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This study aimed to use the electrospinning technique to encapsulate red cabbage anthocyanins (RCAs) in zein nanoribbons and characterize its release kinetics, antioxidant activity, and color stability in different media. RCAs were loaded in electrospun nanoribbons with five concentrations (2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, and 4.5 wt%). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image revealed the successful production of anthocyanins-loaded zein electrospun nanoribbons with porosity in the range of 58.30 to 65.6%. The release kinetics of RCAs from electrospun nanoribbons was investigated in four simulated food media (distilled water, 10% v/v ethanol, 50% v/v ethanol, and 3% v/v acetic acid). The release mechanism of anthocyanins was evaluated using first-order, exponential, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Higuchi models. The Korsmeyer-Peppas and Higuchi models were defined as the best approach for anthocyanins release profile due to the Fickian diffusion mechanism with R2 > 0.945 and R2 > 0.907, respectively. Also, the results demonstrated DPPH free radical scavenging ranged from 6.5 to 22.5% and appropriate color stability of encapsulated anthocyanins in electrospun nanoribbons at different pH values. Considering the successful anthocyanins encapsulation in electrospun nanoribbons and the degradation reduction due to delay in the release of the active compound, this method could be utilized for red cabbage anthocyanins encapsulation and use in the food industries. This study revealed that electrospinning is a promising method for encapsulating anthocyanins. However, the main limitation of this method is the fiber morphology control in large-scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the low-temperature degradation (LTD) kinetics of tetragonal zirconia with 3 mol% yttria (3Y-TZP) dental ceramic using two degradation methods: hydrothermal degradation and immersed degradation. To study transformation kinetics, we prepared 3Y-TZP powders. We pressed these powders uniaxially into a stainless mold at 100 MPa. We then sintered the compacted bodies at intervals of 50 °C between 1300 °C and 1550 °C and immersed the specimens at various temperatures from 60 °C to 80 °C in 4% acetic acid or from 110 °C to 140 °C for the hydrothermal method. We used a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to confirm crystalline grain size and used X-ray diffraction to analyze the zirconia phase. As the sintering temperature increased, the calculated crystalline grain size also increased. We confirmed this change with the SEM image. The higher sintering temperatures were associated with more phase transformation. According to the Mehl–Avrami–Johnson equation, the activation energies achieved using the hydrothermal method were 101 kJ/mol, 95 kJ/mol, and 86 kJ/mol at sintering temperatures of 1450 °C, 1500 °C, and 1550 °C, respectively. In addition, the activation energies of the specimens immersed in 4% acetic acid were 60 kJ/mol, 55 kJ/mol, 48 kJ/mol, and 35 kJ/mol, with sintered temperatures of 1400 °C, 1450 °C, 1500 °C, and 1550 °C, respectively. The results showed that a lower sintering temperature would restrain the phase transformation of zirconia because of the smaller crystalline grain size. As a result, the rate of LTD decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of an experimental root canal irrigant and 17% Ethylene-di-amine tetra acetic acid for removal of the smear layer in the coronal, middle and apical portions of the root canal. Materials and methods: Ninety human single rooted maxillary and mandibular teeth were selected for this study. The teeth were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group as follows: Group A (Ethanolic extract of Sapindus Mukorossi), Group B (17% EDTA), and Group C (Distilled water). The root canals of all three groups were prepared with stainless steel K-files by means of the standard step-back technique and irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypo chloride. The teeth were decoronated, following the irrigation and divided longitudinally into two-halves and visualized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the amount of smear layer present utilizing the three-point score system. The observations were noted both before and after the treatment. Nonparametric tests were applied for the comparison and p -value ⩽ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: It was evident from that smear layer was completely removed in coronal portion of 27 out of 30 teeth in-group A. For middle and apical areas of group A, 24 and 19 teeth showed complete smear layer removal. In-group B it was found that there were 24, 21, and 3 teeth at coronal, middle and apical, areas respectively where smear layer were completely absent. Intra group comparison showed a significant difference (p = 0.002) in smear layer removal was found for group A at coronal, middle and apical thirds. Similarly, a significant difference (p = 0.001) was also found for group B; however heavy smear layer was found among the three parts of the canal for group C. Conclusions: Ethanolic extract of Sapindus Mukorossi