at central portion of fin, between last unbranched and third branched fin rays. Remaining portions of dorsal fin hyaline or with scattered dark chromatophores. Pectoral, pelvic, and adipose fins hyaline. Caudal fin with two broad, symmetrical dark blotches situated on mid-region of upper and lower caudal-fin lobes, more intensely pigmented from outer fin ray to third or fourth branched rays. Small dark chromatophores scattered along caudal-fin margin, remaining caudal fin hyaline except for dark chromatophores at basis of middle c, Published as part of Lima, Fl��vio C. T., Bastos, Douglas A., Rapp Py-Daniel, L��cia H. & Ota, Rafaela P., 2022, A new sexually dimorphic Hyphessobrycon from the western Amazon basin (Characiformes: Characidae), pp. 253-266 in Zootaxa 5116 (2) on pages 254-262, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5116.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6372795, {"references":["Gery, J. (1964) Upper Amazonian characoid fishes collected by Mr. Jack Roberts. Tropical Fish Hobbyist, 13 (4), 21 - 32 + 53 - 67.","Luling, K. H. (1981) Zwei unterschiedliche Fliesswasserbiotope im Einzugsgebiet des mittleren Ucayali (Ostperu) und ihre Fische. Bonner Zoologische Beitrage, 32 (1 - 2), 167 - 182.","Ortega, H. & Vari, R. P. (1986) Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of Peru. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 437, 1 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.437","Bejarano, I., Blanco, M. P. & Mojica, J. I. (2006) La comunidade ictica del Rio Mesay durante el periodo de aguas altas (Caqueta, Amazonia colombiana). Caldasia, 28 (2), 359 - 370.","Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A., Vari, R. P. & Usma, J. S. (2008) Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 9 (2), 143 - 237. https: // doi. org / 10.21068 / bc. v 9 i 2.201","Bogota-Gregory, J. D. & Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A. (2006) Peces de la zona hidrogeografica de la Amazonia, Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 7 (1), 55 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.21068 / bc. v 7 i 1.165","Ortega, H., Hidalgo, M., Correa, E., Espino, J., Chocano, L., Trevejo, G., Meza, V., Cortijo, A. M. & Quispe, R. (2010) Lista anotada de los peces de aguas continentales del Peru: estado actual del conocimiento, distribucion, usos y aspectos de conservacion. Ministerio del Ambiente, Direccion General de Diversidad Biologica - Museo de Historia Natural, UNMSM, Lima, 48 pp.","Barriga, R. (2012) Lista de peces de agua dulce e intermareales del Ecuador. Revista Politecnica, 30 (3), 83 - 119.","Meza-Vargas, V., Faustino-Fuster, D. R., Chuctaya, J., Hidalgo, M. & Ortega Torres, H. (2021) Checklist of freshwater fishes from Loreto, Peru. Revista Peruana de Biologia, 28 (e 21911), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.15381 / rpb. v 28 iespecial. 21911","Claro-Garcia, A., Vieira, L. J. S., Jarduli, L. R., Abrahao, V. P. & Shibatta, O. A. (2013) Fishes (Osteichthyes: Actinopterygii) from igarapes of the rio Acre basin, Brazilian Amazon. Check List, 9, 1410 - 1438. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 9.6.1410","Lima, F. C. T., Pires, T. H. S., Ohara, W. M., Jerep, F. C., Carvalho, F. R., Marinho, M. M. F. & Zuanon, J. (2013) Characidae. In: Queiroz, L. J., Torrente-Vilara, G., Ohara, W. M., Pires, T. H. S., Zuanon, J. & Doria, C. R. C. (Org.), Peixes do rio Madeira. Vol. I. Dialeto, Latin American Documentary, Sao Paulo, pp. 213 - 395.","Galvis, G., Sanchez-Duarte, P., Mesa-Salazar, L. M., Lopez-Pinto, Y., Gutierrez-E., M. A., Gutierrez-Cortes, A., Castano, M. L. & Castillo, C. C. (2007) Peces de la Amazonia colombiana con enfasis en especies de interes ornamental. Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarollo Rural / Universidad Nacional de Colombia / Instituto Amazonico de Investigaciones Cientificas, Bogota, 489 pp.","Lima, F. C. T. & Ribeiro, A. C. (2011) Continental-scale tectonic controls of biogeography and ecology. In: Albert, J. S. & Reis, R. E. (Eds.), Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 145 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / california / 9780520268685.003.0009","Dagosta, F. C. P. & de Pinna, M. (2019) The fishes of the Amazon: distribution and biogeographical patterns, with a comprehensive list of species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 431, 1 - 163. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090.431.1.1","Weitzman, S. H. & Palmer, L. (1997) A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characidae) from the Neblina region of Venezuela and Brazil, with comments on the putative ' rosy tetra clade'. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 7, 209 - 242.","Buhrnheim, C. M. & Malabarba, L. R. (2006) Redescription of the type species of Odontostilbe Cope, 1870 (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae), and description of three new species from the Amazon basin. Neotropical Ichthyology, 4, 167 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252006000200004","Ota, R. P., Lima, F. C. T. & Pavanelli, C. S. (2014) A new species of Hemigrammus Gill, 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Madeira and rio Paraguai basins, with a redescription of H. lunatus. Neotropical Ichthyology, 12 (2), 265 - 279. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1982 - 0224 - 20130176","Ota, R. P., Lima, F. C. T. & Pavanelli, C. S. (2015) A new species of Hemigrammus Gill, 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the central and western Amazon and rio Parana-Paraguai basins. Zootaxa, 3948 (2), 218 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3948.2.4"]}

Hyphessobrycon bayleyi, new species (Figs. 1–4) Hemigrammus marginatus (not Ellis): Géry, 1964: 27, fig. 4 (photo in life), 32 (Peru, Loreto, “surroundings of Iquitos”; specimen examined); Lüling, 1981: 175 (upper photo), 176 (Peru, Ucayali, Pucallpa, “Weisswasserbach” at road to Tournavista; specimen not examined); Ortega & Vari, 1986: 8 (listed for Peru; based on Géry, 1964); Bogotá-Gregory & Maldonado-Ocampo, 2006: 67 (listed, Amazon basin, Colombia; see Discussion); Bejarano et al., 2006: 362 (Colombia, Caquetá, Río Mesay, Rio Caquetá basin; specimens examined); Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2008: 167 (in part; Amazon basin, Colombia; based on Bogotá-Gregory & Maldonado-Ocampo, 2006); Ortega et al., 2010: 36 (Peru, Amazon basin; listed, based presumably on Ortega & Vari, 1986); Barriga, 2012: 107 (Ecuador, Río Napo basin); Meza-Vargas et al., 2021: 18 (Peru, Departamento Loreto). Hemigrammmus sp.: Claro-García et al., 2013: 1413, 1416, 1423 (Brazil, Acre, rio Acre basin; photo; specimens examined). Hyphessobrycon diancistrus (not Weitzman): Lima et al., 2013: 278–279 (in part; Brazil, middle rio Madeira basin; see Remarks). Moenkhausia intermedia (non Eigenmann): Galvis et al., 2007: 384, fig. 158 (Colombia, Amazonas, Puerto Nariño, Río Loreto Yacu; photo in life; specimen not examined). Holotype: ZUEC 17121 (male, 33.4 mm SL): Brazil, Amazonas, Benjamin Constant, igarapé do Palhau, Ramal do Incra, 4º24’28’’S, 70º1’24’’W; F.C.T. Lima, C.R. Moreira, G.N. Salvador & N. Flausino Jr., 16 Nov 2017. Paratypes: Brazil, Amazonas. ZUEC 15501 (9, 2 females, 34.1–36.0 mm SL, 5 males, 31.1–36.0 mm SL); ANSP 206907 (2, 1 female, 34.7 mm SL, 1 male 32.4 mm SL); LBP 26061 (1, male, 31.4 mm SL, alcohol-preserved); FMNH 141250 (2, 1 female, 33.5 mm SL, 1 male, 32.8 mm SL); MCZ 173977 (2, 1 female, 35.3 mm SL, 1 male, 31.8 mm SL): same data as holotype. ZUEC 15040 (3, 2 females, 32.5–34.2 mm SL, 1 male, 29.1 mm SL): Benjamin Constant, igarapé Cajarizinho (trib. rio Solimões), 4º26’41’’S, 69º59’56’’W; F.C. T. Lima, C. R. Moreira, G.N. Salvador & N. Flausino Jr., 17 Nov 2017. ZUEC 16963 (5, 2 males, 27.2–28.5 mm SL, 1 female, 32.8 mm SL, 2 sex undetermined, 24.9–27.8 mm SL): Benjamin Constant, igarapé da Prosperidade, road Benjamin Constant/Atalaia do Norte, 4º26’17’’S, 70º5’22’’W; F.C. T. Lima, A.A. Acosta & A. Camacho, 11 Aug 2018. ZUEC 15475 (6, 2 females, 35.4–37.2 mm SL, 4 males, 31.6–33.3 mm SL, 2 C&S, 32.8–35.4 mm SL); MCP 54775 (2, 1 female, 34.7 mm SL, 1 male, 32.0 mm SL); MNRJ 51459 (2, 1 female, 34.1 mm SL, 1 male, 32.8 mm SL); CAS 246907 (2, 1 female, 36.0 mm SL, 1 male, 33.6 mm SL): Atalaia do Norte, igarapé do Adolfo, road Benjamin Constant/Atalaia do Norte, 4º26’5’’S, 70º7’19’’W; F.C. T. Lima, C. R. Moreira, G.N. Salvador & N. Flausino Jr., 11 Nov 2017. ZUEC 15569 (2 females, 33.6–33.9 mm SL): Atalaia do Norte, igarapé do Pixaim (trib. rio Javari), 4º21’46’’S, 70º12’5’’W; F.C. T. Lima, C. R. Moreira, G.N. Salvador & N. Flausino Jr., 10 Nov 2017. ZUEC 15432 (2, 1 male, 29.7 mm SL, 1 female, 32.2 mm SL): Atalaia do Norte, igarapé do Tampinha (trib. rio Javari), 4º21’53’’S, 70º11’52’’W; F.C. T. Lima, C. R. Moreira, G.N. Salvador & N. Flausino Jr., 13 Nov 2017. ZUEC 15101 (5, 1 male, 31.7 mm SL, 4 sex undetermined, 25.4–27.0 mm SL, 1 c&s, 27.0 mm SL): Atalaia do Norte, igarapé Boa Vista (trib. rio Itaquaí), above the mouth of rio Quixito, 4º26’37’’S, 70º14’11’’W; F.C. T. Lima, C. R. Moreira, G.N. Salvador & N. Flausino Jr., 15 Nov 2017. INPA 56395 (2, 1 male, 30.2 mm SL, 1 sex undetermined, 24.4 mm SL): Atalaia do Norte, pond behind comunidade Cachoeira, rio Itaquaí (trib. rio Javari), 4°29’7.33’’S, 70°16’45.26’’W; J. Zuanon, G. Torrente-Villara & D. Bastos, 26 Aug 2017. INPA 56064 (1, male, 27.7 mm SL): Atalaia do Norte, Aldeia São Pedro, below comunidade Palmari (rio Javari basin), 4°17’55.36’’S, 70°16’16.25’’W; J. Zuanon & D. Bastos, 22 Aug 2017. INPA 56018 (1, sex undetermined, 25.5 mm SL): Atalaia do Norte, stream tributary of rio Javari at comunidade Palmari, 4°17’37.61’’S, 70°17’29.51’’W; J. Zuanon, G. Torrente-Villara & D. Bastos, 21 Aug 2017. INPA 55237 (18, sex undetermined, 22.1–26.3 mm SL): Atalaia do Norte, Igarapé da Pousada (trib. rio Itaquaí), Lago do Contrabando, near comunidade Santa Cruz (rio Javari basin), 4°21’46.17’’S, 70°16’13.26’’W; J. Zuanon & D. Bastos, 14 Aug 2017. INPA 56509 (1, sex undetermined, 21.9 mm SL): Rio Quixito, above its mouth at rio Itaquaí, 4°26’9.82’’S, 70°20’10.93’’W; J. Zuanon, G. Torrente-Villara, D. Bastos, F. Rocha, R. Ribeiro, A. Cella-Ribeiro & S. Hashimoto, 28 Aug 2017. INPA 57267 (3, males, 27.6–30.8 mm SL, 1 C&S, 30.4 mm SL): São Paulo de Olivença, igarapé Taboca, tributary of rio Camatiã, Nossa Senhora de Nazaré community, 3°39’04”S 69°16’51”W; L.H. Rapp Py-Daniel, A.L.C. Canto & A. Negrão, 31 Jan 2008. INPA 49142 (2, females, 30.0– 30.7 mm SL): Japurá, stream trib. rio Japurá, 1°50’56”S 69°01’43”W; P.M. Ito & R. Collins, 6 Sep 2014. INPA 49254 (5, females, 27.7–38.9 mm SL): stream trib. rio Japurá, 1°42’52”S 69°07’40”W; P.M. Ito & R. Collins, 8 Sep 2014. ZUEC 15388 (1, sex undetermined, 28.5 mm SL): Tefé, Igarapé Açu (trib. rio Solimões), Ramal do Emade, 3º25’23’’S, 64º37’6’’W; F.C. T. Lima, G.N. Salvador, N. Flausino Jr. & J.A. Oliveira, 26 Nov 2017. Peru, Loreto. UF 242746 (1, female, 35.9 mm SL): Iquitos, Quebrada San Pedro, road Iquitos/Nauta, 4º18’14’’S, 73º31’16’’W; W.G. R. Crampton, R.E. Reis, H. Ortega & F.C. T. Lima, 7 Jan 2004. MHNG 1576.059 (1, sex undetermined, 30.3 mm SL); MHNG 2180.078 (1, sex undetermined, 28.0 mm SL): Jenaro Herrera, Quebrada Copal; P. de Rham, 18 Oct 1977. MUSM 66974 (2, 1 female, 37.7 mm SL, 1 male, 30.9 mm SL): Jenaro Herrera, Quebrada Copal, km 15 at the road Jenaro-Herrera-Colonia Angamos, 4º56’22’’S, 73º30’25’’W; H. Ortega, W.G. R. Crampton, R.E. Reis & F.C. T. Lima, 10 Jan 2004. Colombia, Amazonas. ICNMHN 17244 (8, 1 sex undetermined, 28.4 mm SL, 7 males, 34.1–38.0 mm SL): Quebrada Jotabeyá, trib. Río Apapóris, 0º37’20’’S, 70º13’32’’W; F. Arbeláez, 27–30 March 2009. ICNMHN 5066 (167, 102 females, 32.7–43.0 mm SL, 65 males, 32.2–36.8 mm SL): Leticia, Río Puré, 2º7’5’’S, 69º37’50’’W; J.D. Lynch, Jan 2000. Not types: Brazil, Amazonas. MHNG 2180.074 (1, sex undetermined, 27.0 mm SL): rio Purus, Boca do Tapauá, 5º38’S, 63º12’W; H. R. Axelrod, H. Schultz & F. Terofal, Nov 1963. Brazil, Acre: MCP 37745 (7, 23.7–26.9 mm SL): Sena Madureira, igarapé Taquari (trib. rio Antimari, rio Acre basin), at road BR-364, 9º27’49’’S, 68º22’43’’W; R. E. Reis, P.A. Buckup, F. Langeani & F.C. T. Lima, 21 Jul 2004. MCP 37771 (10 of 27, 26.8–28.4 mm SL): Bujari, Igarapé Marizinho (trib. rio Antimari, rio Acre basin), at road BR-364, 9º36’41’’S, 68º14’40’’W; P.A. Buckup, J.F. Pezzi da Silva, P. Lehmann & V. A. Bertaco, 20 Jul 2004. MZUEL 6886 (2, 28.9–29.4 mm SL): Bujari, Igarapé Fumaça (trib. rio Antimari, rio Acre basin), at road BR-364, 9º34’23’’S, 68º16’50’’W; O.A. Shibatta & A. Claro-Garcia, 6 Oct 2010. Peru, Loreto. NRM 26870 (1, sex undetermined, 22.0 mm SL): quebrada Pintoyacu (Río Itaya drainage), at road Iquitos-Nauta; S.O. Kullander et al., 3 Jul 1986. NRM 26943 (1, sex undetermined, 25.4 mm SL); NRM 30579 (12, sex undetermined, 22.8–30.9 mm SL): Quebrada Tocón Grande, km 33 of Iquitos-Nauta road, c. 4º2’S, 73º26’W; S.O. Kullander et al., 4 Jul 1986. MHNG 2180.084 (1, 38.3 mm SL): “surroundings of Iquitos ”; H. R. Axelrod, 27 Dec 1963. MHNG 2225.01 (2, 23.4–27.3 mm SL): Jenaro Herrera, Quebrada Copal (trib. Río Ucayali), c. 4º56’S, 73º30’W; P. de Rham, 1 Sept 1981. NRM 15713 (2, sex undetermined, 22.3–24.1 mm SL): Jenaro Herrera, Quebrada Copal, km 15 at the road Jenaro-Herrera-Colonia Angamos, 4º56’22’’S, 73º30’25’’W; S.O. Kullander et al., 29 Aug 1983. MHNG 2180.089 (6, sex undetermined, 21.5–26.4 mm SL): Río Huytoyacu (trib. Río Paztaza) at Nuevo Progresso, c. 3º37’S, 76º25’W; C. Meyer, 20 Jul 1975. NRM 15714 (1, sex undetermined, 19.8 mm SL): Colonia Angamos, quebrada trib. Rio Galvez (trib. Rio Yavari), 20 min. upstream from Colonia Angamos, c. 5º10’40’’S, 72º53’30’’W; S.O. Kullander et al., 31 Jul 1984. NRM 26920 (26, sex undetermined, 15.0– 24.5 mm SL): Loreto, Colonia Angamos, quebrada trib. Rio Galvez (trib. Rio Yavari), 25 min. upstream from Colonia Angamos, c. 5º10’40’’S, 72º53’30’’W; S.O. Kullander et al., 31 Jul 1984. Colombia: MPUJ 13846 (1, male, 31.7 mm SL): Caquetá, Solano, caño Trocha, trib. Río Rutuya, rio Caquetá basin, 0º20’59’’N, 74º45’18’’W; J. Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 18 Apr 2018. ICNMHN 4271 (2, sex undetermined, 21.4–21.8 mm SL): Caquetá, Río Mesay, c. 0º4’27’’N, 72º27’5’’W; I. Bejarano & M.P. Blanco, July–Sept 2000. ICNMHN 13765 (4, 1 male, 31.4 mm SL, 3 females, 31.5–35.2 mm SL): Amazonas, creek 45 minutes above Puerto Nariño, c. 3º45’S, 70º25’W; H. Hanima, H. Boschung & R. Beckham, 3 Jan 1972. ICNMHN 18712 (1, male, 34.8 mm SL): Amazonas, Puerto Asis, Vereda La Rosa, Quebrada Cadenas (Río Putumayo basin), 0º26’16’’N, 76º17’10’’W; M. Murcía, 26 Jul 2014. ICNMHN 17233 (7, 24.0– 32.8 mm SL, largest specimen a mature male): Amazonas, Rio Apapóris, above Raudal Jiri-Jirimo, 0º2’35’’S, 70º56’53’’W; F. Arbeláez, 19–21 March 2009. CIACOL 3183 (26, sex undetermined, 24.4–38.4 mm SL): Amazonas, caño Hormiga, near village of Buenos Aires, c. 3º10’S, 69º59’W; A.A. Santos & E.C. Agudelo, 21 Feb 2018. Ecuador: FMNH 102587 (13, 13.5–34.7 mm SL): Napo, trib. Río Tarapuy (trib. Río Cuyabeno, Río Napo basin), c. 0º10’S, 75º57’W; D.J. Stewart et al., 2 Dec 1983 (picture only). Tentative identifications (see Remarks): All from Brazil, Rondônia. UFRO-I 4892 (2 of 5, 23.5–24.6 mm SL): Porto Velho, rio Madeira, Cachoeira de Teotônio, 8º51’32’’S, 64º3’46’’W; J.L.O. Birindelli et al., 24 Oct 2009. UFRO-I 9026 (5 of 12, 22.7–23.1 mm SL): Porto Velho, rio Madeira, at mouth of igarapé Jatuarana, 8º50’33’’S, 64º2’55’’W; E. Silva et al., 8 Sept 2009. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon bayleyi can be distinguished from all congeners, except from Hy. diancistrus and Hy. otrynus by presenting two symmetrical dark blotches at the distal portion of the caudal-fin lobes (vs. absence of two symmetrical dark blotches at the distal portion of the caudal-fin lobes in the remaining congeners). The new species can be distinguished from Hy. diancistrus and Hy. otrynus by the presence, in mature males, of typically a single large hook at last unbranched anal-fin ray (vs. presence in mature males typically of two large hooks, the first at last unbranched anal-fin ray, the second at first branched anal-fin ray). It can be additionally diagnosed from Hy. otrynus by presenting a patch of dark pigmentation on dorsal fin (vs. dorsal fin without any patch of dark pigmentation), and from Hyphessobrycon diancistrus by presenting a higher body depth (22.4–32.5 % SL, mean 28.4% SL, n = 63 vs. 19.0–26.8 % SL, mean 22.9 % SL, n = 76), and by a lower number of anal-fin branched rays (18–22, n = 63 vs. 12–16, n = 76). Hyphessobrycon bayleyi can be distinguished from two non-congeners which share the same color pattern, Hemigrammus durbinae and He. marginatus by presenting a patch of dark pigmentation on dorsal fin (vs. dorsal fin without any patch of dark pigmentation), by presenting anterior portion of anal fin with relatively broad dark stripe (vs. two parallel narrow stripes in He. durbinae, and a single narrow stripe in He. marginatus), and by the presence, in mature males, of a large hook at last unbranched anal-fin ray (vs. absence of hooks of any size in males of He. durbinae and He. marginatus). See the Discussion, for additional comparisons with these species. Description. Morphometric data summarized in Table 1. Body compressed, moderately slender; greatest body depth anterior to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head slightly convex from tip of snout to anterior naris; straight to gently concave from latter point to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; posteroventraly slanted and straight from latter point to adipose-fin origin and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body slightly convex from tip of dentary to anal-fin origin, posteroventraly slanted along anal-fin base. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Mouth terminal; jaws equal, isognathous. Distal tip of maxillary extending slightly beyond vertical through anterior margin of eye. Premaxillary teeth in two rows, outer row composed by 1(1), 2*(36), or 3(26) tricuspid teeth, central cusp longer; inner row with 4(1) or 5*(62) bi- to pentacuspid teeth teeth, central cusp longer. Maxilla with 1(2) or 2(2) small, unicuspid teeth. Dentary with 9(1), 10(2), 11(1) teeth, anteriomost four teeth larger than remaining, tri- to pentacuspidate, remaining 5 – 7 teeth unicuspid. One specimen with second inner row of 4(1) unicuspid teeth, situated on inner margin of dentary, justaposed with outer unicuspid teeth (Fig. 3). Scales cycloid, with two to seven strongly marked radii, diverging from focus to posterior portion of scale; circuli well-marked anteriorly. Lateral line incomplete, slightly curved ventrally, with 7(1), 8(3), 9(12), 10*(17), 11(16), 12(8), 13(3), 14(2), or 15(1) pored scales; longitudinal series including perforated scales 29(1), 31(1), 32(1), 33(5), 34(8), 35(15), 36(22), 37*(6), 38(3), or 39(1). Scales rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5*(61) or 6(1). Scales rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion 3*(61) or 4(1). Predorsal scales 10(7), 11*(40), or 12(16). Anal sheath along anal-fin base with 4 to 5 scales in a single row, covering base of first unbranched to fourth branched anal-fin rays. Circumpeduncular scales 12(9), 13*(36), or 14(18). Caudal-fin scales covering basis of upper and lower caudal-fin lobes margins, relatively large and few in number, concentrated over inner fin rays. Dorsal-fin rays ii,9*(63), first unbranched ray nearly one-third of second unbranched ray length; small ossification anterior to first unbranched ray present in four c&s specimens examined. Dorsal-fin origin at midbody or slightly behind this point. Insertion of first dorsal fin pterygiophore posterior to neural spine of 10 th (1) or 11 th (2) vertebrae. Adipose fin present. Pectoral-fin rays i,9 (5), 10(9), 11*(24), or 12(25). Pelvic-fin rays i,7*(63), its tip reaching anteriormost unbranched anal-fin rays. Anal-fin rays iv(2) – v(2), 18(4), 19(16), 20(25), 21*(14), or 22(2); last unbranched ray to fifth branched ray decreasing steeply in size, forming a distinctive anterior lobe; remaining rays decreasing very gradually decreasing in size to anal-fin terminus. Last anal-fin pterygiophore insertion behind hemal spine of 17th(4) vertebrae. Caudal fin forked, lobes slightly pointed, equal in size. Principal caudal-fin rays i,17,i (4); dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays 10(1), 11(1), 12(1), or 13(1); ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 9(2), 10(1), or 11(1). Vertebrae 36(4). Supraneurals 5(3) or 6(1). First gill arch with 2 (4) gill rakers on hypobranchial, 10 (4) on ceratobranchial, 1 (4) on cartilage between ceratobranchial and epibranchial, and 5 (1), 6(2) or 7(1) on epibranchial. Color in alcohol. Overall ground color light brown. Top of head, snout and tip of dentary dark gray as a result of dense concentration of dark chromatophores. Opercle and infraorbitals silvery in specimens retaining guanine. Predorsal midline dark gray, as a result of dense concentration of dark chromatophores covering entire surface of predorsal scales and upper margin of scales from scale row situated immediately below it. Post-dorsal midline with slightly less dense concentration of dark chromatophores, imparting a dark gray coloration. Lateral line slightly delineated by dark chromatophores. A moderately developed midlateral stripe, starting as a very narrow line slightly behind humeral region, broadening from vertical through dorsal-fin origin to caudal peduncle. Midlateral stripe at caudal peduncle fused with caudal peduncle blotch, with a roughly rhomboidal shape. Anal-fin basis with a conspicuous black stripe, broader at anterior portion of anal fin, from anal-fin origin to fourth to sixth branched anal-fin ray, becoming very narrow from that point to anal-fin terminus. Anal fin with dark chromatophores aligned in rows along posterior margin of fin rays. Dorsal fin with a dark patch of pigmentation situated at central portion of fin, between last unbranched and third branched fin rays. Remaining portions of dorsal fin hyaline or with scattered dark chromatophores. Pectoral, pelvic, and adipose fins hyaline. Caudal fin with two broad, symmetrical dark blotches situated on mid-region of upper and lower caudal-fin lobes, more intensely pigmented from outer fin ray to third or fourth branched rays. Small dark chromatophores scattered along caudal-fin margin, remaining caudal fin hyaline except for dark chromatophores at basis of middle c

Hyphessobrycon tortuguerae B��hlke, 1958. Tortuguero Tetra; Sardina, Sardinita, Tetra, Tetra de Tortuguero, Sardinita de Tortuguero. Distribution: Global: Middle America; from central and eastern Honduras to northern Costa Rica,Atlantic drainages; Costa Rica: LN, RF, SJ, SC, Sa and To (Atlantic), 0���50 m.a.s.l., Pri, Pot. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, LC. References: Bussing (1987: 88; 1998: 110; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology) and Angulo et al. (2013: 992; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630

Hyphessobrycon savagei Bussing, 1966. Savage���s Tetra; Sardina, Sardinita, Tetra, Tetra de Savage, Sardinita de Savage. Distribution: Global: Middle America; southwestern and southern Costa Rica, Pacific drainages; Costa Rica: Pi and Tr (Pacific), 0��� 70 m.a.s.l., Pri, Pot. Occurrence and conservation status: End, VU. References: Bussing (1966: 215; detailed description and information on distribution), Bussing (1967: 215; detailed description, including an illustration, and information on distribution and ecology; 1987: 87; 1998: 108; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology) and Angulo et al. (2013: 992; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Bussing, W. A. (1967) New species and new records of Costa Rican freshwater fishes with a tentative list of species. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 14, 205 - 249."]}

Hyphessobrycon bussingi Ota, Carvalho & Pavanelli, 2020. Bussing���s Tetra; Sardina, Sardinita, Tetra, Tetra de Bussing, Sardinita de Bussing. Distribution: Global: Middle America; from eastern Costa Rica to western Panama, Atlantic drainages; Costa Rica: Si (Atlantic), 40��� 60 m.a.s.l., Pri, Pot. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, EN. References: Bussing (1987: 85; 1998: 105, as Hyphessobrycon panamensis Durbin 1908, in part���missidentification; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology), Angulo et al. (2013: 992, as H. panamensis ���missidentification; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data) and Ota (2018: 82; 2020: 403, as Hyphessobrycon sp.; detailed description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Ota, R. R., Carvalho, F. R. & Pavanelli, C. S. (2020) Taxonomic review of the Hyphessobrycon panamensis species-group (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa, 4751 (3), 401 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4751.3.1","Ota, R. R. (2018) Revisao taxonomica do grupo Hyphessobrycon panamensis Durbin (Characiformes: Characidae). Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Brasil, 184 pp."]}

Hyphessobrycon bussingi Ota, Carvalho & Pavanelli, 2020. Bussing’s Tetra; Sardina, Sardinita, Tetra, Tetra de Bussing, Sardinita de Bussing. Distribution: Global: Middle America; from eastern Costa Rica to western Panama, Atlantic drainages; Costa Rica: Si (Atlantic), 40– 60 m.a.s.l., Pri, Pot. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, EN. References: Bussing (1987: 85; 1998: 105, as Hyphessobrycon panamensis Durbin 1908, in part—missidentification; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology), Angulo et al. (2013: 992, as H. panamensis —missidentification; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data) and Ota (2018: 82; 2020: 403, as Hyphessobrycon sp.; detailed description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology).

Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus Ellis, 1911 Material examined. BRAZIL – São Paulo • Iperó, Ipanema River; 23°22.40′S, 049°38.51′W; 560 m alt.; 12.II.2012; W.S. Smith and L. Halcsik leg.; hand nets; LEEF 115133, LEEF 115138, LEEF 115162 (12 spec., 22.0−33.0 mm SL). Identification. Bare caudal fin with scales presents only at the base; Body with two humeral macules and small black spots lying at the height of the lateral line (Yoshida et al. 2016)., Published as part of Smith, Welber Senteio, Halcsik, Leticia, Biagioni, Renata Cassemiro, Pinheiro, Lúcio Antônio Stefani & Severino Stefani, Marta, 2021, An updated list of the ichthyofauna of Ipanema National Forest, São Paulo, Brazil, pp. 827-840 in Check List 17 (3) on page 833, DOI: 10.15560/17.3.827

Two new species, Hyphessobrycon frickei Guimarães, Brito, Bragança, Katz & Ottoni sp. nov. and H. geryi Guimarães, Brito, Bragança, Katz & Ottoni sp. nov., are herein described, based on seven different and independent species delimitation methods, and on molecular and morphological characters, making the hypothesis of these new species supported from an integrative taxonomy perspective. They belong to the “Rosy tetra” clade, which is mainly characterized by the presence of a dark brown or black blotch on the dorsal fin and the absence of a midlateral stripe on the body. These two new species are distinguished from the other members of this clade mainly by the arrangement, shape and color pattern of humeral and dorsal-fin spots, as well as by other characters related to scale counts and body pigmentation. The placement of the new species within the “Rosy tetra” clade was based on the combination of morphological character states mentioned above and corroborated by a molecular phylogenetic analysis using the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit 1. In addition, a new clade (here termed Hyphessobrycon copelandi clade) within the “Rosy tetra” clade is proposed based on molecular data, comprising H. copelandi, H. frickei sp. nov., H. geryi sp. nov. and a still undescribed species. Our results corroborate the occurrence of hidden species within the “Rosy tetra” clade, as suggested by previous studies.

