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Acantholimon assadii Mirtadz. & Bordbar, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 and 2) Type:— IRAN. SE, N of Kerman Prov.: Zarend, between Rigabad and Dārbidkhun, N30°45’52.21”, E56°46’27.98”, 2180 m, 26.VIII.2011, Mirtadzadini 3850 (holotype and isotypes: MIR!) Other specimen examined:— IRAN. Southeast, N of Kerman Prov.: N of Kerman, Zarend, between Rigabad and Dārbidkhun, N30°45’52.21”, E56°46’27.98”, 2180 m, 02.VII.2007, Mirtadzadini 3851 (MIR!). Zarend, west cliffs of Hotkan, N30°50’47”, E56°46’49.5”, 2355 m, 09.IX.2020, Mirtadzadini and Bordbar 3852 (MIR!). Diagnosis: —Differs from Acantholimon cabulicum, A. kermanense and A. mirtadzadinii by the bract on peduncle ovate-triangular, the bract on peduncle 4–7 mm long, the bract of spikelet ovate-triangular, terminating to a mucron up to 2.5 mm long, the bract of spikelet ca. 6 mm long, the bracteoles narrow obovate-oblong, with rounded or more or less emarginated apex, the calyx pale brown to fuscous. Description:—Plant frutescent (woody at the base), caespitose, ca. 30–40 cm broad in diameter, pulvinate, heterophyllous, glabrous except for the sheath of leaves. Leaves bright green, spring leaves persistent, rather flat, narrowly lanceolate, 10–15 mm × 3 mm, entire at the margin, summer leaves 25–35(–40) mm × 2.5 mm, spiny. Flowering stem (peduncle) 7–12 mm, not exceeding the leaves, peduncle bearing one bract, bract 4–7 mm, narrow triangular, long acuminate, terminating to a short spine. Inflorescence 20–40 mm, densely spicate, rarely branched, with 5–8 spikelets, spikelet 1–3 flowered. Bract ca. 6 mm long and ca. 3.3 mm wide, ovate-triangular, with a hyaline margin ca. 0.3–0.5 mm wide, terminating to a mucron up to 2.5 mm long, green or green-purple. Bracteoles 4–6, unequal, 6–9 mm long, 2.2–3 mm wide, narrow obovate-oblong, with rounded or more or less emarginated apex, with or without short mucron up to 0.3 mm, with a wide hyaline margin ca. 0.5–1 mm wide, green-purple. Calyx infundibularis, glabrous inside, pale brown to fuscous, ca. 10 mm long, tube ca. 6 mm, blade ca. 4 mm long and 5–6 mm wide, with fuscous veins not exceeded the blade margin. Corolla white, 12–14 mm long. Filaments slightly longer than the styles, 12–14 mm, anthers 0.7 × 0.4 mm, pale pink. Etymology: —The species is named in honor of Prof. Mostafa Assadi, an Iranian taxonomist for his worthy studies on Acantholimon. Phenology:—Flowering time mid-July to mid-September, fruiting time September-October. Distribution, habitat and conservation status:—The distribution area of the new species in N of Kerman is a part of the Irano-Turanian floristic region. During field observations, only three mature individuals of the new species were counted in two locations 10 km apart distributed in mountainous slopes. Because of its extremely narrow geographical distribution, it needs support for conservation. However, any statement using standard criteria about the level of support for conservation needs to further explorations. Acantholimon assadii is a spiny and dense shrub that makes it capable to be resistant against the herbivorous animals. But this plant might be burned as a fuel source by local people due to its narrow, dens and flammable branches. Taxonomic remarks:—By having heteromorphous leaves, permanent spring leaves, spike-like inflorescence, spikelet with 1–3 flowers and 4–6 bracteoles, and glabrous inside infundibularis calyx, the new species belongs to sect. Acantholimon. A. assadii has densely spicate inflorescence similar to that of A. cabulicum distributed in NE, NW and C of Afghanistan (Fig. 3). However, they differ mainly in characteristics of bract, bracteole and calyx (Table 1). A. assadii is completely distinctive in the features of inflorescence, bract, bracteole, calyx and corolla from the other Iranian species belonging to the sect. Acantholimon. This species is geographically closer to the two species of sect. Acantholimon namely A. mirtadzadinii Assadi (2003: 28) and A. kermanense Assadi & Mirtadz. (2006: 130) from W of Kerman Province (Fig. 4). A. assadii is easily distinguished from A. mirtadzadinii and A. kermanense by the color of calyx: pale brown to fuscous in A. assadii versus dark purple in A. mirtadzadinii and dark purple or purple in A. kermanense. The corolla is white in A. assadii while it is pink to purple in A. mirtadzadinii and A. kermanense. They also differ in the shape and length of bract on peduncle, shape and length of bract of spikelet and shape of bracteoles (Table 1)., Published as part of Bordbar, Firouzeh & Mirtadzadini, Mansour, 2022, Acantholimon assadii (Plumbaginaceae), a new species from flora of Iran, pp. 99-104 in Phytotaxa 574 (1) on pages 100-103, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7359836, {"references":["Assadi, M. (2003) Two new species of the genus Acantholimon Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae) from Iran. the Iranian Journal of Botany 10 (1): 25 - 29."]}

A new species of aphid, Xerobion eteriae sp. n., is described based on apterous and alate viviparous females, living on Acantholimon (Plumbaginaceae) in Iran. Differences from the most similar spec...

Background: The essential oil from the Acantholimon genus have been an integral part of the traditional food additive in Middle East. Most of the plants in Acantholimon genus have not been studied scientifically. The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical composition, antibacterial, insecticidal and anti-oxidant activities of three Acantholimon species including Acantholimon atropatanum, A. gilliatii and A. tragacanthium. Method: The essential oils of the aerial parts were extracted by hydrodistillation. Chemical constitutions were identified by gas chromatography- mass spectroscopy technique, also their toxicities were assessed against the two important grain products pests, Oryzeaphilus mercator and Tribolium castaneum. Antibacterial activity was assessed against the three foodborne bacteria that include Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus based on the disc diffusion assay. Free-radical-scavenging property was identified based on 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Results: 2-hexahydrofarnesyl acetone was the main compound in A. gilliatii and A. tragacanthium, whilst farnesyl acetone, heptacosane and germacrene D were the principal components of A. atropatanum essential oil. These oils exhibited 40-90% mortality of O. mercator and/or T. castaneum at a dose of 12 μl/l air after 48h of exposure, and exhibited significant free-radicalscavenging property (RC50 = 3.7 × 10-3 - 8.3 × 10-3 mg/ml). The oils of A. tragacanthium and A. gilliatii showed a weaker antibacterial activity compared to A. atropatanum. Conclusion: A. atropatanum, A. gilliatii and A. tragacanthium essential oils had significant insecticidal and anti-oxidant properties. They also showed week to moderate antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.

A revised key to Acantholimon species with spike laxly distichous and scapes much longer than leaves in Turkey after Akaydın (2018). 1. Calyx veins bright purple, contrasting with limb; inner bracts hairy at least on veins........................................ A. caryophyllaceum 1. Calyx veins bright pink, not contrasting with limb; inner bracts glabrous........................................................................................2 2. Outer bract longer than inner bracts.................................................................................................................................. A. iconicum 2. Outer bract equalling or shorter than inner bracts..............................................................................................................................3 3. Rachis flexuous; outer bract equalling with inner bracts................................................................................................... A. kotschyi 3. Rachis straight; outer bract shorter than inner bracts.........................................................................................................................4 4. Scape branched...................................................................................................................................................................................5 4. Scape simple.......................................................................................................................................................................................6 5. Scape 1���2 branched, 6���12 mm long, with scales 7���9 mm long; calyx 10���11 mm; petals white.................................... A. ibrahimii 5. Scape 2���5 branched, 14���24 mm long, with scales 4���6 mm long; calyx 8���8.5 mm; petals pink..................................... A. akaydinii 6. Scape 15���25 cm long, with 3���4 scales; calyx 12���14 mm; outer bract 7���8 mm.............................................................. A. acerosum 6. Scape 6���12 cm long, with 4���8 scales; calyx 10���12 mm; outer bract 5���6 mm..................................................................... A. davisii, Published as part of ��z��do��ru, Bari�� & ��zgi��i, Kurtulu��, 2022, Acantholimon akaydinii (Plumbaginaceae), a new species of A. section Staticopsis from Eastern Anatolia, pp. 265-272 in Phytotaxa 539 (3) on pages 269-270, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6364166