have higher effectiveness in removing the smear layer from the root canal in comparison to 17% EDTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the problems of papers and cardboards in the packaging industry is the poor resistance to water, gas, and oil penetration. Nowadays, many researches have been done on the use of biodegradable films and coatings based on polysaccharides to solve this problem. Chitosan is one of these polysaccharides that can be used as a biodegradable coating in packaging papers. In this study, the effect of chitosan on the strength and barrier properties of coated liner paper was investigated. Chitosan was used in three levels of 10, 15, and 20 g/L acetic acid (1%) and with two softener ratios (glycerol) of 0.5 and 1 (based on dry weight of chitosan) for papers coating. Strength properties including tensile, burst and tear index and barrier properties including water absorption, air resistance, and oil absorption in the coated samples were investigated. The statistical analysis of results showed that the barrier properties increased significantly. Also, the effect of increasing the concentration of softener in the coating solution on the properties of air resistance and oil absorption was positive but negative for water absorption. The basis weight, burst and tear index of the coated samples increased with increasing coating weight. On the other hand, the tensile strength decreased. Moreover, increasing the concentration of softener in the coating solution showed a negative effect on the properties of the samples. The scanning electron microscope images showed the formation of chitosan film and increase in the uniformity of the liner paper surfaces, especially in higher consumption volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Catalytic esterification of acetic acid with iso‐amyl, benzyl, and cinnamyl alcohols in the liquid phase over unmodified natural silica catalyst has been studied. The virgin and calcined catalysts were characterized by thermal analyses (Thermogravimetry (TG) and diffrential thermal analysis (DTA)), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and N2 sorption analyses. The acidity of natural silica catalysts was investigated using isopropyl alcohol dehydration and chemisorption of pyridine and dimethyl pyridine. The results indicated that most of the acidic sites are of Brϕnsted type and of intermediate strength. The effect of different parameters such as reaction time, molar ratio, catalyst dosage, and calcination temperature was studied. Natural silica catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic performance with a selectivity of 100% to acetate esters formation. The maximum yields of isoamyl, benzyl, and cinnamyl acetate esters obtained in the batch conditions were 80, 81, and 83%, respectively. Whereas on adopting a simple distillation technique, these yields were successfully improved to higher values of 97, 98, and 90%, respectively. Experimental results manifested that the reaction followed Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism. Finally, the catalyst could be completely recycled without loss of its activity after four cycles of the esterification reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endodontic success involves removal of necrotic vital tissue and microorganisms from the root canal. Irrigation is an essential part of canal debridement, because it allows cleaning beyond what might be achieved by instrumentation alone. Aim: The aim of this in vitro study is to compare the smear layer removal efficacy of different final irrigation agitation devices. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 extracted single-rooted human premolar tooth were taken and decoronated. All the specimens were cleaned and shaped using ProTaper universal rotary files system and intermittent irrigation was done using 2 ml of 3% NaOCl and randomly divided into four groups, based on irrigant agitation device. Group 1 = conventional needle, Group 2 = Rotary canal brush, Group 3 = Non-activated Self adjusting file, and Group 4 = Xp-endo finisher. Final irrigant used is 17% Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid (EDTA) smear clear. All the specimens were finally flushed with distilled water and dried with paper points, then they were split longitudinally into halves and examined under scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23, P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Non-activated self adjusting file (SAF) and Xp-endo finisher showed significantly cleaner walls with removal of smear layer followed by canal brush. There was no significant statistical difference (P < 0.05) between non-activated SAF and Xp-endo finisher. Conclusion: Xp-endo finisher shows superior results compared with other agitation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICCP) is a ground improvement technique in which bio-cement is formed using ureolytic bacteria. The MICCP process improves the shear strength and stiffness of sand. Calcium chloride or other calcium salts are used as a calcium source to carry out this process. In the present study, instead of calcium chloride, seashell was used as a calcium source for biocementation. The