Hyphessobrycon sateremawe, new species (Figs. 1���3) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9D1E72B3-0C58-49A4-9717-A3BDAA79E250 Holotype. INPA59494 (26.2mm SL), Brazil, Amazonas, Nova Olinda do Norte,stream tributary to rioAbacaxis, Paran�� do Urari�� basin, 4��17���5���S, 58��34���44���W, J. Zuanon, P. Guarido, J. Sodr��, A.A. Souza Filho & E.M. Gomes, 9Aug 2015. Paratypes. All from Brazil, Amazonas state. INPA 34941 (49, 13.4���29.8 mm SL); ZUEC 17225 (5, 22.7���27.9 mm SL), Mau��s, Comunidade Pingo de Ouro, near Campina, rio Mau��s-A��u basin, Paran�� do Urari�� basin, 3��47���48���S, 57��36���21���W, R. R. de Oliveira & W. Pedrosa, 5 Jun 2010. INPA 34925 (20, 14.1���24.2 mm SL), Mau��s, Igarap�� 6 (Campina), comunidade Pingo de Ouro, rio Mau��s-A��u basin, Paran�� do Urari�� basin, 3��48���36.00���S, 57��36���43.00���W, R. R. de Oliveira & W. Pedroza, 5 Jun 2015. INPA 50729 (73, 4 C&S, 13.5���27.6 mm SL); ANSP 207955 (5, 23.6���27.3 mm SL); ZUEC 17226 (5, 22.2���26.2 mm SL), same data as holotype. INPA 50689 (47, 15.1��� 26.1 mm SL); MPEG 38945 (5, 23.1���26.1 mm SL); FMNH 144980 (5, 22.6���26.8 mm SL), Nova Olinda do Norte, stream trib. rio Abacaxis, 4��53���5���S, 58��34���57���W, J. Zuanon, E.G. Ferreira, D.A. Bastos, P.M. Ito & P. Guarido, 8 Aug 2015. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon sateremawe can be distinguished from all congeners, except Hy. amapaensis, Hy. ericae, Hy. heterorhabdus, and Hy. wosiacki, by the presence of an elongated humeral blotch, anteriorly well defined, that becomes progressively diffuse and blurred posteriorly, overlapping with a continuous midlateral dark stripe. Hyphessobrycon sateremawe can be distinguished from Hy. amapaensis, Hy. ericae, Hy. heterorhabdus, and Hy. wosiacki by possessing humeral blotch and continuous midlateral stripe broad, occupying vertical height equivalent of two scale rows to middle of body (vs. humeral blotch and continuous midlateral stripe only broad anteriorly, narrowing considerably after humeral region to one scale row high, or less). Hyphessobrycon sateremawe may be additionaly distinguished from Hy. amapaensis by possessing, in life, a narrow longitudinal red stripe that is anteriorly not continuous and composed by red dots (vs. presence of a thick red stripe that is continuous in its entire extension), and from Hy. ericae and Hy. wosiacki by lacking a caudal peduncle blotch (vs. presence of a caudal peduncle blotch). Description. Morphometric data for holotype and paratypes in Table 1. Body compressed. Greatest body depth at vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head slightly convex from upper lip to vertical through posterior nostril, straight from that point to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from latter point to anterior terminus of dorsal fin. Dorsal-fin base straight, posteroventrally slanted, slightly convex from posterior terminus of dorsal fin to adipose-fin insertion and slightly concave between adipose-fin insertion and origin of anteriormost dorsal procurrent caudal-fin ray. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin. Anal-fin base straight, posterodorsally slanted. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Posterior terminus of maxilla reaching vertical through anterior margin of iris. Maxilla approximately at 45 degrees angle relative to longitudinal axis of body. Nostrils close to each other, anterior opening oval, posterior opening crescent-shaped. Premaxillary teeth in two rows. Outer teeth row with 3 bi- to tricuspid teeth. Inner row with 5 bi- to tetracuspid teeth, symphyseal tooth narrower than remaining teeth. Maxilla with 3(2), 4(1), or 5(1) conical to tricuspid teeth. Dentary with 12(2), 13(2) or 14(1) teeth, anteriormost 4 teeth larger, tri- to tetracuspid, 8���10 remaining teeth considerably smaller and conical. Central cusp of all teeth more developed than remaining lateral cusps (Fig. 3). Scales cycloid. Two to seven radii strongly marked, circulii well marked anteriorly, weakly marked posteriorly. Lateral line slightly deflected downward and incompletely pored, with 7*(7), 8(24) or 9(5) perforated scales. Longitudinal scales series including lateral-line scales 32(2), 33*(6), 34(5), 35(8) or 36(1). Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5*(35). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3*(30) or 4(5). Predorsal scales 9*(13), 10(12) or 11(8). Circumpeduncular scales 11(1), 12*(26) or 13(1). Caudal fin with few small scales basally. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9*(35). Dorsal-fin origin slightly anterior from middle of standard length. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind neural spine of 9th(4) vertebrae. Adipose fin present. Anteriormost anal-fin pterygiophore inserting posterior to haemal spine of 14th(1) or 15th(3) vertebrae. Anal-fin rays iv, 18(2), 19(22), 20(23), 21(5) or 22(2). Last unbranched and first to third anteriormost branched rays distinctly longer than remaining rays, subsequent rays gradually decreasing in size. Pectoral-fin rays i, 9(1), 10(16) or 11*(17). Pelvic-fin rays i, 7*(35). Tip of pelvic-fin reaching anteriormost anal-fin rays. Caudal fin forked, lobes roughly rounded and of similar size. Ten (1) or 11(3) dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays, and 8(1) or 9(3) ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays. Vertebrae 33(4). Supraneurals 4(3) or 5(1), with upper portion wider. Branchiostegal rays 4. First gill arch with 1(3) or 2(1) hypobranchial, 8(1) or 9(3) ceratobranchial, 1(4) on cartilage between ceratobranchial and epibranchial, and 3(1) or 4(3) epibranchial gill-rakers. Color in alcohol. Overall body color beige. Dorsal portion of head and body darker. Ventral portion of head and body with few scattered dark chromatophores. Snout and dentary tip dark. Dark chromatophores scattered along infraorbitals and opercle, concentrated dorsally. Dorsal scales row dark, with pigmentation more concentrated at center of scales. Three dorsalmost scale rows with conspicuous reticulated pattern formed by dark chromatophores concentrated at scales margins. Area immediately above humeral blotch and middlateral dark stripe clear, with evenly-scattered, light-grey chromatophores. Humeral blotch broad and conspicuous, with diffuse dorsal and welldefined ventral expansions, occupying lateral line scale row and dorsal scale row immediately above, becoming gradually narrower and more diffuse posteriorly. Posterior region of humeral blotch gradually becoming diffuse and coalescing with midlateral dark stripe. Midlateral dark stripe thicker anteriorly, narrowing posteriorly and turning fainter. Dark chromatophores evenly scattered throughout abdominal region. Region above anal fin with dark chromatophores aligned along myocommata of hypaxial muscles. Line of dark chromatophores parallel to anal fin margin at hiatus between end of hypaxial muscles and basis of anal-fin muscles. Caudal fin mostly hyaline, with middle caudal rays with high concentration of dark chromatophores. Anal fin with dark chromatophores scattered along interradial membranes, more concentrated along distal region of anal fin lobe. Dorsal fin ray hyaline, with dark chromatophores concentrated on anteriormost rays. Adipose fin with few scattered dark chromatophores mainly concentrated on proximal region. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline. Color in life. Overall body with olivaceous hue, with exception of middle and ventral region of head and abdominal region, with silvery hue. Dorsal portion of eye red. Tricolor longitudinal pattern starting immediately posterior to opercle and ending immediately before caudal fin basis, composed of narrow dorsal red stripe, narrow middle iridescent stripe, and broad ventral dark longitudinal pattern composed of humeral blotch followed posteriorly by midlateral stripe. Longitudinal red stripe anteriorly not continuous, formed by row of red spots, becoming continuous posteriorly and thicker on posterior half of caudal peduncle. Intermediary iridescent stripe golden, relatively narrow and diffuse, thicker anterior to humeral blotch and becoming narrower posteriorly, ending anteriorly to caudal peduncle. Scattered iridescent chromatophores throughout abdominal region (Fig. 2). Variation. Specimens from the rio Abacaxis basin presents a darker color pattern on dorsal region, dorsolateral region and midlateral stripe, and thicker humeral blotch, especially on posterior region, when compared to specimens from the rio Mau��s-A��u basin. An aquarium raised specimen from the rio Abacaxis basin presented a very dark and longer midlateral stripe when compared to specimen collected from the same locality and fixed immediately after collection (Fig. 2). Sexual dimorphism. Males present tiny bony hooks on distal half of last unbranched anal-fin ray and all branched anal-fin rays (1 to 27), on caudal-fin rays (0 to 9), on distal half of dorsal-fin rays (0 to 17), on all extension of pelvic-fin rays (12 to 53) and on distalmost region of pectoral fin (0 to 2) (all bony hook counts made in a single C&S specimen, INPA 50729, 24.0 mm SL). Bony hooks larger on anterior rays of anal fin and on pelvic fin, observed in INPA 50729 (13, 18.4���27.3 mm SL) and INPA 34941 (5, 19.6���27.5 mm SL) specimens. Bony hooks of dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins only discernible in C&S individuals. Smaller male presenting bony hooks 18.4 mm SL (INPA 50729). Females reach larger sizes than males (largest female with 29.8 mm SL, largest male with 27.5 mm SL). Distribution. Hyphessobrycon sateremawe is known from the rio Abacaxis and rio Mau��s-A��u, both tributaries of the Paran�� do Urari�� drainage, Amazonas state, Brazil (Fig. 4). Ecological notes. The type locality of Hy. sateremawe consists of small forest streams (maximum width and depth of 2.0 m and 0.30 m, respectively) densely covered by the canopy of the forest. The stream water is clear to slightly tinted in yellow, with slow current velocity (0.13���0.30 m * s-1). The substrate is composed predominantly by submerged coarse litter (55%), sand patches (30%), small logs and branches (11%), and fine roots from the riparian vegetation (4%). Hyphessobrycon sateremawe shares the streams with other small characid species (Hemigrammus coeruleus Durbin, He. analis Durbin, Moenkhausia cf. dyktiota Lima & Toledo-Piza and Tyttobrycon sp.), cichlids (Laetacara sp., Apistogramma sp. ���abacaxis��� and Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan), the erythrinid Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider), the crenuchids Crenuchus spilurus G��nther and Elachocharax junki (G��ry), the lebiasinids Copella nattereri (Steidachner) and Pyrrhulina cf. beni (Pearson)), the rivulids Anablepsoides micropus (Steindachner), Laimosemion kirovskyi (Costa), and Laimosemion sp., as well as some catfishes, such as the cetopsid Helogenes marmoratus G��nther and the heptapterid Rhamdia sp., electric fishes (Gymnotiformes: two species of Gymnotus and one of Microsternarchus), and an undescribed species of the swamp eel (Synbranchus sp.). Gut content analysis of 5 specimens (INPA 50729) revealed the presence of ants, an Ephemeroptera larvae, a Pseudoscorpionida pedipalp, an aquatic beetle, an Acari, diverse Arthropoda remains, algae and unidentified matter. Etymology: The specific name honors the Sater��-Maw��, an indigenous group of the Tupi-Guarani language family that lived in the region between the lower portions of rio Tapaj��s and rio Madeira, including the area of rio Abacaxis and rio Mau��s-A��u. The Sater��-Maw�� joined the Cabanagem rebellion (1835���1839) and were in reprisal decimated by loyalist forces of the Brazilian empire. They were later (1850) living under an extensive mission under the Fransciscan friar Pedro de Ciriana (Hemming, 1995). The Sater��-Maw�� are renowned as the indigenous group that discovered and started using the guaran�� (Paullinia cupana), and for the Tocandira ant ritual, a rite of passage where boys insert their hands in gloves with fastened, living tocandira ants (Paraponera clavata) (Botelho & Weigel, 2011). Today the Sater��-Maw�� people live mainly in the Terra Ind��gena Andir��-Marau, with one group in the Terra Ind��gena Coat��-Laranjal and groups in the cities of Manaus, Nova Olinda do Norte, Barreirinha, Mau��s and Parintins, all from the state of Amazonas, Brazil., Published as part of Faria, Tiago C., Bastos, Douglas A., Zuanon, Jansen & Lima, Fl��vio C. T., 2020, A new Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) of the Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus species-group from the Central Amazon basin, Brazil, pp. 275-284 in Zootaxa 4859 (2) on pages 276-281, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4859.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4413042, {"references":["Hemming, J. (1995) Amazon frontier. The defeat of the Brazilian Indians. Pan Books, London, 618 pp.","Botelho, J. B. & Weigel, V. A. C. M. (2011) The Satere-Mawe community of Y'Apyrehyt: ritual and health on the urban outskirts of Manaus. Historias, Ciencias, Saude-Manguinhos, 18, 723 - 744. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0104 - 59702011000300007"]}

Hyphessobrycon sateremawe, new species (Figs. 1–3) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9D1E72B3-0C58-49A4-9717-A3BDAA79E250 Holotype. INPA59494 (26.2mm SL), Brazil, Amazonas, Nova Olinda do Norte,stream tributary to rioAbacaxis, Paraná do Urariá basin, 4°17’5”S, 58°34’44”W, J. Zuanon, P. Guarido, J. Sodré, A.A. Souza Filho & E.M. Gomes, 9Aug 2015. Paratypes. All from Brazil, Amazonas state. INPA 34941 (49, 13.4–29.8 mm SL); ZUEC 17225 (5, 22.7–27.9 mm SL), Maués, Comunidade Pingo de Ouro, near Campina, rio Maués-Açu basin, Paraná do Urariá basin, 3°47’48”S, 57°36’21”W, R. R. de Oliveira & W. Pedrosa, 5 Jun 2010. INPA 34925 (20, 14.1–24.2 mm SL), Maués, Igarapé 6 (Campina), comunidade Pingo de Ouro, rio Maués-Açu basin, Paraná do Urariá basin, 3°48’36.00”S, 57°36’43.00”W, R. R. de Oliveira & W. Pedroza, 5 Jun 2015. INPA 50729 (73, 4 C&S, 13.5–27.6 mm SL); ANSP 207955 (5, 23.6–27.3 mm SL); ZUEC 17226 (5, 22.2–26.2 mm SL), same data as holotype. INPA 50689 (47, 15.1– 26.1 mm SL); MPEG 38945 (5, 23.1–26.1 mm SL); FMNH 144980 (5, 22.6–26.8 mm SL), Nova Olinda do Norte, stream trib. rio Abacaxis, 4°53’5”S, 58°34’57”W, J. Zuanon, E.G. Ferreira, D.A. Bastos, P.M. Ito & P. Guarido, 8 Aug 2015. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon sateremawe can be distinguished from all congeners, except Hy. amapaensis, Hy. ericae, Hy. heterorhabdus, and Hy. wosiacki, by the presence of an elongated humeral blotch, anteriorly well defined, that becomes progressively diffuse and blurred posteriorly, overlapping with a continuous midlateral dark stripe. Hyphessobrycon sateremawe can be distinguished from Hy. amapaensis, Hy. ericae, Hy. heterorhabdus, and Hy. wosiacki by possessing humeral blotch and continuous midlateral stripe broad, occupying vertical height equivalent of two scale rows to middle of body (vs. humeral blotch and continuous midlateral stripe only broad anteriorly, narrowing considerably after humeral region to one scale row high, or less). Hyphessobrycon sateremawe may be additionaly distinguished from Hy. amapaensis by possessing, in life, a narrow longitudinal red stripe that is anteriorly not continuous and composed by red dots (vs. presence of a thick red stripe that is continuous in its entire extension), and from Hy. ericae and Hy. wosiacki by lacking a caudal peduncle blotch (vs. presence of a caudal peduncle blotch). Description. Morphometric data for holotype and paratypes in Table 1. Body compressed. Greatest body depth at vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head slightly convex from upper lip to vertical through posterior nostril, straight from that point to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from latter point to anterior terminus of dorsal fin. Dorsal-fin base straight, posteroventrally slanted, slightly convex from posterior terminus of dorsal fin to adipose-fin insertion and slightly concave between adipose-fin insertion and origin of anteriormost dorsal procurrent caudal-fin ray. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin. Anal-fin base straight, posterodorsally slanted. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Posterior terminus of maxilla reaching vertical through anterior margin of iris. Maxilla approximately at 45 degrees angle relative to longitudinal axis of body. Nostrils close to each other, anterior opening oval, posterior opening crescent-shaped. Premaxillary teeth in two rows. Outer teeth row with 3 bi- to tricuspid teeth. Inner row with 5 bi- to tetracuspid teeth, symphyseal tooth narrower than remaining teeth. Maxilla with 3(2), 4(1), or 5(1) conical to tricuspid teeth. Dentary with 12(2), 13(2) or 14(1) teeth, anteriormost 4 teeth larger, tri- to tetracuspid, 8–10 remaining teeth considerably smaller and conical. Central cusp of all teeth more developed than remaining lateral cusps (Fig. 3). Scales cycloid. Two to seven radii strongly marked, circulii well marked anteriorly, weakly marked posteriorly. Lateral line slightly deflected downward and incompletely pored, with 7*(7), 8(24) or 9(5) perforated scales. Longitudinal scales series including lateral-line scales 32(2), 33*(6), 34(5), 35(8) or 36(1). Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5*(35). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3*(30) or 4(5). Predorsal scales 9*(13), 10(12) or 11(8). Circumpeduncular scales 11(1), 12*(26) or 13(1). Caudal fin with few small scales basally. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9*(35). Dorsal-fin origin slightly anterior from middle of standard length. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind neural spine of 9th(4) vertebrae. Adipose fin present. Anteriormost anal-fin pterygiophore inserting posterior to haemal spine of 14th(1) or 15th(3) vertebrae. Anal-fin rays iv, 18(2), 19(22), 20(23), 21(5) or 22(2). Last unbranched and first to third anteriormost branched rays distinctly longer than remaining rays, subsequent rays gradually decreasing in size. Pectoral-fin rays i, 9(1), 10(16) or 11*(17). Pelvic-fin rays i, 7*(35). Tip of pelvic-fin reaching anteriormost anal-fin rays. Caudal fin forked, lobes roughly rounded and of similar size. Ten (1) or 11(3) dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays, and 8(1) or 9(3) ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays. Vertebrae 33(4). Supraneurals 4(3) or 5(1), with upper portion wider. Branchiostegal rays 4. First gill arch with 1(3) or 2(1) hypobranchial, 8(1) or 9(3) ceratobranchial, 1(4) on cartilage between ceratobranchial and epibranchial, and 3(1) or 4(3) epibranchial gill-rakers. Color in alcohol. Overall body color beige. Dorsal portion of head and body darker. Ventral portion of head and body with few scattered dark chromatophores. Snout and dentary tip dark. Dark chromatophores scattered along infraorbitals and opercle, concentrated dorsally. Dorsal scales row dark, with pigmentation more concentrated at center of scales. Three dorsalmost scale rows with conspicuous reticulated pattern formed by dark chromatophores concentrated at scales margins. Area immediately above humeral blotch and middlateral dark stripe clear, with evenly-scattered, light-grey chromatophores. Humeral blotch broad and conspicuous, with diffuse dorsal and welldefined ventral expansions, occupying lateral line scale row and dorsal scale row immediately above, becoming gradually narrower and more diffuse posteriorly. Posterior region of humeral blotch gradually becoming diffuse and coalescing with midlateral dark stripe. Midlateral dark stripe thicker anteriorly, narrowing posteriorly and turning fainter. Dark chromatophores evenly scattered throughout abdominal region. Region above anal fin with dark chromatophores aligned along myocommata of hypaxial muscles. Line of dark chromatophores parallel to anal fin margin at hiatus between end of hypaxial muscles and basis of anal-fin muscles. Caudal fin mostly hyaline, with middle caudal rays with high concentration of dark chromatophores. Anal fin with dark chromatophores scattered along interradial membranes, more concentrated along distal region of anal fin lobe. Dorsal fin ray hyaline, with dark chromatophores concentrated on anteriormost rays. Adipose fin with few scattered dark chromatophores mainly concentrated on proximal region. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline. Color in life. Overall body with olivaceous hue, with exception of middle and ventral region of head and abdominal region, with silvery hue. Dorsal portion of eye red. Tricolor longitudinal pattern starting immediately posterior to opercle and ending immediately before caudal fin basis, composed of narrow dorsal red stripe, narrow middle iridescent stripe, and broad ventral dark longitudinal pattern composed of humeral blotch followed posteriorly by midlateral stripe. Longitudinal red stripe anteriorly not continuous, formed by row of red spots, becoming continuous posteriorly and thicker on posterior half of caudal peduncle. Intermediary iridescent stripe golden, relatively narrow and diffuse, thicker anterior to humeral blotch and becoming narrower posteriorly, ending anteriorly to caudal peduncle. Scattered iridescent chromatophores throughout abdominal region (Fig. 2). Variation. Specimens from the rio Abacaxis basin presents a darker color pattern on dorsal region, dorsolateral region and midlateral stripe, and thicker humeral blotch, especially on posterior region, when compared to specimens from the rio Maués-Açu basin. An aquarium raised specimen from the rio Abacaxis basin presented a very dark and longer midlateral stripe when compared to specimen collected from the same locality and fixed immediately after collection (Fig. 2). Sexual dimorphism. Males present tiny bony hooks on distal half of last unbranched anal-fin ray and all branched anal-fin rays (1 to 27), on caudal-fin rays (0 to 9), on distal half of dorsal-fin rays (0 to 17), on all extension of pelvic-fin rays (12 to 53) and on distalmost region of pectoral fin (0 to 2) (all bony hook counts made in a single C&S specimen, INPA 50729, 24.0 mm SL). Bony hooks larger on anterior rays of anal fin and on pelvic fin, observed in INPA 50729 (13, 18.4–27.3 mm SL) and INPA 34941 (5, 19.6–27.5 mm SL) specimens. Bony hooks of dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins only discernible in C&S individuals. Smaller male presenting bony hooks 18.4 mm SL (INPA 50729). Females reach larger sizes than males (largest female with 29.8 mm SL, largest male with 27.5 mm SL). Distribution. Hyphessobrycon sateremawe is known from the rio Abacaxis and rio Maués-Açu, both tributaries of the Paraná do Urariá drainage, Amazonas state, Brazil (Fig. 4). Ecological notes. The type locality of Hy. sateremawe consists of small forest streams (maximum width and depth of 2.0 m and 0.30 m, respectively) densely covered by the canopy of the forest. The stream water is clear to slightly tinted in yellow, with slow current velocity (0.13–0.30 m * s-1). The substrate is composed predominantly by submerged coarse litter (55%), sand patches (30%), small logs and branches (11%), and fine roots from the riparian vegetation (4%). Hyphessobrycon sateremawe shares the streams with other small characid species (Hemigrammus coeruleus Durbin, He. analis Durbin, Moenkhausia cf. dyktiota Lima & Toledo-Piza and Tyttobrycon sp.), cichlids (Laetacara sp., Apistogramma sp. “abacaxis” and Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan), the erythrinid Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider), the crenuchids Crenuchus spilurus Günther and Elachocharax junki (Géry), the lebiasinids Copella nattereri (Steidachner) and Pyrrhulina cf. beni (Pearson)), the rivulids Anablepsoides micropus (Steindachner), Laimosemion kirovskyi (Costa), and Laimosemion sp., as well as some catfishes, such as the cetopsid Helogenes marmoratus Günther and the heptapterid Rhamdia sp., electric fishes (Gymnotiformes: two species of Gymnotus and one of Microsternarchus), and an undescribed species of the swamp eel (Synbranchus sp.). Gut content analysis of 5 specimens (INPA 50729) revealed the presence of ants, an Ephemeroptera larvae, a Pseudoscorpionida pedipalp, an aquatic beetle, an Acari, diverse Arthropoda remains, algae and unidentified matter. Etymology: The specific name honors the Sateré-Mawé, an indigenous group of the Tupi-Guarani language family that lived in the region between the lower portions of rio Tapajós and rio Madeira, including the area of rio Abacaxis and rio Maués-Açu. The Sateré-Mawé joined the Cabanagem rebellion (1835–1839) and were in reprisal decimated by loyalist forces of the Brazilian empire. They were later (1850) living under an extensive mission under the Fransciscan friar Pedro de Ciriana (Hemming, 1995). The Sateré-Mawé are renowned as the indigenous group that discovered and started using the guaraná (Paullinia cupana), and for the Tocandira ant ritual, a rite of passage where boys insert their hands in gloves with fastened, living tocandira ants (Paraponera clavata) (Botelho & Weigel, 2011). Today the Sateré-Mawé people live mainly in the Terra Indígena Andirá-Marau, with one group in the Terra Indígena Coatá-Laranjal and groups in the cities of Manaus, Nova Olinda do Norte, Barreirinha, Maués and Parintins, all from the state of Amazonas, Brazil.

A new species of Hyphessobrycon Durbin from the Paraná do Urariá system in Central Amazon region, Amazonas state, Brazil, is described. The new species is allocated into the Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus species-group due to its color pattern, composed by a well-defined, horizontally elongated humeral blotch continuous with a conspicuous midlateral dark stripe that becomes blurred towards the caudal peduncle, and can be distinguished from all other species of the group by possessing humeral blotch and continuous midlateral stripe broad, occupying vertical height equivalent of two scale rows. A tricolored pattern composed dorsally by a red or reddish longitudinal stripe, a middle iridescent, golden or silvery longitudinal stripe, and ventrally by a variably-developed longitudinal dark stripe is identified as a putative additional character shared by the species of the Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus species-group. The presence of bony hooks in all fins in mature males of some species of the Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus species-group is also discussed.

Hyphessobrycon bussingi, new species (Figs. 1–6, Tab. 1) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DDDE4FB2-D3E6-4019-88D3-FF734DE6AFD3 Hyphessobrycon panamensis (not Durbin)—. Behre, 1928: 318 [list of species, Western Panama; distribution]—. Bussing, 1966:218 [in part; lots ANSP 99920 and ANSP 99932]—. Bussing, 1987: 85 [Costa Rica; brief description, photo, distribution]—. Bussing, 1998: 105-108 [Costa Rica; diagnosis in key, brief description, photo, distribution]—. Lima et al., 2003: 139 [in part; listed; Costa Rica]—. Angulo et al., 2013: 992 [list of species, Costa Rica; distribution]. Holotype. UCR 3302-001, 33.7 mm SL, male (rd): Costa Rica, Limón, río Cocolis, 3.5 km southeast of Shiroles, on road Bratsi-Shiroles, 09°34’05’’N, 82°56’4.92’’W; W. A. Bussing ichthyology team, 06 Oct 1979. Paratypes. All from Costa Rica, Limón. Río Sixaola basin: MZUSP 125290, 15, 27.5 –32.0 mm SL, San Miguel, Crique Azul on finca Los Laureles de ANAI, 09°33’50’’N 82°40’39.4’’W; W. McLarney, 31 Mar 1987 NUP 22293, 9, 27.2–34.0 mm SL, stream tributary of río Gandoca, finca Elida Morales, 09°34’10’’N 82°37’19.7’’W; W. McLarney, 18 Mar 1983; UCR 3240001, 39, 24.4–34.0 mm SL, same data as holotype; UCR 3241001, 20, 26.4–36.0 mm SL, Mojoncito, Bratsi, stream Shiragri, 09°30’34’’N 83°00’01’’W; A. E. Corrales & C. Jiménez, 05 Jul 1982; UCR 3242001, 30, 26.2–29.3 mm SL, stream Ñiabri, 09°29’25’’N 82°58’24.6’’W; A. Corrales, C. Jiménez & A. Román, 12 Jun 1982. Non-type material. Río Sixaola basin: FMNH 144016, 8 (2), laguna Mata de Limón, 9°34’5.06”N 82°37’46.03”W; C. McMahan, W. Ludt, A. Angulo & M. Mafla, 09 Nov 2019; UCR 129917, 119, same data as holotype; UCR 1395007, 74, stream Ñiabri, 09°29’25’’N 82°58’24.6’’W; A. Corrales, C. Jiménez & A. Román, 12 Jun 1982; UCR 1408001, 52, Mojoncito, Bratsi, stream Shiragri, 09°30’34’’N 83°00’01’’W; A. E. Corrales & C. Jiménez, 05 Jul 1982; UCR 1838005, 20, stream tributary of río Gandoca, finca Elida Morales, 09°34’10’’N 82°37’19.7’’W; W. McLarney, 18 Mar 1983; UCR 1881002, 28, San Miguel, Crique Azul on finca Los Laureles de ANAI, 09°33’50’’N 82°40’39.4’’W; W. McLarney, 31 Mar 1987. Panama, Bocas del Toro: ANSP 99932, 2, 35.6–36.1 mm SL, backwaters and overflowed banks of río Guarumo at Chiriquicito, 8°57’N 82°11’W; H.G. Loftin & R. W. Yerge, 19 Apr 1962; ANSP 104149, 31 (5, 32.7–35.1 mm SL), río Changuinola upstream about 10 mi to first big rapid, ʽCorriente Grandeʼ, at creek & backwater, 9°30’N 82°43’W; H. G. Loftin, 30 Sep 1962. Costa Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon bussingi differs from all congeners, except from H. compressus, H. diancistrus Weitzman & Palmer, H. otrynus Benine & Lopes, and those belonging to the H. panamensis species-group, by the presence of one large bony hook per fin ray, anterodorsally oriented and surrounded by a fleshy area, on last unbranched and first branched anal-fin rays of mature males (vs. absence of hooks, or presence of small and numerous hooks per fin ray). Hyphessobrycon bussingi can be distinguished from H. compressus by the absence of a black blotch on the dorsal fin (vs. presence), by the presence of predorsal series (vs. absence), and by presenting 32–34 scales in longitudinal series (vs. 41–48). It can be distinguished from H. diancistrus and H. otrynus by presenting caudal fin hyaline (vs. dark-brown blotches on caudal-fin lobes in H. diancistrus; distal third of caudal fin darkened in H. otrynus). It differs from H. columbianus by the absence of a silvery-blue iridescent coloration on dorsal region of flanks in life (vs. presence), and by a lower body depth (33.7–42.6% SL vs. 46.0–50.3% SL). It can be distinguished from H. savagei by presenting the second humeral blotch less conspicuous than the first, extending one or two longitudinal scale rows below lateral line, with posterior margin as a concentration of melanophores concentrated along longitudinal midlateral stripe (vs. humeral blotches evenly pigmented, extending two to four longitudinal scale rows below lateral line, with contours and margins always well-defined). It can be distinguished from H. panamensis by a higher number of branched anal-fin rays (23–27, rarely 22, mode = 24 vs. 19–23, modes = 21 and 22), and by presenting 6–7 (mode = 6½) scale rows between lateral line and dorsal-fin insertion (vs. 7–8, mode = 7). It can be distinguished from Hyphessobrycon condotensis by presenting 8–9, rarely 7 (mode = 8) gill rakers on epibranchial 1 (vs. 5–7, mode = 7), and higher dorsal- (27.8–41.2% SL vs. 27.7–29.7% SL) and pelvic-fin length (20.4–24.5% SL vs. 17.3–20.5% SL) in mature males. It differs from Hyphessobrycon daguae by presenting a well-defined first humeral blotch (vs. a single diffuse humeral blotch). Description. Morphometric data in Table 1. Body compressed, greatest body depth slightly anterior vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril; straight from this point to distal tip of supraoccipital process. Slightly convex from tip of supraoccipital process to dorsal-fin origin; straight from this point to adipose-fin origin; and straight or slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body convex from lower lip to anal-fin origin; straight or slightly convex along anal-fin base; and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two rows; outer row with 1(1), 2*(18), 3(21), or 4(13) tricuspid teeth; inner row with 4(1), 5*(44), or 6(6) tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Posterior margin of maxilla at vertical through anterior margin of pupil. Maxilla with 1(4), 2*(28), or 3(22) conical, tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Dentary with 4(21), 5*(26), or 6(1) large tri- to pentacuspid teeth, gradually decreasing in size, followed by five conical and abruptly smaller teeth. Central cusp longer than lateral ones. Scales cycloid. Lateral line incompletely pored with 6(4), 7(9), 8(27), 9*(21), 10(2), or 11(1) perforate scales. Longitudinal series, including perforate scales, with 32(2), 33(31), or 34*(15). Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 6(16), 6½*(9), or 7(37). Scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion 4(2), 4½ (9), 5*(42), or 5½(8). Predorsal series irregular*, uni or biserial, with 10(22), 11(15), or 12(4) on middline. Single row of scales covering base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Circumpeduncular scales 13*(15) or 14(20). Dorsal-fin rays ii,8,i(7) or ii,9*(46). First dorsal-fin pterygiophore located between neural spines of ninth and 10 th (1) vertebrae. Adipose fin present. Pectoral-fin rays i,11*(23) or 12(31), distal tip of rays reaching pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i,6(3) or 7*(52), distal tip surpassing anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays iii(2) or iv*(51), 22(1), 23(6), 24*(23), 25(25), 26(11), or 27(1). Anal fin of mature males with large bony hooks. Caudal fin bifurcate, lobes approximately of same size, i,9/8,i rays. First gill arch with 7(2), 8(44), or 9*(10) rakers on epibranchial, 1*(55) on intermediate cartilage, 11(1), 12(23), or 13*(32) on cerato+hipobranchial. Branchiostegal rays 4. Total vertebrae (32), supraneurals 4(1) (Fig. 2). Color in alcohol. Background color light brown. Dorsal region of head and middorsal region of body with dense concentration of melanophores. Region above pupil darkened. Infraorbitals and opercle beige, with few scattered melanophores, evenly distributed. Opercle retaining some guanine pigmentation. Lower portion of maxilla and gular region with few scattered melanophores, slightly concentrated on upper half. Two dark-brown humeral blotches, vertically elongated, separated by light-beige area. First humeral blotch conspicuous, extending three to four longitudinal scale rows above and one or two below lateral line. Second humeral blotch usually inconspicuous, with melanophores equally distributed, four to five longitudinal scale rows above and one or two below lateral line; posterior margin with concentration of melanophores concentrated along longitudinal midlateral stripe. Flanks with melanophores evenly distributed, except on antero-ventral half, with few or without melanophores. Posterior margin of scales on superior third of flanks with concentration of melanophores. Brownish to silvery longitudinal midlateral stripe, from second humeral blotch to caudal peduncle, more conspicuous on posterior region. Fins hyaline, with slight concentration of melanophores on distal half of dorsal fin, distal third of anal fin, and median caudal-fin rays. Abdominal region, from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin end, lacking melanophores. Color in life. Background color pale beige to silvery. Dark markings as in preserved specimens. Abdominal and region above anal fin reddish. Pelvic fin and distal margin of anal fin reddish. Adipose- and dorsal fins reddish or yellowish during the reproductive period (Bussing, 1987, 1998, and Fig. 3). Distribution. Hyphessobrycon bussingi is known from the río Sixaola basin, Atlantic coast of Costa Rica, and río Changuinola, río Guarumo, and río San San, Panama (Fig. 4, and 21). Sexual dimorphism. Mature males with one large bony hook per fin ray, anterodorsally oriented and surround- ed by a fleshy area, from the last unbranched (on fourth or fifth segments) to the fifth branched (varying on fifth to seventh segments) anal-fin rays of mature males (Figs. 5a and 6a). One specimen presented two large bony hooks on last unbranched and first branched anal-fin rays. Very small hooks, difficult to discern, can be present on distal segments of most anterior anal-fin rays. Dorsal- and pelvic-fin length of males slightly longer than in females. Males with distal margin of anal fin almost straight, and females with distal margin of anal fin falcate, with anteriormost anal-fin rays longer than posterior ones. Ecology and habitat. Hyphessobrycon bussingi feeds on terrestrial insects, and lives in rivers and streams with moderate flow, in altitudes ranging from 40 to 60 meters a.s.l. and with water temperatures ranging from 24–26ºC (Bussing, 1998, as H. panamensis). Etymology. The specific epithet honors William A. Bussing (1933-2014), in recognition of all his contributions to the knowledge of the ichthyofauna of Costa Rica. A genitive noun. Remarks. Hyphessobrycon bussingi was previously incorrectly identified as H. panamensis in Costa Rica and in the province of Bocas del Toro, Panama (at the border with Costa Rica) (e.g. Bussing, 1987, 1998; Angulo et al., 2013). However, both species can be diagnosed by the characters mentioned in the Diagnosis section, above. Hyphessobrycon columbianus Zarske & Géry, 2002 (Figs. 7–8, Tab. 2) Hyphessobrycon columbianus Zarske & Géry, 2002: 22 [original description, type locality: “ Kolumbien, Darien, kleiner Bach etwa 6 km flussaufwärts von Acandi, Einzugsgebiet des Rio Acandi, Atlantikküste”]—.Lima et al., 2003: 135 [listed; distribution]—. Zarske, 2003: 17 [type catalogue]—. Maldonado-Ocampo et al. 2008: 168 [Colombia; Pacific slope rivers; listed]—. García-Alzate et al., 2010: 55 [diagnosis of H. sebastiani; material examined: río Guati, Acandi, Chocó]—. Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2012: 117 [Colombia, Chocó; photograph; distribution] —. García-Alzate et al., 2013: 182 [diagnosis of H. chocoensis; material examined: río Guati, Acandi, Chocó; key to species]—. DoNascimiento et al., 2017: 49 [occurrence in Colombia]. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon columbianus differs from all congeners by the presence of a silvery-blue iridescent coloration on dorsal region of flank in life (vs. absence of a similar color pattern). It can be further distinguished from all congeners, except from H. compressus, H. diancistrus, H. otrynus, and those belonging to the H. panamensis species-group, by the presence of one large bony hook per fin ray, antero-dorsally oriented and surrounded by a fleshy area, on last unbranched and first branched anal-fin rays of mature males (vs. absence of hooks, or presence of small and numerous hooks per fin ray). It also differs from H. compressus by the absence of a black blotch on the dorsal fin (vs. presence), by the presence of predorsal series (vs. absence), and by presenting 32–34 scales in longitudinal series (vs. 41–48). It can be distinguished from H. diancistrus and H. otrynus by presenting the caudal fin hyaline (vs. dark blotches on caudal-fin lobes in H. diancistrus; distal third of caudal fin darkened in H. otrynus). Additionally, it can be distinguished from the remaining species of the H. panamensis species-group by a higher body depth (46.0–50.3% SL vs. 31.8–46.5% SL). Description. Morphometric data in Table 2. Body compressed, greatest body depth slightly anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril; slightly convex from this point to basis of supraoccipital; slightly concave to almost straight from base- to distal tip of supraoccipital process. Convex from tip of supraoccipital process to dorsal-fin origin; straight or slightly convex from this point to adipose-fin origin; and straight or slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body convex from lower lip to pelvic-fin origin; straight or slightly convex from this point to anal-fin origin; straight to slightly convex along anal-fin base; and straight or slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two rows; outer row with 1(1), 2(2), 3(5), 4*(2) tricuspid teeth; inner row with 5*(11) tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Posterior margin of maxilla slightly posterior at vertical through anterior margin of pupil. Maxilla with 2(4) or 3*(7) conical and tricuspid teeth. Dentary with 4(3) or 5*(6) large penta and tricuspid teeth, gradually decreasing in size, followed by 10 conical and abruptly smaller teeth. Central cusp more developed than lateral ones. Scales cycloid, radii 2–9. Lateral line incompletely pored with 7*(1), 8(1), 9(1), 10(3), 11(2), 13(2), 16(1), or disrupted with total of 20(1) perforate scales. Longitudinal series, including perforate scales, with 32*(6), 33(5), or 34(1). Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 6(4), 7*(4), or 7½(4).). Scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion 5*(5), 5½(1), 6(3), or 6½(4). Predorsal series with 9*(3), 10(8), or 11(2) scales. Single row of six scales covering base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Circumpeduncular scales 14*(11). Dorsal-fin rays ii,9(12) or 10*(1). Adipose fin present. Pectoral-fin rays i,10*(5), 11(7), or 12(1), distal tip of rays reaching pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i,6(2) or 7*(11), distal tip reaching anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays iii* or iv(2), 22(3), 23(7), or 24*(1). Anal fin of mature males with large bony hooks. Caudal fin bifurcate, lobes approximately of same size, i,9/8,i*(3) rays. First gill arch with 5(2), 6(7), or 7(2) rakers on epibranchial, 1(11) on intermediate cartilage, 8(1), 9(4), or 10(6) on ceratobranchial + hipobranchial. Branchiostegal rays 4. Color in alcohol. Background coloration light brown. Dorsal region of head and middorsal region of body with dense concentration of melanophores. Region above pupil darkened. Infraorbitals and opercle beige, with scattered melanophores more concentrated on upper half. Opercle with some guanine pigmentation. Distalmost portion of maxilla and gular region with few scattered melanophores, slightly more concentrated on upper half. Two darkbrown humeral blotches, vertically elongated, separated by light-beige area. First humeral blotch conspicuous, with melanophores more concentrated on central region, extending four longitudinal scale rows above and one or two below lateral line. Second humeral blotch usually inconspicuous, with melanophores evenly distributed, extending four to five longitudinal scale rows above and one below lateral line; posterior margin with concentration of melano- phores concentrated along longitudinal midlateral stripe. Body sides with melanophores evenly distributed, except on anteroventral half, with few or without melanophores. Posterior margin of scales on superior half of flank with concentration of melanophores. Brownish to silvery longitudinal midlateral stripe, from second humeral blotch to caudal peduncle, more conspicuous on posterior region. Fins hyaline; distal half of dorsal fin, and base distal third of anal fin with more numerous melanophores. Abdominal region, from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin end, with few melanophores. Color in life. (based in Zarske & Géry, 2002, fig. 2, p. 25). Background color greenish golden. Dark markings as in preserved specimens, except for humeral blotches inconspicuous. Dorsal region of body greenish-golden. Upper half of head brown; lower half of head golden. Iris golden. Dorsal region of flank with silvery-blue iridescent coloration. Region above anal fin reddish. Abdominal region whitish-yellow. Dorsal fin reddish-yellow. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline. Anal fin reddish-orange. Caudal fin reddish, with distal margin darkened. Distribution. Hyphessobrycon columbianus is known from the río Acandi (Caribbean Sea), in Colombia, and drainages of the province of San Blas, southeast Panama (Fig. 8, and 21). Sexual dimorphism. Mature males with one large bony hook per fin ray, antero-dorsally oriented and surrounded by fleshy area, from the last unbranched to the third branched anal-fin ray of mature males. Very small hooks, which are difficult to discern, can be present on distal segments of most anterior anal-fin rays. In addition, males present a deeper body than females (Zarske & Géry, 2002). Material examined. 24 specimens (25.2–45.7 mm SL). Type material. MTD-F 25497, holotype, 45.7 mm SL: Colombia, Chocó, Darien region, small stream about 6 kilometers downstream from Acandi, entry of the río Acandi, Atlantic versant; Bork & Machnik leg., 20 Mar 1995. MTD-F 25498, paratype, 40.9 mm S