A revised key to Acantholimon species with spike laxly distichous and scapes much longer than leaves in Turkey after Akaydın (2018). 1. Calyx veins bright purple, contrasting with limb; inner bracts hairy at least on veins........................................ A. caryophyllaceum 1. Calyx veins bright pink, not contrasting with limb; inner bracts glabrous........................................................................................2 2. Outer bract longer than inner bracts.................................................................................................................................. A. iconicum 2. Outer bract equalling or shorter than inner bracts..............................................................................................................................3 3. Rachis flexuous; outer bract equalling with inner bracts................................................................................................... A. kotschyi 3. Rachis straight; outer bract shorter than inner bracts.........................................................................................................................4 4. Scape branched...................................................................................................................................................................................5 4. Scape simple.......................................................................................................................................................................................6 5. Scape 1–2 branched, 6–12 mm long, with scales 7–9 mm long; calyx 10–11 mm; petals white.................................... A. ibrahimii 5. Scape 2–5 branched, 14–24 mm long, with scales 4–6 mm long; calyx 8–8.5 mm; petals pink..................................... A. akaydinii 6. Scape 15–25 cm long, with 3–4 scales; calyx 12–14 mm; outer bract 7–8 mm.............................................................. A. acerosum 6. Scape 6–12 cm long, with 4–8 scales; calyx 10–12 mm; outer bract 5–6 mm..................................................................... A. davisii

Acantholimon akaydinii ��z��doğru, sp. nov. (Fig. 1���2) Type:��� TURKEY. Malatya: Darende, around Ayvalı Canyon, steppe, 1200 m, 38.533977 N, 37.643968 E, 30 July 2021, Akaydın 16884, (holotype: HUB!; isotype: ANK!). Description:��� Densely or laxly pulvinate dwarf shrublet. Lower leaves reflexed, leaves triangular-lanceolate, (9)13��� 21 (���26) �� 0.8���1.2 mm, calcareous punctate, scabridulous on margins. Scapes 2���5 branched, 14���24 cm, distinctly longer than leaves, (3)4���6 scaled; Scales distinctly shorter than internodes, 4���6 mm, aristate, hyaline except vein, calcareous punctate. Inflorescence 9���15 (���20) mm paniculate with 15���40 spikelets, Spikes laxly distichous, 3���10 cm long, with 5���9 spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered, 8���9.5 mm long. Bracts unequal, glabrous; outer bract herbaceous, 4���5 mm, ovate-triangular, acuminate, broadly hyaline margined; inner bracts subequal 5���6 mm, as long as calyx tube and outer bract, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, keeled, hyaline except the vein. Calyx infundibular, 8���8.5 mm long, tube (6���6.5 mm) longer than limb, 10-lobed, lobes truncate-obtuse; veins concolorous, sparsely pilose on the tube and terminating below margin. Petals pink, distinctly longer than calyx. Eponymy:��� This endemic species is named after the Turkish botanist Prof. Dr. Galip Akaydın, who is an expert on the genus Acantholimon, co-supervisor of the first author, and the collector of the holotype. Distribution, habitat and ecology:��� Acantholimon akaydinii is an East Anatolian endemic only known from a small area near Irmaklı Village, Darende, Malatya (Turkey), and belongs to the Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region. It grows on stony and dry calcareous steppes at elevations of 1000���1300 m (Fig. 3), together with Phryna ortegioides (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Pax & K.Hoffm., Crataegus monogyn a Jacq., Rhamnus pallasii Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Quercus infectoria Oliv., Inula fragilis Boiss. & Hausskn., Cousinia cataonica Boiss. & Hausskn., Convolvulus compactus Boiss., Jasminum fruticans L., Parietaria judaica L., and Ephedra major Host. subsp. major. Diagnostic characters:��� Acantholimon akaydinii is morphologically most closely related to A. ibrahimii, also from A. sect. Staticopsis, but easily differs by its distinctly longer, much branched scapes and paniculate inflorescence (14���24 mm, 2���5 branched vs. 6���12 mm, 1���2 branched and not paniculate inflorescence), shorter scales (4���6 vs. 7���9 mm), shorter spikelets (8���9.5 vs. 11���12 mm), shorter calyx (8���8.5 vs. 10���11 mm) and pink petals (vs. white) (Table 1.) Conservation status:��� According to current data, A. akaydinii seems to be represented by only one small population in the type locality (nearby Irmaklı village, Darende, Malatya, Turkey). The occupancy area (AOO) of the new species was calculated as smaller than 10 km ��, in which Other specimens examined (paratypes): ��� Acantholimon akaydinii: TURKEY, Malatya: Darende, from Irmaklı to Hekimhan, steppe, 1277 m, 28 July 2021, ��z��doğru & ��zgişi 5788 (HUB!); Malatya: Darende, Karabacak village, around Ayvalı streams, steppe, Akaydın 16870 (HUB!). Specimens studied concerning other related species: ��� Acantholimon ibrahimii Akaydın. ��� TURKEY. C5 Niğde: ��amardı, Demirkazık village, on calcareous slopes, 1650 m, 08 July 2008, Akaydın 11971 (HUB!). As shown in Fig. 4, the distribution of the recently described A. ibrahimii which is the closest relative of A. akaydinii, is confined to a limited area around Aladağlar, Niğde, Turkey. This region is part of the Anatolian Diagonal which is one of the most important biogeographical corridors running from the northeast to southwest of Turkey (Davis 1071; Ekim & G��ner 1986; G��r 2016; ��z��doğru et al. 2020; ��z��doğru and Mummenhoff 2020; ��z��doğru et al. 2021). The approximate border of this Mountain system has long been known and given in Figure 4. However, precise borders of the Anatolian Diagonal using environmental data such as climate, geology, etc., have not been drawn yet. In any case, the newly described species A. akaydinii is found either in this biological corridor or very close to it. Consequently, the close morphological relationship between A. ibrahimii and A. akaydinii is congruent with their geographical distribution. Acantholimon akaydinii only grows at 1000���1300 m a.s.l. on the calcareous steppe in Malatya province. The province is one of the regions with the richest flora in Turkey, lying on the Anatolian Diagonal and it comprises 2.075 plant taxa recorded, of which 438 are endemics (Karakuş 2016). This extraordinary plant diversity continues to increase in recent years and several new taxa have been described in this province recently, including Ornithogalum malatyanum Mutlu & Karakuş (2012: 126), Reseda malatyana Yıldırım & Şenol (2014: 1014), Campanula alisankilincii Yıldırım & Şenol (2014: 23), Alkanna malatyana Yıldırım & Şenol (2014: 125), Muscari atillae Yıldırım (2015a: 291), Parietaria semispeluncaria Yıldırım (2015b: 283), Sisymbrium malatyanum Mutlu & Karakuş (2015: 330), Pimpinella enguezekensis Yıldırım, Akalın & Yeşil (2016: 238), Centaurea malatyensis Ş. K��lt��r & M. Bona (2016: 86), Allium yamadaghensis Yıldırım & Ekşi (2019: 31), A. d��nmezii Mutlu & Karakuş (2019: 199), Heldreichia bupleurifolia (Boiss.) (1842: 186) subsp. malatyana ��z��doğru & Yıldırım (2019: 2), etc. From a morphological point of view, A. akaydinii falls into the group of the Turkish species with laxly distichous spikes and longer scapes, as seen in a revised key provided below. Among these species, A. akaydinii has a unique position because of its paniculate inflorescence. Finally, with the inclusion of the newly described species, the genus is now represented by 58 species in Turkey., Published as part of ��z��do��ru, Bari�� & ��zgi��i, Kurtulu��, 2022, Acantholimon akaydinii (Plumbaginaceae), a new species of A. section Staticopsis from Eastern Anatolia, pp. 265-272 in Phytotaxa 539 (3) on pages 267-269, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6364166, {"references":["Ekim, T. & Guner, A. (1986) The Anatolian diagonal: fact or fiction? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Section B, Biological Sciences 89: 69 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0269727000008915","Gur, H. (2016) The Anatolian diagonal revisited: Testing the ecological basis of a biogeographic boundary. Zoology in the Middle East 62: 189 - 199. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09397140.2016.1226544","Ozudogru, B. & Mummenhoff, K. (2020) Phylogenetic and biogeographical history confirm the Anatolian origin of Bornmuellera (Brassicaceae) and clade divergence between Anatolia and the Balkans in the Plio-Pleistocene transition. Turkish Journal of Botany 44: 593 - 603. https: // doi. org / 10.3906 / bot- 2007 - 42","Ozudogru, B., Karacaoglu, C., Akaydin, G., Erik, S., Mummenhoff, K. & Saglam, I. K. (2021) Ecological specialization promotes diversity and diversification in the Eastern Mediterranean genus Ricotia (Brassicaceae). Journal of Systematics and Evolution. [13 pp] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jse. 12749","Karakus, S. (2016) Malatya Ili Florasi, I nonu Universitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu. Ph. D Thesis [in Turkish], 383 pp.","Mutlu, B. & Karakus, S. (2012) A new species of Ornithogalum (Hyacinthaceae) from East Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 36: 125 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.3906 / bot- 1404 - 28","Yildirim, H. (2015 a) Muscari atillae (Asparagaceae): a new species from Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Phytotaxa 213 (3): 291 - 295. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 213.3.9","Yildirim, H. (2015 b) Parietaria semispeluncaria (Urticaceae), a new species from eastern Turkey. Phytotaxa 226 (3): 281 - 287. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 226.3.9","Mutlu, B. & Karakus, S. (2015) A new species of Sisymbrium (Brassicaceae) from Turkey: morphological and molecular evidence. Turkish Journal of Botany 39: 325 - 333. https: // doi. org / 10.3906 / bot- 1404 - 28","Eksi, G. & Yildirim, H. (2019) Allium yamadagensis (Amaryllidaceae) a new species from Turkey. Phytotaxa 400: 31 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 400.1.4","Karakus, S. & Mutlu, B. (2019) Allium donmezii, a new species of Allium sect. Melanocrommyum (Amaryllidaceae) from Turkey: morphological and molecular evidence. Phytotaxa 411 (3): 194 - 204. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 411.3.3","Ozudogru, B., Yildirim, H. (2019) Heldreichia bupleurifolia subsp. malatyana (Brassicaceae): A new Subspecies from Eastern Anatolia. Bagbahce Bilim Dergisi 6 (3): 1 - 8."]}