seashell is naturally available and consists of up to 98% calcium carbonate. Soluble calcium was obtained from the seashell by dissolving the seashells in diluted glacial acetic acid (5% acidity). As the concentration of acetic acid is low, it does not cause any environmental effect as it degrades rapidly into a harmless substance in the environment. Unconfined compressive strength test and permeability test were performed on MICCP treated sand using Bacillus subtilis as a urease-producing bacteria. The comparison was made between the sand treated with soluble calcium obtained from seashell and sand treated with calcium chloride, keeping the calcium concentration the same in both cases. Results show that seashell can also be used instead of calcium chloride as a calcium source, as it gave good results. The calcium carbonate content measurement test was also performed on the treated sand. The micro-level investigation was done by Scanning Electron Microscope analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Geoscience is the property of Natural Gas Geoscience and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated several approaches for silane-removal from the surface of short carbon fiber bundles, and short carbon fibers uniformly dispersed in cement to produce a novel compound of carbon-fiber-reinforced cement. In order to facilitate the uniform distribution of short carbon fibers in the carbon-fiber-reinforced cement, it is necessary to remove the silane from the carbon fiber's surface. Short carbon fiber bundles were submerged into a pure water, sodium hydroxide solution, and acetic acid solution, and placed in high-temperature furnace used to remove silane from the carbon fiber surface. The results were observed under a scanning electron microscope to determine the level of silane removal from the surface, and an effective method for removing the silane was developed from among the several approaches. This method employed a pneumatic dispersion device to disperse carbon fibers then mixed in a high-early-strength cement which led to an excellent compressive and impact-resistance performance of carbon-fiber-reinforced cement. Final testing showed that the compressive strength and impact energy increased by 14.1% and 145%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, large-scale preparation of superhydrophobic ZnO surfaces from zinc nitrate and hexamethylenetetramine mediated by acetic acid is described. ZnO crystals formed first in solution and then deposited onto the substrate surface forming a thin film. Different amounts of acetic acid offered different morphological ZnO surfaces. These were characterised by scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angles. When 1.5-2.5 mL 5% acetic acid was added into a solution containing 20 mL (0.1 mol L-1) Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and 20 mL 0.1 mol L-1 hexamethyltetramine at 95 °C for 2 h, the bulk ZnO surfaces showed superhydrophobic properties with water contact angles higher than 150°. Furthermore, their reversible switching from a superhydrophobic state to a superhydrophilic state was achieved by alternation of the UV irradiation and dark storage. This process was repeated several times without any obvious deterioration in performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quartz has been widely used in modern microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) industry, and wet etching is one of the primary techniques used for its manufacturation. There are many reported literatures focused on the study of etched profiles or etching rate of quartz, but few on its surface quality. Inspired by the surface quality improved by using additives in the silicon wet etching process, the effects of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and acetic acid on the surface roughness of Z-cut quartz etched by ammonium bifluoride (NH4HF2) solution were investigated for the first time. Different concentration of IPA or/and acetic acid was added into the NH4HF2 solution, and the morphology of the etched surface was observed using scanning electron microscope and measured by a surface profilometer. It was found that the surface roughness of the Z-cut quartz decreased with the increasing of IPA or acetic acid concentration. Moreover, the etched surface roughness could be further decreased by using the ternary solution containing IPA and acetic acid. The best etched result (Ra = 0.12 μm) was obtained when the solution is composed of saturated NH4HF2 + 15% v/v IPA + 10% v/v acetic acid. This work provides a new method to improve the surface quality of Z-cut quartz, and it will benefit the future design and manufacturation work of quartz MEMS devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to produce wood like material from land-fill material such as olive husk powder (OHR) and polymer matrix such as polyamide-12. For this purpose the land-fill material was subject to two types of chemical treatments: a) coated with toulene-2-4-diisocyanate (TDI) b) mercerized in sodium hydroxide solution followed by neutralization in acetic acid. The composites were fabricated from PA-12 and the land-fill material (OHR) at 30% by weight filler by melt