A taxonomic review of the Hyphessobrycon panamensis species-group is presented, with recognition of six valid species. In Central America, H. panamensis was restricted to the drainages of both Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Panama; H. savagei was recorded at the río Pírris and río Térraba, Pacific coast of Costa Rica, and Hyphessobrycon bussingi, new species, described from the río Sixaola basin, Atlantic coast of Costa Rica, and from the río Changuinola, río Guarumo and río San San, Atlantic coast of Panama. At trans-andean South America, H. columbianus was recorded at the río Acandí, Colombia, and its geographical distribution was extended into the coastal drainages in San Blas province, Panama; H. condotensis was recorded at the río Atrato, río Baudó, lower río Magdalena and río San Juan basins, Colombia, while H. sebastiani was considered as its junior synonym. Hyphessobrycon daguae was revalidated, erected to the specific level, considered as senior synonym of H. chocoensis, and recorded from the río Dagua, río Patía and río Telembí basins, in Colombia, the río Mira, at the border between Colombia and Ecuador, and the río Cayapas, río Mataje, and río Santiago, in Ecuador. Color pattern and secondary sexual characters (e.g. number, arrangement and shape of hooks in mature males) suggest that the Hyphessobrycon panamensis species-group is a putatively monophyletic lineage.

Hyphessobrycon condotensis Regan, 1913 (Figs. 9���10, Tab. 3) Hyphessobrycon condotensis Regan, 1913: 465 [original description, type locality: ���Rio Condoto (���) and the Rio San Juan���, Colombia]���. Eigenmann, 1922: 141 [as a synonym of H. panamensis]���. Zarske & G��ry, 2002: 26 [revalidation of H. condotensis; key to species]���.Lima et al., 2003: 135 [listed; distribution]���. Maldonado-Ocampo et al. 2008: 168 [listed; Colombia; Pacific slope rivers; distribution]���. Garc��a-Alzate et al., 2010: 55 [comparison with H. sebastiani; material examined]���. Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2012: 118 [Colombia, Choc��; photograph; short description; distribution] ���. Garc��a-Alzate et al., 2013: 182 [recorded at Colombia; diagnosis of H. sebastiani; material examined; key to species]���. Garc��a-Alzate et al., 2015: 222 [material examined: r��o Baud��, r��o Condoto and r��o San Juan]���. DoNascimiento et al., 2017: 49 [occurrence in Colombia]. Hyphessobrycon panamensis (not Durbin)���. Eigenmann, 1918: 186 [in part; specimens from r��os Atrato, San Juan, and Magdalena basins, Colombia]���. Eigenmann, 1920a: 17 [in part; specimens from r��o Atrato, r��o San Juan, and r��o Magdalena basins]���. Eigenmann, 1920b: 15 [in part; specimens from r��o Atrato]���. Eigenmann, 1920c: 11 [Western Colombia, r��o Atrato and r��o San Juan basins; distribution]���. Eigenmann, 1920d: 29 [Colombia, lower r��o Magdalena basin; distribution]���. Eigenmann, 1922: 141 [in part; specimens from Colombia: Calamar, Calima, Certegui, Condoto, Istmina, Managru, Truando]���. Dahl, 1971: 140 [in part; specimens from r��os Atrato, San Juan and lower Magdalena, Colombia]���. Weitzman & Palmer, 1997: 228 [in part; specimens from r��os Atrato, San Juan and lower Magdalena, Colombia]���.Lima et al., 2003: 139 [in part; r��os Atrato, San Juan and lower Magdalena, Colombia]. Hyphessobrycon sebastiani Garc��a-Alzate et al., 2010: 55 [original description, type locality: ��� Colombia, Pacific versant, Choc��, Istmina, San Juan River drainage, Patecucho Creek, approximately 5��9���N & 76��40���W ���]���. Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2012: 119 [Colombia, Choc��; photograph; short description; distribution; biological data]���. Garc��a-Alzate et al., 2013: 182 [diagnosis in key; material examined: r��o Condoto and r��o San Juan]���. DoNascimiento et al., 2017: 49 [list of species, Colombia]. NEW SYNONYM. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon condotensis differs from all congeners, except from H. compressus, H. diancistrus, H. otrynus, and those belonging to the H. panamensis species-group, by the presence of one large bony hook per fin ray, antero-dorsally oriented and surrounded by a fleshy area, on last unbranched and first branched anal-fin rays of mature males (vs. absence of hooks, or presence of small and numerous hooks per fin ray). Hyphessobrycon condotensis can be distinguished from H. compressus by the absence of a black blotch on dorsal fin (vs. presence), by the presence of predorsal series (vs. absence), and by presenting 31���35 scales in longitudinal series (vs. 41���48). It can be distinguished from H. diancistrus and H. otrynus by presenting caudal fin hyaline (vs. dark blotches on caudal-fin lobes in H. diancistrus; distal third of caudal fin darkened in H. otrynus). It differs from H. columbianus by the absence of a silvery-blue iridescent coloration on dorsal region of flank in life (vs. presence), and by the lower body depth (34.7���46.5% SL vs. 46.0���50.3% SL). It can be distinguished from H. savagei by presenting the second humeral blotch less conspicuous than the first, extending one or two longitudinal scale rows below lateral line, with posterior margin as a concentration of melanophores concentrated along longitudinal midlateral stripe (vs. humeral blotches equally pigmented, extending two to four longitudinal scale rows below lateral line, with contours and margins always well-defined). It can be distinguished from H. panamensis by the higher number of branched anal-fin rays (23���27, rarely 22, mode = 24 vs. 19���23, modes = 21 and 22), by presenting 5���7 (mode = 6) scale rows between lateral line and dorsal-fin insertion (vs. 7���8, mode = 7), and 4�����6 (mode = 5) scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion (vs. 6, rarely 5��, mode = 6). It can be distinguished from Hyphessobrycon bussingi by presenting 5���7 (mode = 7) gill rakers on epibranchial 1 (vs. 8���9, rarely 7, mode = 8), and lower dorsal- (27.7���29.7% SL vs. 27.8���41.2% SL) and pelvic-fin length (17.3���20.5% SL vs. 20.4���24.5% SL) in mature males. It differs from Hyphessobrycon daguae by presenting a well-defined first humeral blotch (vs. a single diffuse humeral blotch). Description. Morphometric data in Table 3. Body compressed, greatest body depth at vertical through dorsalfin origin. Dorsal profile of body convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril; straight or slightly concave from this point to distal tip of supraoccipital process, and slightly convex from latter point to dorsal-fin origin; straight or slightly convex from this point to adipose-fin origin; and straight along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body convex from lower lip to pelvic-fin origin; straight or slightly convex from this point to anal-fin origin; straight along anal-fin base; and straight or slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two rows; outer row with 2(4), 3(17), 4*(22), or 5(2) tricuspid teeth; inner row with 4(2), 5*(41), or 6(2) tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Posterior margin of maxilla at vertical through anterior margin of pupil. Maxilla with 1(5), 2(29), or 3*(10) tricuspid teeth. Dentary with 3(1), 4*(25), or 5(15) large, tri- to pentacuspid teeth, gradually decreasing in size, followed by conical and abruptly smaller teeth. Central cusp longer than lateral ones. Scales cycloid. Lateral line incompletely pored, with 6(3), 7(1), 8(5), 9(7), 10(8), 11(6), 12(6), 13(2), or 17*(1) or disrupted with total of 22(1) perforate scales. Longitudinal series, including perforate scales, with 31(2), 32(4), 33*(16), 34(10), or 35(3). Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5(3), 6*(28), 6��*(1), or 7(10). Scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion 4��(3), 5(30), 5��*(8), or 6(5). Predorsal series with 10(22), 11(14), or 12(2) scales. Single row of seven scales covering base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Circumpeduncular scales 13(5) or 14(32). Dorsal-fin rays ii,8,i(7) or ii,9*(32). Adipose fin present. Pectoral-fin rays i,10(3), 11*(26), or 12(7), distal tip of rays reaching pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i,6(1) or 7*(36), distal tip reaching anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays iii*(4) or iv(36), 22(3), 23(10), 24(19), 25(14), 26*(4), or 27(1). Anal fin of mature males with large bony hooks. Caudal fin bifurcate, lobes approximately of same size, with i,9/8,i(1) rays. First gill arch with 5(1), 6(9), or 7(14) rakers on epibranchial, 1(24) on intermediate cartilage, 10(3), 11(19), or 12(4) on cerato+hipobranchial. Branchiostegal rays 4. Color in alcohol. Background coloration light brown. Dorsal region of head and middorsal region of body with dense concentration of melanophores. Region above pupil darkened. Infraorbitals and opercle beige, with few scattered melanophores, more concentrated on upper half. Guanine pigmentation present on opercle. Lower portion of maxilla and gular region with few scattered melanophores. Two dark-brown humeral blotches, vertically elongated, separated by light-beige area. First humeral blotch conspicuous, with melanophores more concentrated on central area, extending three to four longitudinal scale rows above and two to three below lateral line. Second humeral blotch usually inconspicuous, with melanophores evenly distributed, extending three to four longitudinal scale rows above and one or two below lateral line; posterior margin with concentration of melanophores concentrated along longitudinal midlateral stripe. Body sides with melanophores evenly distributed, except on antero-ventral half, with few or without melanophores. Posterior margin of scales on superior half of flanks with concentration of melanophores. Brownish to silvery longitudinal midlateral stripe, from second humeral blotch to caudal peduncle, more conspicuous on posterior region. Fins hyaline, with slight concentration of melanophores on proximal half of dorsal fin, distal third of anal fin. Abdominal region, from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin end, with few scattered melanophores. Distribution. Hyphessobrycon condotensis is known from r��o Atrato, r��o Baud��, lower r��o Magdalena and r��o San Juan basins, in Colombia (Fig. 8). Sexual dimorphism. Mature males with one large bony hook per fin ray, anterodorsally oriented and surrounded by fleshy area, from the last unbranched (on the fifth segment) up to fourth branched (on the sixth segment) anal-fin ray of mature males. Very small hooks, difficult to discern, can be present on distal segments of most anterior anal-fin rays. Dorsal-fin length of males slightly longer than in females. Ecology and habitat. Hyphessobrycon condotensis feeds mainly on insects, but some algae were also found in stomach contents (Garc��a-Alzate et al., 2010, as H. sebastiani). Remaks. Hyphessobrycon condotensis was described from the r��o Condoto, a tributary to the r��o San Juan. In the original description, Regan (1913) cited that this species was collected in the r��o Condoto by H.G.F. Spurell, and in the r��o San Juan by G. Palmer. Recently, Garc��a-Alzate et al. (2010) described H. sebastiani, also from the r��o San Juan basin, but these authors did not include H. condotensis and H. panamensis in the diagnosis of the species, comparing them only in a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), in which the measurements that most influenced the ordination were body depth, anal- and pelvic-fin length. However, the examination of the holotype and topotypes of H. sebastiani, combined with the original description and the examination of the type series of H. condotensis undertook during the present study demonstrated that all these data overlap (Table 3). Garcia-Alzate et al. (2013) provided a key to the species of Hyphessobrycon from the Pacific coastal drainages of Colombia and mentioned among the diagnostic characters of H. condotensis the presence of only a single humeral blotch, and 11 perforate scales on the lateral line. However, the syntypes of H. condotensis present two humeral blotches (even if inconspicuous), and 10���17 perforate scales on lateral line, characters also found in the type-series of H. sebastiani. Therefore, H. sebastiani is herein proposed as a junior synonym of H. condotensis. The type series of Hyphessobrycon condotensis is composed of three syntypes (BMNH 1913.10.1.19-21). The lectotype herein designated is the larger specimen (33.0 mm SL, Fig. 9), and the remaining syntypes become thus paralectoytpes, as ruled by the article 74 of ICZN (1999). Material examined. 57 specimens (14.4���40.0 mm SL). Type material. BMNH 1913.10.1.19, lectotype of Hyphessobrycon condotensis, 33.0 mm SL: Colombia, Choc��, r��o Condoto and r��o San Juan; H.G.F. Spurell & G. Palmer; BMNH 1913.10.1.20-21, paralectotypes of Hyphessobrycon condotensis, 2, 14.4 ��� 30.0 mm SL, same data as lectotype; IUQ 1942, holotype of Hyphessobrycon sebastiani, 38.4 mm SL: Colombia, Choc��, Istmina, creek Patecucho, tributary of r��o San Juan, 05��09���N 76��40���W; T. Silirio, 07 Aug 2002. Non-type material. Colombia, Choc��, r��o Atrato basin: IAvH 6497, 3, 25.1 ��� 29.1 mm SL; IAvH 6499, 1, 31.9 mm SL; IAvH 6500, 6, (1, 27.7 mm SL); IAvH 6504, 6, (2, 23.0 ��� 28.8 mm SL); IAvH 6514, 6, (3, 28.3 ��� 32.0 mm SL); IAvH 6515, 3, 29.1 ��� 33.4 mm SL; IAvH 6516, 1, 27.2 mm SL; IAvH 6517, 3, (2, 18.4 ��� 30.0 mm SL), Yuto, stream Do��a Josefa, 05��31���N 76��37���W; Chaverra & Cuesta, 21 Jun 2004; IAvH 6498, 5, 26.2 ��� 33.4 mm SL; IAvH 6501, 5, (2, 28.5 ��� 32.2 mm SL); IAvH 6502, 1, 35.8 mm SL; IAvH 6513, 1, 33.8 mm SL; IAvH 6526, 1, 36.0 mm SL; IAvH 11241, 3, 36.2 ��� 40.0 mm SL; IAvH 11246, 2, 26.3 ��� 28.6 mm SL; IAvH 11247, 4, 27.0 ��� 32.7 mm SL, r��o Yuto, 05��31���N 76��39���W; Toldillo & Cuesta, 26 Jun 2004; IAvH 7218, 1, 25.9 mm SL, Ungu��a, r��o Ungu��a, below the mouth of the aqueduct, 08��03���35,6������N 77��07���20,8������W; J. Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 24 Jul 2005. ICNMNH 1574, 10 (2, 20.8 ��� 22.3 mm SL), Quibdo, vereda Sanceno, r��o Atrato, tributary of r��o Cienaga, 05��41���N 76��39���W; C. Rom��n-Valencia, 22 Jan 1988; ICNMHN 131, 15 (3, 20.1 ��� 27.8 mm SL), stream in front of Amparraid��, r��o Baud��, 05��42���N 77��01���W; G. Dahl, Nov 1959; ICNMHN 2220, 5 (2, 29.2 ��� 31.1 mm SL), stream on road Quibdo-Itsmna, 05��34���N 76��39���W; G. Galv��s & M. Camargo, Mar 1994; UTCH 0104, 5 (1, 31.1 mm SL) stream Chaparraido, 05��37���N 76��38���W; J. Yair-Casas, O. Carrasca, 6 Feb 1994. Choc��, r��o San Juan basin: ICNMHN 205, 49 (4, 13.9 ��� 33.4 mm SL), stream Camperro, tributary of r��o San Juan, 05��04���N 76��43���W; G. Dahl, 05 Nov 1959; ICNMHN 2262, 9 (6, 28.3 ��� 34.7 mm SL), stream Profundo, tributary of r��o San Juan, 05��11���N 76��36���W; G. Galvis & M. Camargo, Mar 1994., Published as part of Ota, Renata R., Carvalho, Fernando R. & Pavanelli, Carla S., 2020, Taxonomic review of the Hyphessobrycon panamensis species-group (Characiformes: Characidae), pp. 401-436 in Zootaxa 4751 (3) on pages 412-415, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4751.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3714610, {"references":["Regan, C. T. (1913) The fishes of the San Juan River, Colombia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12 (71), 462 - 473.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1922) The fishes of Western South America [Part I]: The fresh-water fishes of Northwestern South America, includind Colombia, Panama, and the Pacific slopes of Ecuador and Peru, together with and appendix upon the fishes of the rio Meta in Colombia. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 9 (1), 1 - 346.","Zarske, A. & Gery, J. (2002) Der Blaurote Kolumbien-Salmler. Hyphessobrycon columbianus n. sp. - ein neuer Salmler (Teleostei; Characiformes, Characidae) aus dem kolumbianischen Darien. Das Aquarium, 36 (391), 22 - 30.","Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A., Vari, R. P. & Usma, J. S. (2008) Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 9 (2), 143 - 237.","Garcia-Alzate, C. A., Roman-Valencia, C. & Taphorn, D. C. (2010) A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) from the San Juan River drainage, Pacific versant of Colombia. Zootaxa, 2349, 55 - 65. http: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2349.1.4","Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A., Usma, J. S., Villa-Navarro, F. A., Ortega-Lara, A., Prada-Pedreros, S., Jimenez, L. F., Karamillo-Villa, U., Arango, A., Rivas, T. & Sanchez, G. C. (2012) Peces dulceacuicolas del Choco biogeografico de Colombia. WWF Colombia, IAvH, AU-NAP, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota (DC).","Garcia-Alzate, C. A., Roman-Valencia, C. & Taphorn, D. C. (2013) Una nueva especie de Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) de la cuenca del rio Telembi, vertiente sur del Pacifico, Colombia. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 61 (1), 181 - 192. http: // doi. org / 10.15517 / RBT. V 61 I 1.10944","Garcia-Alzate, C. A., Roman-Valencia, C., Taphorn, D. C. & Villa-Navarro, F. A. (2015) Hyphessobrycon natagaima (Characiformes: Characidae) a new species from Colombia, with a key to the Magdalena Basin Hyphessobrycon species. Caldasia, 37 (1), 221 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.15446 / caldasia. v 37 n 1.51228","DoNascimiento, C., Herrera-Colazos, E. E., Herrera-R, G. A., Ortega-Lara, A., Villa-Navarro, F. A., Usma Oviedo, J. S. & Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A. (2017) Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Colombia: a Darwin Core alternative to the updating problem. ZooKeys, 708, 25 - 138. http: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 708.13897","Eigenmann, C. H. (1918) The American Characidae [Part II]. Memories of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 43, 103 - 208, pls. 9 - 11, 13, 17 - 29, 33, 78 - 80, 93.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1920 a) South America West of Maracaibo, Orinoco, Amazon, and Titicaca basins, and the horizontal distribution of its fresh-water fishes. Indiana University Studies, (45), 1 - 24.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1920 b) The fresh-water fishes of Panama East of longitude 80 º. Indiana University Studies, (175), 3 - 19.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1920 c) The fishes of the rivers draining the Western slope of the cordillera occidental of Colombia, rios Atrato, San Juan, Dagua, and Patia. Indiana University Studies, (1181), 1 - 19.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1920 d) The Magdalena basin and the horizontal and vertical distribution of its fishes. Indiana University Studies, (177), 21 - 34.","Dahl, G. (1971) Los peces del norte de Colombia. Bogota: Inderena.","Weitzman, S. H. & Palmer, L. (1997) A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characidae) from the Neblina region of Venezuela and Brazil, with comments on the putative 'rosy tetra clade'. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 7 (3), 209 - 242."]}

Hyphessobrycon daguae Eigenmann, 1922 (Figs. 11���14, Tab. 4) Hyphessobrycon panamensis daguae Eigenmann, 1922: 141 [original description, type locality: ���Dagua and Pat��a basins���, Colombia]���. Eigenmann & Myers, 1929: 534���535 [comments on the taxon]���. Ibarra & Stewart, 1987: 48 [type catalog]���. Zarske & G��ry, 2002: 26 [possible junior synonym of Hyphessobrycon condotensis]���.Lima et al., 2003: 139 [listed; as a synonym of Hyphessobrycon panamensis]. Hyphessobrycon panamensis (not Durbin) ���. Eigenmann, 1918: 186 [in part; specimens from r��o Pat��a]���. Eigenmann, 1920a: 17 [in part; specimens from r��o Pat��a]���. Barriga, 1994: 73 [list of species, northwest of Ecuador]���. Eigenmann, 1922: 141 [in part; specimens from Colombia: Raspadura, and Tambo]���. Weitzman & Palmer, 1997: 228 [in part: specimens from r��o Esmeraldas, r��o Santiago, r��o Bogot��, Estero Sabalera, Ecuador; comments on color in life and distribution]���.Lima et al., 2003: 139 [as a synonym of H. panamensis]. Hyphessobrycon ecuadoriensis (not Eigenmann & Henn) ���. Barriga, 2012: 107 [list of species, Ecuador]���. Garc��a-Alzate et al., 2013: 184 [in part: MEPN 85-117]. Hyphessobrycon chocoensis Garcia-Alzate, Rom��n-Valencia & Taphorn, 2013: 183 [original description, type locality: ��� Colombia, Nari��o, Barbacoas, Quebrada la Tundera afluente del r��o Quigualp�����]���. Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2012: 115 [Colombia, Choc��; photograph; short description; distribution] ���. DoNascimiento et al., 2017: 49 [listed, Colombia]. NEW SYNONYM. Hyphessobrycon sp. nov. Jim��nez-Prado et al., 2015: 139 [brief description; biological data; distribution]. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon daguae differs from all congeners, except from H. compressus, H. diancistrus, H. otrynus, and those belonging to the H. panamensis species-group, by the presence of one large bony hook per fin ray, antero-dorsally oriented and surrounded by a fleshy area, on last unbranched and first branched anal-fin rays of mature males (vs. absence of hooks, or presence of small and numerous hooks by ray). Hyphessobrycon daguae can be distinguished from H. compressus by the absence of a black blotch on the dorsal fin (vs. presence), by the presence of predorsal series (vs. absence), and by presenting 32���35 scales in longitudinal series (vs. 41���48). It can be distinguished from H. diancistrus and H. otrynus by presenting the caudal fin hyaline (vs. dark blotches on caudalfin lobes in H. diancistrus; distal third of caudal fin darkened in H. otrynus). It differs from the remaining species of the H. panamensis group by presenting only one diffuse humeral blotch (vs. two humeral blotches, the first one well defined), and by presenting the lateral line frequently disrupted (vs. incompletely pored, or rarely disrupted in H. condotensis). It can be further distinguished from H. columbianus by the absence of a silvery-blue iridescent coloration on dorsal region of flank in life (vs. presence), and by the lower body depth (39.8���43.0% SL vs. 46.0���50.3% SL). It can be distinguished from H. savagei by presenting one diffuse humeral blotch, extending one longitudinal scale row below the lateral line (vs. two humeral blotches equally pigmented and always well defined, extending two to four longitudinal scale rows below the lateral line). It also differs from H. panamensis by a higher number of branched anal-fin rays (23���27, mode = 24 vs. 19���23, modes = 21 and 22). It can be additionally distinguished from H. bussingi and H. condotensis by presenting 7���8 (mode = 7) scale rows between lateral line and dorsal-fin insertion (vs. 6���7, mode = 6�� in H. bussingi; and 5���7, mode = 6 in H. condotensis). Description. Morphometric data in Table 4. Body compressed, greatest depth at vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril; straight or slightly concave from this point to distal tip of supraoccipital process. Slightly convex from tip of supraoccipital process to dorsal-fin origin; straight or slightly convex from this point to adipose-fin origin; and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body convex from lower lip to pelvic-fin origin; straight or slightly convex from this point to analfin origin; straight or slightly convex along anal-fin base; and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two rows; outer row with 2(2), 3(4), 4(11), or 5(2) tricuspid teeth; inner row with 4(1) or 5(25) tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Posterior margin of maxilla slightly posterior to vertical through anterior margin of pupil. Maxilla with 1(2), 2(18), or 3(6) conical to tricuspid teeth. Dentary with 4(10), 5(14), or 6(4) large penta and tricuspid teeth, gradually decreasing in size, followed by up to 11 conical and abruptly smaller teeth. Central cusp longer than lateral ones. Scales cycloid. Lateral line incompletely pored with 8(1), 9(1), 10(1), 11(1), 13(1), 14*(1), 16(2), 21(1), 25(1), 31(1), disrupted with total of 15(1), 16(1), 18(1), 20(1), 21(1), 23(1), 26(1), 27(1), 28(1), 29(1), 30(1), 33(2), or completely pored with 35(1) perforate scales. Longitudinal series, including perforate scales, with 32(7), 33(5), 34(3), 35(6). Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 7(19) or 8(2). Scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion 5(3), 5��(2), or 6(16). Predorsal series with 10(15) or 11(8) scales. Single row of ten scales covering base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Circumpeduncular scales 13(6) or 14(16). Dorsal-fin rays ii,7,ii(4), 8,i(9), 9(9), or 10(1). Adipose fin present. Pectoral-fin rays i,10(2), 11(10), or 12(10), distal tip of rays surpassing pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i,7(21), distal tip surpassing anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays iii(1) or iv(26), 23(5), 24(11), 25*(4), 26(6), or 27(1). Anal fin of mature males with large bony hooks. Caudal fin bifurcate, lobes approximately of same size, i,9/8,i rays. First gill arch with 6(3), 7(16), or 8(2) rakers on epibranchial, 1(15) on intermediate cartilage, 11(4), 12(11), or 13(5) on cerato+hipobranchial. Branchiostegal rays 4. Color in alcohol. Background coloration beige. Dorsal region of head and middorsal region of body with dense concentration of melanophores. Region above pupil darkened. Infraorbitals and opercle beige, with few scattered melanophores. Opercle with some guanine pigmentation. Lower portion of maxilla and gular region with few scattered melanophores, slightly more concentrated on upper half. Single humeral blotch, diffuse and vertically elongat- ed, with scattered melanophores equally distributed, extending three longitudinal scale rows above and one below lateral line. Body sides with melanophores evenly distributed, except on anteroventral half, with few melanophores. Posterior margin of scales on superior third of flanks with concentration of melanophores. Brownish-gray longitudinal midlateral stripe, from humeral blotch to caudal peduncle, more conspicuous on posterior region. Fins hyaline, Color in life. (Based in Jimen��z-Prado et al. 2015: 141, as Hyphessobrycon sp. nov.). Background color silvery to beige. Dark markings as in preserved specimens. Dorsal region of body brownish-gray. Upper half of head brownish-gray; lower half of head silvery to beige. Humeral blotch absent or inconspicuous. Brownish-gray longitudinal midlateral stripe. Abdominal region whitish-yellow. Fins hyaline; rosy or reddish in living specimens. Distribution. Hyphessobrycon daguae is known from the r��o Dagua, r��o Pat��a and r��o Telemb�� basins in Colombia, and r��o Mira (at border between Colombia and Ecuador), r��o Cayapas, r��o Mataje, and r��o Santiago basins, in Ecuador (Figs. 13, and 21). Sexual dimorphism. Mature males with one pair of large bony hooks per fin ray, antero-dorsally oriented and surrounded by a fleshy area, from the last unbranched (on the fourth segment) to the third branched (varying on fourth to seventh segments) anal-fin ray of mature males. Very small hooks, difficult to discern, can be present on distal segments of most anterior anal-fin rays. Dorsal-fin length of males much longer than in females. Ecology and habitat. Hyphessobrycon daguae occur in watercourses with slow flowing, clear water, and abundant riparian vegetation (Jim��nez-Prado et al. 2015, as Hyphessobrycon sp. nov.). Remarks. Eigenmann (1922) described Hyphessobrycon daguae as a subspecies, H. panamensis daguae. In the original description, S.F. Hildebrand highlighted that its lateral line was ���frequently almost completely pored���. Despite that, subsequently to its description, H. panamensis daguae has been considered as a junior synonym of H. condotensis or of H. panamensis. However, H. condotensis and H. panamensis present the lateral line typically incompletely pored (except for one specimen of H. condotensis, ICNMHN 205, with lateral line disrupted; and one specimen of H. panamensis, UCR 1463006, with lateral line completely pored). Additionally, H. daguae can be distinguished from these species by presenting a single diffuse humeral blotch (vs. two humeral blotches, the first one always well defined, even if inconspicuous). Hyphessobrycon daguae presents polymorphism on the lateral line (which can be incompletely, disrupted, or completely pored) similar to that found in some other Characidae, such as H. balbus Myers (Burger et al., 2019), and Hemigrammus ataktos Marinho, Birindelli & Dagosta (Marinho et al., 2014). This condition, as well as other characters, are similar to those presented in the description of Hyphessobrycon chocoensis, a species described from the r��o Telemb�� basin, which is a tributary of the r��o Pat��a (type locality of H. daguae). Furthermore, two syntypes of H. daguae (FMNH 56527 and FMNH 56528) are exactly from the same municipality and drainage of the type series of H. chocoensis. Therefore, as no differences between these nominal species were found, H. daguae is herein revalidated and H. chocoensis is considered as its junior synonym. The type series of Hyphessobrycon panamensis daguae is composed by nine syntypes (FMNH 56156, FMNH 56526, FMNH 56527, FMNH 56528, FMNH 56529, and FMNH 58316). The lectotype herein designated is the 26.0 mm SL specimen of FMNH 58316 (Fig. 11a), and the remaining syntypes become thus paralectoytpes, as ruled by the article 74 of ICZN (1999). Another issue involving Hyphessobrycon daguae concerns the specimens from the province of Esmeraldas, Northern Ecuador. Weitzman & Palmer (1997: 228-229) identified the specimens from the r��o Esmeraldas as H. panamensis, while Barriga (2012) recorded H. ecuadoriensis from the r��o Santiago (a river drainage very close to r��o Esmeraldas). On the other hand, Garc��a-Alzate et al. (2013) recorded H. ecuadoriensis from the r��o Mira (at the border between Colombia and Ecuador) to the drainages of Southern Ecuador. However, Jim��nez-Prado et al. (2015) restricted the distribution of H. ecuadoriensis to the r��o Guayas basin (southern Ecuador), and identified the specimens from the r��o Mataje and r��o Santiago basins as ��� Hyphessobrycon sp. nov.���, distinguishing it from H. daguae (as H. chocoensis) by the presence of seven perforated scales on the lateral line (vs. 10 or more). Nonetheless, the specimens from the r��o Bravo (MEPN 3701) and from the r��o Santiago basins (ZUEC 11330) can present the lateral line incompletely pored or disrupted (Fig. 14). This emphasizes the polymorphic condition of the character for those populations, and, consequently, the count of perforated scales in ��� Hyphessobrycon sp. nov.��� is herein considered to be best interpreted as a population variation within H. daguae. Therefore, the distribution of Hyphessobrycon daguae is extended herein to the r��o Mira, r��o Cayapas, r��o Mataje, and r��o Santiago basins, in Ecuador. Material examined. 34 specimens (15.6���43.4 mm SL). Type material. FMNH 58316, lectotype of Hyphessobrycon daguae (by present designation), 26.0 mm SL: Colombia, r��o Pat��a basin; A. W. Henn, 1913. FMNH 144330, paralectotype of Hyphessobrycon daguae, 28.0 mm SL, same data as lectotype. IUQ 3035, holotype of Hyphessobrycon chocoensis, 35.3 mm SL: Colombia, Nari��o, Barbacoas, creek la Tundera, tributary of the r��o Quigualp��, 01��39���39������N 78��09���04������W; C. Rom��n-Valencia, C. Garc��a-Alzate, R. Ruiz-C, V. Tovar Sr., V. Tovar Jr. & H. Cortes, 16 Jul 2008; IUQ 2274, paratypes of Hyphessobrycon chocoensis, 6, 15.6���40.6 mm SL: Colombia, Nari��o, Barba- coas, upper r��o Yamund��, tributary of the r��o Telemb��, 01��39���39������N 78��09���04������W; C. Rom��n-Valencia, C. Garc��a- Alzate, R. Ruiz-C, V. Tovar Sr., V. Tovar Jr. & H. Cortes, 16 Jul 2008; IUQ 2275, paratypes of Hyphessobrycon chocoensis, 7, 24.9���33.4 mm SL, same data as holotype. Non-type material. Colombia, Nari��o, r��o Telembi basin: IUQ 2311, 3, 21.5���34.4 mm SL, creek on Hacienda, tributary of the r��o Telembi, 01��30���N 77��58���W, 16 Jul 2008. Ecuador, Esmeraldas: MEPN 3697, 4, 34.1���43.4 mm SL, tributary of the r��o Bravo, 8 km above r��o Bravo falls, r��o Cayapas, 00��38���22������N 78��55���24������W; R. Barriga, C. Mina & W. Nazareno, 18 Jul 1985; MEPN 3701, 6, 35.0��� 43.3 mm SL, same data as MEPN 3697; ZUEC 11330, 5, 30.5 ��� 27.8 mm SL, Estero la Chiquita, tributary of the r��o Santiago, 1��13���50���N, 78��45���17���W; R. Barriga & C. Mina, 21 Oct 1985., Published as part of Ota, Renata R., Carvalho, Fernando R. & Pavanelli, Carla S., 2020, Taxonomic review of the Hyphessobrycon panamensis species-group (Characiformes: Characidae), pp. 401-436 in Zootaxa 4751 (3) on pages 415-421, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4751.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3714610, {"references":["Eigenmann, C. H. (1922) The fishes of Western South America [Part I]: The fresh-water fishes of Northwestern South America, includind Colombia, Panama, and the Pacific slopes of Ecuador and Peru, together with and appendix upon the fishes of the rio Meta in Colombia. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 9 (1), 1 - 346.","Eigenmann, C. H. & Myers, G. S. (1929) The American Characidae [Part V]. Memories of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 43, 429 - 558, pls. 57, 63, 70 - 74, 81 - 83, 94.","Ibarra, M. & Stewart, D. J. (1987) Catalogue of type specimens of recent fishes in Field Museum of Natural History. Fieldiana, Zoology, 35, 1 - 112.","Zarske, A. & Gery, J. (2002) Der Blaurote Kolumbien-Salmler. Hyphessobrycon columbianus n. sp. - ein neuer Salmler (Teleostei; Characiformes, Characidae) aus dem kolumbianischen Darien. Das Aquarium, 36 (391), 22 - 30.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1918) The American Characidae [Part II]. Memories of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 43, 103 - 208, pls. 9 - 11, 13, 17 - 29, 33, 78 - 80, 93.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1920 a) South America West of Maracaibo, Orinoco, Amazon, and Titicaca basins, and the horizontal distribution of its fresh-water fishes. Indiana University Studies, (45), 1 - 24.","Barriga, R. (1994) Peces del Noroeste del Ecuador. Politecnica, 19 (2), 43 - 154.","Weitzman, S. H. & Palmer, L. (1997) A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characidae) from the Neblina region of Venezuela and Brazil, with comments on the putative 'rosy tetra clade'. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 7 (3), 209 - 242.","Barriga, R. (2012) Lista de peces de agua dulce e intermareales del Ecuador. Politecnica, 30 (3), 83 - 119.","Garcia-Alzate, C. A., Roman-Valencia, C. & Taphorn, D. C. (2013) Una nueva especie de Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) de la cuenca del rio Telembi, vertiente sur del Pacifico, Colombia. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 61 (1), 181 - 192. http: // doi. org / 10.15517 / RBT. V 61 I 1.10944","Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A., Usma, J. S., Villa-Navarro, F. A., Ortega-Lara, A., Prada-Pedreros, S., Jimenez, L. F., Karamillo-Villa, U., Arango, A., Rivas, T. & Sanchez, G. C. (2012) Peces dulceacuicolas del Choco biogeografico de Colombia. WWF Colombia, IAvH, AU-NAP, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota (DC).","DoNascimiento, C., Herrera-Colazos, E. E., Herrera-R, G. A., Ortega-Lara, A., Villa-Navarro, F. A., Usma Oviedo, J. S. & Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A. (2017) Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Colombia: a Darwin Core alternative to the updating problem. ZooKeys, 708, 25 - 138. http: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 708.13897","Jimenez-Prado, P., Aguirre, W., Laaz-Moncayo, E., Navarrete-Amaya, R., Nugra-Salazar, F., Rebolledo-Monsalve, E., Zarate- Hugo, E., Torres-Noboa, A. & Valdiviezo-Rivera, J. (2015) Guia de peces para aguas continentales en la vertiente occidental del Ecuador. Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador Sede Esmeraldas (PUCESE), Universidad del Azuay (UDA) y Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales (MECN) del Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Esmeraldas.","Burger, R., Carvalho, F. R. & Zanatta, A. M. (2019) A new species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Characiformes: Characidae) from western Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. Zootaxa, 4604, 369 - 380. http: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4604.2.9","Marinho, M. M. F., Dagosta, F. C. P. & Birindelli, J. L. O. (2014) Hemigrammus ataktos: a new species from the rio Tocantins basin, central Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 12 (2): 257 - 264. http: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1982 - 0224 - 20130091"]}