Acantholimon akaydinii Özüdoğru, sp. nov. (Fig. 1–2) Type:— TURKEY. Malatya: Darende, around Ayvalı Canyon, steppe, 1200 m, 38.533977 N, 37.643968 E, 30 July 2021, Akaydın 16884, (holotype: HUB!; isotype: ANK!). Description:— Densely or laxly pulvinate dwarf shrublet. Lower leaves reflexed, leaves triangular-lanceolate, (9)13– 21 (–26) × 0.8–1.2 mm, calcareous punctate, scabridulous on margins. Scapes 2–5 branched, 14–24 cm, distinctly longer than leaves, (3)4–6 scaled; Scales distinctly shorter than internodes, 4–6 mm, aristate, hyaline except vein, calcareous punctate. Inflorescence 9–15 (–20) mm paniculate with 15–40 spikelets, Spikes laxly distichous, 3–10 cm long, with 5–9 spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered, 8–9.5 mm long. Bracts unequal, glabrous; outer bract herbaceous, 4–5 mm, ovate-triangular, acuminate, broadly hyaline margined; inner bracts subequal 5–6 mm, as long as calyx tube and outer bract, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, keeled, hyaline except the vein. Calyx infundibular, 8–8.5 mm long, tube (6–6.5 mm) longer than limb, 10-lobed, lobes truncate-obtuse; veins concolorous, sparsely pilose on the tube and terminating below margin. Petals pink, distinctly longer than calyx. Eponymy:— This endemic species is named after the Turkish botanist Prof. Dr. Galip Akaydın, who is an expert on the genus Acantholimon, co-supervisor of the first author, and the collector of the holotype. Distribution, habitat and ecology:— Acantholimon akaydinii is an East Anatolian endemic only known from a small area near Irmaklı Village, Darende, Malatya (Turkey), and belongs to the Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region. It grows on stony and dry calcareous steppes at elevations of 1000–1300 m (Fig. 3), together with Phryna ortegioides (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Pax & K.Hoffm., Crataegus monogyn a Jacq., Rhamnus pallasii Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Quercus infectoria Oliv., Inula fragilis Boiss. & Hausskn., Cousinia cataonica Boiss. & Hausskn., Convolvulus compactus Boiss., Jasminum fruticans L., Parietaria judaica L., and Ephedra major Host. subsp. major. Diagnostic characters:— Acantholimon akaydinii is morphologically most closely related to A. ibrahimii, also from A. sect. Staticopsis, but easily differs by its distinctly longer, much branched scapes and paniculate inflorescence (14–24 mm, 2–5 branched vs. 6–12 mm, 1–2 branched and not paniculate inflorescence), shorter scales (4–6 vs. 7–9 mm), shorter spikelets (8–9.5 vs. 11–12 mm), shorter calyx (8–8.5 vs. 10–11 mm) and pink petals (vs. white) (Table 1.) Conservation status:— According to current data, A. akaydinii seems to be represented by only one small population in the type locality (nearby Irmaklı village, Darende, Malatya, Turkey). The occupancy area (AOO) of the new species was calculated as smaller than 10 km ², in which Other specimens examined (paratypes): — Acantholimon akaydinii: TURKEY, Malatya: Darende, from Irmaklı to Hekimhan, steppe, 1277 m, 28 July 2021, Özüdoğru & Özgişi 5788 (HUB!); Malatya: Darende, Karabacak village, around Ayvalı streams, steppe, Akaydın 16870 (HUB!). Specimens studied concerning other related species: — Acantholimon ibrahimii Akaydın. — TURKEY. C5 Niğde: Çamardı, Demirkazık village, on calcareous slopes, 1650 m, 08 July 2008, Akaydın 11971 (HUB!). As shown in Fig. 4, the distribution of the recently described A. ibrahimii which is the closest relative of A. akaydinii, is confined to a limited area around Aladağlar, Niğde, Turkey. This region is part of the Anatolian Diagonal which is one of the most important biogeographical corridors running from the northeast to southwest of Turkey (Davis 1071; Ekim & Güner 1986; Gür 2016; Özüdoğru et al. 2020; Özüdoğru and Mummenhoff 2020; Özüdoğru et al. 2021). The approximate border of this Mountain system has long been known and given in Figure 4. However, precise borders of the Anatolian Diagonal using environmental data such as climate, geology, etc., have not been drawn yet. In any case, the newly described species A. akaydinii is found either in this biological corridor or very close to it. Consequently, the close morphological relationship between A. ibrahimii and A. akaydinii is congruent with their geographical distribution. Acantholimon akaydinii only grows at 1000–1300 m a.s.l. on the calcareous steppe in Malatya province. The province is one of the regions with the richest flora in Turkey, lying on the Anatolian Diagonal and it comprises 2.075 plant taxa recorded, of which 438 are endemics (Karakuş 2016). This extraordinary plant diversity continues to increase in recent years and several new taxa have been described in this province recently, including Ornithogalum malatyanum Mutlu & Karakuş (2012: 126), Reseda malatyana Yıldırım & Şenol (2014: 1014), Campanula alisankilincii Yıldırım & Şenol (2014: 23), Alkanna malatyana Yıldırım & Şenol (2014: 125), Muscari atillae Yıldırım (2015a: 291), Parietaria semispeluncaria Yıldırım (2015b: 283), Sisymbrium malatyanum Mutlu & Karakuş (2015: 330), Pimpinella enguezekensis Yıldırım, Akalın & Yeşil (2016: 238), Centaurea malatyensis Ş. Kültür & M. Bona (2016: 86), Allium yamadaghensis Yıldırım & Ekşi (2019: 31), A. dönmezii Mutlu & Karakuş (2019: 199), Heldreichia bupleurifolia (Boiss.) (1842: 186) subsp. malatyana Özüdoğru & Yıldırım (2019: 2), etc. From a morphological point of view, A. akaydinii falls into the group of the Turkish species with laxly distichous spikes and longer scapes, as seen in a revised key provided below. Among these species, A. akaydinii has a unique position because of its paniculate inflorescence. Finally, with the inclusion of the newly described species, the genus is now represented by 58 species in Turkey.

This study was conducted to identify areas of endemism for Acantholimon species using parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) and to detect endemic species richness of the genus in the region. The r...

Acantholimon gemicianum Kaptaner Igci, Koruklu & Aytac sp. nova (Plumbaginaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species from Turkey. It grows on marl and marl-gypsum steppes. It most resembles A. strigillosum and A. turcicum, and the diagnostic morphological characters useful in distinguishing A. gemicianum are discussed. Notes on its habitat ecology and pollen morphology are provided, along with the distribution map and a key to species.

The Yazd–Kerman massifs include the poorly known highlands of central and southern Iran reaching to 4465 m a.s.l. at the highest peak. This area belongs to the Irano–Turanian phytogeographical region and 68% of the flora belongs to this floristic region. Total flora of the area is composed of 1308 vascular plant species of which 8% are endemics. The richest genera in terms of endemic species are Astragalus (21 species), Acantholimon (13), Cousinia (8), Echinops (8) and Nepeta (7). Hemicryptophytes (36%) and therophytes (32%) are the most dominant life forms. Several vegetation types are distinguishable in various habitats including halophytic vegetation, Stipa-Artemisia steppes, psammophytic vegetation, shrublands and woodlands, Rheum ribes vegetation, wetland communities, rocky cliff vegetation, subalpine umbelliferous communities and alpine–subnival communities. The protected areas hardly correlate with the biodiversity hotspots in the region and therefore many species are threatened.