mixing technique at 180 °C and 50 rpm using Brabender internal mixer. The composites were inspected with respect to their thermal properties using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The possible interactions between the amide groups of PA-12 and the hydroxyl groups of the OHR in the presence and absence of TDI was inspected using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). The water resistance of the composites was evaluated by measuring the percentage weight and thickness gain of the composites as well as the water diffusion coefficient for the PA-12 with and without treated filler. The impact resistance of the composites was studied as a function of filler type. The bonding quality as well as the dispersion state of the chemically treated OHR within the PA-12 matrix was inspected by scanning electron microscope (SEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alterations induced during the first step of fossilization are examined. Molars and premolars of a modern large mammal were crushed to expose fresh dentine. Fragments were placed in solutions of acids present in humus for 2 months. Changes in composition of the solutions were analysed. Micro- and nanostructural changes of fresh and etched dentine were observed with scanning electron and atomic force microscopes. The ion contents of the acetic acid solution are higher than those of oxalic and oxalic plus acetic acid solutions. Oxalic acid etching results in secondary deposits of oxalates on the exposed dentine. The composition of the soil in natural fossilization processes is a main factor in fossil preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(styrene- co-divinylbenzene) microspheres with size ranging from 1.6 to 1.8 μm were prepared in acetic acid by precipitation polymerization. The particle size and particle size distribution were determined by laser diffraction particle size analyzer, and the morphology of the particles was observed with scanning electron microscope. Besides, effects of various polymerization parameters such as initiator and total monomer concentration, divinylbenzene (DVB) content, polymerization time and polymerization temperature on the morphology and particle size were investigated in this article. In addition, the yield of microspheres increased with the increasing total monomer concentration, initiator loading, DVB concentration and polymerization time. In addition, the optimum polymerization conditions for synthesis of monodisperse crosslinked poly(styrene- co-divinylbenzene) microspheres by precipitation polymerization in acetic acid were obtained. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) beads consisting of chitosan-glutamic acid were prepared for in vitro study of controlled release of chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM). A viscous solution of chitosan-glutamic acid was prepared in 2% acetic acid solution, extruded as droplets through a syringe to alkali-methanol solution and the precipitated beads were crosslinked using glutaraldehyde solution. Swelling and drug release studies were carried out. Transport of release medium through the semi-IPN depended upon its pH and extent of crosslinking. The structural and morphological studies of beads were carried out by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The larger surface area of beads as well as their ease of handling makes them ideal agents of controlled release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycrystalline tetragonal zirconia fiber was obtained by pyrolysis of precursor fibers from citrate-acetate-zirconium complex solution. The viscous zirconia sol with good spinnability was prepared by aging the starting solution of ZrOCl2 · 8H2O (ZOC) in the presence of acetic acid (HA) and citric acid (CA). The effects of molar ratio of zirconium cation to carboxylic acid and the aging time on the formation of spinnable sol were investigated. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, x-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) spectra, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques were used to characterize the sintered fibers. The results show that the fibers obtained at 1400°C are crack-free with diameter of ca. 5-10 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the study, the Ni–Zn ferrite powder of a Ni0.3Zn0.7Fe2O4 composition was synthesized by sol–gel route using metal acetates at low temperatures. Both the scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction analyses of various gel samples heated at different temperatures were used to identify the reaction stages where the amorphous-gel-to-crystalline phase transition occurred. The electrical, magnetic and microstructural properties of the toroidal cores were studied. It was found that the initial permeability increased with a large frequency band (0.1–31.39MHz) and the magnetic loss was small. The electrical resistivity was higher as compared to the ones which were obtained by the conventional process. Therefore, well–defined polycrystalline microstructure nickel–zinc ferrite and a short processing time of gel preparation have become the major achievements of this study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The