Hyphessobrycon panamensis Durbin, 1908 (Figs. 15���18, Tab. 5) Hyphessobrycon panamensis Durbin, in Eigenmann, 1908: 101 [original description, type locality: ���Boqueron River, Panama ���]���. Eigenmann, 1910: 436 [Panama; listed]���. Meek & Hildebrand, 1916: 287 [Panama, r��o Chagres basin; synonymic list; description; distribution]���. Eigenmann, 1918: 186, plate 26 (fig. 1), plate 33 (fig. 4) [in part; specimens from Panama, r��o Boqueron basin; synonymic list; description; distribution]���. Eigenmann, 1920a: 17 [in part; specimens from Panama, r��o Chagres basin; distribution]���. Eigenmann, 1920b: 15 [in part; specimens from Panama, r��o Chagres; distribution]���. Eigenmann, 1922: 141 [synonymic list; in part; specimens from Panama, r��o Chagres; distribution]���. Jordan et al., 1930 [Panama, r��o Chagres basin; synonymic list; distribution]���. Hildebrand, 1938: 269 [Panama, r��o Chagres basin; short description]���. Vari & Howe, 1991: 27 [type catalog]���. Weitzman & Palmer, 1997: 227���229 [in part; specimens from Panama: canal Zone, r��o Chagres, r��o Tocu��, ���Largateria creek���, upper Trinidad, Reservois Creek; comments on color in life and distribution]���. Zarske & G��ry, 2002: 22-30 [diagnosis from H. columbianus; comments on cryptic species; diagnosis in key, photo]���.Lima et al., 2003: 139 [listed; distribution]���. Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2008: 169 [listed, Colombia; Pacific slope rivers; distribution]���. Garc��a-Alzate et al., 2010: 55 [recorded from Colombia; comparison with H. sebastiani]���. Garc��a-Alzate et al., 2013: 182 [restriction of the distribution to Panama and Costa Rica; in part; specimens from Panama: r��o Boqueron, and zona del Canal del Panama]. Hemigrammus minutus Meek & Hildebrand, 1912: 67 [original description, type locality: ���r��o Agua Clara, Canal Zone, Panama ���]���. Eigenmann, 1913: 31 [synonymization with Hyphessobrycon panamensis]���. Meek & Hildebrand, 1916: 287 [as a synonym of H. panamensis]���. Eigenmann, 1918: 186 [as a synonym of H. panamensis]���. Ibarra & Stewart, 1987: 45 [type catalog]���. Weitzman & Palmer, 1997: 227 [as a synonym of H. panamensis]���. Zarske & G��ry, 2002: 26���28 [as a synonym H. panamensis;]���.Lima et al., 2003: 139 [listed; as a synonym of H. panamensis]. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon panamensis differs from all congeners, except from H. compressus, H. diancistrus, H. otrynus, and those belonging to the H. panamensis species-group, by the presence of one large bony hook per fin ray, antero-dorsally oriented and surrounded by a fleshy area, on last unbranched and first branched anal-fin rays of mature males (vs. absence of hooks, or presence of small and numerous hooks on anteriormost anal-fin rays). Hyphessobrycon panamensis can be distinguished from H. compressus by the absence of a dark blotch on the dorsal fin (vs. presence), by the presence of predorsal series (vs. absence), and by presenting 33���35 scales in longitudinal series (vs. 41���48). It can be distinguished from H. diancistrus and H. otrynus by presenting the caudal fin hyaline (vs. presence of dark blotches on caudal-fin lobes in H. diancistrus; distal third of caudal fin darkened in H. otrynus). It differs from H. columbianus by the absence of a silvery-blue iridescent coloration on dorsal region of flank in life (vs. presence), and by the lower body depth (36.1���45.7% SL vs. 46.0���50.3% SL in H. columbianus). It can be distinguished from H. savagei by presenting the second humeral blotch less conspicuous than the first, extending one or two longitudinal scale rows below lateral line, with posterior margin as a concentration of melanophores dispersing towards longitudinal midlateral stripe (vs. humeral blotches equally pigmented, extending two to four longitudinal scale rows below lateral line, with contours and margins always well-defined). Hyphessobrycon panamensis differs from H. bussingi, H. condotensis and H. daguae by the lower number of branched anal-fin rays (19���23, modes = 21 and 22; vs. 23���27, rarely 22, mode = 24 in H. condotensis and H. daguae, and mode = 25 in H. bussingi). It can be further distinguished from H. bussingi and H. condotensis by presenting 6, rarely 5�� (mode = 6), scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion (vs. 4���5��, mode = 5 in H. bussingi; and 4�����6, mode = 5 in H. condotensis). It also differs from H. condotensis, by presenting 7���8 (mode = 7) scale rows between lateral line and dorsal-fin insertion (vs. 5���7, mode = 6). Additionally, it can be distinguished from H. daguae by presenting a well-defined first humeral blotch (vs. only one diffuse humeral blotch). Description. Morphometric data in Table 5. Body compressed, greatest depth at vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril; straight or slightly concave from this point to distal tip of supraoccipital process. Slightly convex from tip of supraoccipital process to dorsal-fin origin; straight or slightly convex from this point to adipose-fin origin; and straight along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body convex from lower lip to pelvic-fin origin; straight or slightly convex from this point to anal-fin origin; straight along anal-fin base; and straight or slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two rows; outer row with 2(1), 3*(9), 4(2), or 5(1) tri- to pentacuspid teeth; inner row with 5*(15) tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Posterior margin of maxilla at vertical through anterior margin of pupil. Maxilla with 2(6), 3*(6), 4(1), or 5(2) tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Dentary with 4*(8), 5(6) large penta- and tricuspid teeth, gradually decreasing in size, followed by conical and abruptly smaller teeth. Central cusp more developed than lateral ones. Scales cycloid. Lateral line incompletely pored with 7(1), 8(2), 9(2), 10(6), 11*(6), 12(4), 13(2), 15(1), 16(1), or completely pored with 33(1) perforate scales. Longitudinal series, including perforate scales, with 33*(6), 34(3), or 35(3). Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 7(19), 7��*(1), or 8(3). Scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion 5��*(2) or 6(20). Predorsal series with 11*(4), 12(5), or 13(2) scales. Single row of six scales covering base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Circumpeduncular scales 13(1), 14*(7), or 15(2). Dorsal-fin rays ii,8(1) or ii,9*(14). First dorsal-fin pterygiophore located between neural spines of ninth and 10 th (3) vertebrae. Adipose fin present. Pectoral-fin rays i,10*(3), 11(7), or 12(2), distal tip of rays reaching pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i,7*(13), distal tip reaching anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays iii*(17), iv(6), 19(1), 20(2), 21(8), 22*(8), or 23(4). Anal fin of mature males with large bony hooks. Caudal fin bifurcate, lobes approximately of same size, i,9/8,i(1) rays. First gill arch with 7(7) or 8(2) rakers on epibranchial, 1(9) on intermediate cartilage, 10(1), 11(6), 12(1), or 13(1) on cerato+hipobranchial. Branchiostegal rays 4. Total vertebrae 33*(3), supraneurals 4*(2) or 5(1) (Fig. 17). Color in alcohol. Background coloration beige to light brown. Dorsal region of head and middorsal region of body with dense concentration of melanophores. Region above pupil darkened. Infraorbitals beige, with few scattered melanophores. Opercle retaining guanine pigmentation, without melanophores. Inferior portion of maxilla and gular region with few scattered melanophores, slightly more concentrated on anterior half. Two dark-brown humeral blotches, vertically elongated, separated by light-beige area. First humeral blotch conspicuous, with melanophores equally distributed, extending four to five longitudinal scale rows above and two below lateral line. Second humeral blotch usually inconspicuous, extending four to five longitudinal scale rows above and one below lateral line; posterior margin with concentration of melanophores concentrated along longitudinal midlateral stripe. Body sides with melanophores regularly distributed, except on antero-ventral half, with few or without melanophores. Posterior margin of scales on superior third of body sides with concentration of melanophores. Brownish to silvery longitudinal midlateral stripe, from second humeral blotch to caudal peduncle, more conspicuous on posterior region. Fins hyaline, with slight concentration of melanophores on distal half of dorsal fin, distal third of anal fin, and median caudal-fin rays. Abdominal region, from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin end, without melanophores (Fig. 18). Distribution. Hyphessobrycon panamensis is known from the r��o Bejuco, r��o Boquer��n, r��o Calov��bora, r��o Chagres and r��o Lllano Succio basins, and in the Canal Zone, in Panama (both Atlantic and Pacific versants) (Figs. 4, 8 and 21). Sexual dimorphism. Mature males with one large bony hook per fin ray, anterodorsally oriented and surround- ed by fleshy area, from the last unbranched (on fourth segment) to the third branched (varying on fifth to seventh segments) anal-fin rays of mature males (Figs. 5b and 6b). Very small hooks, difficult to discern, can be present on distal segments of most anterior anal-fin rays. Dorsal-fin length of males slightly longer than in females. Ecology and habitat. Hyphessobrycon panamensis feeds on aquatic and terrestrial insects. The oocytes diameter varies between 0.7 to 0.8 mm (Kramer, 1978; Kramer & Bryant, 1995). Remarks. Eigenmann (1913) proposed Hemigrammus minutus Meek & Hildebrand as a junior synonym of Hyphessobrycon panamensis. The examination of the paratypes of He. minutus conducted during the present study showed that the purported diagnostic characters from the latter taxon overlap with H. panamensis and, therefore, the proposed synonymy is herein confirmed. Hyphessobrycon panamensis has its diagnosis from similar species redefined herein based mainly in the low number of branched anal-fin rays. The geographical distribution of the species is restricted herein to the central provinces of Panama, draining both Atlantic and Pacific versants. There is no record indicating the syntopy with other species of the group. In the literature, Hyphessobrycon panamensis has been recorded in Costa Rica (e.g. Bussing, 1987, 1998) and Colombia (e.g. Eigenmann, 1920a, b, c, d; Dahl, 1971; Weitzman & Palmer, 1997; Zarske & G��ry, 2002; Garc��a-Alzate et al., 2010). However, specimens identified as H. panamensis from Colombia belong either to H. columbianus, H. condotensis or H. daguae (the latter species herein revalidated and considered as senior synonym of H. chocoensis; see remarks on this species, above). In addition, specimens identified as H. panamensis from the province of San Blas, southeast Panama actually correspond to H. columbianus. On the other hand, specimens previously identified as Hyphessobrycon panamensis from Costa Rica and in the province of Bocas del Toro, Panama (at the border with Costa Rica), belong rather to H. bussingi, new species, described herein. The type series of Hyphessobrycon panamensis is composed of six syntypes (MCZ 20688 and USNM 120416). The lectotype herein designated is a male specimen with large hooks on the anal-fin ray (USNM 120416, fig. 15a), and all the remaining specimens consequently become paralectotypes, as ruled by the article 74 of ICZN (1999). Material examined. 54 specimens (20.6���48.6 mm SL). All from Panama. Type material. USNM 120416, lectotype of Hyphessobrycon panamensis (by present designation), 25.4 mm SL (rd): r��o Boqueron, Atlantic slope; Hassler Expedition, 31 Jul 1872. USNM 443817, paralectotype of Hyphessobrycon panamensis, 25.7 mm SL (rd), same data as lectotype. MCZ 20688, paralectotypes of Hyphessobrycon panamensis, 5, 20.6���23.5 mm SL (dry specimens), same data as lectotype; FMNH 12770, paratypes of Hemigrammus minutus, 2, 25.3���30.5 mm SL: Panama, Cana Zone, Agua Clara; S. F. Hildebrand & S. E. Meek, 10 Mar 1911; FMNH 12771, paratype of Hemigrammus minutus, 35.9 mm SL: Panama, Canal Zone, r��o Mandingo, Bas Obispo; S.F. Hildebrand & S.E. Meek, 02 Feb 1911. USNM 78628, paratypes of Hemigrammus minutus, 31 (20, 22.9���31.3 mm SL): Canal Zone, r��o Agua Clara; S.E. Meek & S.F. Hildebrand, 10 Mar 1911. Non-types. Bocas del Toro, r��o Calov��bora basin: UCR 1463006, 2 (1, 34.6 mm SL), r��o Calou��bora, next to mouth, 08��33��N 81��11��W; T. Thomson, 01 Apr 1983. C��lon, r��o Llano Sucio basin: AMNH 37802, 24 (4, 25.5���31.4 mm SL): Canal Zone, quebrada Juan Grande near Gamboa, 09��07���N 79��43���W; P.C. Rosen et al., 04 Jan 1978. LBP 2759, 7, 26.6���35.0 mm SL (1 rd, 34.8 mm SL): Santa Rita de Arriba, r��o Llano Sucio, 09��19���26.2������N 79��46���08.2������W; C. Oliveira, R. G. Reina, C. Veja & S. Perez, 14 Jul 2005. Veraguas, r��o Bejuco basin: MCP 39195, 5, 36.0 ��� 48.6 mm CP: r��o Bejuco, 08��48���N 81��01���W; P. Rham, 12 Aug 1998. West Panama, Canal Zone: ANSP 99866, 16 (5, 31.9���35.5 mm SL), creek 2 mi E of Nuevo Emperador road, 9��02���N 79��47���W; H.G. Loftin & E.L. Tyson, 17 Aug 1962. ANSP 146800, 14 (5, 24.7���30.5 mm SL), brook 1.1 km E of Nuevo Emperador on Nuevo Emperador-Arraijan road, 9��02���N 79��47���W; D. Fromm & P. Fromm, 13 Mar 1981., Published as part of Ota, Renata R., Carvalho, Fernando R. & Pavanelli, Carla S., 2020, Taxonomic review of the Hyphessobrycon panamensis species-group (Characiformes: Characidae), pp. 401-436 in Zootaxa 4751 (3) on pages 422-426, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4751.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3714610, {"references":["Eigenmann, C. H. (1908) Zoological Results of the Thayer Brazilian expedition: Preliminary descriptions of new genera and species of tetragonopterid characins. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 52 (6), 91 - 106.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1910) Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Tropical and South temperate America. In: Scott, WB (Ed.), Reports of the Princeton University expeditions to Patagonia 1896 - 1899. Princeton University, pp. 375 - 511, vol. 3, Zoology, pt. 4.","Meek, S. E. & Hildebrand, S. F. (1916) The fishes of the fresh waters of Panama. The Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series, 10 (15), 1 - 374.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1918) The American Characidae [Part II]. Memories of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 43, 103 - 208, pls. 9 - 11, 13, 17 - 29, 33, 78 - 80, 93.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1920 a) South America West of Maracaibo, Orinoco, Amazon, and Titicaca basins, and the horizontal distribution of its fresh-water fishes. Indiana University Studies, (45), 1 - 24.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1920 b) The fresh-water fishes of Panama East of longitude 80 º. Indiana University Studies, (175), 3 - 19.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1922) The fishes of Western South America [Part I]: The fresh-water fishes of Northwestern South America, includind Colombia, Panama, and the Pacific slopes of Ecuador and Peru, together with and appendix upon the fishes of the rio Meta in Colombia. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 9 (1), 1 - 346.","Jordan, D. S., Warren-Evermann, B. & Clark, H. W. (1930) Check list of the fishes and fishlike vertebrates of North and Middle America north of the northern boundary of Venezuela and Colombia [Part II]. Report of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries, 1 - 670.","Hildebrand, S. F. (1938) A new catalog of the fresh-water fishes of Panama. The Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series, 22 (4), 219 - 359.","Vari, R. P. & Howe, J. C. (1991) Catalog of type specimens of recent fishes in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution [Part I]: Characiformes (Teleostei, Ostariophysi). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 517, 1 - 52.","Weitzman, S. H. & Palmer, L. (1997) A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characidae) from the Neblina region of Venezuela and Brazil, with comments on the putative 'rosy tetra clade'. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 7 (3), 209 - 242.","Zarske, A. & Gery, J. (2002) Der Blaurote Kolumbien-Salmler. Hyphessobrycon columbianus n. sp. - ein neuer Salmler (Teleostei; Characiformes, Characidae) aus dem kolumbianischen Darien. Das Aquarium, 36 (391), 22 - 30.","Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A., Vari, R. P. & Usma, J. S. (2008) Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 9 (2), 143 - 237.","Garcia-Alzate, C. A., Roman-Valencia, C. & Taphorn, D. C. (2010) A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) from the San Juan River drainage, Pacific versant of Colombia. Zootaxa, 2349, 55 - 65. http: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2349.1.4","Garcia-Alzate, C. A., Roman-Valencia, C. & Taphorn, D. C. (2013) Una nueva especie de Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) de la cuenca del rio Telembi, vertiente sur del Pacifico, Colombia. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 61 (1), 181 - 192. http: // doi. org / 10.15517 / RBT. V 61 I 1.10944","Meek, S. E. & Hildebrand, S. F. (1912) Descriptions of new fishes from Panama. The Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series, 10 (6), 67 - 68.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1913) Some results from an ichthyological reconnaissance of Colombia, South America [Part II]. Indiana University Studies, (18), 1 - 32.","Ibarra, M. & Stewart, D. J. (1987) Catalogue of type specimens of recent fishes in Field Museum of Natural History. Fieldiana, Zoology, 35, 1 - 112.","Kramer, D. L. (1978) Reproductive seasonality in the fishes of a tropical stream. Ecology, 59 (5), 976 - 985. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1938549","Kramer, D. L. & Bryant, M. J. (1995) Intestine length in the fishes of a tropical stream: 1. Ontogenetic allometry. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 42 (2), 115 - 127.","Bussing, W. A. (1987) Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Jose.","Bussing, W. A. (1998) Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Jose.","Dahl, G. (1971) Los peces del norte de Colombia. Bogota: Inderena."]}

Hyphessobrycon savagei Bussing, 1966 (Figs. 19���20, Tab. 6) Hyphessobrycon savagei Bussing, 1966: 215 [original description, type locality: ��� Puntarenas: R��o Ceibo (260m) at IH, 6 km W of Buenos Aires turnoff���]���. G��ry, 1977: 463 [diagnosis in key; within group ���b���]���. Bussing, 1987: 87 [Costa Rica; diagnosis in key, brief description, photo, distribution]���. Bussing, 1998: 108���111 [Costa Rica; diagnosis in key; brief description, photo, distribution]���.Lima et al., 2003: 140 [listed; distribution]���. Zarske & G��ry, 2002: 25 [diagnosis from Hyphessobrycon columbianus; key to species; color pattern in life]���. Angulo et al., 2013: 992 [listed, Costa Rica]���. Angulo et al., 2015: 376 [type catalog]. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon savagei differs from all congeners, except from H. compressus, H. diancistrus, H. otrynus, and those belonging to the H. panamensis species-group, by the presence of one large bony hook per fin ray, anterodorsally oriented and surrounded by a fleshy area, on last unbranched and first branched anal-fin rays of mature males (vs. absence of hooks, or presence of small and numerous hooks per fin ray). Hyphessobrycon savagei can be distinguished from H. compressus by the absence of a black blotch on the dorsal fin (vs. presence), by the presence of predorsal series (vs. absence), and by presenting 31���34 scales in longitudinal series (vs. 41���48). It can be distinguished from H. diancistrus and H. otrynus by presenting the caudal fin hyaline (vs. dark-brown blotches on caudal-fin lobes in H. diancistrus; distal third of caudal fin darkened in H. otrynus). It differs from the remaining species of the H. panamensis species-group by presenting two humeral blotches equally pigmented, extending two to four longitudinal scale rows below lateral line, with contours and margins always well-defined (vs. one diffuse humeral blotch, in H. daguae; second humeral blotch less conspicuous than the first, extending up to two longitudinal scale rows below lateral line, with posterior margin as a concentration of melanophores concentrated along longitudinal midlateral stripe, in H. bussingi, H. columbianus, H. condotensis, and H. panamensis). It can be further distinguished from H. columbianus by the absence of a silvery-blue iridescent coloration on dorsal region of flanks in life (vs. presence), and by a lower body depth (33.3���45.5% vs. 46.0���50.3% SL). It also differs from H. bussingi and H. condotensis by presenting 19���24 branched anal-fin rays (mode = 23) (vs. 23-27, modes = 24 and 25, respectively). It can be distinguished additionally from H. panamensis by presenting the first humeral blotch very conspicuous (vs. inconspicuous or less conspicuous). Description. Morphometric data in Table 6. Body compressed, greatest body depth slightly anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril; straight or slightly convex from this point to distal tip of supraoccipital process. Slightly convex from tip of supraoccipital process to dorsal-fin origin; slightly convex from this point to adipose-fin origin; and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body convex from lower lip to anal-fin origin; roughly straight along anal-fin base; and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two rows; outer row with 1(1), 2(6), 3(31), or 4(17) tricuspid teeth; inner row with 4(1), 5(42), 6(16), 7(1), or 8(1) conical to pentacuspid teeth. Posterior margin of maxilla extending to vertical through anterior margin of pupil. Maxilla with 2(4), 3(42), 4(13) conical, tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Dentary with 4(44), 5(13) large tri- to pentacuspid teeth, gradually decreasing in size, followed by 10 conical and abruptly smaller teeth. Central cusp longer than lateral ones. Scales cycloid, with few radii (4-10); circuli markedly anterior and marginally (dorsally and ventrally). Lateral line incompletely pored with 8(2), 9(6), 10(12), 11(21), 12(5), 13(7), 14(3), or 16(1) perforate scales. Longitudinal series, including perforate scales, with 31(13), 32(14), 33(25), or 34(3). Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 6(24), 6��(3), or 7(32). Scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion 5(32), 5��(18), 6(26), or 6��(6). Predorsal series with 9(13), 10(33), 11(11), or 12(1). Single row of up to 13 scales covering base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Circumpeduncular scales 13(5) or 14(42). Dorsal-fin rays ii(60) or iii(1), 8,i(7), or 9(53). First dorsal-fin pterygiophore located between neural spines of ninth and 10 th (2) vertebrae. Adipose fin present. Pectoral-fin rays i,11(6), 12(41), or 13(13), distal tip of rays reaching pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i,6(1), or 7(58), distal tip surpassing anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays iii(4), iv(50), or v(6), 19(3), 20(9), 21(14), 22(9), 23(16), or 24(7). Anal fin of mature males with large bony hooks. Caudal fin bifurcate, lobes approximately of same size, i,9/8,i rays. First gill arch with 6(34), 7(21), 8(1) rakers on epibranchial, 1(60) on intermediate cartilage, 10(21), 11(34), 12(3), or 13(1) on cerato+hipobranchial. Branchiostegal rays 4. Total vertebrae 32(1), 33(1), supraneurals 4(1) or 5(1) (Fig. 20). Color in alcohol. Background coloration beige to yellowish. Dorsal portion of head and middorsal region of body with dense concentration of melanophores. Region above and below pupil darkened. Infraorbitals and opercle beige, with few scattered melanophores, evenly distributed. Lower portion of maxilla and gular region with few scattered melanophores, slightly more concentrated on upper half. Two dark-brown humeral blotches, vertically elongated, separated by light-beige area. First humeral blotch conspicuous, with melanophores slightly more concentrated on superior area, extending four to five longitudinal scale rows above and three to four below lateral line. Second humeral blotch conspicous, with melanophores equally distributed, extending three to four longitudinal scale rows above and one or two below lateral line. Body sides with melanophores evenly distributed, except on anteroventral half, with few or without melanophores. Brownish to silvery longitudinal midlateral stripe, from second humeral blotch to caudal peduncle, more conspicuous on posterior region. Fins hyaline, with few melanophores; anterior half of dorsal fin, distal third of anal fin, and median caudal-fin rays with more concentration of melanophores. Abdominal region, from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin end, without melanophores. Color in life. Background color silvery. Dark markings as in preserved specimens. Region above anal fin purple iridescent. Dorsal and caudal fins orange. Pelvic and anal fins (especially next to hooks) bright red. Adipose fin yellow. Females with less intense color pattern (Bussing, 1966, 1998). Distribution. Hyphessobrycon savagei is known from the r��o P��rris and r��o T��rraba, Pac��fic coast of Costa Rica (Figs. 4 and 21). Sexual dimorphism. Mature males with one large bony hook by ray, antero-dorsally oriented and surrounded by fleshy area, from the last unbranched (on fifth or sixth segments) to the third branched (on the six segment) analfin ray of mature males (Figs. 5c and 6c). Small hooks on distal segments of anteriormost anal-fin rays were not observed. Mature males with distal margin of anal fin almost straight, and no evident elongation on dorsal fin, and females with distal margin of anal fin falcate, with anteriormost anal-fin rays longer than posterior ones, forming a lobe. Ecology and habitat. Hyphessobrycon savagei lives in coastal areas of streams and rivers in altitudes between 0-70 meters a.s.l., in both stagnant waters and rapids, with water temperatures ranging between 24-30��C. It feeds on aquatic and terrestrial insects (Bussing, 1998). Material examined. 180 specimens (23.8���42.1 mm SL). All from Costa Rica. Type material. UCR 42-1, paratypes of Hyphessobrycon savagei, 43 (rd, 15, 23.8 ��� 40.7 mm SL): San Jos��, creek Paja de Agua, 8 km Southern San Isidro del General, north side of road Interamericana, 09��19���10������N 83��39���54.1������W; W. A. Bussing & M. I. Bussing, 29 Jul 1966. Non-type material. Puntarenas, r��o T��rraba basin: ANSP 164253, 100 (30, 27.5-32.6 mm SL, 2 c&s, 29.2-29.3 mm SL), culvert pool at Inter American Highway, ca. 20 km S of Palmar Norte; D. Fromm, 10 Mar 1989; UCR 112012, 575 (40, 28.9 ��� 34.9 mm SL), creek 200 m Southeast of r��o Salam�� Nuevo on road Interamericana, 08��50���10������N 83��17���49.2������W; W.A. Bussing & O. Blanco, 05 Jan 1967; UCR 114014, 60 (25, 27.1 ��� 42.1 mm SL), creek 36, 12 km West of village r��o Claro on road Interamericana, 08��42���50������N 83��09���9.8������W; W.A. Bussing & O. Blanco 05 Jan 1967; San Jos��: UCR 40001, 54 (20, 25.9 ��� 29.7 mm SL), r��o Pedregoso, 3 km West of San Isidro del General on farm Villa Nueva, 09��22���35������N 83��43���44.2������W; O. Blanco, 19 Jul 1966; UCR 1942001, 139 (40, 25.8 ��� 32.5 mm SL), Corcovado National Park, r��o Camoral, next to Sirena station, 08��28���50������N 83��35���20������W; J. Lyons, 07 Mar 1987. Puntarenas, r��o P��rris basin: UCR 304002, 164 (40, 28.3 ��� 35.4 mm SL), tributary of the r��o Jicote, 0.5 km Southern of Loma, on road Puriscal-Parrita, 09��32���25������N 84��23���14.7������W; W. A. Bussing, R. Nishimoto, J. Perry & C. Mata, 16 Jan 1969., Published as part of Ota, Renata R., Carvalho, Fernando R. & Pavanelli, Carla S., 2020, Taxonomic review of the Hyphessobrycon panamensis species-group (Characiformes: Characidae), pp. 401-436 in Zootaxa 4751 (3) on pages 427-430, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4751.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3714610, {"references":["Bussing, W. A. (1966) New species and new records of Costa Rican freshwaters fishes with a tentative list of species. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 14 (2), 205 - 249.","Gery, J. (1977) Characoids of the world. TFH Publications, Neptune City, 672 pp.","Bussing, W. A. (1987) Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Jose.","Bussing, W. A. (1998) Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Jose.","Zarske, A. & Gery, J. (2002) Der Blaurote Kolumbien-Salmler. Hyphessobrycon columbianus n. sp. - ein neuer Salmler (Teleostei; Characiformes, Characidae) aus dem kolumbianischen Darien. Das Aquarium, 36 (391), 22 - 30.","Angulo, A., Garita-Alvarado, C., Bussing, W. A. & Lopez, M. I. (2013) Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of continental and insular Costa Rica: additions and nomenclatural revisions. Check List, 9 (5), 987 - 1019. http: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 9.5.987","Angulo, A., Arias-Godinez, G., Lopez, M. & Bussing, W. (2015) Catalogo de material tipo depositado en la coleccion ictiologica del museo de zoologia de la universadad de Costa Rica. In: Del Moral Flores, L. F., Ramirez Villalobos, A. J., Martinez Perez, J. A., Gonzalez Acosta, A. F. & Franco Lopez, J. (Eds), Colecciones Ictiologicas de Latinoamerica. Universitad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, pp. 365 - 386."]}