Acantholimon Boiss cinsi. Dunya genelinde yaklasik 200 tur ve 71 taksonla temsil edilir, bunlarin %56'si Turkiye icin endemiktir. Bu calismada Acantholimon anatolicum, A. ulicinum var. ulicinum , A. gemicianum , A. riyatguelii ve A. acerosum var. acerosum benzer habitatlari paylasmalari nedeniyle karsilastirilmistir. Acantholimon anatolicum, A. ulicinum var. ulicinum , A. gemicianum morfolojik ve taksonomik olarak birbirlerine cok benzerdir. Ancak A. riyatguelii ve A. acerosum var. acerosum diger turlerden skalalarininin 2-3 (4-5 degil) ve ciceklenme boylarinin yapraklardan uzun olusuyla farklidir. Bu taksonlarin iliskilerini anlamak icin morfolojik, palinolojik ve molekuler calismalar yapilmistir. Morfolojik karakterleri elde etmek icin hem isik hem de elektron mikroskopu kullanilmis ve taksonlarin molekuler ozellikleri icin ITS nukleer gen bolgesi calisilmistir. Morfolojik benzerlikler verilerine ek olarak palinolojik ve molekuler veriler de benzerlik gostermektedir.

The continual search for new attractive ornamentals and innovative natural medicinal products is the main focus of floricultural and pharmaceutical industries worldwide. Aiming to introduce two new Cretan endemic species in the commercial trade, Acantholimon androsaceum (Jaub. & Spach) Boiss. and Limonium chersonesum Erben & Brullo (Plumbaginaceae) have been selected in the current study. These were derived from a total of 223 local endemic species and subspecies of Crete, which constitute an exceptional wild treasure of the Mediterranean flora. Prior to any commercialization, efficient massive propagation protocols are required. Although sexual propagation using seeds collected from the wild was unsuccessful for these two taxa, the results of vegetative propagation experiments were satisfactory. Wild plant material was used for cuttings in order to develop a reasonable and homogenous number of stock mother plants for propagation trials. As a result of experiments conducted in the current research, two vegetative propagation protocols were developed, which could be used commercially for the massive production of elite clonal plants of A. androsaceum and L. chersonesum. These protocols provide 71.43% successful rooting for A. androsaceum within 40 days, using 2000 ppm IBA, and 80.95% rooting for L. chersonesum within 30 days, using 1000 ppm IBA. This study is part of a strategy and research methodology aiming at the selection of new, rare and endemic native industrial crops for the ornamental and pharmaceutical sector, exploiting sustainably the rich phytogenetic resources of Crete.

Background: Plumbaginaceae plants family is a valuable natural insecticidal compound. This research focused on contact toxicity and chemical composition of essential oil obtained from Acantholimon scorpus. Methods: The essential oil from the aerial parts of A. scorpius was extracted by hydrodistillation method and tested for their toxicity against Oryzeaphilus mercator (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenerbrionidae). Chemical compounds of the essential oil was analyzed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Results: The essential oil showed toxic effect on tested insects. This oil showed 90.0% mortality of O. mercator and 85.2% mortality of T. castaneum at a dose of 12 μl /l air after 48h of exposure. The constituents of this oil were identified, representing more than 82.9% of the total essential oil composition. Hexadecanoic acid, tetrahydrogeranyl acetone and oleic acid were the main compounds of the essential oil. Conclusion: According to the result the essential oil of A. scorpius showed a noticeable insecticidal activity in contact toxicity model.

Описан новый вид из сем. Plumbaginaceae – Acantholimon zakirovii Beshko (секция Staticopsis Boiss.) с хребта Нуратау, расположенного в северо-западных отрогах Памиро-Алая (Узбекистан). Приводится морфологическое описание вида, обсуждаются его отличия от близких видов A. nuratavicum Zakirov, A. subavenaceum Lincz. и A. gontscharovii Czerniak., A new species Acantholimon zakirovii Beshko (section Staticopsis Boiss., Plumbaginaceae) from Nuratau mountain ridge (North-Western Pamir-Alay, Uzbekistan) is described. A morphological description is given. Differences from related species A. nuratavicum Zakirov, A. subavenaceum Lincz. and A. gontscharovii Czerniak. are discussed.

The relationship of altitude, cardinal direction and plant species occupied by the sunn pest Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae), during the aestivation period were determined. Studies were carried out on plant species (Astragalus dipthterites Fenzl., Noea spinosissim Moq., Acantholimon sp. and Astragalus sp.), at 3 altitudes (1600-1800; 1800-2000; 2000-2200 m), and in three directions (North, South, and East) from the overwintering sites on Nemrut Mountain, Adiyaman Turkey. According to the results, there were significant interactions of plant species x altitude, plant species x direction and altitude x direction. With respect to the species x altitude interaction, the most adults were found on N. spinosissim at altitudes of 1800-2000 m, and the least numbers were found on Astragalus sp. at the altitudes of 1600-1800 m. Considering the species x direction interaction, the most adults were found on N. spinosissim plants at the southern areas of overwintering sites, and the least numbers of adults were found on Astragalus sp. at the eastern sites. In the case of the altitude x direction interaction, the most adults were found in the southern areas of overwintering sites at 1800-2000 m, and the least numbers were found at the altitudes of 1600-1800 meters at the northern direction of overwintering sites. © 2017 Kansas Entomological Society.

Acantholimon is an important component of the subalpine steppe flora in the Irano-Turanian region and the second largest genus of Plumbaginaceae with c. 200 cushion-forming subshrubby species. Because the genus has been poorly represented in previous phylogenetic studies, questions regarding its monophyly, phylogenetic relationships and infrageneric classification have not been addressed in a solid evolutionary framework. We used sequences from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers and the plastid trnY(GUA)–trnT(GGU) intergenic spacer for 197 accessions of Acantholimon and nine putatively closely related Asian genera in Limonioideae. Contrary to previous results, Bayesian, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses show that Acantholimon is not monophyletic unless its limits are extended to include species currently placed in eight of these Asian genera. As circumscribed, the new Acantholimon s.l. is sister to Goniolimon and includes the following genera: Bamiania, Bukiniczia, Chaetolimon, Cephalorhizum, Dictyolimon, Gladiolimon, Popoviolimon and Vassilczenkoa. Our phylogenetic analyses also challenge the existing classification at the generic and infrageneric levels. A maximum likelihood reconstruction of ancestral states for morphological characters illustrates the possible scenarios by which the cushion architecture combined with linear acuminate leaves, also present in other steppic Irano-Turanian elements, were acquired in this group of Plumbaginaceae. Our study shows the importance of extensive taxon sampling for phylogenetic reconstruction of species-rich lineages. A

The largest genus of the Eriocaulaceae, Paepalanthus, presents many taxonomic problems. Some of these were identified during studies of Eriocaulaceae from the flora of Sao Paulo State and Caparao National Park. Here, we propose changes in nomenclature as a solution to such issues, based on type collections, recent collections and field observations. These changes are in agreement with the taxonomic species concept, and the rules established by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. We define six lectotypes: P. gneissicola, P. caparoensis, P. caldensis, P. lundii, P. oerstedianus and P. striatus, and six synonyms: P. gneissicola = P. acantholimon, P. loefgrenianus = P. aequalis, P. multicostatus = P. calvus, P. scopulifer = P. caparoensis, P. neocaldensis = P. flaccidus and P. macrotrichus = P. lundii. We also present comments on morphology, protologue and type collections.

Y. Bag˘ci (ybagci66@gmail.com), Dept of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Selc¸uk Univ., TR 42031 Selc¸uklu, Konya, Turkey. S. Dog˘u,Dept of Biology Education, Selc¸uk Univ., TR 42090 Meram, Konya, Turkey. G. Akaydin, Dept of Biology Education, Hacettepe Univ.,TR 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.The new species Acantholimon doganii Y. Bag˘ci, Dog˘u & Akaydin is described and illustrated. Diagnostic morphologicalcharacteristics in closely related species are discussed and the conservation status of the new species is analysed. A revisedkey to the Turkish Acantholimon species with persistent circinnate leaf basis is also provided.