effects of acetic acid corrosion time on functional groups in coal were studied. • The structural change process of coal in acetic acid with time was analyzed. • The sensitivity of coal components to acetic acid concentration was analyzed. • The change of coal surface morphology after acetic acid corrosion was studied. In the environment of high in-situ stress, the closing-up of coal seam pores and fractures has a great influence on the flow of coalbed methane. The acidification method can effectively expand fractures and generate new fractures, which is of great significance to improve the efficiency of coalbed methane mining. In order to investigate the correlation between the components in coal and the time and concentration of acetic acid dissolution, in this paper, Fourier infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy experiments were performed on bituminous coal after 1, 3, 5, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of dissolution to obtain the changes of coal components, organic functional group parameters and coal crystal structure. The results show that when acetic acid reacts with coal, kaolinite is recrystallized within 24 h of dissolution, and the recrystallized crystals are corroded by acetic acid within 24–72 h. The sensitivity of different functional groups to acetic acid is different, and the content of C=O and aliphatic group in acidified coal increases. The surface morphology of dissolved coal samples was observed by scanning electron microscope. It was found that the dissolution effect of acetic acid on coal surface cracks increased with the increase of acetic acid concentration. Combined with the specific experimental results, the best effect of 75% acetic acid on the coal samples was obtained after 72 h of dissolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabrication of gelatin/polyvinyl alcohol/chondroitin sulfate (GEL/PVA/CS) hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds using acetic acid and water as an environmentally friendly solvent system via electrospinning for skin tissue engineering was investigated. Modeling and optimization of the nanofibers were performed using response surface methodology (RSM). The influence of CS ratio on mechanical, physical and biological properties of the nanofibers was studied. PVA was used as a carrier and enhancer of mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of hybrid nanofibers were investigated in dry and wet states. The results showed that in the cross-linked dry state the tensile strength was up to 4 MPa. In the wet state, nanofibers exhibited 200% elongation at break, indicating a toughness behavior which enhances the flexibility for clinical applications. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirmed the stability of nanofibrous morphology during degradation up to 21 days. Human dermal fibroblast-green fluorescent protein-positive (HDF-GFP+) cells were cultured on the scaffolds and results showed the appropriate biocompatibility. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay was employed to study cell proliferation, and the results confirmed the positive effect of CS ratio on HDF cells attachment as well as proliferation on the nanofibers. Considering the results of in vitro assay, nanofibers containing 15% CS ratio suggested as an optimum CS ratio. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Bio-oil must be upgraded to be suitable for use as a high-grade transport fuel. Crude bio-oil has a high content of carboxylic acids which can cause corrosion, and the high oxygen content of these acids also reduces the oil’s heating value. In this paper, acetic acid and propanoic acid were chosen as the model carboxylic acids in bio-oil. Their behavior in the production of liquid hydrocarbons during a catalytic conversion process was investigated in a micro-fixed bed reactor. The liquid organic phase from this catalytic conversion process mainly consisted of liquid hydrocarbons and phenol derivatives. Under the condition of low Liquid Hourly Space Velocity (LHSV), the liquid organic phase from acetic acid cracking had a selectivity of 22% for liquid hydrocarbons and a selectivity of 65% for phenol derivatives. The composition of the organic products changed considerably with the LHSV increasing to 3 h−1. The selectivity for liquid hydrocarbons increased up to 52% while that for phenol derivatives decreased to 32%. Propanoic acid performed much better in producing liquid hydrocarbons than acetic acid. Its selectivity for liquid hydrocarbons was as high as 80% at LHSV = 3 h−1. A mechanism for this catalytic conversion process was proposed according to the analysis of the components in the liquid organic phases. The pathways of the main compounds formation in the liquid organic phases were proposed, and the reason why liquid hydrocarbons were more effectively produced when using propanoic acid rather than acetic acid was also successfully explained. In addition, BET and SEM characterization were used to analyze the catalyst coke deposition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Poly caprolactone and chitosan were used to fabricate multi-layer scaffolds using electrospinning technique. The effect of layers