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Spina bifida aperta is one of the most frequent open neural tube defects and consists in a closure defect in the fetal spine and the subsequent skin, leaving the spinal cord vulnerable. Since folic acid supplementation has been recommended periconceptionally, the incidence of neural tube defects, including spina bifida, has been reduced dramatically. Unfortunately, spina bifida is usually diagnosed in the second trimester, more frequently between 18 and 20 weeks of gestation, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), by visualizing the spinal defect, as well as well-known intracranial signs. There have been attempts in finding the right intracranial sign or measurement that can predict a future positive diagnosis of spina bifida or at least alert the sonographer to further investigate. The early diagnosis of spina bifida represents the subject of interest of this paper, as this congenital neural tube defect carries the burden of a significant morbidity. The mothers should be counseled, informed about the fetal complications of this pathology and about the therapeutic possibilities, including intrauterine fetal surgery, and they should also be given the possibility of pregnancy termination, if the patient decides in this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spina bifida aperta is one of the most frequent open neural tube defects and consists in a closure defect in the fetal spine and the subsequent skin, leaving the spinal cord vulnerable. Since folic acid supplementation has been recommended periconceptionally, the incidence of neural tube defects, including spina bifida, has been reduced dramatically. Unfortunately, spina bifida is usually diagnosed in the second trimester, more frequently between 18 and 20 weeks of gestation, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), by visualizing the spinal defect, as well as well-known intracranial signs. There have been attempts in finding the right intracranial sign or measurement that can predict a future positive diagnosis of spina bifida or at least alert the sonographer to further investigate. The early diagnosis of spina bifida represents the subject of interest of this paper, as this congenital neural tube defect carries the burden of a significant morbidity. The mothers should be counseled, informed about the fetal complications of this pathology and about the therapeutic possibilities, including intrauterine fetal surgery, and they should also be given the possibility of pregnancy termination, if the patient decides in this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legality of the abortion procedure has been a controversial issue over time in all states of the world. These specific controversies have existed, exist and will continue to exist because we do not have a solution that is unanimously accepted by the international community that is generally valid. The abortion procedure involves aspects of legal, medical, religious, moral, democratic and criminal law specific to each regime, some countries not incriminating the acts by which abortion is performed, while others incriminate the same acts, performed in different forms. In our legislation, abortion has been incriminated since the appearance of the Penal Code of Romania, in 1864, continued in the Penal Code in 1936, followed by that of 1969, starting, for a period (from December 1989 to 1996), to no longer be incriminated under any circumstances. In this paper, the focus is on the most relevant modalities of regulation for this procedure, namely the criminal law rules into force in the second half of the communist regime and those currently into force, highlighting the positive aspects brought by the new Penal Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legality of the abortion procedure has been a controversial issue over time in all states of the world. These specific controversies have existed, exist and will continue to exist because we do not have a solution that is unanimously accepted by the international community that is generally valid. The abortion procedure involves aspects of legal, medical, religious, moral, democratic and criminal law specific to each regime, some countries not incriminating the acts by which abortion is performed, while others incriminate the same acts, performed in different forms. In our legislation, abortion has been incriminated since the appearance of the Penal Code of Romania, in 1864, continued in the Penal Code in 1936, followed by that of 1969, starting, for a period (from December 1989 to 1996), to no longer be incriminated under any circumstances. In this paper, the focus is on the most relevant modalities of regulation for this procedure, namely the criminal law rules into force in the second half of the communist regime and those currently into force, highlighting the positive aspects brought by the new Penal Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]