A synopsis of Acantholimon in Turkey is given on the basis of a revisional study conducted in Turkey by the authors. An account of 52 species, ten subspecies, and 17 varieties is given, including keys to the species, subspecies, and varieties, and a general indication of their distribution, as well as their conservation status in Turkey. Seven new taxa, namely A. ekimii sp. nov., A. capitatum ssp. sivasicum ssp. nov., A. calvertii var. glabrum var. nov., A. huetii var. breviscapum var. nov., A. acerosum ssp. longibracteolorum ssp. nov., A. lycaonicum ssp. cappadocicum ssp. nov., and A. halophilum var. coloratum var. nov., are described, together with a few new combinations. A. wiedemannii, A. iconicum, and A. lycaonicum, described from Turkey in the past, but placed under other species as synonyms in the Flora of Turkey, are recognized once again as good species. A. multiflorum and A. parviflorum are given a species status. In Turkey, the presence of A. latifolium, A. araxanum, A. lepturoides, A. hohenackerii, A. senganense, A. fominii, A. petraeum, and A. tragacanthinum is also confirmed. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 154, 397–419.

A new species, Acantholimon evrenii sp. nov. is described and illustrated for the first time in sect. Glumaria from Turkey. The species is confined to B7 Elazig in East Anatolia where it grows on rocky mountain steppes. The diagnostic morphological characters from closely related species are given, along with a discussion dealing with its taxonomic relationship. Its conservation status is indicated. A revised key is also provided for the Acantholimon species with heterophyllous leaves, two or more flowered and four or more bracteated spikelets. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 149, 351–356.

A new species, Acantholimon turcicum Dogan & Akaydin (Plumbaginaceae), is described and illustrated. The species grows on calcareous mountain scree in Astragalus spp. steppe on Hazar Mountain above Sivrice (B7 Elazig). Diagnostic morphological characteristics from the closely related species are discussed and conservation status of the species is given, along with a discussion dealing with its taxonomic relationships. A revised key to the Acantholimon species with circinnate leaf basis is also provided for the species found in Turkey.

Heydari Wildlife Refuge (HWR) is located in Binalood mountain range of the Razavi Khorassan Province in Northeastern Iran. The area belongs to the central part of Khorassan-Kopet Dagh floristic province, which is a transitional zone between different phytogeographical units in the Irano-Turanian region. We investigated the floristic composition, life-form spectrum and the phytogeography of the area during 2014–2017 by collecting vascular plants and establishing 443 random-quadrats in representative stands of different vegetation types. A total of 588 vascular plant taxa (species and subspecies) belonging to 304 genera and 65 families are recorded as native and naturalized in the study area. The richest plant families are Asteraceae (40 genera/87 species), Fabaceae (15/72), Poaceae (33/60), Brassicaceae (33/49), Lamiaceae (19/32), and Apiaceae (18/27). The genera Astragalus (44 species), Cousinia (17), and Allium (10) are the richest ones. However, the dominant canopy cover belongs to Acantholimon, Astragalus, Artemisia, and Acanthophyllum species. Raunkiaer’s plant life-form spectrum in the area is dominated by hemicryptophytes (41.50%) and therophytes (28.06%). The core flora of HWR has the Irano-Turanian origin; the widespread elements are also well represented in the study area. Based on the Sørensen dissimilarity index, the HWR has about 50% dissimilarity to the adjacent areas. The study area is inhabited by several Iranian and/or Khorassan-Kopet Dagh endemic (19%), threatened (16%), and narrow-range plant species. The results indicate the importance of the HWR in the plant diversity of NE Iran.

A new species, Acantholimon ibrahimii Akaydın, is described, illustrated and discussed in comparison with its close relative A. davisii. The new species is distinguished from the latter species mainly by the generative organs (namely the inflorescence types and petals colour), habitat type and ecological behaviour. Data are also reported on the conservation status of A. ibrahimii, which is suggested to be labelled as EN according to the IUCN categories. Furthermore, a revised key to the Turkish Acantholimon species of A. sect. Staticopsis with spike laxly distichous and scape much longer than leaves is presented.

Acantholimon Boissier (1846: 69) nom. cons., was first described to include perennial, densely or laxly pulvinate subshrubs, mostly thorny and cushion-forming. The genus currently contains about 200 taxa, mainly distributed from SE-Europe to C-Asia (see e.g., Kubitzki 1993). The main distribution centres of the genus are in the eastern Mediterranean and the Irano-Turanian regions (Bokhari 1970, Yıldırım & Crespo 2014), where many endemics occur. Taxa in Acantholimon have considerable ecological and economic importance, mostly as ornamental plants because their long-lasting and nicely coloured flowers (Doǧan & Akaydın 2004).

Background/aim: To investigate the age- and sex-associated carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) changes in healthy children to determine the age- and sex-specific normal range of values for childhood. Materials and methods: This study examined 91 healthy school-age children aged 7 15 years prospectively. Standardized sonographic cIMT measurements and analyses were performed. Body mass index and blood pressure were obtained, and atherosclerotic risk factors were investigated. Age- and sex-specific cIMT measurements for different age groups were calculated and the relation with sex was investigated. Results: Regarding the total study group, mean cIMT measurements for age groups 7 9, 10 12, and 13 15 years were 4.1 ± 0.5 mm, 4.4 ± 0.6 mm, and 4.6 ± 0.4 mm, respectively. cIMT did not differ between boys and girls in the same age group. Age related analyses showed significant variations among the age groups with positive correlation between cIMT and age. Conclusion: Our results suggest that age-related physiologic thickening of the carotid artery intima-media occurs not only in adults but also in children and that sex is not a factor for cIMT differences in childhood.

A new species, Acantholimon yildizelicum (Plumbaginaceae) is described and illustrated. The species is found in Astragalus sp. and Festuca sp. steppe in Camlibel Mountain around Yidizeli (B6 Sivas) in North Anatolia, Turkey. Diagnostic morphological characteristics from the closely related species are discussed and conservation statuses of the species is given. A revised key to Acantholimon species with scapes lacking or inflorescence borne at level of leaves and bracts pubescent is also given for the species found in Turkey.

A new species, Acantholimon karamanicum Akaydin & Dogan (Plumbaginaceae) is described and illustrated. The species grows on calcareous mountain slopes in open Quercus sp. scrub, Astragalus sp. steppe, and inside Abies cilicica forest in Ermenek (Karaman). Diagnostic morphological characteristics from closely related species are discussed and conservation statuses of the species are given. A revised key to the Acantholimon species, with densely distichous spikes and outer bracts twice as long as the internodes, is also provided for the species found in Turkey.

Acantholimon riyatguelii is described as a new species. Diagnostic morphological characters, a full description and detailed illustrations are provided on the basis of the type specimen and wild exemplars. This outstanding new species is a strict gypsophyte, which is characterized by the dwarf caespitose perennial habit, not forming dense thorny cushions; leaves are homomorphic, hairy, short and quite soft, not pungent but mucronate, swollen-fleshy and calcareous-punctate; spikes are unbranched, very compact, distichous, longer than leaves; spikelets are numerous and quite regularly imbricate; and the calyx is 5-lobed, with whitish limb. These combination of morphological characters in not known in any other Turkish Acantholimon species, and allows easy identification. The main morphological traits of A. riyatguelii suggest inclusion in A. sect. Staticopsis, though in an isolated position for which a new subsection, A. subsect. Exacantha, is described. Morphological affinities and divergences to other members of that section are dicussed. Furthermore, data are reported on the conservation status of A. riyatguelii, which is suggested to be labelled as CR according to the IUCN categories.