arrangement on the biological and mechanical properties of the nanofibrous multilayer composites was studied. PCL was dissolved a) in methylene chloride/dimethyl formamide (MC/DMF 4:1) to make 10% solution and, b) in 90% aqueous acetic acid (90AA) to make 15% solution. Chitosan/PVA (2:3) was dissolved in 80% aqueous acetic acid. Nanofibers webs were prepared from each solution under constant conditions. The number of layers were varied from 2-4 to make the final samples. SEM was used to study the morphology of the webs. Cross sectional micrographs show the interface of layers and the layer arrangements. Mechanical properties of the webs were measured by Universal testing machine. The results show that the webs containing PCL dissolved in 90AA had better mechanical properties. The porosity of each nanofibrous layer was calculated and the results showed that the porosity of PCL in MC/DMF is better than the others. MTT assay was carried out on the resulted nanofibrous web to investigate the proliferation rate of fibroblast cells on the scaffolds. SEM micrographs also were used to study the morphology of cells adhering on the nanofibrous scaffolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Indium selenide (In6Se7) thin films were prepared via selenization of thermally evaporated indium thin films by dipping in sodium selenosulphate solution followed by annealing in nitrogen atmosphere. First, indium was thermally evaporated on glass substrate. Then, the indium coated glass substrates were dipped in a solution containing 80ml 0.125M sodium selenosulphate and 1.5ml dilute acetic acid (25%) for 5min. Glass/In–Se layers were annealed at 200–400°C in nitrogen atmosphere (0.1Torr) for 30min. X-ray diffraction studies showed the formation of monoclinic In6Se7. Morphology of the thin films formed at different conditions was analyzed using Scanning electron microscopy. The elemental analysis was done using Energy dispersive X-ray detection. Electrical conductivity under dark and illumination conditions was evaluated. Optical band gap was computed using transmittance and reflectance spectra. The band gap value was in the range 1.8–2.6eV corresponding to a direct allowed transition. We studied the effect of indium layer thickness and selenium deposition time on the structure, electrical and optical properties of In6Se7 thin films. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article offers information on the new genus and species based on the recovered dental and osteological materials of the cricetid (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the late neogene of Mallorca. It mentions that bones were extracted from the fossiliferous breccia and consolidated with Paraloid B-67 and treated with acetic acid. It states that measurements were acquired from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs taken at the Optical and Electronic Microscopy Service of the Universitat de les Illes Balears. Moreover, anterocone is composed of two cusps, connected through transverse anterior protolophule.

Abstract: The inhibitive action of a newly synthesized glycine derivative, namely 2-(4-(dimethylamino)benzylamino)acetic acid hydrochloride (GlyD) on pitting corrosion of Al in KSCN solutions was studied. Obtained results were compared with glycine (Gly) itself. Cyclic polarization, potentiostatic and galvanostatic measurements were made, complemented with ex situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinations. Cyclic polarization measurements indicated that the presence of Gly and GlyD in aggressive SCN- solutions shifted the pitting potentials to more noble values and decreased the anodic currents in the passive region. Transient studies showed that nucleation of pit takes place after an incubation time (t i). The rate of pit nucleation (t i −1) and growth was found to decrease to an extent depending on the type inhibitor. The SEM images showed that the severity of the pitting corrosion of Al in KSCN solution decreased to an extent depending on type of inhibitor. GlyD was much better than Gly in controlling pit initiation and growth of Al in these solutions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Dense and periodic arrays of Au, Cr, Ni and Al nano dots were fabricated on silicon substrate. To obtain nano size patterns, self-assembling resists were used to produce a layer of uniformly distributed parallel cylinders of PMMA in a PS matrix. The PMMA cylinders were degraded and removed by acetic acid rinsing, forming a PS mask to transfer the pattern. The patterned holes of PS template were approximately 20nm wide, 40nm deep, and 50nm apart. About 100Å-thick Au, 30Å-thick Cr, Ni, and Al thin film was deposited by using e-beam evaporator. PS template was removed by lift-off process using N-formyldimethylamine (DMF). Arrays of metal nano dots were dry etched by using fluorine-based reactive ion etching (RIE). As a result, the nano template of PS was analyzed with field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and the sizes of Cr, Ni, Au and Al nano dots left on Si surface were measured by atomic force microscope (AFM). The sizes of metal nano dots were in the range of 17–22nm. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]