Hyphessobrycon bussingi, new species (Figs. 1���6, Tab. 1) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DDDE4FB2-D3E6-4019-88D3-FF734DE6AFD3 Hyphessobrycon panamensis (not Durbin)���. Behre, 1928: 318 [list of species, Western Panama; distribution]���. Bussing, 1966:218 [in part; lots ANSP 99920 and ANSP 99932]���. Bussing, 1987: 85 [Costa Rica; brief description, photo, distribution]���. Bussing, 1998: 105-108 [Costa Rica; diagnosis in key, brief description, photo, distribution]���. Lima et al., 2003: 139 [in part; listed; Costa Rica]���. Angulo et al., 2013: 992 [list of species, Costa Rica; distribution]. Holotype. UCR 3302-001, 33.7 mm SL, male (rd): Costa Rica, Lim��n, r��o Cocolis, 3.5 km southeast of Shiroles, on road Bratsi-Shiroles, 09��34���05������N, 82��56���4.92������W; W. A. Bussing ichthyology team, 06 Oct 1979. Paratypes. All from Costa Rica, Lim��n. R��o Sixaola basin: MZUSP 125290, 15, 27.5 ���32.0 mm SL, San Miguel, Crique Azul on finca Los Laureles de ANAI, 09��33���50������N 82��40���39.4������W; W. McLarney, 31 Mar 1987 NUP 22293, 9, 27.2���34.0 mm SL, stream tributary of r��o Gandoca, finca Elida Morales, 09��34���10������N 82��37���19.7������W; W. McLarney, 18 Mar 1983; UCR 3240001, 39, 24.4���34.0 mm SL, same data as holotype; UCR 3241001, 20, 26.4���36.0 mm SL, Mojoncito, Bratsi, stream Shiragri, 09��30���34������N 83��00���01������W; A. E. Corrales & C. Jim��nez, 05 Jul 1982; UCR 3242001, 30, 26.2���29.3 mm SL, stream ��iabri, 09��29���25������N 82��58���24.6������W; A. Corrales, C. Jim��nez & A. Rom��n, 12 Jun 1982. Non-type material. R��o Sixaola basin: FMNH 144016, 8 (2), laguna Mata de Lim��n, 9��34���5.06���N 82��37���46.03���W; C. McMahan, W. Ludt, A. Angulo & M. Mafla, 09 Nov 2019; UCR 129917, 119, same data as holotype; UCR 1395007, 74, stream ��iabri, 09��29���25������N 82��58���24.6������W; A. Corrales, C. Jim��nez & A. Rom��n, 12 Jun 1982; UCR 1408001, 52, Mojoncito, Bratsi, stream Shiragri, 09��30���34������N 83��00���01������W; A. E. Corrales & C. Jim��nez, 05 Jul 1982; UCR 1838005, 20, stream tributary of r��o Gandoca, finca Elida Morales, 09��34���10������N 82��37���19.7������W; W. McLarney, 18 Mar 1983; UCR 1881002, 28, San Miguel, Crique Azul on finca Los Laureles de ANAI, 09��33���50������N 82��40���39.4������W; W. McLarney, 31 Mar 1987. Panama, Bocas del Toro: ANSP 99932, 2, 35.6���36.1 mm SL, backwaters and overflowed banks of r��o Guarumo at Chiriquicito, 8��57���N 82��11���W; H.G. Loftin & R. W. Yerge, 19 Apr 1962; ANSP 104149, 31 (5, 32.7���35.1 mm SL), r��o Changuinola upstream about 10 mi to first big rapid, ��Corriente Grande��, at creek & backwater, 9��30���N 82��43���W; H. G. Loftin, 30 Sep 1962. Costa Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon bussingi differs from all congeners, except from H. compressus, H. diancistrus Weitzman & Palmer, H. otrynus Benine & Lopes, and those belonging to the H. panamensis species-group, by the presence of one large bony hook per fin ray, anterodorsally oriented and surrounded by a fleshy area, on last unbranched and first branched anal-fin rays of mature males (vs. absence of hooks, or presence of small and numerous hooks per fin ray). Hyphessobrycon bussingi can be distinguished from H. compressus by the absence of a black blotch on the dorsal fin (vs. presence), by the presence of predorsal series (vs. absence), and by presenting 32���34 scales in longitudinal series (vs. 41���48). It can be distinguished from H. diancistrus and H. otrynus by presenting caudal fin hyaline (vs. dark-brown blotches on caudal-fin lobes in H. diancistrus; distal third of caudal fin darkened in H. otrynus). It differs from H. columbianus by the absence of a silvery-blue iridescent coloration on dorsal region of flanks in life (vs. presence), and by a lower body depth (33.7���42.6% SL vs. 46.0���50.3% SL). It can be distinguished from H. savagei by presenting the second humeral blotch less conspicuous than the first, extending one or two longitudinal scale rows below lateral line, with posterior margin as a concentration of melanophores concentrated along longitudinal midlateral stripe (vs. humeral blotches evenly pigmented, extending two to four longitudinal scale rows below lateral line, with contours and margins always well-defined). It can be distinguished from H. panamensis by a higher number of branched anal-fin rays (23���27, rarely 22, mode = 24 vs. 19���23, modes = 21 and 22), and by presenting 6���7 (mode = 6��) scale rows between lateral line and dorsal-fin insertion (vs. 7���8, mode = 7). It can be distinguished from Hyphessobrycon condotensis by presenting 8���9, rarely 7 (mode = 8) gill rakers on epibranchial 1 (vs. 5���7, mode = 7), and higher dorsal- (27.8���41.2% SL vs. 27.7���29.7% SL) and pelvic-fin length (20.4���24.5% SL vs. 17.3���20.5% SL) in mature males. It differs from Hyphessobrycon daguae by presenting a well-defined first humeral blotch (vs. a single diffuse humeral blotch). Description. Morphometric data in Table 1. Body compressed, greatest body depth slightly anterior vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril; straight from this point to distal tip of supraoccipital process. Slightly convex from tip of supraoccipital process to dorsal-fin origin; straight from this point to adipose-fin origin; and straight or slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body convex from lower lip to anal-fin origin; straight or slightly convex along anal-fin base; and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two rows; outer row with 1(1), 2*(18), 3(21), or 4(13) tricuspid teeth; inner row with 4(1), 5*(44), or 6(6) tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Posterior margin of maxilla at vertical through anterior margin of pupil. Maxilla with 1(4), 2*(28), or 3(22) conical, tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Dentary with 4(21), 5*(26), or 6(1) large tri- to pentacuspid teeth, gradually decreasing in size, followed by five conical and abruptly smaller teeth. Central cusp longer than lateral ones. Scales cycloid. Lateral line incompletely pored with 6(4), 7(9), 8(27), 9*(21), 10(2), or 11(1) perforate scales. Longitudinal series, including perforate scales, with 32(2), 33(31), or 34*(15). Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 6(16), 6��*(9), or 7(37). Scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion 4(2), 4�� (9), 5*(42), or 5��(8). Predorsal series irregular*, uni or biserial, with 10(22), 11(15), or 12(4) on middline. Single row of scales covering base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Circumpeduncular scales 13*(15) or 14(20). Dorsal-fin rays ii,8,i(7) or ii,9*(46). First dorsal-fin pterygiophore located between neural spines of ninth and 10 th (1) vertebrae. Adipose fin present. Pectoral-fin rays i,11*(23) or 12(31), distal tip of rays reaching pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i,6(3) or 7*(52), distal tip surpassing anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays iii(2) or iv*(51), 22(1), 23(6), 24*(23), 25(25), 26(11), or 27(1). Anal fin of mature males with large bony hooks. Caudal fin bifurcate, lobes approximately of same size, i,9/8,i rays. First gill arch with 7(2), 8(44), or 9*(10) rakers on epibranchial, 1*(55) on intermediate cartilage, 11(1), 12(23), or 13*(32) on cerato+hipobranchial. Branchiostegal rays 4. Total vertebrae (32), supraneurals 4(1) (Fig. 2). Color in alcohol. Background color light brown. Dorsal region of head and middorsal region of body with dense concentration of melanophores. Region above pupil darkened. Infraorbitals and opercle beige, with few scattered melanophores, evenly distributed. Opercle retaining some guanine pigmentation. Lower portion of maxilla and gular region with few scattered melanophores, slightly concentrated on upper half. Two dark-brown humeral blotches, vertically elongated, separated by light-beige area. First humeral blotch conspicuous, extending three to four longitudinal scale rows above and one or two below lateral line. Second humeral blotch usually inconspicuous, with melanophores equally distributed, four to five longitudinal scale rows above and one or two below lateral line; posterior margin with concentration of melanophores concentrated along longitudinal midlateral stripe. Flanks with melanophores evenly distributed, except on antero-ventral half, with few or without melanophores. Posterior margin of scales on superior third of flanks with concentration of melanophores. Brownish to silvery longitudinal midlateral stripe, from second humeral blotch to caudal peduncle, more conspicuous on posterior region. Fins hyaline, with slight concentration of melanophores on distal half of dorsal fin, distal third of anal fin, and median caudal-fin rays. Abdominal region, from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin end, lacking melanophores. Color in life. Background color pale beige to silvery. Dark markings as in preserved specimens. Abdominal and region above anal fin reddish. Pelvic fin and distal margin of anal fin reddish. Adipose- and dorsal fins reddish or yellowish during the reproductive period (Bussing, 1987, 1998, and Fig. 3). Distribution. Hyphessobrycon bussingi is known from the r��o Sixaola basin, Atlantic coast of Costa Rica, and r��o Changuinola, r��o Guarumo, and r��o San San, Panama (Fig. 4, and 21). Sexual dimorphism. Mature males with one large bony hook per fin ray, anterodorsally oriented and surround- ed by a fleshy area, from the last unbranched (on fourth or fifth segments) to the fifth branched (varying on fifth to seventh segments) anal-fin rays of mature males (Figs. 5a and 6a). One specimen presented two large bony hooks on last unbranched and first branched anal-fin rays. Very small hooks, difficult to discern, can be present on distal segments of most anterior anal-fin rays. Dorsal- and pelvic-fin length of males slightly longer than in females. Males with distal margin of anal fin almost straight, and females with distal margin of anal fin falcate, with anteriormost anal-fin rays longer than posterior ones. Ecology and habitat. Hyphessobrycon bussingi feeds on terrestrial insects, and lives in rivers and streams with moderate flow, in altitudes ranging from 40 to 60 meters a.s.l. and with water temperatures ranging from 24���26��C (Bussing, 1998, as H. panamensis). Etymology. The specific epithet honors William A. Bussing (1933-2014), in recognition of all his contributions to the knowledge of the ichthyofauna of Costa Rica. A genitive noun. Remarks. Hyphessobrycon bussingi was previously incorrectly identified as H. panamensis in Costa Rica and in the province of Bocas del Toro, Panama (at the border with Costa Rica) (e.g. Bussing, 1987, 1998; Angulo et al., 2013). However, both species can be diagnosed by the characters mentioned in the Diagnosis section, above. Hyphessobrycon columbianus Zarske & G��ry, 2002 (Figs. 7���8, Tab. 2) Hyphessobrycon columbianus Zarske & G��ry, 2002: 22 [original description, type locality: ��� Kolumbien, Darien, kleiner Bach etwa 6 km flussaufw��rts von Acandi, Einzugsgebiet des Rio Acandi, Atlantikk��ste���]���.Lima et al., 2003: 135 [listed; distribution]���. Zarske, 2003: 17 [type catalogue]���. Maldonado-Ocampo et al. 2008: 168 [Colombia; Pacific slope rivers; listed]���. Garc��a-Alzate et al., 2010: 55 [diagnosis of H. sebastiani; material examined: r��o Guati, Acandi, Choc��]���. Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2012: 117 [Colombia, Choc��; photograph; distribution] ���. Garc��a-Alzate et al., 2013: 182 [diagnosis of H. chocoensis; material examined: r��o Guati, Acandi, Choc��; key to species]���. DoNascimiento et al., 2017: 49 [occurrence in Colombia]. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon columbianus differs from all congeners by the presence of a silvery-blue iridescent coloration on dorsal region of flank in life (vs. absence of a similar color pattern). It can be further distinguished from all congeners, except from H. compressus, H. diancistrus, H. otrynus, and those belonging to the H. panamensis species-group, by the presence of one large bony hook per fin ray, antero-dorsally oriented and surrounded by a fleshy area, on last unbranched and first branched anal-fin rays of mature males (vs. absence of hooks, or presence of small and numerous hooks per fin ray). It also differs from H. compressus by the absence of a black blotch on the dorsal fin (vs. presence), by the presence of predorsal series (vs. absence), and by presenting 32���34 scales in longitudinal series (vs. 41���48). It can be distinguished from H. diancistrus and H. otrynus by presenting the caudal fin hyaline (vs. dark blotches on caudal-fin lobes in H. diancistrus; distal third of caudal fin darkened in H. otrynus). Additionally, it can be distinguished from the remaining species of the H. panamensis species-group by a higher body depth (46.0���50.3% SL vs. 31.8���46.5% SL). Description. Morphometric data in Table 2. Body compressed, greatest body depth slightly anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril; slightly convex from this point to basis of supraoccipital; slightly concave to almost straight from base- to distal tip of supraoccipital process. Convex from tip of supraoccipital process to dorsal-fin origin; straight or slightly convex from this point to adipose-fin origin; and straight or slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body convex from lower lip to pelvic-fin origin; straight or slightly convex from this point to anal-fin origin; straight to slightly convex along anal-fin base; and straight or slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two rows; outer row with 1(1), 2(2), 3(5), 4*(2) tricuspid teeth; inner row with 5*(11) tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Posterior margin of maxilla slightly posterior at vertical through anterior margin of pupil. Maxilla with 2(4) or 3*(7) conical and tricuspid teeth. Dentary with 4(3) or 5*(6) large penta and tricuspid teeth, gradually decreasing in size, followed by 10 conical and abruptly smaller teeth. Central cusp more developed than lateral ones. Scales cycloid, radii 2���9. Lateral line incompletely pored with 7*(1), 8(1), 9(1), 10(3), 11(2), 13(2), 16(1), or disrupted with total of 20(1) perforate scales. Longitudinal series, including perforate scales, with 32*(6), 33(5), or 34(1). Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 6(4), 7*(4), or 7��(4).). Scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion 5*(5), 5��(1), 6(3), or 6��(4). Predorsal series with 9*(3), 10(8), or 11(2) scales. Single row of six scales covering base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Circumpeduncular scales 14*(11). Dorsal-fin rays ii,9(12) or 10*(1). Adipose fin present. Pectoral-fin rays i,10*(5), 11(7), or 12(1), distal tip of rays reaching pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i,6(2) or 7*(11), distal tip reaching anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays iii* or iv(2), 22(3), 23(7), or 24*(1). Anal fin of mature males with large bony hooks. Caudal fin bifurcate, lobes approximately of same size, i,9/8,i*(3) rays. First gill arch with 5(2), 6(7), or 7(2) rakers on epibranchial, 1(11) on intermediate cartilage, 8(1), 9(4), or 10(6) on ceratobranchial + hipobranchial. Branchiostegal rays 4. Color in alcohol. Background coloration light brown. Dorsal region of head and middorsal region of body with dense concentration of melanophores. Region above pupil darkened. Infraorbitals and opercle beige, with scattered melanophores more concentrated on upper half. Opercle with some guanine pigmentation. Distalmost portion of maxilla and gular region with few scattered melanophores, slightly more concentrated on upper half. Two darkbrown humeral blotches, vertically elongated, separated by light-beige area. First humeral blotch conspicuous, with melanophores more concentrated on central region, extending four longitudinal scale rows above and one or two below lateral line. Second humeral blotch usually inconspicuous, with melanophores evenly distributed, extending four to five longitudinal scale rows above and one below lateral line; posterior margin with concentration of melano- phores concentrated along longitudinal midlateral stripe. Body sides with melanophores evenly distributed, except on anteroventral half, with few or without melanophores. Posterior margin of scales on superior half of flank with concentration of melanophores. Brownish to silvery longitudinal midlateral stripe, from second humeral blotch to caudal peduncle, more conspicuous on posterior region. Fins hyaline; distal half of dorsal fin, and base distal third of anal fin with more numerous melanophores. Abdominal region, from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin end, with few melanophores. Color in life. (based in Zarske & G��ry, 2002, fig. 2, p. 25). Background color greenish golden. Dark markings as in preserved specimens, except for humeral blotches inconspicuous. Dorsal region of body greenish-golden. Upper half of head brown; lower half of head golden. Iris golden. Dorsal region of flank with silvery-blue iridescent coloration. Region above anal fin reddish. Abdominal region whitish-yellow. Dorsal fin reddish-yellow. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline. Anal fin reddish-orange. Caudal fin reddish, with distal margin darkened. Distribution. Hyphessobrycon columbianus is known from the r��o Acandi (Caribbean Sea), in Colombia, and drainages of the province of San Blas, southeast Panama (Fig. 8, and 21). Sexual dimorphism. Mature males with one large bony hook per fin ray, antero-dorsally oriented and surrounded by fleshy area, from the last unbranched to the third branched anal-fin ray of mature males. Very small hooks, which are difficult to discern, can be present on distal segments of most anterior anal-fin rays. In addition, males present a deeper body than females (Zarske & G��ry, 2002). Material examined. 24 specimens (25.2���45.7 mm SL). Type material. MTD-F 25497, holotype, 45.7 mm SL: Colombia, Choc��, Darien region, small stream about 6 kilometers downstream from Acandi, entry of the r��o Acandi, Atlantic versant; Bork & Machnik leg., 20 Mar 1995. MTD-F 25498, paratype, 40.9 mm S, Published as part of Ota, Renata R., Carvalho, Fernando R. & Pavanelli, Carla S., 2020, Taxonomic review of the Hyphessobrycon panamensis species-group (Characiformes: Characidae), pp. 401-436 in Zootaxa 4751 (3) on pages 403-412, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4751.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3714610, {"references":["Behre, E. H. (1928) V. A list of the fresh water fishes of western Panama between long. 81 º 45 ' and 83 º 15 ' W. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 18, 305 - 328.","Bussing, W. A. (1966) New species and new records of Costa Rican freshwaters fishes with a tentative list of species. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 14 (2), 205 - 249.","Bussing, W. A. (1987) Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Jose.","Bussing, W. A. (1998) Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Jose.","Angulo, A., Garita-Alvarado, C., Bussing, W. A. & Lopez, M. I. (2013) Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of continental and insular Costa Rica: additions and nomenclatural revisions. Check List, 9 (5), 987 - 1019. http: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 9.5.987","Zarske, A. & Gery, J. (2002) Der Blaurote Kolumbien-Salmler. Hyphessobrycon columbianus n. sp. - ein neuer Salmler (Teleostei; Characiformes, Characidae) aus dem kolumbianischen Darien. Das Aquarium, 36 (391), 22 - 30.","Zarske, A. (2003) Geschichtliche Entwicklung und vorlaufige, kritische kommentierte Typusliste der ichthyologischen Sammlung der Staatlichen Naturhistorischen Sammlungen Dresden, Museum fur Tierkunde. Zoologische Abhandlungen, 53, 5 - 36.","Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A., Vari, R. P. & Usma, J. S. (2008) Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 9 (2), 143 - 237.","Garcia-Alzate, C. A., Roman-Valencia, C. & Taphorn, D. C. (2010) A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) from the San Juan River drainage, Pacific versant of Colombia. Zootaxa, 2349, 55 - 65. http: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2349.1.4","Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A., Usma, J. S., Villa-Navarro, F. A., Ortega-Lara, A., Prada-Pedreros, S., Jimenez, L. F., Karamillo-Villa, U., Arango, A., Rivas, T. & Sanchez, G. C. (2012) Peces dulceacuicolas del Choco biogeografico de Colombia. WWF Colombia, IAvH, AU-NAP, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota (DC).","Garcia-Alzate, C. A., Roman-Valencia, C. & Taphorn, D. C. (2013) Una nueva especie de Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) de la cuenca del rio Telembi, vertiente sur del Pacifico, Colombia. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 61 (1), 181 - 192. http: // doi. org / 10.15517 / RBT. V 61 I 1.10944","DoNascimiento, C., Herrera-Colazos, E. E., Herrera-R, G. A., Ortega-Lara, A., Villa-Navarro, F. A., Usma Oviedo, J. S. & Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A. (2017) Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Colombia: a Darwin Core alternative to the updating problem. ZooKeys, 708, 25 - 138. http: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 708.13897"]}

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T20:01:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-05-27 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Astyanax Baird et Girard, 1854, is one of the largest genera in the family Characidac and comprises 177 valid species. This genus has been the focus of cytogenetic studies primarily owing to the presence of B chromosomes and high karyotypic diversity among different populations. The intense genetic variability in Astyanax is one of the factors responsible for the occurrence of species complexes, which are groups (1) with certain difficulties in establishing common genetic pools or (2) belonging to different cryptic species. To evaluate cytogenetic marker inheritance and the possibility of the identification of these hybrids, this study aimed to describe cytogenetic hybrids from three strains of species of the genera Astyanax and Hyphessobrycon Eigenmann, 1908. A. lacustris Lutken, 1875, A. schubarti Britski, 1964, A. fasciatus Cuvier, 1819, and H. anisitsi Eigenmann, 1907 were used to generate three hybrid lineages. The diploid number, heterochromatin sites, and ribosomal genes (18S and 5S rDNA) of the parental strains and the hybrids were analyzed. The results indicated that the three hybrid lineages had cytogenetic markers of both parents, presenting Mendelian inheritance. However, differences in distribution of heterochromatic blocks were observed between the hybrids and the parent strains. Our results allowed the identification of the hybrid strains based on the cytogenetic markers applied, reinforcing the efficiency of cytogenetic markers as tools for identification and indicating that such events may increase the karyotypic diversity in the genera Astyanax and Hyphessobrycon. Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP Julio de Mesquita Fi, Fac Ciencias, Edmundo Carrijo Coube Ave, Bauru, SP, Brazil Ctr Nacl Pesquisa & Conservacao Biota Aquat Conti, Prefeito Uberto Nemesio Pereira Godoi Highways, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Ponta Grossa, Setor Ciencias Biol & Saude, Santos Andrade Sq, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP Julio de Mesquita Fi, Ctr Aquicultura UNESP, Prof Paulo Donato Castelane Acess Way, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP Julio de Mesquita Fi, Inst Biociencias, Prof Montenegro Ave, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP Julio de Mesquita Fi, Fac Ciencias, Edmundo Carrijo Coube Ave, Bauru, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP Julio de Mesquita Fi, Ctr Aquicultura UNESP, Prof Paulo Donato Castelane Acess Way, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP Julio de Mesquita Fi, Inst Biociencias, Prof Montenegro Ave, Botucatu, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2015/12902-4

Hyphessobrycon klausanni sp. n. is described from small drainages of the upper Guaviare River (Orinoco River Basin) in Colombia. It differs from all congeners by having a wide, conspicuous, dark lateral stripe extending from the anterior margin of the eye across the body and continued through the middle caudal-fin rays, and that covers (vertically) three or four horizontal scale rows. It also differs by having an orange-yellow stripe extending from the anterosuperior margin of the eye to the caudal peduncle above the lateral line in life. It differs from all other species of Hyphessobrycon that have a similar dark lateral stripe: H. cyanotaenia, H. loretoensis, H. melanostichos, H. nigricinctus, H. herbertaxelrodi, H. eschwartzae, H. montogoi, H. psittacus, H. metae, H. margitae, H. vanzolinii, and H. peruvianus in having only three or four pored scales in the lateral line, 21 to 24 lateral scales and six teeth in the inner premaxillary row. Hyphessobrycon klausanni differs from H. loretoensis in having seven to eight maxillary teeth (vs. three to four) and in having a longer caudal peduncle (12.4–17.0% SL vs. 4.6–8.0% SL). Additionally Hyphessobrycon klausanni can be distinguished from the other species of Hyphessobrycon with a dark lateral stripe from the Orinoco River Basin (H. metae and H. acaciae) in having two teeth in the outer premaxillary row (vs. three to four) and 10 branched pectoral–fin rays (vs. 11 to 12). It further differs from H. metae by the length of the snout (17.6–22.8% HL vs. 9.9–15.2% HL) and by the length of the caudal peduncle (12.4–17.0% SL vs. 7.3–11.8% SL).

Hyphessobryconcarusp. nov.is described based on five different and independent methods of species delimitation, making the hypothesis of this new species supported by an integrative taxonomy perspective. This new species has a restricted distribution, occurring just in the upper Pindaré river drainage, Mearim river basin, Brazil. It is a member of the rosy tetra clade, which is characterized mainly by the presence of a dark brown or black blotch on dorsal fin and absence of a midlateral stripe on the body.Hyphessobryconcarusp. nov.is distinguished from the members of this clade mainly by the shape of its humeral spot, possessing few irregular inconspicuous vertically arranged chromatophores in the humeral region, or sometimes a very thin and inconspicuous humeral spot, and other characters related to teeth count, and color pattern. The phylogenetic position of the new species within the rosy tetra clade was based on molecular phylogenetic analysis using sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit 1. In addition, a new clade (here termedHyphessobryconmicropterusclade) within the rosy tetra clade is proposed based on molecular data, comprisingH.carusp. nov.,H.micropterus,H.piorskii, andH.simulatus, and withH.carusp. nov.andH.piorskiirecovered as sister species. Our results suggest cryptic speciation in the rosy tetra clade and, more specifically, in theH.micropterusclade. We recommend the use of integrative taxonomy for future taxonomic revisions and species descriptions when dealing with species complexes and groups containing possible cryptic species.

Hyphessobrycon moniliger Moreira, Lima, Costa, 2002 Fig. 8 Body moderately deep; greatest depth contained 2.6 to 3.2 and caudal peduncle depth 8.2 to 10.9 times in SL; head length 3.0 to 3.6, predorsal distance 1.7 to 2.0 and caudal peduncle length 6.1 to 10.3 in SL; snout length 3.4 to 4.9, horizontal orbital diameter 2.1 to 2.8 and least interorbital width 3.0 to 3.7 in HL. Mouth terminal; inner row of premaxilla with 5, rarely 6 teeth, outer row with 2-5, dentary with up to 12 and maxilla with 3 teeth. Lateral line incomplete, with 6-8 pored scales; longitudinal series with 27-35; transverse series above lateral line with 7 or 8 scale rows and below with 4-5 scale rows. Dorsal fin with 11 rays, pectoral fin with 11-14 rays, pelvic fin with 8 rays, anal fin with 26-30 rays and caudal fin with 19 rays (Moreira et al., 2002). Ground color pale brown; one humeral spot (Teixeira et al., 2015); dark-brown longitudinal stripe on flank, continuous with caudal peduncle blotch; dark-brown caudal peduncle blotch triangle-shaped in females and juveniles, rectangular in males; hyaline fins. Maximum standard length. 27.0 mm. Biological data. Anal fin of mature males with an anterior lobe and convex outline and proximal portion of the lobed rays with a projection, anterodorsally oriented; females with concave outline (Moreira et al., 2002). Distribution. Middle rio Araguaia, rio Tocantins, rio Tapajós and upper rio Paraná basins. Remarks. Hyphessobrycon moniliger has been captured in upper rio Paraná floodplain since 2013 by the Nupélia staff. Hyphessobrycon moniliger is a non-native species from the upper rio Paraná basin, probably introduced from the rio Tocantins-Araguaia basin., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 29, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Moreira CR, Lima FCT, Costa WJEM. Hyphessobrycon moniliger, a new characid fish from rio Tocantins basin, Central Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characiformes). Ichthyol Explor Freshw. 2002; 13 (1): 73 - 80.","Teixeira TF, Netto-Ferreira AL, Birindelli JLO, Sousa LM. Two new species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the headwaters of the Tapajos and Xingu River basins, Para, Brazil. J Fish Biol. 2015; 88 (2): 459 - 76."]}

Hyphessobrycon 1. Dorsal fin with black blotch and distal edge of the rays hyaline; black humeral blotch large and conspicuous........................................................................................ H. eques 1’. Dorsal fin hyaline; black humeral spot small and less conspicuous....................................................... H. moniliger, Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 28, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395

Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis Lima & Costa, 2001 Figs. 1-4, Tab. 1 Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis Lima & Costa, 2001: 233-234; 236-237. Type locality: small stream in Ilha de Itaparica. - Lima et al., 2003: 139 (list of species). - Buckup et al., 2007: 54 (list of species). - Menezes et al., 2007: 90 (list of species). - Zanata, Camelier, 2010: 771-772; 776 (diagnosis of H. brumado; comparative material). - García-Alzate et al., 2010: 58; 62 (diagnosis and comparison with H. sebastiani) - Burger et al., 2011: 274; 277; 279; 282; 285; 290 (occurrence of species on the Recôncavo Sul basin, Bahia State; photo; identification key; comparative material). - Carvalho, Langeani, 2013: 533 (comparative material). - Menezes et al., 2013: 29 (comments about conservation of type locality). - Brito et al., 2014: 1156-1159 (geographic distribution; photos; molecular identification). - Camelier, Zanata, 2014: 687; 690; 691; 692; 696 (list of species; geographic distribution; comments). - Dagosta et al., 2014: 373 (comparative material). - Carvalho et al., 2014: 248 (diagnosis of H. flammeus). - Lima et al., 2014: 170 (diagnosis of H. montagi). - Vieira et al., 2016: 57- 60 (description of pelvic- and anal-fins bony hooks; examined material). Hyphessobrycon cf. itaparicensis. - Costa, 2004: 6 (habitat notes). Hyphessobrycon ellisae Bragança, Ottoni & Rangel-Pereira, 2015: 256 (original description, type locality: Brazil, Sergipe State, Município de Estância, about 8 km north of Santa Cruz do Abais). Preoccupied by H. ellisae (Pearson, 1924) and replaced by Hyphessobrycon sergipanus (Bragança et al., 2016). Hyphessobrycon sergipanus Bragança, Ottoni & Rangel- Pereira, 2016: 373 (name replacement for H. ellisae). NEW SYNONYM. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis can be easily distinguished from most congeners, except the species of the “rosy tetra clade” sensu Weitzman, Palmer (1997), and H. balbus Myers, H. bifasciatus Ellis, H. chocoensis García- Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, H. columbianus Zarske & Géry, H. eilyos Lima & Moreira, H. flammeus Myers, H. gracilior Géry, H. griemi Hoedeman, H. igneus Miquelarena, Menni, López & Casciotta, H. panamensis Durbin, H. savagei Bussing, H. scutulatus Lucena, H. sebastiani García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, H. taguae García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, H. tortuguerae Böhlke, and H. weitzmanorum Lima & Moreira, by the absence of any concentration of dark chromatophores at the caudal-peduncle region (vs. presence of a dark blotch or a longitudinal dark stripe extending over the caudal-peduncle region). Among the “rosy tetra clade”, H. itaparicensis differs from H. axelrodi (Travassos), H. bentosi Durbin, H. compressus (Meek), H. copelandi Durbin, H. dorsalis Zarske, H. epicharis Weitzman & Palmer, H. eques (Steindachner), H. erythrostigma (Fowler), H. georgettae Géry, H. haraldschultzi Travassos, H. heteresthes Ulrey, H. jackrobertsi Zarske, H. khardinae Zarske, H. megalopterus (Eigenmann), H. micropterus (Eigenmann), H. minor Durbin, H. pando Hein, H. pyrrhonotus Burgess, H. rosaceus Durbin, H. roseus (Géry), H. simulatus (Géry), H. socolofi Weitzman, H. sweglesi (Géry), and H. takasei Géry by the absence of a black dorsalfin blotch (vs. presence). The species can be diagnosed from H. bifasciatus, H. flammeus, H. griemi, H. savagei, H. sebastiani, H. tortuguerae, and H. weitzmanorum by the absence of a conspicuous second humeral blotch, having instead an inconspicuous concentration of melanophores without defined limits, that initiates immediately posterior to a clear area on the rear of the first humeral blotch and fades posteriorly (vs. second humeral blotch as conspicuous as first humeral blotch). The species can be further distinguished from some aforementioned species by presence of 3-11 maxillary teeth (vs. 1-2 in H. bifasciatus, H. balbus, H. igneus, and H. ecuadoriensis, and 2 in H. chocoensis and H. sebastiani), 5-8 pored scales on lateral line (vs. 9-13 in H. columbianus, and 10-13 in H. savagei), presence of humeral blotch (vs. absence in H. eilyos, H. gracilior, and H. scutulatus), caudal fin hyaline (vs. caudal fin with black median stripe in H. weitzmanorum), 32-36 longitudinal scales series and vertically elongated humeral blotch (vs. 29-31 longitudinal scales series and rounded humeral blotch in H. taguae), and maxillary teeth tricuspid (vs. pentacuspid teeth in H. panamensis). When alive, H. itaparicensis can be diagnosed from most congeners by usually having yellowish body and fins, allied to a dark brown or reddish midlateral stripe extending from dorsalfin base to caudal peduncle. Description. Morphometric data are summarized in Tab. 1. Body somewhat compressed and elongate. Greatest body depth at vertical through dorsal-fin origin or slightly ahead of this point. Dorsal profile of head somewhat convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostrils; straight to slightly convex above eye and somewhat concave from the vertical through posterior border of eye and to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body somewhat convex from tip of occipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; straight to somewhat convex and posteroventrally slanted along dorsal-fin base; straight from end of dorsal-fin base to adipose fin and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Head rounded anteriorly in lateral profile. Ventral profile of head and body convex from lower lip to pelvic-fin origin; straight from that point to anal-fin origin; straight and posterodorsally slanted along anal-fin base, and slightly concave along ventral profile of caudal peduncle. Eyes relatively large compared with head length. Lower jaw slightly longer than upper jaw, mouth terminal. Posterior terminus of maxilla usually extending beyond vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Nostrils close to each other and separated by skin flap; anterior opening small, semicircular and with dermal flap; posterior one more than twice in size, elongate and without dermal flap. Nasal bone present. Frontals separated anteriorly, with wide fontanel; parietal fontanel large, extending from epiphyseal bar to supraoccipital spine, slightly narrowed anteriorly. Infraorbital series variable; usually six elements but only five elements are present in some specimens, possibly due to fusion of infraorbitals three with four (e.g., UFBA 7553, 27.4 mm SL). Third infraorbital largest and contacting laterosensory canal of preopercle ventrolaterally. Laterosensorial canal of first infraorbital absent; canal present and close to inner margin of orbital rim from second to fourth infraorbitals. Degree of development of the parietal branch of the supraorbital canal variable, reaching parietal bone (UFBA 7558), just reaching suture between frontal and parietal bones (CIUFS 426, 38.9 mm SL; UFBA 7553, 27.4 mm SL), or poorly developed, not reaching the suture between frontal and parietal bones (CIUFS 694, 21.9 mm SL; UFBA 7515, 19.0 mm SL). Premaxillary teeth in two rows; outer row with one (2), two* (46) or three (52) teeth bearing three cusps; inner row with four (1), five* (74), six (24), or seven (1) teeth bearing three to five cusps; symphyseal tooth of inner series narrow, asymmetrical, usually without cusp on anteromedial side, one larger central cusp and one smaller on lateral side; second or third tooth the largest, with three or five cusps; last teeth smaller with three cusps or conical. Maxilla with three* (11), four (25), five (16), six (26), seven (12), eight (2), nine (4), or 11(1) teeth; anterior ones usually with three cups and posterior ones conical. Dentary with 11(1), 12(5), 14(2), 15(2), 16(1), or 19(1) teeth; four or five large anterior teeth cusps with three in most specimens examined, but specimens around 37.0 mm SL or larger with anterior teeth pentacuspid; seven to 14 smaller posterior teeth, usually conical (Fig. 2). Scales cycloid, circuli absent on exposed area of scales, with several parallel radii extending to posterior margin of scale. Lateral line incomplete; with five (3), six* (38), seven (42), or eight (10) pored scales; longitudinal scales series including pored scales 32(1), 33(10), 34(22), 35(19), or 36(3). Some scales lost in the holotype. Horizontal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and pelvic-fin insertion 12*(14) or 13(78), commonly six above and six below lateral line, and more rarely seven above and six below. Scales along middorsal line between tip of supraoccipital process and origin of dorsal fin 10*(36), 11(35), or 12(9). Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 13*(5) or 14(53). Base of anteriormost anal-fin rays covered by a series of three to five scales. Caudal fin with scales restricted to the base of rays. Muscular reduction at vertical through anterior portion of the swimbladder; swimbladder not completely exposed but covered by a thin layer of musculature; muscular reduction between first and second pleural ribs, visible or not by transparency through the body wall as a deep dark area under the humeral blotch. Dorsal-fin rays ii,8(3), ii,8,i(6), ii,9*(82), iii,9(4), ii,10(7). Distal margin of dorsal fin straight or slightly rounded. Dorsal-fin origin situated at vertical through approximately middle of standard length. Base of last dorsal-fin ray anterior to vertical through anal-fin origin. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind neural spine of 10 th (8) vertebra. Adipose fin present. Anal-fin rays unbranched rays iii*(24), iv(70) or v(1); branched rays 20(2), 21(19), 22(24), 23*(28), 24(17), 25(7), or 26(1). Distal margin of anal fin slightly concave. First anal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind haemal spine of 15 th (4) or 16 th (4) vertebra. Pectoral-fin rays i,9(11), i,9,ii(3), i,10(46), i,10,i(1), i,11*(36), or i,12(5). Tip of pectoral fin usually reaching or slightly surpassing vertical through pelvic-fin insertion. Pelvic-fin rays i,5(1), i,6*(102), or i,7(2); tip of pelvic fin of mature males usually extends beyond insertion of first anal-fin ray. Caudal fin forked, lobes pointed, similar in size. Principal caudal-fin rays i,9+8,i(11). Eight (4), nine (4), 10(1), or 11(1) dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays, and eight (7) or nine (3) ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays. First gill arch with five (4), six (3), or seven (1) gill rakers on epibranchial, eight (2) or nine (6) on hypobranchial and ceratobranchial, and one (8) on cartilage between ceratobranchial and epibranchial. Precaudal vertebrae 13(2), 14(7), or 15(2) and caudal vertebrae 19(1), 20(6), 21(3), or 22(1); total vertebrae 33(1), 34(8), 35(1), or 37(1). Supraneurals four (2), five (6), or six (2). Branchiostegal rays four (11). Coloration in alcohol. Overall ground color yellow to light brown (Fig. 1). Guanine restricted to part of infraorbitals, preopercle, and opercle in somewhat recently fixed specimens. Dorsal part of head with melanophores sparsely and evenly distributed, usually darker posterior to eyes. Melanophores sparsely distributed over maxilla and lateral portion of head, larger posterior to eyes. Opercle with sparse melanophores, usually more concentrated on its dorsal half. Ventral portion of head with a few scattered small melanophores, more concentrated on anteriormost portion. Dorsum and scales along lateral of body with sparse melanophores; middorsal series usually homogeneously darkened; two or three dorsalmost series of scales with clearer posterior border. Scales below it with melanophores homogeneously distributed. Abdominal region clear or with sparse tiny melanophores. Humeral region with a vertically-elongated faint humeral blotch, wider dorsally and tapering ventrally; widest portion located on second horizontal series above lateral line, reaching three or four scales horizontally. Humeral blotch preceded and followed by clear areas, although clear areas not completely devoid of melanophores; blotch formed by superficial melanophores. Some specimens, usually about 33.0 mm SL or larger, with concentration of melanophores posterior to the clear area on the rear of the humeral blotch, but not characterizing a well-defined second blotch (see item Discussion). Midlateral black narrow stripe along horizontal septum from vertical through dorsal-fin origin to caudal peduncle, more evident in the stretch posterior to the dorsal-fin origin, but falling short of the end of caudal peduncle; dark line or stripe formed by melanophores over skin and also embedded dark pigmentation; largest specimens (about 37.0 mm SL or larger) with longitudinal stripe slightly wider and less conspicuous. No distinct caudal-peduncle blotch or/and stripe. All fins slightly darkened; dorsal, caudal, and pectoral usually with tiny melanophores forming dark lines along borders of rays and sparse melanophores on interradial membranes. Anal fin similarly colored, but lacking dark lines on borders of rays; distal border of fin somewhat darker, more evident on anteriormost rays. Pelvic fin somewhat less colored, with melanophores usually restricted to distal portion of rays; some specimens with distal half of rays distinctly dark. Adipose fin mostly hyaline; some specimens with few scattered small melanophores at base of fin. Specimens sampled in black water streams usually with overall darker coloration of body and fins, rendering some patterns and blotches described above somewhat merged with ground coloration and inconspicuous. Coloration in life. Life color pattern is somewhat variable along distribution and apparently influenced by the physical characteristics of water body inhabited by each population (Fig. 3). Specimens from clear water rivers usually possess yellowish overall body coloration, including distinct yellow coloration of fins, maxillae, and dorsal half of head (Figs. 3a, c-e). Additionally, a brown-reddish longitudinal stripe, from the rear of the humeral blotch or body midlength to the caudal peduncle is observed in some of those specimens (Fig. 3d). On the other hand, specimens from dark waters are more pigmented, with no humeral blotch or clear surrounding areas visible (Fig. 3b). These specimens are usually shiny silver, with large amount of guanine over scales on flank and dark longitudinal stripe, when visible. They possess yellow or orange chromatophores over scales on anterior half of body and strong yellow to orange fins. Sexual dimorphism. Lima, Costa (2001: 235) mentioned “no hooks on fins” of H. itaparicensis. However, Brito et al. (2014) and Vieira et al. (2016) recently reported the presence of bony processes on anal and pelvic fins in H. itaparicensis specimens from rivers draining Sergipe State. Examination of paratypes of H. itaparicensis (MZUSP 57540, UFRJ 4843) and various recently sampled specimens also revealed well-developed bony processes on first to fourth branched anal-fin rays and on the anteriormost two or three branched pelvic-fin rays (Fig. 4). Anal-fin bifurcated bony processes are distributed from the last unbranched up to the eighth branched anal-fin rays, usually on distal half of rays, on the segment just before the bifurcation of rays and continuing on dorsal hemitrichium of each ray. Bony processes are concave, anterodorsally directed bilaterally, symmetric, larger around midlength of branched portion of rays (Fig. 4a), and usually more numerous in the third and fourth branched anal-fin rays, with up to 12 paired processes (UFBA 7558, 40.5 mm SL). Pelvic-fin rays have similar concave and anterodorsally directed bony processes on the first and second, rarely on third, branched rays of mature males (Fig. 4b; see also Brito et al. (2014: 1159, Fig. 5d). However, pelvic-fin bony processes are not bifurcate and are distributed on the border of three or four segments anterior to branching point or restricted to the dorsal hemitrichium. Bony processes decrease in size on distal portion of rays. Up to 15 bony processes were observed in the first and 13 processes on the second branched ray (UFBA 7558, 40.5 mm SL). In one paratype (MZUSP 57540, 25.4 mm SL), six processes were observed in each of the two first branched rays and in another paratype (UFRJ 4843, 32.0 mm SL), processes occur on three first branched rays. Other sexually dimorphic traits observed in H. itaparicensis include interradial membrane on areas with bony processes on both fins tumescent, shape of the analfin profile distinct in males and females, and pelvic-fin length distinct in males and females. According to Brito et al. (2014: 1159, Figs. 5 a-b) the anal-fin distal profile is almost straight in males vs. concave from fifth to tenth branched ray in females. Examination of mature males performed herein corroborates this information, although with some variation among populations examined. Brito et al. (2014) described the distal end of the pelvic fin surpassing the anal-fin origin in males but not reaching the anal fin in females. However, examination of paratypes (UFRJ 4843, 32.0) revealed pelvic fin of females reaching the anal-fin origin and non-type mature males with pelvic fin barely reaching anal-fin base (UFBA 7558, 40.5 mm SL). Males usually have tips of pelvic-fin rays reaching beyond the anal-fin origin and overlapping the base of the first branched fin rays, while in females the pelvic fin may reach the anal fin but does not reach the basal portion of the branched fin rays. The holotype is apparently a female, relatively large-sized, without bony processes on fin rays, with concave anal-fin profile, and pectoral-fin barely reaching pelvic-fin insertion. Distinct elongation of fins in males and sexually dimorphic coloration typical of various species of Hyphessobrycon were not observed in H. itaparicensis. Gill glands (Burns, Weitzman, 1996) were not found on first gill arch of neither sex. Geographic distribution. Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis occurs in small coastal Brazilian rivers in the Northeastern Mata Atlântica freshwater ecoregion (NMAF), from streams around Camamu municipality, Bahia State in its southernmost distribution, to tributaries of rio Sergipe in Areia Branca municipality, Sergipe State, up north (Fig. 5). The known distribution of this species is restricted to a group of basins proposed by Camelier, Zanata (2014), the ‘Group North’, which includes drainages situated in the northernmost portion of the NMAF ecoregion. Ecological notes. Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis was first sampled in a small clear water stream (about 4 m wide and 1 m deep) below a small waterfall in Ilha de Itaparica, located about 200 m from the sea, although without tidal influence (Lima, Costa, 2001), in Barra do Gil, municipality of Vera Cruz (C. Sampaio, person. comun.), on the eastern portion of the island. According to

Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis Lima & Costa, 2001 Figs. 1-4, Tab. 1 Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis Lima & Costa, 2001: 233-234; 236-237. Type locality: small stream in Ilha de Itaparica. - Lima et al., 2003: 139 (list of species). - Buckup et al., 2007: 54 (list of species). - Menezes et al., 2007: 90 (list of species). - Zanata, Camelier, 2010: 771-772; 776 (diagnosis of H. brumado; comparative material). - Garc��a-Alzate et al., 2010: 58; 62 (diagnosis and comparison with H. sebastiani) - Burger et al., 2011: 274; 277; 279; 282; 285; 290 (occurrence of species on the Rec��ncavo Sul basin, Bahia State; photo; identification key; comparative material). - Carvalho, Langeani, 2013: 533 (comparative material). - Menezes et al., 2013: 29 (comments about conservation of type locality). - Brito et al., 2014: 1156-1159 (geographic distribution; photos; molecular identification). - Camelier, Zanata, 2014: 687; 690; 691; 692; 696 (list of species; geographic distribution; comments). - Dagosta et al., 2014: 373 (comparative material). - Carvalho et al., 2014: 248 (diagnosis of H. flammeus). - Lima et al., 2014: 170 (diagnosis of H. montagi). - Vieira et al., 2016: 57- 60 (description of pelvic- and anal-fins bony hooks; examined material). Hyphessobrycon cf. itaparicensis. - Costa, 2004: 6 (habitat notes). Hyphessobrycon ellisae Bragan��a, Ottoni & Rangel-Pereira, 2015: 256 (original description, type locality: Brazil, Sergipe State, Munic��pio de Est��ncia, about 8 km north of Santa Cruz do Abais). Preoccupied by H. ellisae (Pearson, 1924) and replaced by Hyphessobrycon sergipanus (Bragan��a et al., 2016). Hyphessobrycon sergipanus Bragan��a, Ottoni & Rangel- Pereira, 2016: 373 (name replacement for H. ellisae). NEW SYNONYM. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis can be easily distinguished from most congeners, except the species of the ���rosy tetra clade��� sensu Weitzman, Palmer (1997), and H. balbus Myers, H. bifasciatus Ellis, H. chocoensis Garc��a- Alzate, Rom��n-Valencia & Taphorn, H. columbianus Zarske & G��ry, H. eilyos Lima & Moreira, H. flammeus Myers, H. gracilior G��ry, H. griemi Hoedeman, H. igneus Miquelarena, Menni, L��pez & Casciotta, H. panamensis Durbin, H. savagei Bussing, H. scutulatus Lucena, H. sebastiani Garc��a-Alzate, Rom��n-Valencia & Taphorn, H. taguae Garc��a-Alzate, Rom��n-Valencia & Taphorn, H. tortuguerae B��hlke, and H. weitzmanorum Lima & Moreira, by the absence of any concentration of dark chromatophores at the caudal-peduncle region (vs. presence of a dark blotch or a longitudinal dark stripe extending over the caudal-peduncle region). Among the ���rosy tetra clade���, H. itaparicensis differs from H. axelrodi (Travassos), H. bentosi Durbin, H. compressus (Meek), H. copelandi Durbin, H. dorsalis Zarske, H. epicharis Weitzman & Palmer, H. eques (Steindachner), H. erythrostigma (Fowler), H. georgettae G��ry, H. haraldschultzi Travassos, H. heteresthes Ulrey, H. jackrobertsi Zarske, H. khardinae Zarske, H. megalopterus (Eigenmann), H. micropterus (Eigenmann), H. minor Durbin, H. pando Hein, H. pyrrhonotus Burgess, H. rosaceus Durbin, H. roseus (G��ry), H. simulatus (G��ry), H. socolofi Weitzman, H. sweglesi (G��ry), and H. takasei G��ry by the absence of a black dorsalfin blotch (vs. presence). The species can be diagnosed from H. bifasciatus, H. flammeus, H. griemi, H. savagei, H. sebastiani, H. tortuguerae, and H. weitzmanorum by the absence of a conspicuous second humeral blotch, having instead an inconspicuous concentration of melanophores without defined limits, that initiates immediately posterior to a clear area on the rear of the first humeral blotch and fades posteriorly (vs. second humeral blotch as conspicuous as first humeral blotch). The species can be further distinguished from some aforementioned species by presence of 3-11 maxillary teeth (vs. 1-2 in H. bifasciatus, H. balbus, H. igneus, and H. ecuadoriensis, and 2 in H. chocoensis and H. sebastiani), 5-8 pored scales on lateral line (vs. 9-13 in H. columbianus, and 10-13 in H. savagei), presence of humeral blotch (vs. absence in H. eilyos, H. gracilior, and H. scutulatus), caudal fin hyaline (vs. caudal fin with black median stripe in H. weitzmanorum), 32-36 longitudinal scales series and vertically elongated humeral blotch (vs. 29-31 longitudinal scales series and rounded humeral blotch in H. taguae), and maxillary teeth tricuspid (vs. pentacuspid teeth in H. panamensis). When alive, H. itaparicensis can be diagnosed from most congeners by usually having yellowish body and fins, allied to a dark brown or reddish midlateral stripe extending from dorsalfin base to caudal peduncle. Description. Morphometric data are summarized in Tab. 1. Body somewhat compressed and elongate. Greatest body depth at vertical through dorsal-fin origin or slightly ahead of this point. Dorsal profile of head somewhat convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostrils; straight to slightly convex above eye and somewhat concave from the vertical through posterior border of eye and to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body somewhat convex from tip of occipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; straight to somewhat convex and posteroventrally slanted along dorsal-fin base; straight from end of dorsal-fin base to adipose fin and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Head rounded anteriorly in lateral profile. Ventral profile of head and body convex from lower lip to pelvic-fin origin; straight from that point to anal-fin origin; straight and posterodorsally slanted along anal-fin base, and slightly concave along ventral profile of caudal peduncle. Eyes relatively large compared with head length. Lower jaw slightly longer than upper jaw, mouth terminal. Posterior terminus of maxilla usually extending beyond vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Nostrils close to each other and separated by skin flap; anterior opening small, semicircular and with dermal flap; posterior one more than twice in size, elongate and without dermal flap. Nasal bone present. Frontals separated anteriorly, with wide fontanel; parietal fontanel large, extending from epiphyseal bar to supraoccipital spine, slightly narrowed anteriorly. Infraorbital series variable; usually six elements but only five elements are present in some specimens, possibly due to fusion of infraorbitals three with four (e.g., UFBA 7553, 27.4 mm SL). Third infraorbital largest and contacting laterosensory canal of preopercle ventrolaterally. Laterosensorial canal of first infraorbital absent; canal present and close to inner margin of orbital rim from second to fourth infraorbitals. Degree of development of the parietal branch of the supraorbital canal variable, reaching parietal bone (UFBA 7558), just reaching suture between frontal and parietal bones (CIUFS 426, 38.9 mm SL; UFBA 7553, 27.4 mm SL), or poorly developed, not reaching the suture between frontal and parietal bones (CIUFS 694, 21.9 mm SL; UFBA 7515, 19.0 mm SL). Premaxillary teeth in two rows; outer row with one (2), two* (46) or three (52) teeth bearing three cusps; inner row with four (1), five* (74), six (24), or seven (1) teeth bearing three to five cusps; symphyseal tooth of inner series narrow, asymmetrical, usually without cusp on anteromedial side, one larger central cusp and one smaller on lateral side; second or third tooth the largest, with three or five cusps; last teeth smaller with three cusps or conical. Maxilla with three* (11), four (25), five (16), six (26), seven (12), eight (2), nine (4), or 11(1) teeth; anterior ones usually with three cups and posterior ones conical. Dentary with 11(1), 12(5), 14(2), 15(2), 16(1), or 19(1) teeth; four or five large anterior teeth cusps with three in most specimens examined, but specimens around 37.0 mm SL or larger with anterior teeth pentacuspid; seven to 14 smaller posterior teeth, usually conical (Fig. 2). Scales cycloid, circuli absent on exposed area of scales, with several parallel radii extending to posterior margin of scale. Lateral line incomplete; with five (3), six* (38), seven (42), or eight (10) pored scales; longitudinal scales series including pored scales 32(1), 33(10), 34(22), 35(19), or 36(3). Some scales lost in the holotype. Horizontal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and pelvic-fin insertion 12*(14) or 13(78), commonly six above and six below lateral line, and more rarely seven above and six below. Scales along middorsal line between tip of supraoccipital process and origin of dorsal fin 10*(36), 11(35), or 12(9). Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 13*(5) or 14(53). Base of anteriormost anal-fin rays covered by a series of three to five scales. Caudal fin with scales restricted to the base of rays. Muscular reduction at vertical through anterior portion of the swimbladder; swimbladder not completely exposed but covered by a thin layer of musculature; muscular reduction between first and second pleural ribs, visible or not by transparency through the body wall as a deep dark area under the humeral blotch. Dorsal-fin rays ii,8(3), ii,8,i(6), ii,9*(82), iii,9(4), ii,10(7). Distal margin of dorsal fin straight or slightly rounded. Dorsal-fin origin situated at vertical through approximately middle of standard length. Base of last dorsal-fin ray anterior to vertical through anal-fin origin. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind neural spine of 10 th (8) vertebra. Adipose fin present. Anal-fin rays unbranched rays iii*(24), iv(70) or v(1); branched rays 20(2), 21(19), 22(24), 23*(28), 24(17), 25(7), or 26(1). Distal margin of anal fin slightly concave. First anal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind haemal spine of 15 th (4) or 16 th (4) vertebra. Pectoral-fin rays i,9(11), i,9,ii(3), i,10(46), i,10,i(1), i,11*(36), or i,12(5). Tip of pectoral fin usually reaching or slightly surpassing vertical through pelvic-fin insertion. Pelvic-fin rays i,5(1), i,6*(102), or i,7(2); tip of pelvic fin of mature males usually extends beyond insertion of first anal-fin ray. Caudal fin forked, lobes pointed, similar in size. Principal caudal-fin rays i,9+8,i(11). Eight (4), nine (4), 10(1), or 11(1) dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays, and eight (7) or nine (3) ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays. First gill arch with five (4), six (3), or seven (1) gill rakers on epibranchial, eight (2) or nine (6) on hypobranchial and ceratobranchial, and one (8) on cartilage between ceratobranchial and epibranchial. Precaudal vertebrae 13(2), 14(7), or 15(2) and caudal vertebrae 19(1), 20(6), 21(3), or 22(1); total vertebrae 33(1), 34(8), 35(1), or 37(1). Supraneurals four (2), five (6), or six (2). Branchiostegal rays four (11). Coloration in alcohol. Overall ground color yellow to light brown (Fig. 1). Guanine restricted to part of infraorbitals, preopercle, and opercle in somewhat recently fixed specimens. Dorsal part of head with melanophores sparsely and evenly distributed, usually darker posterior to eyes. Melanophores sparsely distributed over maxilla and lateral portion of head, larger posterior to eyes. Opercle with sparse melanophores, usually more concentrated on its dorsal half. Ventral portion of head with a few scattered small melanophores, more concentrated on anteriormost portion. Dorsum and scales along lateral of body with sparse melanophores; middorsal series usually homogeneously darkened; two or three dorsalmost series of scales with clearer posterior border. Scales below it with melanophores homogeneously distributed. Abdominal region clear or with sparse tiny melanophores. Humeral region with a vertically-elongated faint humeral blotch, wider dorsally and tapering ventrally; widest portion located on second horizontal series above lateral line, reaching three or four scales horizontally. Humeral blotch preceded and followed by clear areas, although clear areas not completely devoid of melanophores; blotch formed by superficial melanophores. Some specimens, usually about 33.0 mm SL or larger, with concentration of melanophores posterior to the clear area on the rear of the humeral blotch, but not characterizing a well-defined second blotch (see item Discussion). Midlateral black narrow stripe along horizontal septum from vertical through dorsal-fin origin to caudal peduncle, more evident in the stretch posterior to the dorsal-fin origin, but falling short of the end of caudal peduncle; dark line or stripe formed by melanophores over skin and also embedded dark pigmentation; largest specimens (about 37.0 mm SL or larger) with longitudinal stripe slightly wider and less conspicuous. No distinct caudal-peduncle blotch or/and stripe. All fins slightly darkened; dorsal, caudal, and pectoral usually with tiny melanophores forming dark lines along borders of rays and sparse melanophores on interradial membranes. Anal fin similarly colored, but lacking dark lines on borders of rays; distal border of fin somewhat darker, more evident on anteriormost rays. Pelvic fin somewhat less colored, with melanophores usually restricted to distal portion of rays; some specimens with distal half of rays distinctly dark. Adipose fin mostly hyaline; some specimens with few scattered small melanophores at base of fin. Specimens sampled in black water streams usually with overall darker coloration of body and fins, rendering some patterns and blotches described above somewhat merged with ground coloration and inconspicuous. Coloration in life. Life color pattern is somewhat variable along distribution and apparently influenced by the physical characteristics of water body inhabited by each population (Fig. 3). Specimens from clear water rivers usually possess yellowish overall body coloration, including distinct yellow coloration of fins, maxillae, and dorsal half of head (Figs. 3a, c-e). Additionally, a brown-reddish longitudinal stripe, from the rear of the humeral blotch or body midlength to the caudal peduncle is observed in some of those specimens (Fig. 3d). On the other hand, specimens from dark waters are more pigmented, with no humeral blotch or clear surrounding areas visible (Fig. 3b). These specimens are usually shiny silver, with large amount of guanine over scales on flank and dark longitudinal stripe, when visible. They possess yellow or orange chromatophores over scales on anterior half of body and strong yellow to orange fins. Sexual dimorphism. Lima, Costa (2001: 235) mentioned ���no hooks on fins��� of H. itaparicensis. However, Brito et al. (2014) and Vieira et al. (2016) recently reported the presence of bony processes on anal and pelvic fins in H. itaparicensis specimens from rivers draining Sergipe State. Examination of paratypes of H. itaparicensis (MZUSP 57540, UFRJ 4843) and various recently sampled specimens also revealed well-developed bony processes on first to fourth branched anal-fin rays and on the anteriormost two or three branched pelvic-fin rays (Fig. 4). Anal-fin bifurcated bony processes are distributed from the last unbranched up to the eighth branched anal-fin rays, usually on distal half of rays, on the segment just before the bifurcation of rays and continuing on dorsal hemitrichium of each ray. Bony processes are concave, anterodorsally directed bilaterally, symmetric, larger around midlength of branched portion of rays (Fig. 4a), and usually more numerous in the third and fourth branched anal-fin rays, with up to 12 paired processes (UFBA 7558, 40.5 mm SL). Pelvic-fin rays have similar concave and anterodorsally directed bony processes on the first and second, rarely on third, branched rays of mature males (Fig. 4b; see also Brito et al. (2014: 1159, Fig. 5d). However, pelvic-fin bony processes are not bifurcate and are distributed on the border of three or four segments anterior to branching point or restricted to the dorsal hemitrichium. Bony processes decrease in size on distal portion of rays. Up to 15 bony processes were observed in the first and 13 processes on the second branched ray (UFBA 7558, 40.5 mm SL). In one paratype (MZUSP 57540, 25.4 mm SL), six processes were observed in each of the two first branched rays and in another paratype (UFRJ 4843, 32.0 mm SL), processes occur on three first branched rays. Other sexually dimorphic traits observed in H. itaparicensis include interradial membrane on areas with bony processes on both fins tumescent, shape of the analfin profile distinct in males and females, and pelvic-fin length distinct in males and females. According to Brito et al. (2014: 1159, Figs. 5 a-b) the anal-fin distal profile is almost straight in males vs. concave from fifth to tenth branched ray in females. Examination of mature males performed herein corroborates this information, although with some variation among populations examined. Brito et al. (2014) described the distal end of the pelvic fin surpassing the anal-fin origin in males but not reaching the anal fin in females. However, examination of paratypes (UFRJ 4843, 32.0) revealed pelvic fin of females reaching the anal-fin origin and non-type mature males with pelvic fin barely reaching anal-fin base (UFBA 7558, 40.5 mm SL). Males usually have tips of pelvic-fin rays reaching beyond the anal-fin origin and overlapping the base of the first branched fin rays, while in females the pelvic fin may reach the anal fin but does not reach the basal portion of the branched fin rays. The holotype is apparently a female, relatively large-sized, without bony processes on fin rays, with concave anal-fin profile, and pectoral-fin barely reaching pelvic-fin insertion. Distinct elongation of fins in males and sexually dimorphic coloration typical of various species of Hyphessobrycon were not observed in H. itaparicensis. Gill glands (Burns, Weitzman, 1996) were not found on first gill arch of neither sex. Geographic distribution. Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis occurs in small coastal Brazilian rivers in the Northeastern Mata Atl��ntica freshwater ecoregion (NMAF), from streams around Camamu municipality, Bahia State in its southernmost distribution, to tributaries of rio Sergipe in Areia Branca municipality, Sergipe State, up north (Fig. 5). The known distribution of this species is restricted to a group of basins proposed by Camelier, Zanata (2014), the ���Group North���, which includes drainages situated in the northernmost portion of the NMAF ecoregion. Ecological notes. Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis was first sampled in a small clear water stream (about 4 m wide and 1 m deep) below a small waterfall in Ilha de Itaparica, located about 200 m from the sea, although without tidal influence (Lima, Costa, 2001), in Barra do Gil, municipality of Vera Cruz (C. Sampaio, person. comun.), on the eastern portion of the island. According to, Published as part of Zanata, Angela M., Camelier, Priscila, Carvalho, Fernando R. & Lima, Sergio M. Q., 2018, Redescription of Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis, a senior synonym of H. sergipanus (Characiformes: Characidae), pp. 1-12 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (1) on pages 2-9, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170141, http://zenodo.org/record/3709513, {"references":["Lima SMQ, Costa WJEM. Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis (Characiformes: Characidae): a new tetragonopterine fish from a costal island of northeastern Brazil. Cybium. 2001; 25 (3): 233 - 37.","Lima FCT, Malabarba LR, Buckup PA, Silva JFP, Vari RP, Harold A et al. Genera incertae sedis in Characidae. In: Reis RE, Kullander SO, Ferraris CJ, Jr., organizers. Check List of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: Edipucrs; 2003. p. 106 - 169.","Buckup PA, Menezes NA, Ghazzi MS, editores. Catalogo das especies dos peixes de agua doce do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. (Serie Livros; 23).","Menezes NA, Weitzman SH, Oyakawa OT, Lima FCT, Castro RMC, Weitzman MJ. Peixes de agua doce da Mata Atlantica: lista preliminar das especies e comentarios sobre conservacao de peixes de agua doce neotropicais. Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo; 2007.","Zanata AM, Camelier P. Hyphessobrycon brumado: a new characid fish (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) from the upper rio de Contas drainage, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. Neotrop Ichthyol. 2010; 8 (4): 771 - 77.","Garcia-Alzate CA, Roman-Valencia C, Taphorn DC. A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) from the San Juan river drainage, Pacific versant of Colombia. Zootaxa. 2010; 2349 (1): 55 - 64.","Burger R, Zanata AM, Camelier P. Estudo taxonomico da ictiofauna de agua doce da bacia do Reconcavo Sul, Bahia, Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 2011; 11 (4): 273 - 90.","Carvalho FR, Langeani F. Hyphessobrycon uaiso: new characid fish from the rio Grande, upper rio Parana basin, Minas Gerais State (Ostariophysi: Characidae), with a brief comment about some types of Hyphessobrycon. Neotrop Ichthyol. 2013; 11 (3): 525 - 36.","Menezes NA, Oyakawa OT, Birindelli JLO. Inventario dos Characiformes Sul-Americanos (SACI): um projeto tematico. Boletim SBI. 2013; 105 (2013): 25 - 31.","Brito MFG, Lima SMQ, Berbel-Filho WM, Torres RA. New records and distribution extension of Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis Lima & Costa, 2001 (Characiformes: Characidae) in coastal drainages of Sergipe State, northeastern Brazil. Check List. 2014; 10 (5): 1156 - 60.","Camelier P, Zanata AM. A new species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Paraguacu basin, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil, with comments on bony hooks on all fins. J Fish Biol. 2014; 84 (2): 475 - 90.","Dagosta FCP, Marinho MMF, Camelier P. A new species of Hyphessobrycon Durbin (Characiformes: Characidae) from the middle rio Sao Francisco and upper and middle rio Tocantins basins, Brazil, with comments on its biogeographic history. Neotrop Ichthyol. 2014; 12 (2): 365 - 75.","Carvalho FR, Jesus GC, Langeani F. Redescription of Hyphessobrycon flammeus Myers, 1924 (Ostariophysi: Characidae), a threatened species from Brazil. Neotrop Ichthyol. 2014; 12 (2): 247 - 56.","Lima FCT, Coutinho DP, Wosiacki WB. A new Hyphessobrycon (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) from the middle Amazon basin, Brazil. Zootaxa. 2014; 3872 (2): 167 - 79.","Vieira CS, Bartolette R, Brito MFG. Comparative morphology of bony hooks of the anal and pelvic fin in six neotropical characid fishes (Ostariophysi: Characiformes). Zool Anz. 2016; 260 (2016): 57 - 62.","Costa WJEM. A new killifish genus and species from the coastal plains of northeastern Brazil (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zootaxa. 2004; 642 (1): 1 - 10.","Braganca PHN, Ottoni FP, Rangel-Pereira FS. Hyphessobrycon ellisae, a new species from northeastern Brazil (Teleostei: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor Freshwaters. 2015; 26 (3): 255 - 62.","Pearson NE. The fishes of the eastern slope of the Andes: I. The fishes of the rio Beni basin, Bolivia, collected by the Mulford expedition. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Press; 1924. (Indiana University Studies; vol XI, No. 64).","Braganca PHN, Ottoni FP, Rangel-Pereira FS. Hyphessobrycon sergipanus, a new substitute name for H. ellisae Braganca, Ottoni & Rangel-Pereira, 2015 (Teleostei: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor Freshwaters. 2016; 27 (4): 373.","Weitzman SH, Palmer L. A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characidae) from Neblina region of Venezuela and Brazil, with comments on the putative ' rosy tetra clade'. Ichthyol Explor Freshwat. 1997; 7 (3): 209 - 42.","Burns JR, Weitzman SH. Novel gill-derived gland in the male swordtail characin, Corynopoma riisei (Teleostei: Characidae: Glandulocaudinae). Copeia. 1996; 1996 (3): 627 - 33.","Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca GAB, Kent J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature. 2000; 403 (6772): 853 - 58.","Tabarelli M, Pinto LP, Silva JMC, Hirota MM, Bede LC. Desafios e oportunidades para a conservacao da biodiversidade na Mata Atlantica brasileira. Megadiversidade. 2005; 1 (1): 132 - 38."]}