Acantholimon subsect. Exacantha Yıldırım & M.B.Crespo, subsect. nov. Type: — Acantholimon riyatguelii Yıldırım (holotype). Diagnosis: — Ex sectione Staticopsi, haec subsectio combinatione insolita characterum ab aliis Anatolicis subsectionibus Acantholimonis diversa suffruticibus inermis, laxe caespitosis; foliis subcarnosis, breve mucronatis haud pungentibus, calcareo-punctatis; caudiculis incrassatis, subcarnosis, foliorum vetustiorum vestigiis persistentibus non circinatis in parte superiore vestitis; spicis longis, simplicissimis, nonnunquam folias valde superantibus; spiculis numerosis, distichis, dense dispositis; bractea exteriore quam rachidis internodio duplo longiore; limbo calycis albido. Species unica: A. riyatguelii. Taxonomical notes:—The new subsection is related to other groups of A. sect. Staticopsis, e.g. A. subsect. Androsacea and subsect. Caryophyllacea Bunge (1872: 31), with which it shares some characters. Leaves are homomorphic, with remains of leaf bases of the previous year not circinate; inflorescence is a long, simple spike (neither subcapitate nor congested terminally), usually exceeding leaves; the spikelets are dense, distichously arranged, the outer bract being at least twice longer than rachis internodes; and the calyx limb is white. However, the peculiar combination of characters found in the new subsection (e.g., the fleshy, not pungent and calcareous-punctate leaves, the swollen fleshy branchlets, and the long exerted spikes) makes it to stand apart from all other subsectional taxa in A. sect. Staticopsis. Certainly, simple and elongated spikes also occur in members of A. subsect. Caryophyllacea, though spikelets are more laxly arranged, the outer bract equalling or being at most 1.5 times longer than rachis internodes. Furthermore, members of A. subsect. Androsacea produce 1–2-branched (occassionally simple) usually short spikes, with rather dense spikelets, imbricate or congested apically. Segregation of the new subsection from members of A. subsect. Robusta Doğan & Akaydın in Doğan et al. (2007: 87) and subsect. Circinata Doğan & Akaydın in Doğan et al. (2007: 88) is based on the occurrence of circinate base remains of leaves of the previous year, which are absent in taxa of A. subsect. Exacantha, among other characters. Similarly, the monotypic A. subsect. Dianthifolia Doğan & Akaydın in Doğan et al. (2007: 88) includes plants easy to recognize because their linear-lanceolate flat leaves, the scapes usually lacking scales, the inner bracts of the spikelets retuse-mucronate, and the calyx with excurrent ribs. Nonetheless, the peculiar morphological characters of A. riyatguelii put it apart from the rest of members of sect. Staticopsis, and in the future it could be placed in its own section. Ongoing preliminar molecular work (Crespo et al. in prep.) supports separation of A. riyatguelii, and will help to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of this outstanding new taxon.. Conservation status:—The occupancy area (AOO) of A. riyatguelii was calculated as 0.683 km 2 in which about 750−850 individuals were estimated to occur. Overgrazing by sheep and goat herds and development of new farming areas were observed to be producing negative effects on the surroundings of the known populations, which are seriously threatened as well as other similar habitats in Central Anatolia (Böcük et al. 2009). These strong anthropic pressures on this new gypsophyte are responsible for rapid habitat destruction, and they could cause a dramatic decrease of the number of reproductive individuals in the near future. Therefore, in accordance with the criteria of the IUCN (2012), A. riyatguelii is here assessed as “Critically Endangered” (CR) B2ab(i,ii,iii), on account of its restricted distribution in Turkey with an inferred severe decline of the extent of occurrence, the occupancy area and quality of the habitat. In consequence, this new Irano-Turanian element stands among other Turkish threatened endemic taxa of Acantholimon (cfr. Doğan et al. 2011). Urgent legal measures should be implemented to ensure conservation of A. riyatguelii, which should be included in the red list of Turkish vascular plants. Similarly, the habitat in which it grows should also be protected, since gypseous outcrops of Central Anatolia host a remarkable phytodiversity with a high number of narrow endemics (cfr. Yıldırımlı 2012) in need of conservation., Published as part of Yildirim, Hasan & Crespo, Manuel B., 2014, Acantholimon riyatguelii (Plumbaginaceae), a threatened new unarmed species from Central Anatolia, Turkey, pp. 73-84 in Phytotaxa 175 (2) on pages 81-82, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.175.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5143716, {"references":["Bunge, A. (1872) Die Gattung Acantholimon Boiss. Memoires de l'Academie imperiale des sciences de St. - Petersbourg Serie 7, 18 (2): 1 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 41374","Bocuk, H., Ture, C. & Ketenoglu, O. (2009) Plant diversity and conservation of the Northeast Phrygia Region under the impact of land degradation and desertification (Central Anatolia, Turkey). Pakistan Journal of Botany 41 (5): 2305 - 2321.","IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd edition. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 32 pp.","Dogan, H. M., Dogan, M., Akaydin, G. & Celep, F. (2011) Mapping and analysing the diversity of the genus Acantholimon taxa in Turkey by geographic information systems (GIS). Turkish Journal of Botany 35: 91 - 110.","Yildirimli, S. (2012) The heaven of gypsophilous phytodiversity of Turkey: Kepen, Sivrihisar, Eskisehir, Turkey, 13 taxa as new. Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi 19 (2): 1 - 51."]}

Bu çalışmada Türkiye Acantholimon Boiss. cinsi (Plumbaginaceae) taksonlarının uzaysal dağılımı tanımlandı ve bu dağılımda rol oynayabilecek çevresel değişkenler değerlendirildi. 2000 ve 2004 arasında 418 coğrafi k referanslı örnekleme yerinden çok sayıda örnek toplandı ve coğrafi bilgi sistemleri (CBS) yazılımı kullanarak, nokta veri tabanı oluşturuldu. Sonuçta 67 takson tanımlandı ve haritalandı. Belirlenen taksonların 43’ü endemiktir. Taksonların halihazırdaki koruma statüsü son IUCN Kırmızı Liste kategorileri kullanılarak yeniden değerlendirildi. Bundan başka, belirlenen her bir noktaya karşılık gelen çevresel değişkenler, Türkiye’nin mevcut ve güncel çevresel raster harita katmanlarından çekildi ve elde edilen veriler Hiyerarşik Kümelendirme ve Konikal Uyum Analizi ile analiz edildi. Hiyerarşik Kümelendirme ile çevresel değişkenler yönünden çeşitli seviyelerde benzerliklere sahip alt gruplar gösterildi. Konikal Uyum Analiz sonuçları boylam, denize uzaklık, maksimum sıcaklık, ortalama sıcaklık, minimum sıcaklık, potansiyel evapotranspirasyon, yükseklik ve yağışı içeren 8 çevresel değişkenin Türkiye’deki 18 Acantholimon taksonunun uzaysal dağılımının açıklanmasında çok etkili olduğunu gösterdi. We describe the spatial distribution of the genus Acantholimon Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae) taxa in Turkey, and assess the role that environmental variables may be playing on this distribution. We collected a large number of specimens from 418 geo-referenced sampling sites between 2000 and 2004, and established a point database using geographic information systems (GIS) soft ware. As a result, we identifi ed and mapped 67 taxa; 43 of the determined taxa appear to be endemic. We re-evaluated the current conservation status of the taxa at a national level using recent IUCN Red List categories. In addition, we extracted the corresponding environmental variables of each determined point from the updated and available environmental raster map layers of Turkey and analysed the obtained taxa and environmental data by Hierarchical Clustering and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Hierarchical Clustering delineated the subgroups, which have similarities at various levels in respect to environmental variables. Th e CCA results indicated that 8 environmental variables including longitude, distance to sea, maximum temperature, mean temperature, minimum temperature, potential evapotranspiration, elevation, and precipitation are the most eff ective in explaining the spatial distribution of the 18 Acantholimon taxa in Turkey.

This study examines whether a satisfactory classification of Acantholimon Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae) species found in Ankara province (Turkey) can be obtained from phenetic clustering based on external vegetative and floral morphological characters of both herbarium and collected specimens. The study is on the following species: A. venustum Boiss., A. halophilium Bokhari., A. acerosum (Willd.) Boiss., A. kotschyi (Jaub. & Spach) Boiss., A. confertiflorum Bokhari., A. glumaceum (Jaub. & Spach) Boiss., A. casareum Boiss. & Bal., A. puberulum Boiss. & Bal., and A. ulicinium (Jaub. & Schultes) Boiss. For each species twenty-five morphological characters were scored and data were subjected to numerical taxonomic analysis. The results of the present study suggest that for Ankara province (Turkey) there are basically three subsections (Caryophyllacea Bunge., Halophiliacea Muvaffak & Dogan, and Androsacea Bunge) which can be grouped under section Tragacanthina Bunge. Subsection Halophiliacea Muvaffak & Dogan is desc...

Marmara üniversitesinde yüksek lisans tezi olarak hazırlanan bu araştırma; Siirt ili Pervari ilçesinde kültürel hayatı konu edinmektedir. Kültürel hayat aile yapısı evlenme, boşanma, doğum, ölüm vb. gibi konularda bütün unsurları ile ele alınmıştır.Zorlu coğrafi şartları, diğer yerleşim yerlerine uzaklığı nedeniyle Pervari ilçesi kendine özgü bir kültürel yapı oluşturmuş ve bu kültürel yapının korunması için halkın oldukça fazla çaba gösterdiği gözlemlenmiştir.Pervari ilçesi 21. yy.da birçok yerde olduğu gibi değişim sürecindedir. Fakat maddi kültür unsurları manevi kültür öğelerine göre çok daha hızlı değişmektedir. This research that is prepare as a master thesis in Marmara University, includes the cultural life in Pervari town of Siirt.It has been taken in hand with all the elements such cultural life, family structure, marriage, divorce, birth, death, etc.Because of difficult geographical conditions, distance to the other settlements,Pervari town has formed a specific cultural structure and it has been observed that public make much effort to protect this cultural structure.Pervari town is in the process of change as it is in many places in 21st century.However, cultural elements change much faster according to the moral cultural elements. 201

