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The two-component system (TCS) gene family is among the most important signal transduction families in plants and is involved in the regulation of various abiotic stresses, cell growth and division. To understand the role of TCS genes in mango (Mangifera indica), a comprehensive analysis of TCS gene family was carried out in mango leading to identification of 65 MiTCS genes. Phylogenetic analysis divided MiTCSs into three groups (histidine kinases, histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins, and response regulators) and 11 subgroups. One tandem duplication and 23 pairs of segmental duplicates were found within the MiTCSs. Promoter analysis revealed that MiTCSs contain a large number of cis -elements associated with environmental stresses, hormone response, light signalling, and plant development. Gene ontology analysis showed their involvement in various biological processes and molecular functions, particularly signal transduction. Protein–protein interaction analysis showed that MiTCS proteins interacted with each other. The expression pattern in various tissues and under many stresses (drought, cold, and disease) showed that expression levels varied among various genes in different conditions. MiTCSs 3D structure predictions showed structural conservation among members of the same groups. This information can be further used to develop improved cultivars and will serve as a foundation for gaining more functional insights into the TCS gene family. We studied the genetic blueprint of mango (Mangifera indica) trees, and identified a crucial gene family for plant health and stress responses. We identified and examined 65 genes responsible for signalling pathways within mango plants. By unravelling these genetic intricacies, we pave the way for potential advancements in mango cultivation, and offer opportunities for developing better resilience against environmental challenges and the development of superior mango varieties. This article belongs to the Collection Functional Genomics for Developing Climate Resilient Crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SPL gene family (for Squamosa Promoter-binding like Proteins) represents specific transcription factors that have significant roles in abiotic stress tolerance, development and the growth processes of different plants, including initiation of the leaf, branching and development of shoot and fruits. The SPL gene family has been studied in different plant species; however, its role is not yet fully explored in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). In the present study, 11 members of the CcSPL gene family were identified in C. cajan. The identified SPLs were classified into nine groups based on a phylogenetic analysis involving SPL protein sequences from C. cajan , Arabidopsis thaliana , Cicer arietinum , Glycine max , Phaseolus vulgaris , Vigna unguiculata and Arachis hypogaea. Further, the identification of gene structure, motif analysis, domain analysis and presence of cis -regulatory elements in the SPL family members were studied. Based on RNA-sequencing data, gene expression analysis was performed, revealing that CcSPL2.1, 3 and 13A were significantly upregulated for salt-tolerance and CcSPL14 and 15 were upregulated in a salt-susceptible cultivar. Real-time qPCR validation indicated that CcSPL3, 4, 6 and 13A were upregulated under salt stress conditions. Therefore, molecular docking was performed against the proteins of two highly expressed genes (CcSPL3 and CcSPL14) with three ligands: abscisic acid, gibberellic acid and indole-3-acetic acid. Afterward, their binding affinity was obtained and three-dimensional structures were predicted. In the future, our study may open avenues for harnessing CcSPL genes in pigeon pea for enhanced abiotic stress resistance and developmental traits. The pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is a diploid legume, grown in humid and subtropic regions around the world. The gene family of Squamosa Promoter-binding like Proteins has been studied in different plant species, but is not yet fully explored in pigeon pea. The identified genes were classified into nine groups based on a phylogenetic analysis. Gene expression analysis using RNA sequencing revealed that CcSPL2.1, 3 and 13A were significantly upregulated in salt-tolerant cultivars, which could be further explored. This article belongs to the Collection Functional Genomics for Developing Climate Resilient Crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abiotic stresses, particularly drought and heavy metal toxicity, have presented a significant risk to long-term agricultural output around the world. Although the heavy-metal-associated domain (HMA) gene family has been widely explored in Arabidopsis and other plants, it has not been thoroughly studied in wheat (Triticum aestivum). This study was proposed to investigate the HMA gene family in wheat. Methods: To analyze the phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, gene ontology, and conserved motifs, a comparative study of wheat HMA genes with the Arabidopsis genome was performed. Results: A total of 27 T. aestivum proteins belonging to the HMA gene family were identified in this study, with amino acid counts ranging from 262 to 1,071. HMA proteins were found to be grouped into three subgroups in a phylogenetic tree, and closely related proteins in the tree showed the same expression patterns as motifs found in distinct subgroups. Gene structural study elucidated that intron and exon arrangement differed by family. Conclusion: As a result, the current work offered important information regarding HMA family genes in the T. aestivum genome, which will be valuable in understanding their putative functions in other wheat species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is among the most important food crops that provide a staple food for nearly half of the world’s population. Rice crops are prone to various types of stresses, both biotic and abiotic. Biotic stresses include insect pests, fungus, bacteria, viruses, and herbicide toxicity. Among abiotic stresses, drought, cold, and salinity are also well studied in rice. Various genes have been identified, cloned, and characterized to combat these stresses and protect rice crops. The identified genes are successfully transformed into rice plants to produce transgenic plants. These transgenic rice plants are being evaluated under field conditions in different countries. Genetic engineering has a very positive impact on improvement of rice crops. The development of rice with improved traits of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance is discussed in this review article. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of recent research and development in the field of rice biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]