Hyphessobrycon petricolus new species (Figs. 1, 3) Holotype. MZUSP 120694, 37.1 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Colniza, stream tributary to the rio Roosevelt, 9��8���40���S 60��45���5���W; 14 Jul 2013, W.M. Ohara & D.B. Hungria. Paratypes. MZUSP 118564, 6, 2.3���42.8 mm SL (2 c&s, 24.9���30.3 mm SL), 22.9���31.3 mm SL; MZUSP 118565, 5, 33.1���42.1 mm SL; ZUEC 13040, 2, 32.4���42.7 mm SL; ANSP 201030, 2, 35.8���41.9 mm SL; INPA 53140, 2, 28.8���39.7 mm SL: same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon petricolus differs from all of its congeners with exception of H. cachimbensis Travassos, H. cyanotaenia Zarske & G��ry, H. fernandezi, H. melanostichos Carvalho & Bertaco, H. nigricinctus, H. paucilepis Garc��a-Alzate, Rom��n-Valencia & Taphorn, H. psittacus Dagosta, Marinho, Camelier & Lima, H. scholzei, H. sovichthys Schultz, H. stegemanni G��ry, H. taphorni, H. tuyensis, and H. vilmae G��ry, by the presence of a well-defined, relatively narrow dark midlateral stripe on body extending to middle caudal-fin rays (vs. absence of a well-defined longitudinal stripe, or midlateral dark stripe becoming blurred towards caudal peduncle). Hyphessobrycon petricolus differs from all the aforementioned species, with exception of H. cyanotaenia, H. cachimbensis, H. melanostichos, and H. nigricinctus, by the presence of a humeral blotch (vs. humeral blotch absent in H. fernandezi, H. paucilepis, H. psittacus, H. scholzei, H. sovichthys, H. stegemanni, H. taphorni, H. tuyensis, and H. vilmae). It can be distinguished from H. melanostichos and H. cyanotaenia by midlateral dark stripe starting at trunk, posteriorly to the opercle (vs. midlateral dark stripe starting behind eye); and from H. nigricinctus and H. cachimbensis by having 16���20 branched anal-fin rays (vs. 22���26 in H. nigricinctus; 21���25 in H. cachimbensis). It can be additionally distinguished from H. nigricinctus by number of scales above the lateral line (5 vs. 7���8) and by presenting a thinner midlateral stripe, which does not overlap dorsally with the midlateral stripe (vs. midlateral stripe broad, almost completely overlapping humeral blotch except for a small ventral projection); and from H. cachimbensis by presenting 3���6 maxillary teeth (vs. 1���2) and by presenting inner premaxillary teeth with a lower number of cusps (up to 5 cusps, vs. 7 or more). Description. Morphometric data for the holotype and paratypes presented in Table 1. Body compressed, moderately short and deep. Greatest body depth situated slightly anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head convex from tip of upper jaw to vertical through anterior nostril; straight or slightly concave from that point to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body convex from supraoccipital spine tip to base of last dorsal-fin ray, approximately straight from that point to adipose-fin insertion and slightly concave between adipose-fin insertion and origin of anterior most dorsal procurrent caudal-fin ray. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of dentary to anal-fin insertion. Body profile along anal-fin base straight and posterodorsally slanted. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Posterior terminus of maxilla reaching vertical through anterior third of eye. Maxilla approximately at 45 degree angle relative to longitudinal axis of body. Nostrils close to each other, anterior opening circular, posterior opening crescent-shaped. Nostrils separated by narrow flap of skin. Premaxillary teeth in two rows; outer teeth row with 2(1), 3(10), or 4*(4) tricuspid teeth; inner teeth row with 5*(7) or 6(1) teeth with three to five cusps, symphyseal tooth of inner series narrow and asymmetric with 4(14) cusps. Maxilla with 3(1), 4*(9), 5(3), or 6(2) teeth along anteroventral margin, with one or three cusps (Fig. 2); anterior most tooth usually largest. Dentary with 4(1) or 5(8) tri- to pentacuspid teeth, followed by series of 8(1), 9(2), 10(3), 11(1), or 13(1) small conical or tricuspid teeth, considerably smaller than anterior teeth. Central cusp of all teeth most developed than remaining lateral cusps; cusp tips slightly curved inward on dentary teeth, and outward on premaxillary teeth (Fig. 2). Scales cycloid, moderately large, with 4 to 8 radii strongly marked; circuli weakly marked proximally. Lateral line slightly deflected downward and incompletely pored, with 5(1), 6(1), 7*(7), 8 (5), or 9(1) perforated scales. Longitudinal scales series including lateral-line scales 30(2), 31(7), or 32*(4). Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5*(15). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3(9) or 4*(5). Scales in median series between tip of supraoccipital spine and dorsal-fin origin 9(2) or 10*(11). Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 12*(12) or 13(2). Single row of 3(2) or 4(3) scales covering base of anterior most anal-fin rays. Caudal fin with scales only basally. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9(15); small ossification anterior to first unbranched ray present in two of the c&s specimens. Dorsal-fin origin at middle of standard length and slightly posterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin. First unbranched dorsal-fin ray shorter than second ray. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore located behind neural spine of 9th (1) vertebrae. Adipose fin present. Anal-fin rays iv, 16(1), 17*(2), 18(8), 19(2), or 20(2), anteriormost rays slightly longer, subsequent rays gradually decreasing in size; distal margin of anal fin slightly concave. Pectoral-fin rays i, 9(1), 10(3) or 11*(11). Tip of pectoral fin reaching vertical at pelvic-fin insertion. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7(15). Tip of pelvic fin falling slightly short of reaching anal-fin insertion (reaching in a single specimen). Principal caudal-fin rays 10+9(15). Caudal fin forked, lobes somewhat pointed and of similar size. Ten (1) or 11 (1) dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays and 7(1) or 9(1) ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays. Vertebrae 32 (1) or 33 (1). Supraneurals 4 (1) or 5 (1); precaudal and caudal vertebrae 16(1) or 17(1), respectively. Branchiostegal rays 4(2). First gill arch with 1(1) or 2(1) hypobranchial, 8(1) or 9(1) ceratobranchial, 1(1) on cartilage between ceratobranchial and epibranchial, and 6(1) or 7(1) epibranchial gill-rakers. Color in alcohol. Overall ground coloration of head and body beige (Fig. 1). Dorsal portion of head and body dark. Snout, tip of dentary, maxilla, antorbital and infraorbitals 1 and 2 with a dense concentration of small dark chromatophores, imparting an overall dark coloration. Infraorbitals 3���6, opercle and preopercle with scattered dark chromatophores. Uppermost two scale rows darkened, clearly contrasting with clearer area along third scale row situated immediately above midlateral stripe. Humeral blotch moderately conspicuous, vertically elongated, mostly overlapping with midlateral stripe, relatively diffuse where not overlapping, extending approximately two scales horizontally and one vertically. A conspicuous, relatively broad dark midlateral stripe on body, extending posteriorly along trunk from immediately behind opercle to tip of middle caudal-fin rays. Clear stripe parallel and immediately above to dark midlateral stripe extending from opercle to end of caudal peduncle. Abdominal region with scattered dark chromatophores. Small dark chromatophores scattered on interradial membranes of all fins, sometimes over rays of caudal and dorsal fins. Pelvic, dorsal and anal fins with dark chromatophores scattered along interradial membranes. Adipose fin with scattered dark pigmentation. Caudal-fin median rays with narrow dark stripe continuous with the dark midlateral stripe. Caudal-peduncle blotch absent, midlateral stripe slightly broader at caudal peduncle in two of the examined specimens (MZUSP 120694, holotype, and MZUSP 118564, 42.8 mm SL). Color in life. Based on photographs taken in the field of three specimens (Fig. 3) Infraorbitals 2, 3, and 4, opercle, preopercle, and abdominal region covered with guanine, imparting a silvery hue. Upper lip and upper half of dentary faintly brown (yellow in juveniles). Top of head and dorsum dark brown, with an olive hue. Humeral blotch and dark midlateral stripe dark, very conspicuous. Yellowish to golden stripe parallel and immediately above to dark midlateral stripe extending from immediately behind opercle to caudal peduncle terminus Dorsal portion of eye red, lower portion clear, with a silvery hue. Dorsal, pelvic, adipose, caudal and anal fins yellow to orange. Pectoral fin hyaline. Sexual dimorphism. Bony hooks on fins, a common dimorphic feature in characids (Malabarba & Weitzman, 2003), were not found in any specimens of Hyphessobrycon petricolus. Distribution. The new species is so far only known from its type locality, a small tributary of the middle rio Roosevelt, rio Aripuan�� drainage, rio Madeira basin, northwestern Mato Grosso State, Brazil (Fig. 4). Ecological notes. The type locality of Hyphessobrycon petricolus is a small, black water stream 1.5���4 m wide and 0.3���1.5 m deep, with swift water current, and rocky bottom (Fig. 5 a), upstream a large waterfall (Fig. 5 b). The stream run across a small cerrado-vegetation enclave situated within Amazon forest. Individuals of Hyphessobrycon petricolus were captured near of surface during the night in small groups of 2 to 4 individuals. Other species sampled syntopically were: Aequidens sp., Erythrinus erythrinus, Pyrrhulina sp., Synbranchus sp. and Tatia cf. brunnea. Etymology. The specific name petricolus derives from the Latin petra meaning rock and colus, to abide, to dwell, referring to the occurrence of the species in a rocky-bottomed stream. An adjective. Remarks. The new species described herein would be assignable to the Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus group as defined by G��ry (1977), by the presence of a conspicuous midlateral stripe. However, the Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus group was recently restricted to include only Hyphessobrycon species presenting a midlateral stripe continuous with the humeral blotch that is blurred towards the caudal peduncle, typically not reaching it (Lima et al. 2014). Among the Hyphessobrycon species presenting a conspicuous midlateral stripe extending to the caudal peduncle, Hyphessobrycon petricolus is more similar to H. cachimbensis, H. cyanotaenia, H. melanostichos, and H. nigricinctus, by sharing with these species the presence of a humeral blotch partially overlapping with the midlateral stripe (Dagosta et al. 2016). Hyphessobrycon petricolus can be distinguished from the aforementioned species by the characters mentioned in the Diagnosis. Whether the Hyphessobrycon species presenting a conspicuous midlateral stripe represent a monophyletic clade or not is an issue still open to further investigation., Published as part of Ohara, Willian M., Lima, Fl��vio C. T. & Barros, Bruno S., 2017, Hyphessobrycon petricolus, a new species of tetra (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Madeira basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil, pp. 242-250 in Zootaxa 4221 (2) on pages 243-247, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.248693, {"references":["Lima, F. C. T., Malabarba, L. R., Buckup, P. A., Silva, J. F. P., Vari, R. P., Harold, A., Benine, R. C., Oyakawa, O. T., Pavanelli, C. S., Menezes, N. A., Lucena, C. A. S., Malabarba, M. C. S. L., Lucena, Z. M. S., Reis, R. E., Langeani, F., Casatti, L., Bertaco, V. A., Moreira, C. R. & Lucinda, P. H. F. (2003) Genera Incertae sedis in Characidae. Pp. 106 - 169. In: Reis, R. E., Kullander, S. O. & Ferraris Jr. C. J. (Eds.). Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs.","Gery, J. (1977) Characoids of the world. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune City, 672 pp.","Lima, F. C. T., Coutinho, D. P. & Wosiacki, W. B. (2014) A new Hyphessobrycon (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) from the middle Amazon basin, Brazil. Zootaxa, 3872 (2), 167 - 179. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3872.2.3","Dagosta, F., Marinho, M. M. F., Camelier, P. & Lima, F. C. T. (2016) A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper Rio Juruena basin, central Brazil, with a redescription of H. cyanotaenia. Copeia, 104 (1), 250 - 259. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / CI- 15 - 243"]}

The Hyphessobrycon are allocated in the incertae sedis group of the Characidae family, one of the genera with more species of the group. The chromosomes of some species of Hyphessobrycon are known, and the diploid number most common for genus is 2n = 50 chromosomes. The aims of this study were to examine the karyotype macrostructure in the Hyphessobrycon eques Steindachner, 1882, and show a new origin hypothesis for B chromosomes. The diploid number observed for Hyphessobrycon eques was 2n = 52 chromosomes, and a karyotype formulae of 12m + 18sm + 8st + 14a, with FN (fundamental number) = 90 for both sexes. Only two females showed one B chromosome. The heterochromatin was observed mainly on centromeric regions, and in the long arm of the B chromosome. In this paper, the relationship of the B chromosome of Hyphessobrycon eques with an occasional chromosome rearrangement was discussed.

Hyphessobrycon uaiso Carvalho & Langeani (2013). Holotype: DZSJRP 16460, 50.2 mm SL, headwaters of rio Uberaba, near BR-262 road, rio Grande drainage, upper rio Paran�� basin, Ponte Alta district, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, el. 1020 m, 19��40���58.7���S, 47��40���7.3���W, cols. F.R. Carvalho, F. Langeani, H.F. Chaves, F.O. Martins & C.P. Ferreira, 8 September 2006 (Fig. 5). Paratypes: 2 lots, 390 specimens; DZSJRP 8731, 276 (3 c&s), 272 in the original description, 17.6���47.4 mm SL, same locality as holotype, cols. F.R. Carvalho, F. Langeani & F.O. Martins, 11 March 2012; and DZSJRP 15804, 114 (3 c&s, tissue samples of 6 specimens), 105 in the original description, 25.7���43.6 mm SL, same locality as holotype, cols. F.R. Carvalho, F. Langeani & F.O. Martins, 11 March 2012. Remarks: The discrepancy between the number of specimens (paratypes) herein listed and those mentioned in the original description may be due to a counting error in the original description., Published as part of Langeani, Francisco, 2017, Annotated catalog of the type specimens deposited at the fish collection of the " Universidade Estadual Paulista, C��mpus de S��o Jos�� do Rio Preto ", S��o Paulo, Brazil (DZSJRP), pp. 435-460 in Zootaxa 4319 (3) on page 441, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4319.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/890303, {"references":["Carvalho, F. R. & Langeani, F. (2013) Hyphessobrycon uaiso: new characid fish from the rio Grande, upper rio Parana basin, Minas Gerais (Ostariophysi: Characidae), with a brief comment about some types of Hyphessobrycon. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11, 525 - 536. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252013000300006"]}

Hyphessobrycon langeanii Lima & Moreira (2003). Paratypes: 1 lot, 5 specimens; DZSJRP 5467, 28.7���34.0 mm SL, c��rrego Mosquito, Km 476.3 of Ferronorte railroad, upper rio Araguaia basin, Alto Araguaia, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 17��25���8���S, 53��13���60���W, cols. C.R. Moreira & F.C.T. Lima, 19 May 2001., Published as part of Langeani, Francisco, 2017, Annotated catalog of the type specimens deposited at the fish collection of the " Universidade Estadual Paulista, C��mpus de S��o Jos�� do Rio Preto ", S��o Paulo, Brazil (DZSJRP), pp. 435-460 in Zootaxa 4319 (3) on page 440, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4319.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/890303, {"references":["Lima, F. C. T. & Moreira, C. R. (2003) Three new species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Araguaia basin in Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 1, 21 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252003000100003"]}

Hyphessobrycon rutiliflavidus Carvalho, Langeani, Miyazawa & Troy (2008). Holotype: DZSJRP 7444, 50.8 mm SL, c��rrego das Pipas, between Chapada dos Guimar��es and Santo Ant��nio do Leverger, in the Serra de S��o Vicente, upper rio Paraguay basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 15��41���23���S, 55��29���42���W, col. W.P. Troy, 10 November 2002 (Fig. 4). Paratypes: 4 lots, 56 specimens; DZSJRP 5347, 8 (1 c&s), 38.8���42.0 mm SL, collected with the holotype; DZSJRP 6653, 9, 28.0���55.0 mm SL, collected with the holotype; DZSJRP 6654, 12 (1 c&s), 33.1���42.3 mm SL, collected with the holotype; and DZSJRP 8502, 27 (1 c&s), 25.5���58.1 mm SL, collected with the holotype., Published as part of Langeani, Francisco, 2017, Annotated catalog of the type specimens deposited at the fish collection of the " Universidade Estadual Paulista, C��mpus de S��o Jos�� do Rio Preto ", S��o Paulo, Brazil (DZSJRP), pp. 435-460 in Zootaxa 4319 (3) on page 440, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4319.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/890303, {"references":["Carvalho, F. R., Langeani, F., Miyazawa, C. S. & Troy, W. P. (2008) Hyphessobrycon rutiliflavidus n. sp., a new characid fish from the upper rio Paraguai, of Mato Grosso, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa, 1674, 39 - 49."]}

Hyphessobrycon uaiso Carvalho & Langeani (2013). Holotype: DZSJRP 16460, 50.2 mm SL, headwaters of rio Uberaba, near BR-262 road, rio Grande drainage, upper rio Paraná basin, Ponte Alta district, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, el. 1020 m, 19°40’58.7”S, 47°40’7.3”W, cols. F.R. Carvalho, F. Langeani, H.F. Chaves, F.O. Martins & C.P. Ferreira, 8 September 2006 (Fig. 5). Paratypes: 2 lots, 390 specimens; DZSJRP 8731, 276 (3 c&s), 272 in the original description, 17.6–47.4 mm SL, same locality as holotype, cols. F.R. Carvalho, F. Langeani & F.O. Martins, 11 March 2012; and DZSJRP 15804, 114 (3 c&s, tissue samples of 6 specimens), 105 in the original description, 25.7–43.6 mm SL, same locality as holotype, cols. F.R. Carvalho, F. Langeani & F.O. Martins, 11 March 2012. Remarks: The discrepancy between the number of specimens (paratypes) herein listed and those mentioned in the original description may be due to a counting error in the original description.

Hyphessobrycon langeanii Lima & Moreira (2003). Paratypes: 1 lot, 5 specimens; DZSJRP 5467, 28.7–34.0 mm SL, córrego Mosquito, Km 476.3 of Ferronorte railroad, upper rio Araguaia basin, Alto Araguaia, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 17°25’8”S, 53°13’60”W, cols. C.R. Moreira & F.C.T. Lima, 19 May 2001.

Hyphessobrycon wosiackii, new species (Fig. 5) Holotype: MPEG 34741, 34.2 mm SL: Brazil, Par��, Juruti, headwaters of the Igarap�� Juruti Grande (a tributary of Rio Amazonas), 2��34'36''S, 56��24'3''W; W.B. Wosiacki, 4 Aug 2004. Paratypes: MPEG 7913, 20, 3 c&s, 22.2���34.5 mm SL; ANSP 203201, 5, 24.1���33.6 mm SL; ZUEC 14199, 5, 23.3���33.7 mm SL: same data as holotype. MPEG 10343, 18, 20.1���30.8 mm SL; MNRJ 50065, 5, 20.7���29.3 mm SL: same locality as holotype; W.B. Wosiacki & A. Bezerra, 5 Aug 2004. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon wosiackii, new species, can be diagnosed from all its congeners, with the exception of H. amapaensis Zarske & G��ry, H. ericae, new species, H. heterorhabdus (Ulrey), and H. montagi Lima, Coutinho & Wosiacki, by presenting an humeral blotch continuous with midlateral stripe that becomes blurred posteriorly, not reaching beyond adipose fin (vs. humeral blotch, when present, not continuous with midlateral stripe, or stripe extending to caudal fin). It can be distinguished from the aforementioned species, except H. ericae and H. montagi, by presenting a caudal peduncle blotch (vs. caudal peduncle blotch absent). The new species is distinguished from H. ericae by humeral blotch roundish (vs. humeral blotch vertically elongated), and from H. montagi by presenting a single humeral blotch (vs. two connected humeral blotches). Description. Morphometric data for the holotype and paratypes presented in Table 2. Body compressed, moderately short and deep. Greatest body depth situated slightly anterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head convex from tip of upper jaw to vertical through anterior nostril; straight or slightly concave from that point to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body convex from supraoccipital spine tip to base of last dorsal-fin ray, approximately straight from that point to adipose-fin insertion and slightly concave between adipose-fin insertion and origin of anterior most dorsal procurrent caudal-fin ray. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of dentary to anal-fin insertion. Body profile along anal-fin base straight and posterodorsally slanted. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Posterior terminus of maxilla reaching vertical through anterior third of eye. Maxilla approximately at 45 degree angle relative to longitudinal axis of body. Nostrils close to each other, anterior opening roughly oval, posterior opening roughly crescent-shaped. Nostrils separated by narrow flap of skin. Premaxillary teeth in two rows; outer teeth row with 2(1), 3*(30), or 4(2) uni- to tricuspidate teeth; inner teeth row with 5(33) or 6*(1) tri- to pentacuspidate teeth. Maxilla with 2(1), 3(1) or 5(1) uni- to tricuspidate teeth; anteriormost tooth usually largest. Dentary with 11(1), 13(1), or 15(1) teeth, anteriormost 4���5 teeth considerably larger, tri- to pentacuspidate, followed by smaller, conical teeth. Central cusp of all teeth more developed than remaining one; dentary cusp tips slightly curved inward, premaxillary cusp tips outwardly-curved. Scales cycloid, moderately large, with 2 to 6 weakly marked radii; circuli strongly marked proximally. Lateral line slightly deflected downward and incompletely pored, with 6(5), 7(16), 8(6), 9(1), or 10*(2) perforated scales. Longitudinal scales series including lateral-line scales 31(6), 32(5), 33(5), 34(8), or 35*(3). Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5*(34). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3*(34). Scales in median series between tip of supraoccipital spine and dorsal-fin origin 9(10) or 10*(24). Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 10(8), 11(15), or 12*(11). Single row of 3���4 scales covering base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Caudal fin with scales only basally. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9*(32), two specimens ii, 8; small ossification anterior to first unbranched ray present in all three c&s specimens. Dorsal-fin origin at middle of standard length. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore located behind neural spine of 9th (3) vertebrae. Adipose fin present. Anteriormost anal-fin pterygiophore inserting posterior to haemal spine of 15th (3) vertebrae. Anal-fin rays iv, 18(2), 19(6), 20*(19), or 21(7), last unbranched and 4���5 anteriormost branched rays slightly longer, subsequent rays gradually decreasing in size; distal margin of anal fin slightly concave, with distinctive anterior lobe. Pectoral-fin rays i, 9(10), 10(16) or 11*(8). Tip of pectoral fin reaching vertical at pelvic-fin insertion. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7* (32); two specimens (MPEG 7913, 27.8 mm SL and ZUEC 14199, 34.5 mm SL) missing entirely pelvic fins. Tip of pelvic fin reaching anal-fin insertion. Principal caudal-fin rays 10+9(3). Caudal fin forked, lobes somewhat pointed and of similar size. Eleven (2) or 12(1) dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays and 8(2) or 9(1) ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays. Vertebrae 34(3). Supraneurals 4(3). First gill arch with 3(3) hypobranchial, 7(1) or 8(2) ceratobranchial, 1(3) on cartilage between ceratobranchial and epibranchial, and 4(1) or 5(2) epibranchial gill-rakers. Color in alcohol. Overall ground coloration of head and body beige (Fig. 5). Dorsal portion of head and body dark. Snout, tip of dentary, maxilla, antorbital and infraorbitals 1 and 2 with a dense concentration of small dark chromatophores, imparting an overall dark coloration. Infraorbitals 3���6, opercle and preopercle with scattered dark chromatophores. Uppermost three scale rows with pigmentation concentrated along edges, imparting an overall reticulate pattern, and clearly contrasting with clearer area situated immediately above midlateral muscle septum. Clear stripe parallel and immediately below dark dorsal area, extending from opercle to end of caudal peduncle. Humeral blotch very conspicuous, roughly square-shaped anteriorly, and developed as a short longitudinal stripe, extending along 5���6 scales, becoming blurred at its posterior portion. Abdominal region with scattered dark chromatophores. Area immediately above anal-fin basis with relatively numerous small dark chromatophores, imparting an overall dusky pattern. Caudal peduncle and caudal fin with a caudal peduncle blotch, slightly dislodged ventrally, with apex roughly triangular in shape towards head, continuing into middle caudal-fin as an elongate, roughly rectangular blotch. Small dark chromatophores scattered on interradial membranes of all fins, sometimes over rays of caudal and dorsal fins. Pelvic, dorsal and anal fins with dark chromatophores scattered along interradial membranes. Adipose fin with scattered dark chromatophores. Sexual dimorphism. Not detected. Distribution. Only known from the Igarap�� Juruti Grande, a direct tributary of the Rio Amazonas, Par�� state, near the border with Amazonas state, Brazil (Fig. 3). Ecological notes. The type-locality, the headwaters of the igarap�� Juruti Grande, lies at a terra firme (non seasonally flooded) site. Gut contents of three c&s specimens contained algae and disarticulated arthropod remains. Etymology. The specific epithet honors our friend and fellow ichthyologist Wolmar Benjamim Wosiacki, fish curator from the Museu Paraense Em��lio Goeldi, in recognition to his important contributions to the knowledge of Brazilian fishes., Published as part of Lima, Fl��vio C. T., 2017, Two new Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) species from Central Amazon basin, Brazil, pp. 123-134 in Zootaxa 4318 (1) on pages 130-132, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4318.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/885712

Hyphessobrycon ericae new species (Figs. 1���2) Hyphessobrycon sp. "machadinho": Lima et al., 2013: 284���285 (picture, short description; tributaries of middle rio Jamari basin, trib. rio Madeira ��, Rond��nia, Brazil). Hyphessobrycon sp. "Humait��": Lima et al., 2013: 284���285 (picture, short description; tributaries of rio Madeira, near Humait��, Amazonas, Brazil). Holotype. MNRJ 50000, 34.9 mm SL, Brazil, Par��, Oriximin��, Igarap�� do Almeidas, rio Trombetas basin, Almeidas plateau, Floresta Nacional Sarac��-Taquera, 1��43'15''S, 56��25'3''W; F. Estrella & G. Beltr��o, 17 Mar 2015. Paratypes. All from Brazil, Par�� state, rio Trombetas basin. MNRJ 44481, 24, 4 c&s, 17.5���35.3 mm SL, same data as holotype. MNRJ 50507, 1, 35.2 mm SL, same locality as holotype; T. Barros & L. Rocha, 14 Oct 2015. MNRJ 44482, 5, 26.4���32.5 mm SL, Oriximin��, Igarap�� do Araticum, 1��48'38''S, 56��19'43''W; G. Ennes & R. Machado, 28 Mar 2014. MNRJ 44483, 15, 28.0��� 36.2 mm SL: Oriximin��, Igarap�� Urupuana, 1��55'41''S, 56��28'38''W; F. Estrella & G. Beltr��o, 24 Mar 2015. MNRJ 44484, 6, 24.5���33.4 mm SL, Oriximin��, Igarap�� do Sarac��, 1��45'34''S, 56��28'38''W; T. Barros & M. Xavier, 21 Mar 2015. MNRJ 44485, 3, 21.4���26.7 mm SL, Oriximin��, Igarap�� do Jamari, 1��55'38''S, 56��32'46''W; T. Barros & M. Xavier, 24 Mar 2015. MNRJ 44486, 7, 20.2���30 mm SL, Oriximin��, Igarap�� Urupuana, 1��55'41''S, 56��28'38''; W.T. Barros & G. Proux, 26 Mar 2014. MNRJ 44487, 10, 21.2���27.8 mm SL, Oriximin��, Igarap�� do Jamari, 1��55'38''S, 56��32'46''W; T. Barros & M. Xavier, 24 Mar 2015. MZUSP 52753, 20, 17.0��� 36.4 mm SL: Porto Trombetas, igarap�� Sarac��, c. 1��38'58''S, 56��22'37''W; E.P. Caramaschi & R.A. Reis, 30 Sept 1997. MZUSP 52796, 4, 16.5���27.1 mm SL: Porto Trombetas, igarap�� Periquito; E.P. Caramaschi & R.A. Reis, 2 Oct 1997. MZUSP 52784, 13, 20.2���32.9 mm SL: Porto Trombetas, igarap�� Sarac��, c. 1��39���S, 56��22���W; E.P. Caramaschi & R.A. Reis, 1 Oct 1997. MZUSP 52687, 13, 1 c&s, 13.6���27.2 mm SL: Porto Trombetas, igarap�� Sarac��, c. 1��38'58''S, 56��22'37''W; E.P. Caramaschi & R.A. Reis, 15 Mar 1997. MZUSP 52676, 3, 19.1���26.3 mm SL: Porto Trombetas, igarap�� Sarac��, c. 1��39���S, 56��22���W; E.P. Caramaschi & R.A. Reis, 17 Mar 1997. MZUSP 52703, 11, 15.3���29.4 mm SL, Porto Trombetas, igarap�� Sarac��, c. 1��38'58''S, 56��22'37''W; E.P. Caramaschi & R.A. Reis, 18 Mar 1997. MZUSP 52652, 2, 31.5���34.5 mm SL: Porto Trombetas, igarap�� Saracazinho, c. 1��43'14''S, 56��26'10''W; E.P. Caramaschi & R.A. Reis, 19 Mar 1997. ZUEC 7529, 5, 30.3���39.1 mm SL, Porto Trombetas, igarap�� Saracazinho (trib. igarap�� Sarac��), c. 1��42���S, 56��25���W; D.S.C. Lin, M.C. Santos & P.E. Pantoja, 28 Nov 2001. INPA 31755, 1, 36.3 mm SL, Porto Trombetas, igarap�� Saracazinho, 1��43'14''S, 56��26'10''W; R.R. de Oliveira et al., 11 Aug 2008. INPA 31757, 1, 38.9 mm SL, Porto Trombetas, igarap�� trib. igarap�� Sarac��, 1��38'25''S, 56��25'7''W; R.R. de Oliveira et al., 12 Aug 2008. INPA 31756, 1, 27.7 mm SL, Porto Trombetas, igarap�� trib. Igarap�� Sarac��, 1��40'6''S, 56��28'7''W; R.R. de Oliveira, 11 Aug 2008. INPA 31185, 55, 14.1���37.9 mm SL, Porto Trombetas, igarap�� Sarac��, 1��38'30''S, 56��24'54''W; R.R. de Oliveira et al., 12 Aug 2008. MZUSP 113713, 43, 4 c&s, 13.4���32.5 mm SL; ANSP 203159, 10, 14.7���31.8 mm SL, Porto Trombetas, igarap�� Sarac��, c. 1��39���S, 56��22���W; D.S.C. Lin, E.P. Caramaschi, M.C. Santos & R.P. Ferreira, 15 Sept 2000. Not types: Brazil, Par�� state: Rio Trombetas basin. INPA 31754, 11, 13.1���26.4 mm SL, Porto Trombetas, igarap�� Araticum, 1��47���11������S, 56��27���49������W; R.R. de Oliveira et al., 10 Aug 2008. MPEG 21458, 1, 24.6 mm SL, Oriximin��, rio Araticum, Porto Trombetas, 1��49���7������S, 56��17���7������W; W.B. Wosiacki, 20 Oct 2007. MPEG 18986, 1, 25.7 mm SL, Oriximin��, rio Sarac��, Porto Trombetas, 1��46���3������S, 56��17���48������W; L.F.A. Montag, 9 Jun 2007. Par�� state, Rio Curu��-Una basin. INPA 41127, 7, 16.6���20.4 mm SL; INPA 41088, 20, 18.7���29.0 mm SL, Santar��m, stream at Fazenda Nelore Branco, 3��1'39''S, 54��43'52''W; J. Zuanon & T.F. Teixeira, 10 Aug 2010. INPA 41087, 16, 21.1���27.5 mm SL, Santar��m, stream trib. rio Curu��-Una, 2��46'17''S, 54��32'15''W; J. Zuanon, 10 Aug 2010. ZUEC 12436, 35, 18.2���28.7 mm SL, Santar��m, stream at Esta����o Santa Rosa, 2��40'1''S, 54��33'9''W; J.D. Bogot��-Gregory, 28 Jan 2015. Par�� state, rio Jamari basin. MZUSP 7907, 36, 16.5���34.0 mm SL; ZUEC 14606, 5, 21.7���29.8 mm SL, Terra Santa, igarap�� trib. rio Jamari, above Terra Santa, c. 2��5'S, 56��31'W; EPA, 14 Dec 1967. Amazonas state, rio Madeira basin: INPA 35829, 105, 13.1���23.5 mm SL, Careiro, Parque Estadual Matupiri, stream trib. rio Madeira, 4��9'35''S, 60��8'17''W; A. Galuch et al., 4 Jul 2007. INPA 40971, 1, 26.9 mm SL, Borba, igarap�� do Jeju, Parque Estadual Matupiri, 4��49'54''S, 61��1'4''W; W. Pedroza & A. Oliveira, 4 Dec 2012. INPA 35875, 39, 12.9���26.0 mm SL, Manicor��, Parque Estadual Matupiri, stream trib. rio Madeira, 4��54'27''S, 61��6'45''W; A. V. Galuch et al., 14 Jul 2007. INPA 48154, 4, 18.5���22.0 mm SL, Tapau��, rio Campinarana, trib. lago Matupiri, 5��36'51''S, 61�� 15'59''W; S. Arrolho et al., 3 Nov 2010. MCP 41887, 8, 19.8���27.0 mm SL, Humait��, 43 east of rio Madeira, Transamaz��nica road, 7��37'11''S, 62��40'57''W; R.E. Reis, F. Langeani, E.H.L. Pereira & A.R. Cardoso, 27 Jul 2004. MCP 41889, 21, 19.6���29.7 mm SL, Humait��, stream 68 km E from rio Madeira, Transamaz��nica road, 7��43'58''S, 62��29'40''W; R.E. Reis, F. Langeani, E.H.L. Pereira & A.R. Cardoso, 27 Jul 2004. MCP 41888, 5, 20.4��� 28.7 mm SL, Humait��, rio Tra��ra, 35 km E of rio Madeira, Transamaz��nica road, 7��35'33''S, 62��44'45''W; R.E. Reis, F. Langeani, E.H.L. Pereira & A.R. Cardoso, 27 Jul 2004. Rond��nia state, rio Madeira basin: ZUEC 7654, 3, 18.9���27.0 mm SL, Machadinho d'Oeste, vila Tabajaras, flooded area near rio Machado, 8��55'21''S, 62��5'43''W; D.T.B. Nielsen, A.C. Baptista, L. Van den Berg & W. Jan Hoetmer, 29 Apr 2013. MCP 41890, 49, 4 c&s, 14.2���37.9 mm SL, Rio Preto do Crespo, 13 km N of Rio Preto do Crespo, 9��35'56''S, 62��52'43''W; F. Langeani, F.C.T. Lima, E.H.L. Pereira & R.E. Reis, 17 Jul 2004. MCP 41886, 87, 15.3���33.0 mm SL, stream trib. rio das Gar��as, road BR-364, 9��0'52''S, 63��0'33''W; P. Lehmann, A.R. Cardoso, V.A. Bertaco & J.F. Pezzi da Silva, 18 Jul 2004. ZUEC 7242, 5, 21.6���26.8 mm SL, Porto Velho, stream at Balne��rio Cachoeirinha (rio Jamari basin), 8��54'50''S, 63��55'52''W; W.M. Ohara, T.H.S. Pires & F.C.T. Lima, 12 Jun 2012. ZUEC 7657, 6, 16.0��� 23.7 mm SL, 1 c&s, Ariquemes, stream trib. rio Jamari, 9��38'33''S, 63��2'5''W; D.T.B. Nielsen, A.C. Baptista, L. Van Den Berg & W. Jan Hoetmer, 30 Apr 2013. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon ericae new species can be diagnosed from all its congeners, with exception of H. amapaensis Zarske & G��ry, H. heterorhabdus (Ulrey), H. montagi Lima, Coutinho & Wosiacki, and H. wosiackii, new species, by presenting humeral blotch continuous with midlateral stripe that becomes blurred posteriorly, not reaching beyond adipose fin (vs. humeral blotch, when present, not continuous with midlateral stripe, or stripe extending to caudal fin). It is distinguished from the aforementioned species, except H. montagi and H. wosiackii, by presenting a caudal peduncle blotch (vs. caudal peduncle blotch absent). The new species is distinguished from H. montagi by the presence of a single humeral blotch (vs. two connected humeral blotches), and from H. wosiackii by presenting humeral blotch vertically elongated (vs. humeral blotch rounded). Description. Morphometric data for the holotype and paratypes presented in Table 1. Body compressed. Greatest body depth situated at vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head convex from upper lip to vertical through posterior nostril, straight from that point to posterior tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from supraoccipital spine tip to anterior terminus of dorsal fin. Dorsal-fin base straight to slightly convex, posteroventraly slanted, approximately straight from posterior terminus of dorsal fin to adipose-fin insertion and concave between adipose-fin insertion and origin of anteriormost dorsal procurrent caudal-fin ray. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin anterior terminus. Anal-fin base slightly convex, posterodorsally slanted. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Posterior terminus of maxilla reaching vertical through anterior margin of iris. Maxilla approximately at 45 degree angle relative to longitudinal axis of body. Nostrils close to each other, anterior opening oval, posterior opening crescent-shaped. Premaxillary teeth in two rows. Outer teeth row with 2(18), 3*(44), or 4(6) tricuspid teeth. Inner row with 5*(65) or 6(4) tri- to pentacuspid teeth, symphyseal tooth of inner series narrower than adjacent teeth. Maxilla with 2(3), or 3(1) conical to tricuspid teeth. Dentary with anteriormost four* (31) teeth larger, tri- to pentacuspid teeth, and posterior 8���15 teeth small, cylindrical, uni- to tricuspid. Central cusp of all teeth more developed than remaining lateral cusps. Scales cycloid. Three to seven radii strongly marked, circuli well marked anteriorly, weakly marked posteriorly. Lateral line slightly deflected downward and incompletely pored, with 6(3), 7(32), 8*(40), 9(23), or 10(5) perforated scales. Longitudinal scales series including lateral-line scales 28(1), 29(1), 30(9), 31(31), 32*(40), 33(14), or 34(4). Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5*(110). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3*(110). Scales in median series between tip of supraoccipital spine and dorsal-fin origin 8(2), 9*(52), 10(54), or 11(5). Circumpeduncular scales 10(3), 11(24), or 12(61). Caudal fin with scales basally along most of fin, extending posteriorly to basal third of ventral portion of ventral lobe. Dorsal-fin rays ii,8 (2), or ii, 9*(114). Dorsal-fin origin slightly anterior from middle of standard length. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore main body located behind neural spine of 8 th (2) or 9th (13) vertebrae, with small bony expansion over 9th neural spine. Adipose fin present. Anteriormost anal-fin pterygiophore inserting posterior to haemal spine of 15th (12) or 16th (2) vertebrae. Anal-fin rays iv, 15(1), 16(1), 17(10), 18(27), 19*(37), 20(29), or 21(10). Last unbranched and first to third anteriormost branched rays distinctly longer than remaining rays, subsequent rays gradually decreasing in size; distal margin of anal fin slightly concave, with distinctive anterior lobe. Pectoral-fin rays i, 9(8), 10*(45), 11(58), or 12(4). Pelvic-fin rays i, 6(2), 7*(113), or 8(1). Tip of pelvic-fin reaching anterior anal-fin rays. Caudal fin forked, lobes roughly rounded and of similar size. Eight (3), 9(5), 10(6) or 11(1) dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays, and 7(6), 8(4), or 9(5) ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays. Vertebrae 32(5), 33(8), or 34(2). Supraneurals 4(10), with distalmost portion wider. Branchiostegal rays 4. First gill arch with 1(5), 2(10) hypobranchial, 7(2), 8(12), or 9(1) ceratobranchial, 1(15) on cartilage between ceratobranchial and epibranchial, and 5(10) or 6(4) epibranchial gill-rakers. Color in alcohol. Overall ground coloration of head and body light beige (Fig.1). Dorsal portion of head and body dark. Snout, anterior portion of dentary and maxilla dark. Infraorbitals and preopercle with scattered dark chromatophores, more concentrated on opercle. Uppermost three scale rows with pigmentation concentrated as inverted c-shaped marks close to posterior margin of scales, leaving margin of scales clear, and forming an overall reticulate pattern. Immediately ventral to reticulated pattern, dark chromatophores uniformly distributed, imparting homogeneous brownish color, decreasing in intensity ventrally. Some specimens with faint concentration of dark chromatophores on ventrolateral portion of abdomen. Ventral portion of head and body pale. Humeral blotch arrow-shaped, composed by humeral blotch and typically short, narrow longitudinal stripe extending from supracleithrum to vertical through dorsal-fin origin, extending further to vertical through dorsal-fin terminus and overlapping with midlateral stripe in some populations (see Remarks, below). Rectangular- to wedge-shaped humeral blotch. Areas surrounding anterior portion of humeral blotch almost devoid of dark chromatophores, increasing contrast with humeral blotch. Lateral stripe thinning and becoming blurred posteriorly. Thin longitudinal midlateral line of deep dark chromatophores from vertical through dorsal-fin origin to caudal blotch. Caudal peduncle and caudal fin with a caudal peduncle blotch, slightly dislodged ventrally, with anterior half, at caudal peduncle, roughly triangular, extending into middle caudal-fin as an elongate, roughly rectangular blotch. Small dark chromatophores scattered on interradial membranes of all fins, occasionally over rays of caudal and dorsal fins. Adipose fin with few scattered dark chromatophores. Color in life. Based on photographs taken on the field of specimen from the rio Trombetas basin, Porto Trombetas, Par�� (Fig. 2) and from pictures from specimens collected at the rio Madeira basin near Porto Velho, Rond��nia, provided by W.M. Ohara (also Lima et al., 2013: 284). Overall ground coloration light beige. Guanine concentrated on most of iris, and sides of head, ventral half of body with a plumbeous tinge resulting from the combination of guanine pigmentation and dark chromatophores. Yellowish pigmentation with guanine underneath rendering maxilla, anterior tip of dentary, infraorbitals 1���2 and portion of iris golden. Dorsal one-third of eye red. A diffuse orange longitudinal band, immediately dorsal to humeral band, running from immediately behind head to caudal blotch, present in specimens from the rio Trombetas basin. Midlateral area with a purplish tinge. Proximal portions of pectoral and pelvic fins yellowish, more marked on pelvic fin. Except for distal margins, most of dorsal, adipose and caudal fins yellowish to orangish. Anal-fin lobe yellowish to orangish. Sexual dimorphism. Not detected. Distribution. Hyphessobrycon ericae is known from lower rio Trombetas basin and the adjacent small rio Jamari basin at the northern bank of the Amazon River, the rio Curu��-Una basin at the southern bank of the Amazon basin, and westward to tributaries of the middle rio Madeira basin, Par��, Amazonas, and Rond��nia states, Brazil (Fig. 3). The rio Jamari basin adjacent to the rio Trombetas basin is not to be confused with the better-known rio Jamari, a tributary of the rio Madeira near Porto Velho, from where Hyphessobrycon ericae is also known. Ecological notes. Most, if not all, known localities of Hyphessobrycon ericae are small to medium-sized clearwater terra firme streams, i.e., streams that are not inundated during the flood season (E. P. Caramaschi, pers. comm.; J.D. Bogot��-Gregory, pers. comm.; FCTL, pers. obs.). The type locality is a shallow first order clearwater stream, with sandy bottom and abundant aquatic vegetation (Fig. 4). However, Hyphessobrycon ericae is usually collected in the portions of the stream lacking aquatic vegetation (F. Estrella, pers. comm.) Stomach contents were examined for 4 specimens (MZUSP 52867, MZUSP 113713, ZUEC 12436, and MCP 41890), and unidentified vegetal matter and insect remains were found. Insect items that could be identified were winged and wingless ants, and a small aquatic beetle. Etymology. The specific epithet honors our fellow ichthyologist ��rica Pellegrini Caramaschi, in recognition to her extensive contributions to the knowledge on Neotropical freshwater fish Ecology, and for presenting us with the first specimens of this species. Also, for patiently awaiting for almost two decades for the description of this species. Remarks. Some samples herein assigned to Hyphessobrycon ericae possess a humeral blotch considerably more elongated than the typical condition, in which the narrow stripe component of the humeral blotch does not extend beyond the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin. In these specimens (MCP 41887, MCP 41888, MCP 41889, ZUEC 7654) the narrow stripe component of the humeral blotch extends to the vertical through dorsal-fin terminus and overlaps with the midlateral stripe at its end (Fig. 1 c). Specimens displaying this color pattern were previously identified as a putative undescribed species (Hyphessobrycon sp. ���Humait�����), then thought to be distinct from Hyphessobrycon ericae (Lima et al., 2013: 284���285), and were collected in tributaries of the middle rio Madeira basin near Humait�� and at the lower rio Machado (a tributary of the middle rio Madeira), an area situated between populations displaying the typical, shorter humeral blotch pattern (Fig. 3). Since no other characters distinguishing both color morphs could be uncovered, we preferred to treat them as a single species. See additional comments at the Discussion, below., Published as part of Lima, Fl��vio C. T., 2017, Two new Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) species from Central Amazon basin, Brazil, pp. 123-134 in Zootaxa 4318 (1) on pages 124-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4318.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/885712

Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-03T18:06:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-04-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-11-04T10:13:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1679-62252014000200365.pdf: 5355084 bytes, checksum: 7ba4733d5d005a37228cbf805854309c (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) A new species of Hyphessobrycon Durbin is described from tributaries of the rio Grande (rio Sao Francisco basin) draining east to the Serra Geral de Goias, of the rio Sao Domingos (upper rio Tocantins basin) and rio do Sono basins (middle rio Tocantins basin). Hyphessobrycon diastatos can be diagnosed from its congeners by the absence of humeral spot, 15-18 branched analfin rays, 1-3 maxillary conical to tricuspid teeth, a relatively well-defined dark caudal-peduncle spot, and elongation of dorsal- and anal-fin rays in mature males. The biogeographical significance of the distribution of the new species is evaluated and discussed. Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo. Avenida Nazaré, 481, Ipiranga, Caixa Postal 42494, 04218-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas. Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil. FAPESP: 2011/50282-7 FAPESP: 2011/23419-1 FAPESP: 2009/15075-0 FAPESP: 2012/00840-6

Hyphessobrycon procyon, new species (Figs. 1, 3) Holotype. MZUSP 118846, 32.2 mm SL, Brazil, Amazonas, Apuí, rio Juma on road BR 230 between Vila dos 180 and Apuí, rio Aripuanã drainage, 7º12’43”S 59º55’18”W, W. M. Ohara & V. Abrahão, 22 Jun 2015. Paratypes. All from Brazil, Amazonas, Apuí. MZUSP 117601, 10, 24.6–32.2 mm SL, same data as holotype. MZUSP 117720, 6, 19.3–30.7 mm SL, tributary of rio Juma, rio Aripuanã drainage, 7º04’10”S 59º57’33”W, W. M. Ohara & V. Abrahão, 24 Jun 2015. MZUSP 117642, 106 (2 c&s, 22.5–23.7 mm SL), 12.5–30.4 mm SL (7 measured, 20.8–30.4 mm SL). INPA 52184, 20, 14.3–27.2 mm SL, ZUEC 12825, 10, 16.8–28.4 mm SL; upstream cachoeira do Paredão, rio Juma, rio Aripuanã drainage, 7º02’58”S 60º03’04”W, W. M. Ohara & V. Abrahão, 24 Jun 2015. Non-type material. MZUSP 117691, 16, 12.9–21.4 mm SL, same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon procyon can be distinguished from all congeners, except of H. diastatos Dagosta, Marinho & Camelier, Hyphessobrycon elachys Weitzman, H. heliacus Moreira, Landim & Costa, H. loweae Costa & Géry, H. notidanos Carvalho & Bertaco, H. peugeoti Ingenito, Lima & Buckup, and the Hyphessobrycon species belonging to the rosy-tetra group (sensu Weitzman & Palmer, 1997), by dorsal-fin elongated in mature males (vs. dorsal-fin not elongated). Hyphessobrycon procyon differs from Hyphessobrycon species of the rosy-tetra group by the absence of a dark blotch on dorsal-fin (vs. presence). The new species differs from the remaining Hyphessobrycon species by having two humeral blotches (vs. one humeral blotch in H. heliacus, H. notidanos, H. peugeoti, and H. loweae; humeral blotch inconspicuous or absent in H. elachys and H. diastatus). Additionally, Hyphessobrycon procyon can be distinguished from H. diastatos, H. elachys, H. notidanos and H. loweae by having a higher number of branched anal-fin rays (23–26 vs. 15–18 in H. diastatos; 16–20 in H. elachys; 17–20 in H. notidanos; 17–21 in H. loweae); from H. heliacus by having the pelvic fin not filamentous in adult males (vs. pelvic-fin filamentous), and by chevron-like dark markings along the midline of the body absent or inconspicuous (vs. present and conspicuous); and from H. peugeoti by exhibiting a silvery to yellowish color in live mature males (vs. mature males red in life), and higher number of branched anal-fin rays (23–26, modally, 25 vs. 21–24, modally, 22). Description. Morphometric data of holotype and paratypes presented in Table 1. Body compressed, moderately deep, greatest body depth slightly anterior to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head convex from upper lip to vertical through posterior nostril; nearly straight from nostrils to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of the body slightly convex from supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin, straight to slightly convex along dorsal-fin base, nearly straight from base of last dorsal-fin ray to adipose fin, and concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head convex along the dentary, nearly straight along ventral portion of the head, convex from gular area to anal-fin origin, straight to slightly convex along anal-fin base, and concave along caudal peduncle. Mouth terminal. Posterior terminus of maxilla reaching vertical line through anterior margin of orbit. Premaxillary teeth in two rows. Outer tooth row with 1(1), 2*(13), 3(14), or 4(1) tetra- to pentacuspid teeth. Inner row with 4(2) or 5*(27) penta- to eneacuspid teeth, symphyseal tooth of inner series narrow, asymmetric, with four cusps. Tooth cusps of inner premaxillary row arranged in semicircular line, directed outward. Maxilla with 0(1), 1(1), 2*(26), or 3(1) hexa- to heptacuspid teeth. Dentary with 4*(22) or 5(6) large hexa- to octacuspid teeth followed by one to four smaller uni- to tricuspid teeth (Fig. 2). Cusps of large dentary teeth arranged in semicircular line, directed inward. Central cusp of all teeth slightly more developed than lateral cusps (Fig. 2). Scales cycloid, with three to thirteen radii; circuli marked anteriorly, absent distally. Lateral line slightly slanted downward and incompletely pored, with 7(4), 8*(11), 9(7), or 10(3) perforated scales. Longitudinal series of scales including perforated scales 30(1), 31(5), 32*(10), or 33(1). Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5*(24) or 6(1). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 4*(25) or 5 (1). Scales around caudal peduncle 11(1), 12*(14), or 13(1). Single row of 4*(2), 5(4), 6(10), 7(3), 8(3), or 9(1) scales covering base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Caudal fin with scales only basally. Dorsal-fin rays ii,9*(29). Dorsal-fin origin at mid-body of standard length, slightly posterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin. First unbranched dorsal-fin ray half of the length of second, or less. Dorsal fin elongated in mature males specimens (3), reaching area between adipose and caudal fin origin when depressed; first to third branched dorsal-fin rays longest. Dorsal fin not reaching adipose-fin origin in females, distal profile of dorsal fin rounded. Base of last dorsal-fin ray at vertical through anal-fin origin. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserted behind neural spine of 9th (2) vertebra. Adipose fin present. Anal-fin rays iv 23 (2), 24(10), 25*(15), or 26(2). First anal-fin pterygiophore inserted behind haemal spine of fifteenth (2) vertebrae. Anal-fin margin slightly concave to convex in mature males (3), with almost all rays thick, slightly curved posteriorly; first to fourth branched rays slightly longer than remaining rays, decreasing in length gradually, not forming a conspicuous lobe. Distal margin of anal fin in females with first to seventh branched rays more elongate, forming a conspicuous lobe, remaining rays gradually decreasing in length posteriorly. Pectoral-fin rays i,10*(5), 11(22), or 12(2); tip of fin surpassing pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i,7(29); tip of fin reaching first to fifth anal-fin rays, males with pelvic-fin rays longer than females (see Sexual dimorphism). Caudal-fin rays i,9/8,i*(28) or i,8/8,i(1). Caudal fin forked; upper and lower lobes similar in size. Ten (2) dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays, and 7(1) or 8(1) ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays. First gill arch with 17(1) or 18(1) gill rakers: 5(1) or 6(1) rakers on epibranchial, 1(2) between epibranchial and ceratobranchial, 8(2) on ceratobranchial, 1(2) between ceratobranchial and hypobranchial, and 2(2) on hypobranchial. Four (2) branchiostegal rays: three branchiostegal rays articulating with anterior ceratohyal and one with posterior ceratohyal. Vertebrae 32(2). Precaudal and caudal vertebrae 15(2), and 17(2) respectively. Supraneurals 4(2). Color in alcohol. Overall background coloration of head and body cream. Dorsal portion of head and body dark. High concentration of chromatophores along dorsal midline of body, from tip of supraoccipital spine to anteriormost dorsal procurrent ray. Dark chromatophores concentrated at snout and jaws. Ventral portion of head and body with few scattered chromatophores. Infraorbital series with dark pigmentation present on antorbital and first infraorbital, remaining infraorbitals retaining guanine and lacking black pigmentation. High concentration of guanine on opercular area. Gular area clear. Two humeral blotches present, separated by a light area. First humeral blotch vertically elongated and with margins diffuse, encompassing approximately three scales horizontally and six vertically. Second humeral blotch smaller and fainter, two scales wide and four scales high, fading posteriorly. Thin longitudinal line formed by dark pigmentation running along horizontal septum of body. Line starting on vertical through first to third branched dorsal-fin ray and extending to caudal peduncle. Abdominal region with few scattered chromatophores, more concentrated on posterior portion of body, above anal fin along margins of myosepta. Dorsal fin coloration sexually dimorphic. Sexually mature males with dark pigmentation concentrated along the entire length of first four dorsal-fin rays. Remaining rays with scattered chromatophores along its anterior and posterior margins and interradial membranes. Females and immature males with dark pigmentation scattered along first two unbranched dorsal-fin rays and interradial membranes. Anal fin with chromatophores spread along margin of rays and interradial membranes, chromatophores more concentrated on distal portion of fin. Pectoral and pelvic fins with scattered chromatophores, pigmentation more concentrated along lateral margin of anteriormost rays. Adipose fin mostly hyaline with scattered chromatophores present only on its origin. Caudal fin mostly hyaline, except on middle caudal-fin rays, presenting chromatophores along rays and interradial membranes. Remaining caudal-fin rays with pigmentation mostly on anterior and posterior margins. Adult males with broad caudal peduncle blotch, expanded dorsally and ventrally, occupying entire caudal peduncle surface. Females and immature specimens usually with a smaller, relatively rounded caudal peduncle blotch. Some adult females may exhibit a caudal peduncle blotch as broad as that present in adult males. Color in life. Based on photographs of freshly collected specimens (Fig. 3). Top of head and dorsal portion of body tan to brown. Lateral and ventral portion of the head and abdominal region mostly silvery, with scattered dark chromatophores. Dorsal fin yellow on females or immature specimens. Mature males with dark pigmentation along first four dorsal-fin rays and interradial membranes, remaining fin yellow. Pectoral, pelvic and anal fins yellow to orange, with pigmentation more intense along the leading rays of the fins. Adipose fin yellow. Caudal fin mostly yellow, except middle caudal-fin rays and interradial membranes, which are scattered with dark chromatophores. Sexually dimorphic males with concentration of red pigmentation on base of upper and lower caudal-fin rays. Sexual dimorphism. Adult males of Hyphessobrycon procyon can exhibit a dark coloration on the leading edge of the dorsal fin, resultant of concentration of chromatophores on the two unbranched and first two branched dorsal-fin rays, and interradial membranes. Females and juvenile specimens exhibit a much less pigmented dorsal fin, with chromatophores evenly distributed along fin area. Mature males present a longer dorsal fin, resulting from a pronounced elongation of the first to third branched dorsal-fin ray. The dorsal fin of sexually mature males, when depressed, reaches the portion between the adipose fin and caudal-fin base (n=5). Additionally, mature males present a longer pelvic fin, with its tip reaching the second to fourth branched anal-fin ray when depressed. Females and immature specimens exhibit a pelvic fin slightly shorter in length, reaching the last unbranched to first two branched anal-fin rays when depressed. Mature males with anal-fin margin not forming a discernible lobe along the fin margin. Females and immature specimens exhibit a dorsal fin not elongated, not reaching the adipose fin when depressed, and an anal fin exhibiting a discernible lobe on its anterior portion along the last unbranched and first four branched anal-fin rays. Anteriormost branched anal-fin rays of mature males with fin-ray segments thickened and rounded. Distribution. The new species is known only from rio Juma and one of its tributaries, rio Aripuanã drainage, rio Madeira basin, Apuí town, Amazonas State, Brazil (Fig. 4). Etymology. The specific epithet procyon is an allusion to the alpha star of the Canis Minor constellation that represents the state of Amazonas in the Brazilian national flag, a reference of the state of occurrence of the new taxon. A noun in opposition. Ecological notes. The type-locality of Hyphessobrycon procyon is a clear water river 40 m wide, 0.5-2 m deep, with swift current, rocky bottom, and presenting reduced riparian vegetation, probably due to anthropogenic activities (Fig. 5). Syntopic species included Ancistrus sp. Characidium aff. zebra Eigenmann, Crenicichla pellegrini Ploeg, Eigenmannia gr. trilineata, Farlowella amazonum (Günther), Gymnotus coropinae Hoedeman, Helogenes marmoratus Günther, Hyphessobrycon sp., Leporinus maculatus Müller & Troschel, Moenkhausia comma Eigenmann, Moenkhausia collettii (Steindachner), Otocinclus mura Schaefer, Pimelodella cf. howesi , Poptella compressa (Günther), Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel) and Tatia dunni (Fowler). The stomach contents of the two (c&s) paratypes included nematoids, chironomids larvae, unidentified vegetal fragments and sediments. Conservation status. Hyphessobrycon procyon is so far known only from the rio Apuí and one of its tributaries, rio Aripuanã drainage, and its conservation status is uncertain based on the currently available data of its geographic distribution. However, considering that no imminent threats to the species were detected in the area of occurrence of the new species, we suggest that Hyphessobrycon procyon should be classified as Least Concern (LC) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2014).

Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi: MZUSP 83587, 3, 19.0���30.0 mm SL, MZUSP 25242, 13, 18.7���23.8 mm SL, Rio Paraguai basin., Published as part of Fernando C. P. Dagost, anoela M. F. Mar, cila Cam & ��vio C. T. Li, 2016, A New Species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the Upper Rio Juruena Basin, Central Brazil, with a Redescription of H. cyanotaenia, pp. 250-259 in Copeia 104 (1) on page 258, DOI: 10.1643/Ci-15-243, http://zenodo.org/record/269576

Hyphessobrycon procyon, new species (Figs. 1, 3) Holotype. MZUSP 118846, 32.2 mm SL, Brazil, Amazonas, Apu��, rio Juma on road BR 230 between Vila dos 180 and Apu��, rio Aripuan�� drainage, 7��12���43���S 59��55���18���W, W. M. Ohara & V. Abrah��o, 22 Jun 2015. Paratypes. All from Brazil, Amazonas, Apu��. MZUSP 117601, 10, 24.6���32.2 mm SL, same data as holotype. MZUSP 117720, 6, 19.3���30.7 mm SL, tributary of rio Juma, rio Aripuan�� drainage, 7��04���10���S 59��57���33���W, W. M. Ohara & V. Abrah��o, 24 Jun 2015. MZUSP 117642, 106 (2 c&s, 22.5���23.7 mm SL), 12.5���30.4 mm SL (7 measured, 20.8���30.4 mm SL). INPA 52184, 20, 14.3���27.2 mm SL, ZUEC 12825, 10, 16.8���28.4 mm SL; upstream cachoeira do Pared��o, rio Juma, rio Aripuan�� drainage, 7��02���58���S 60��03���04���W, W. M. Ohara & V. Abrah��o, 24 Jun 2015. Non-type material. MZUSP 117691, 16, 12.9���21.4 mm SL, same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon procyon can be distinguished from all congeners, except of H. diastatos Dagosta, Marinho & Camelier, Hyphessobrycon elachys Weitzman, H. heliacus Moreira, Landim & Costa, H. loweae Costa & G��ry, H. notidanos Carvalho & Bertaco, H. peugeoti Ingenito, Lima & Buckup, and the Hyphessobrycon species belonging to the rosy-tetra group (sensu Weitzman & Palmer, 1997), by dorsal-fin elongated in mature males (vs. dorsal-fin not elongated). Hyphessobrycon procyon differs from Hyphessobrycon species of the rosy-tetra group by the absence of a dark blotch on dorsal-fin (vs. presence). The new species differs from the remaining Hyphessobrycon species by having two humeral blotches (vs. one humeral blotch in H. heliacus, H. notidanos, H. peugeoti, and H. loweae; humeral blotch inconspicuous or absent in H. elachys and H. diastatus). Additionally, Hyphessobrycon procyon can be distinguished from H. diastatos, H. elachys, H. notidanos and H. loweae by having a higher number of branched anal-fin rays (23���26 vs. 15���18 in H. diastatos; 16���20 in H. elachys; 17���20 in H. notidanos; 17���21 in H. loweae); from H. heliacus by having the pelvic fin not filamentous in adult males (vs. pelvic-fin filamentous), and by chevron-like dark markings along the midline of the body absent or inconspicuous (vs. present and conspicuous); and from H. peugeoti by exhibiting a silvery to yellowish color in live mature males (vs. mature males red in life), and higher number of branched anal-fin rays (23���26, modally, 25 vs. 21���24, modally, 22). Description. Morphometric data of holotype and paratypes presented in Table 1. Body compressed, moderately deep, greatest body depth slightly anterior to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head convex from upper lip to vertical through posterior nostril; nearly straight from nostrils to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of the body slightly convex from supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin, straight to slightly convex along dorsal-fin base, nearly straight from base of last dorsal-fin ray to adipose fin, and concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head convex along the dentary, nearly straight along ventral portion of the head, convex from gular area to anal-fin origin, straight to slightly convex along anal-fin base, and concave along caudal peduncle. Mouth terminal. Posterior terminus of maxilla reaching vertical line through anterior margin of orbit. Premaxillary teeth in two rows. Outer tooth row with 1(1), 2*(13), 3(14), or 4(1) tetra- to pentacuspid teeth. Inner row with 4(2) or 5*(27) penta- to eneacuspid teeth, symphyseal tooth of inner series narrow, asymmetric, with four cusps. Tooth cusps of inner premaxillary row arranged in semicircular line, directed outward. Maxilla with 0(1), 1(1), 2*(26), or 3(1) hexa- to heptacuspid teeth. Dentary with 4*(22) or 5(6) large hexa- to octacuspid teeth followed by one to four smaller uni- to tricuspid teeth (Fig. 2). Cusps of large dentary teeth arranged in semicircular line, directed inward. Central cusp of all teeth slightly more developed than lateral cusps (Fig. 2). Scales cycloid, with three to thirteen radii; circuli marked anteriorly, absent distally. Lateral line slightly slanted downward and incompletely pored, with 7(4), 8*(11), 9(7), or 10(3) perforated scales. Longitudinal series of scales including perforated scales 30(1), 31(5), 32*(10), or 33(1). Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5*(24) or 6(1). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 4*(25) or 5 (1). Scales around caudal peduncle 11(1), 12*(14), or 13(1). Single row of 4*(2), 5(4), 6(10), 7(3), 8(3), or 9(1) scales covering base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Caudal fin with scales only basally. Dorsal-fin rays ii,9*(29). Dorsal-fin origin at mid-body of standard length, slightly posterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin. First unbranched dorsal-fin ray half of the length of second, or less. Dorsal fin elongated in mature males specimens (3), reaching area between adipose and caudal fin origin when depressed; first to third branched dorsal-fin rays longest. Dorsal fin not reaching adipose-fin origin in females, distal profile of dorsal fin rounded. Base of last dorsal-fin ray at vertical through anal-fin origin. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserted behind neural spine of 9th (2) vertebra. Adipose fin present. Anal-fin rays iv 23 (2), 24(10), 25*(15), or 26(2). First anal-fin pterygiophore inserted behind haemal spine of fifteenth (2) vertebrae. Anal-fin margin slightly concave to convex in mature males (3), with almost all rays thick, slightly curved posteriorly; first to fourth branched rays slightly longer than remaining rays, decreasing in length gradually, not forming a conspicuous lobe. Distal margin of anal fin in females with first to seventh branched rays more elongate, forming a conspicuous lobe, remaining rays gradually decreasing in length posteriorly. Pectoral-fin rays i,10*(5), 11(22), or 12(2); tip of fin surpassing pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i,7(29); tip of fin reaching first to fifth anal-fin rays, males with pelvic-fin rays longer than females (see Sexual dimorphism). Caudal-fin rays i,9/8,i*(28) or i,8/8,i(1). Caudal fin forked; upper and lower lobes similar in size. Ten (2) dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays, and 7(1) or 8(1) ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays. First gill arch with 17(1) or 18(1) gill rakers: 5(1) or 6(1) rakers on epibranchial, 1(2) between epibranchial and ceratobranchial, 8(2) on ceratobranchial, 1(2) between ceratobranchial and hypobranchial, and 2(2) on hypobranchial. Four (2) branchiostegal rays: three branchiostegal rays articulating with anterior ceratohyal and one with posterior ceratohyal. Vertebrae 32(2). Precaudal and caudal vertebrae 15(2), and 17(2) respectively. Supraneurals 4(2). Color in alcohol. Overall background coloration of head and body cream. Dorsal portion of head and body dark. High concentration of chromatophores along dorsal midline of body, from tip of supraoccipital spine to anteriormost dorsal procurrent ray. Dark chromatophores concentrated at snout and jaws. Ventral portion of head and body with few scattered chromatophores. Infraorbital series with dark pigmentation present on antorbital and first infraorbital, remaining infraorbitals retaining guanine and lacking black pigmentation. High concentration of guanine on opercular area. Gular area clear. Two humeral blotches present, separated by a light area. First humeral blotch vertically elongated and with margins diffuse, encompassing approximately three scales horizontally and six vertically. Second humeral blotch smaller and fainter, two scales wide and four scales high, fading posteriorly. Thin longitudinal line formed by dark pigmentation running along horizontal septum of body. Line starting on vertical through first to third branched dorsal-fin ray and extending to caudal peduncle. Abdominal region with few scattered chromatophores, more concentrated on posterior portion of body, above anal fin along margins of myosepta. Dorsal fin coloration sexually dimorphic. Sexually mature males with dark pigmentation concentrated along the entire length of first four dorsal-fin rays. Remaining rays with scattered chromatophores along its anterior and posterior margins and interradial membranes. Females and immature males with dark pigmentation scattered along first two unbranched dorsal-fin rays and interradial membranes. Anal fin with chromatophores spread along margin of rays and interradial membranes, chromatophores more concentrated on distal portion of fin. Pectoral and pelvic fins with scattered chromatophores, pigmentation more concentrated along lateral margin of anteriormost rays. Adipose fin mostly hyaline with scattered chromatophores present only on its origin. Caudal fin mostly hyaline, except on middle caudal-fin rays, presenting chromatophores along rays and interradial membranes. Remaining caudal-fin rays with pigmentation mostly on anterior and posterior margins. Adult males with broad caudal peduncle blotch, expanded dorsally and ventrally, occupying entire caudal peduncle surface. Females and immature specimens usually with a smaller, relatively rounded caudal peduncle blotch. Some adult females may exhibit a caudal peduncle blotch as broad as that present in adult males. Color in life. Based on photographs of freshly collected specimens (Fig. 3). Top of head and dorsal portion of body tan to brown. Lateral and ventral portion of the head and abdominal region mostly silvery, with scattered dark chromatophores. Dorsal fin yellow on females or immature specimens. Mature males with dark pigmentation along first four dorsal-fin rays and interradial membranes, remaining fin yellow. Pectoral, pelvic and anal fins yellow to orange, with pigmentation more intense along the leading rays of the fins. Adipose fin yellow. Caudal fin mostly yellow, except middle caudal-fin rays and interradial membranes, which are scattered with dark chromatophores. Sexually dimorphic males with concentration of red pigmentation on base of upper and lower caudal-fin rays. Sexual dimorphism. Adult males of Hyphessobrycon procyon can exhibit a dark coloration on the leading edge of the dorsal fin, resultant of concentration of chromatophores on the two unbranched and first two branched dorsal-fin rays, and interradial membranes. Females and juvenile specimens exhibit a much less pigmented dorsal fin, with chromatophores evenly distributed along fin area. Mature males present a longer dorsal fin, resulting from a pronounced elongation of the first to third branched dorsal-fin ray. The dorsal fin of sexually mature males, when depressed, reaches the portion between the adipose fin and caudal-fin base (n=5). Additionally, mature males present a longer pelvic fin, with its tip reaching the second to fourth branched anal-fin ray when depressed. Females and immature specimens exhibit a pelvic fin slightly shorter in length, reaching the last unbranched to first two branched anal-fin rays when depressed. Mature males with anal-fin margin not forming a discernible lobe along the fin margin. Females and immature specimens exhibit a dorsal fin not elongated, not reaching the adipose fin when depressed, and an anal fin exhibiting a discernible lobe on its anterior portion along the last unbranched and first four branched anal-fin rays. Anteriormost branched anal-fin rays of mature males with fin-ray segments thickened and rounded. Distribution. The new species is known only from rio Juma and one of its tributaries, rio Aripuan�� drainage, rio Madeira basin, Apu�� town, Amazonas State, Brazil (Fig. 4). Etymology. The specific epithet procyon is an allusion to the alpha star of the Canis Minor constellation that represents the state of Amazonas in the Brazilian national flag, a reference of the state of occurrence of the new taxon. A noun in opposition. Ecological notes. The type-locality of Hyphessobrycon procyon is a clear water river 40 m wide, 0.5-2 m deep, with swift current, rocky bottom, and presenting reduced riparian vegetation, probably due to anthropogenic activities (Fig. 5). Syntopic species included Ancistrus sp. Characidium aff. zebra Eigenmann, Crenicichla pellegrini Ploeg, Eigenmannia gr. trilineata, Farlowella amazonum (G��nther), Gymnotus coropinae Hoedeman, Helogenes marmoratus G��nther, Hyphessobrycon sp., Leporinus maculatus M��ller & Troschel, Moenkhausia comma Eigenmann, Moenkhausia collettii (Steindachner), Otocinclus mura Schaefer, Pimelodella cf. howesi , Poptella compressa (G��nther), Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel) and Tatia dunni (Fowler). The stomach contents of the two (c&s) paratypes included nematoids, chironomids larvae, unidentified vegetal fragments and sediments. Conservation status. Hyphessobrycon procyon is so far known only from the rio Apu�� and one of its tributaries, rio Aripuan�� drainage, and its conservation status is uncertain based on the currently available data of its geographic distribution. However, considering that no imminent threats to the species were detected in the area of occurrence of the new species, we suggest that Hyphessobrycon procyon should be classified as Least Concern (LC) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2014)., Published as part of Pastana, Murilo N. L. & Ohara, Willian M., 2016, A new species of Hyphessobrycon Durbin (Characiformes: Characidae) from rio Aripuan��, rio Madeira basin, Brazil, pp. 386-398 in Zootaxa 4161 (3) on pages 387-392, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4161.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/262524, {"references":["Weitzman, S. H. & Palmer, L. (1997) A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characidae) from the Neblina region of Venezuela and Brazil, with comments on the putative \" rosy tetra clade \". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 7, 209 - 242."]}

A new species of Hyphessobrycon is described from the rio Aripuana, rio Madeira basin, Amazonas State, Brazil. Hyphessobrycon procyon can be distinguished from its congeners by the unique combination of the following features: elongation of the dorsal fin in mature males, absence of dark blotches on the dorsal fin, and presence of two humeral blotches. The possibility of a relationship of the new species within H. elachys , H . heliacus , H . loweae , H. moniliger , and H . peugeoti is discussed based on the sharing of characteristics related to the sexual dimorphism and tooth morphology.

Hyphessobrycon agulha: MZUSP 77890, 32, 24.3���43.7 mm SL, Rio Japur�� basin., Published as part of Fernando C. P. Dagost, anoela M. F. Mar, cila Cam & ��vio C. T. Li, 2016, A New Species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the Upper Rio Juruena Basin, Central Brazil, with a Redescription of H. cyanotaenia, pp. 250-259 in Copeia 104 (1) on page 258, DOI: 10.1643/Ci-15-243, http://zenodo.org/record/269576

Hyphessobrycon melanostichos: MZUSP 89646, 25 paratypes, 18.6���34.4 mm SL, MZUSP 115506, 94, 18.0��� 41.2 mm SL, Rio Tapaj��s basin., Published as part of Fernando C. P. Dagost, anoela M. F. Mar, cila Cam & ��vio C. T. Li, 2016, A New Species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the Upper Rio Juruena Basin, Central Brazil, with a Redescription of H. cyanotaenia, pp. 250-259 in Copeia 104 (1) on page 258, DOI: 10.1643/Ci-15-243, http://zenodo.org/record/269576

Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis: MZUSP 96823, 500, 23.3���49.1 mm SL, Rio Tapaj��s basin., Published as part of Fernando C. P. Dagost, anoela M. F. Mar, cila Cam & ��vio C. T. Li, 2016, A New Species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the Upper Rio Juruena Basin, Central Brazil, with a Redescription of H. cyanotaenia, pp. 250-259 in Copeia 104 (1) on page 258, DOI: 10.1643/Ci-15-243, http://zenodo.org/record/269576

Hyphessobrycon peruvianus: ZMH 60, lectotype, 27.6 mm SL, 1 paralectotype, 26.0 mm SL, Peru, upper Amazon basin; MZUSP 85610, 12, 30.6���38.6 mm SL, Peru, Loreto, Rio Ucayali basin; MZUSP 85635, 2, 26.8���30.2 mm SL, Peru, Loreto, Jenaro Herrera., Published as part of Fernando C. P. Dagost, anoela M. F. Mar, cila Cam & ��vio C. T. Li, 2016, A New Species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the Upper Rio Juruena Basin, Central Brazil, with a Redescription of H. cyanotaenia, pp. 250-259 in Copeia 104 (1) on page 258, DOI: 10.1643/Ci-15-243, http://zenodo.org/record/269576

Hyphessobrycon stegemanni: all from Rio Tocantins basin: MZUSP 83989, 16, 17.6���23.2 mm SL; MZUSP 113723, 21, 19.4���28.4 mm SL; MZUSP 113729, 15, 23.7���26.7 mm SL; MZUSP 113731, 2, 22.6���24.5 mm SL., Published as part of Fernando C. P. Dagost, anoela M. F. Mar, cila Cam & ��vio C. T. Li, 2016, A New Species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the Upper Rio Juruena Basin, Central Brazil, with a Redescription of H. cyanotaenia, pp. 250-259 in Copeia 104 (1) on page 258, DOI: 10.1643/Ci-15-243, http://zenodo.org/record/269576