Statice echinus Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 276. 1753, nom. utique rej. "Habitat in Graeciae & Mediae desertis." RCN: 2194. Lectotype (Meyer in Haussknechtia 3: 7. 1987): [icon] "Limonium cespitosum, foliis aculeatis" in Buxbaum, Pl. Minus Cognit. Cent. 2: 18, t. 10. 1728. Current name: Acantholimon tenuiflorum Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part S), pp. 806-877 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 873, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Several techniques have been used to identify and classify plants. We proposed Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, together with hierarchical cluster analysis, as a rapid and noninvasive technique to differentiate plants based on their leaf fragments. We applied this technique to three different genera, namely, Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae), Acantholimon (Plumbaginaceae), and Astragalus (Leguminoseae). All of these genera are angiosperms and include a large number of species in Turkey. Ranunculus and Acantholimon have ornamental importance, while Astragalus is an important pharmaceutical genus. The FT-IR spectra revealed dramatic differences, which indicated the variations in lipid metabolism, carbohydrate composition, and protein conformation of the genera. Moreover, cell wall polysaccharides including diverse groups could be identified for each genus. Acantholimon was found to have the highest hydrogen capacity in its polysaccharide and proteins. A higher lignin content and a lower occurrence of decarboxylation and pectin esterification reactions were appointed for Ranunculus and Astragalus compared to Acantholimon. All these results suggested that FT-IR spectroscopy can be successfully applied to differentiate genera, as demonstrated here with Ranunculus, Astragalus, and Acantholimon. In addition, we used this technique to identify the same species from different geographical regions. In conclusion, the current FT-IR study presents a novel method for rapid and accurate molecular characterization and identification of plants based on the compositional and structural differences in their macromolecules.

Acantholimon flabellum Assadi (2005: 32), A. moradii Assadi (2005: 37), Cousinia farimanensis Assadi (2011: 6) and C. mozdouranensis Djavadi & Attar (2005: 287) were described from Iran without indication of the herbarium in which the holotype specimens were conserved. Therefore, these names were not validly published (Art. 40.7 of the ICN, McNeill et al. 2012) and need to validation.

Ülkemizin en önemli çevre sorunları arasında bulunan erozyon üzerine bir kamuoyu oluşmasına rağmen, etkin önlemlerin kısa ve uzun vadede alındığını söylemek güçtür. Biyolojik onarım çalışmalarının temelini ekolojik faktörler ile doğal bitki örtüsünün iyi analiz edilmesi oluşturmaktadır. Havza planlamasında mevcut doğal yapının antropojen etkilerden korunması ve yenilenmesi etkin korumada önemlidir. Bu çalışmada en önemli çevre sorunlarından olan erozyonun önlenmesi için mevcut doğal bitki örtüsünde bulunan Acantholimon spp., Astragalus spp., Capparis spp., Euphorbia spp. ve Onobrychis spp. bitkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada bitkilerin yayılış alanları, çevre–bitki analizleri, bunlar üzerine olan baskılar, üretim ve koruma önlemleri üzerinde durularak, çözüm önerilerine yer verilmiştir. It is diffucult to say that taking measurements in short and long term although there is a public opinion about erosion which is the most important environmental problem of our country. The base of the biological restoration studies consist of analysed ecological conditions and natural plant cover. In watershed planning, conserving and renewing the antropogen effects of current natural structure are important in effective conservation. In this study, Acantholimon spp., Astragalus spp., Capparis spp., Euphorbia spp. and Onobrychis spp. species have been evaluated to prevent the erosion which is one the most imporant environmental problem. Solution suggestions have been taken part by emphasizing on distrubution areas of the plants, environment-plant analisies, impressions on these factors, production and conservation measurements.

oz ACANTHOLIMON, ASTRAGALUS VE RANUNCULUS CİNSLERİNİN FİZİKOKİMYASAL İNCELENMESİ TÜRKER, Sevgi M.S.c, Department of Biological Sciences Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Musa DOĞAN Co-Supervisor: Prof.Dr.Feride Severcan Nisan 2002, 106 sayfa Ranunculus, Acaniholimon and Astragalus cinsleri angiosperm bitkilerdendir ve bu cinslerin baza türleri Türkiye'de yetişmektedir. Ranunculus ve Acaniholimon süs bitkisi olarak, Astragalus ise ilaç sektöründe kullanılırlar Son zamanlarda bitkileri tanımlamak ve sınıflandırmak için bir çok teknik kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, amacımız farklı bir teknik olan Fourier Transform İnfirared Spektroskopisi taksonomik çalışmalarda kullanılmasını sağlamaktır.Sonuçlara göre, aynı cinse ait türlerin spektrumları benzer oldukları halde aynı cinsten olup farklı bölgelerden toplanmış olan türlerin spektrumlarında farklılıklar gözlenmiştir. Ek olarak, aynı bitkinin farklı bölgelerinden alınmış yaprakların spektrumlarında çok fazla benzerlik göstermiştir. Astragalus, Ranunculus and Acantholimon cinslerinin spektrumlarının detaylı analizi her cins için bant pozisyonları, band genişlikleri, band şiddetleri ve bazı bantların oranları açısından birçok faklılıklar göstermiştir. Hücre membranı yapısı açısından Ranunculus cinsinin en düzenli olduğu ve aynı cinsin membran yapısındaki lipid konsantrasyonun en fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra Acantholimon cinsi selüloz konsantrasyonu açısından en yoğun olanıdır. Ranunculus ve Astragalus cinslerinin DNA moleküllerindeki fosfodiester gruplarında hydrojen bağı fazlalığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Protein konsantrasyonu Astragalus ve Ranunculus cinslerinde Acantholimon cinsinden daha fazladır. Astragalus cinsinin lignin konsantrasyonu diğerlerine oranla en fazladır. Bu çalışma göstermiştir ki, Fourier Transfrom infrared Spektroskopisi farklı cinslerden olan, konformasyonal ve yapısal değişiklikler gösteren bitkileri makromoleküler dataya dayanarak tanımlayan duyarlı ve pratik bir metoddur. Keywords: Ranunculus, Acantholimon, Astragalus, FT-IR spektroskopisi ABSTRACT PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY ON THE GENERA, ACANTHOLLMON, ASTRAGALUS AND RANUNCULUS TURKER, Sevgi M.S.C., Department of Biological Sciences Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Musa DOGAN Co-Supervisor: Prof.Dr.Feride Severcan April 2002,106 pages Ranunculus, Acantholimon and Astragalus are angiosperm plants whose some species grow in Turkey. Ranunculus and Acantholimon have ornamental importance while Astragalus is an important pharmaceutical genus. Recently, several techniques have been used to identify and classify plants. In this study, we aimed to propose a different non invasive and rapid technique, namely Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) for taxonomic studies.FT-IR spectroscopy were applied to some species from Ranunculus, Acantholimon and Astragalus, which were collected from different regions and on different date's from were examined. The results revealed that the spectra of the species from the same genus were observed similar while the spectra of the species from the same genus, which were collected from different regions, were different. In addition, the spectra of leaves taken from different parts of the same plant were found to be similar. The detailed analysis of FT-IR spectra of Astragalus, Ranunculus and Acantholimon revealed significant differences in the position of the bands, the band width values, the signal intensities values and the signal intensities raitos for each genus. The most ordered membrane structure was seen in Ranunculus. Furthermore, the lipid concentration is the highest for the genus, Ranunculus. Whilst, the highest amount of cellulose was detected only in Acantholimon. An increase in the number of hydrogen bonded phophodiester groups of the DNA molecules was observed in Ranunculus and Astragalus. The concentration of protein was higher in Astragalus and Ranunculus species than Acantholimon. Astragalus contains highest lignin molecules in comparison to the other genera. The present study shows that Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy is a sensitive and practical method in identifying different genera on the basis of macromolecular data, which reveals the structural and conformational differences. Keywords: Ranunculus, Acantholimon, Astragalus, FT-IR spectroscopy 106

Acantholimon anatolicum Dogan & Akaydin sp. nov. (Plumbaginaceae) is described and illustrated. The species grows on deep gypsum-rich sandy soil on eroded mountain slopes between Cayirhan and Nallihan in Ankara. Diagnostic morphological characters that discern it from closely related species are discussed and its conservation status is indicated. A revised key to Acantholimon species with ± dense terminal spikes and excurrent scapes is given for the species found in Turkey. (c)The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 140, 443–448.

VH oz ANKARA İLİNDEKİ ACANTHOLIMON ( PLUMB AGINACEAE ) TÜRLERİNİN TAKSONOMİK ÇALIŞMASI Muvaffak, Aslı Yüksek Lisans, Biyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Musa Doğan Temmuz 1997, 94 sayfa Bu araştırma, Ankara ilinde bulunan, Acantholımon, türlerinin taksonomik çalışmasını içermektedir. Çalışma esas olarak, Türkiye'de bulunan toplam tür sayısının yaklaşık % 50' sini içeren, 9 tür üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Cinsin gen merkezinin İç Anadolu'da bulunması cins üyelerinin bu alandaki biyolojik çeşitliliğini göstermektedir. Bu araştırma kapsamında, Haziran 1996 tarihinden itibaren, Ankara'nın farklı bölgelerinden ( Gölbaşı, Beynam, Haymana, Polatlı, Kızılcahamam, Çubuk, Kalecik ve Şereflikoçhisar, Tuz Gölü çevresi ) örnekler toplanmıştır. Bu örnekler standart herbaryum kurutmavııı metodlan yoluyla kurutularak laboratuvar çalışmalarına hazırlanmış ve bunu takiben örnekler gerekli referanslar yardımıyla çalışılmış ve tür tanımlan yapılmıştır. Arazi çalışmalası kapsamına katılmayan bölgeler için, Ankara Üniversitesi (ANK), Hacettepe Üniversitesi (HUB) ve Gazi Üniversitesi ( GAZİ ) herbaryumlarında bulunan tür örnekleri incelenmiş ve ayrıca Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh ( E )'den temin edilmiş ilgili türlerin eş örnekleri çalışılarak, genel cins özellikleri ve ilgili türlerin karakterleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırma süresince, Ankara yöresinde bulunan 9 türe ait morfolojik karakterler çalışılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde yer alan, Morfoloji kısmında, cins üyelerinin genel, yüzeysel vejetatif morfolojisine ( detaylı gövde ve yaprak özellikleri ) ait bulgular bulunmaktadır. Bu bölüm, vejetatif karakterlerin detaylı bir çalışması ile türler arasındaki belirgin, ayırt edici karakterlerin tartışmasını içermektedir. Bunun devamında, türlerin çiçek morfolojileri ( detaylı çiçek özellikleri ) ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiştir. Bölüm 4, Ekoloji ve Fitocoğrafya, İç Anadolu stepinin genel özelliklerini içermektedir. Bu bağlamda, çalışma alanının topografik yapısının genel özellikleri de belirtilmiştir. İç Anadolu'da geniş bir alanı kaplayan cins üyeleri özellikle ekolojik bakımdan önem taşımaktadır. Oluşturdukları yastıksı gövdelerle toprağı sararak ve kökleri ile de toprağa tutunarak, toprak kaybı olan alanlarda, erozyonla mücadelede kullanılabilecek önemli bir kaynaktır.IX Bölüm 5' de, Ankara yöresinde bulunan, Acantholimon türlerinin nümerik taksonomik çalışması verilmiştir. Ankara yöresinde bulunan 9 tür için 37 tane fenetik karakter ( 25 tanesi fenogram analizi için kullanıldı ) ` data matriks ` oluşturularak kaydedildi. Çalışma süresince, örnekler, türler arasındaki fenetik ilişkileri belirlemekte kullanılan, ` Benzerlik Katsayısını ` hesaplayan bilgisayar paket programı ( NTSYS ) yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Bu amaçla, ` Gower Benzerlik Katsayısı ( GSCG ) ` kullanılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlar kullanılarak fenogram çizilmiştir. Bu fenograma göre iki alt grup, alt seksiyon Caryophyllacea ( A. venustum ve A. kotschyi türlerini içeren ) ve Androsacea ( A. halophilium, A. acerosum, A. caesareum, A. confertiflorum, A. glumaceum, A. puberulum ve A. ulicinium türlerini içeren ) oluşturulmuştur. Gruplar arasındaki ayırt edici karakterler tartışılmıştır. Son bölüm, Ankara ilinde bulunan Acantholimon türlerinin revizyonunu içermektedir. Ankara ilindeki bu dokuz türe ait tür anahtarı oluşturulmuştur. Daha önce, ` Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands ` ( Cilt.7 ), eserinde, Davis ( 1982 ) tarafından Ankara il hudutları içerisinde tanimlanmamış olan 3 yeni tür ( A. halophilium, A. confertiflorum & A. puberulum ) tanımlanmıştır. Ayrıca, A. venustum türüne ait, var. assyriacum, var. venustum, var. laxiflorum; A. acerosum türüne ait, var. parvifolium, var. acerosum, var. brachstachyum; A. puberulum türüne ait, var. longiscapum, var. puberulum, varyeteler arasindaki coğrafik ayrımgözönünde bulundurularak alt tür olarak gruplandırılmıstır. Anahtar Kelimeler : Acantholimon, taksonomi, ekoloji in ABSTRACT TAXONOMIC STUDY ON ACANTHOLIMON { PLUMB AGINACEAE ) IN ANKARA PROVINCE Muvaffak, Ash M. S., Department of Biology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Musa Doğan July 1997, 94 pages This project is a taxonomic study on Acantholimon ( Plumbaginaceae) in Ankara Province. This study is mainly based on 9 species of Acantholimon which are found in Ankara Province and thus includes about 50 % of the whole species of Acantholimon that exist in Turkey. Since the genetical center of the genus is in Central Anatolia, there exists a great biological diversity of the genus. For this project, starting from June 1996, specimens were collected from different regions of Ankara (i.e from Gölbaşı, Beynam, Haymana, Polatlı, Kızılcahamam, Çubuk, Kalecik and Şereflikoçhisar, around the ` Salt Lake` ). These plant specimens were prepared for the laboratory studies by using theIV Standard herbarium drying methods and following this they were identified with the help of the necessary references. For the regions which were not covered during the field work, the kept specimens of the genus, Acantholimon, at Ankara University Herbarium ( ANK ), Hacettepe University Herbarium ( HUB ), Gazi University Herbarium ( GAZİ ) and the duplicate specimens obtained from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh ( E ) were studied and the general characteristics of the genus and related species were identified. Throughout the current studies, the morphological characteristics of the 9 species of Acantholimon in Ankara were studied. In part 3, Morphology, the general external vegetative morphology ( i.e the stem and leaf characteristics in detail ) of the taxa is included. This section includes the detailed studies of the vegetative characteristics together with the discussion of the distictive characters between the species. In the following section, the data about the reproductive morphology ( i.e. the floral characteristics in detail ) of the species is indicated. Part 4, Ecology and Phytogeography, includes the general characteristics of the Central Anatolian steppe and the characteristics and effects of the climate of the study area. In respect to these, the geographical distribution of the 9 species in Ankara Province is described and the general features of the topographical surfaces of the study area are indicated. The elements of the genus, Acantholimon, which are widely distributed in Central Anatolian steppe, has important ecological outstandings with their cushion-shaped stems surrounding the soil so firmly and with their roots. This is an importantcounteract of the project. Indeed, they may be an important agent helping to prevent erosion especially around those steep mountainous regions where the loss of the soil is high. In part 5, the numerical taxonomy of Acantholimon ( Plumbaginaceae ) in Ankara Province is given. For the 9 species in Ankara Province, 37 phenetic characters ( from which 25 are included in the analysis ) were scored on a data matrix. For the analysis of the data, a computer package program ( NTSYS ) was used in order to compute the ` similarity coefficients ` that were useful for determining the phenetiç relationships of the taxa. For this purpose, ` the General Similarity Coefficient of Gower ( GSCG ) ` was used and the phenogram resulting from UPGMA clustering of similarity matrix was presented. From the phenogram two subgroups, subsections Caryophyllacea ( including A. venustum and A. kotschyi ) and Androsacea ( including A. halophilium, A. acerosum, A. caesareum, A. confertiflorum, A. glumaceum, A. puberulum and A. ulicinium ) were formed. The distinguishing characteristics of the two subgroups were discussed. In the final part, the revisional study of Acantholimon ( Plumbaginaceae ) in Ankara Province is included. The species key was produced for all of the 9 species in Ankara Province.The 3 species ( A. halophilium, A. confertiflorum, A. puberulum ) which were not defined in ` Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands `, vol. 7 by Davis ( 1982 ) were recorded to exist in Ankara. Therefore, 3 new square records were included in Ankara Province. In addition,VI the varieties for A. venustum, var. venustum, var. laxiflorum, var. assyriacum; for A. acerosum, var. parvifolium, var. acerosum, var. brachstachyum; for A.puberulum, var. longiscapum, var. puberulum were raised to the subspecies level basing on the geographical isolation of the taxa concerned. Keywords: Acantholimon, taxonomy, ecology 94

A new species, Acantholimon avanosicum Dogan & Akaydin in the Plumbaginaceae is described and illustrated. The species grows on argillaceous slopes in Central Anatolia, Turkey. The diagnostic morphological characters that distinguish it from closely related taxa are discussed. A revised key to Acantholimon species in Turkey with densely distichous simple spikes is presented. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 138, 365–368.