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Summary: A novel antenna system that utilizes multiple‐input and multiple‐output (MIMO) technology to suit the requirements of 5G applications is proposed in this article. The antenna has a wide operating bandwidth and high isolation in n257/n258/n261 5G bands. The suggested arc‐shaped MIMO antenna is composed of four similar patch units with modified ground planes arranged in a four‐port configuration and is made on a Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate, which measures 31.891 × 37.5885 × 0.508 mm3. The prototype of the suggested MIMO antenna is realized to confirm the obtained simulated results and validate the proposed design. The four‐port MIMO antenna features a broad frequency range of 7.3 GHz from 21.8 to 29.1 GHz, a peak gain of 5.76 dBi at 29 GHz, and a good isolation less than −18 dB. The proposed antenna's MIMO performance is evaluated by analyzing several diversity parameters. The findings of the evaluation demonstrate an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) value of less than 0.001, a diversity gain (DG) value exceeding 9.995 dB, and an average mean effective gain (MEG) of −3 dB within the operational frequency band. The suggested MIMO antenna's compact size and impressive performance make it a suitable choice for intended n257/n258/n261 5G NR networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a symmetrical two-element Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna that exploits a feasible spectrum for 5G millimetre structure on the ground plane.It is attained to one additional operating mode at 24 GHz. A Rogers RT5880 substrate material is used in the construction of the proposed MIMO antenna. This substrate material has dimensions of 0.064 λ × 0.012 λ (at 24 GHz), a thickness of 0.8 mm, and a dielectric constant of 2.2.The results of the testing suggest that the antenna has the potential to span a frequency range that stretches from 23.5 to 25.5 GHz (6.1%) and from 34.2 to 36.4 (8.2%) GHz. In addition, the antenna does not need the usage of a sophisticated decoupling structure in order to achieve an inter-port isolation of higher than 15 dB between the antenna components across both bands. This is possible since the antenna is dual-banded. The results that were obtained from the measurement of the antenna after it was put through its paces are as follows. The components that make up this diagram are merged together to form a single entity. An envelope correlation coefficient of less than 0.005 and a channel capacity loss of less than 0.315 bits/s/Hz are the results of analysing the diversity performance characteristics. These results are totally compatible with the criteria and norms that are taken into consideration to be acceptable as a whole. The findings demonstrate that the design can successfully transmit millimetre waves at 5G rates, which was the goal of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a broadband millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) low noise amplifier (LNA) designed in a 22 nm fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) CMOS technology. Electromagnetic (EM) simulations suggest that the LNA has a 3-dB bandwidth (BW) from 17.8 to 42.4 GHz and a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 81.7%, covering the key frequency bands within the mm-Wave 5G FR2 band, with its noise figure (NF) ranging from 2.9 to 4.9 dB, and its input-referred 1-dB compression point (IP1dB) of −17.9 dBm and input-referred third-order intercept point (IIP3) of −8.5 dBm at 28 GHz with 15.8 mW DC power consumption (PDC). Using the FOM (figure-of-merit) developed for broadband LNAs (FOM = 20 × log((Gain[V/V] × S21-3 dB-BW [GHz])/(PDC [mW] × (F-1)))), this LNA achieves a competitive FOM (FOM = 18.9) among reported state-of-the-art mm-Wave LNAs in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐performance frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) have gained attention for their spatial filtering characteristics in 5G communication systems. In this work, we propose an efficient and accurate design methodology for the FSS. Three different artificial neural network methods (ANN) are employed, and their performances are compared for analysis and synthesis purposes. Results show that GRNN has the highest performance for both training and test phase of ANN based FSS analysis and synthesis. A novel, compact, low‐profile triple band FSS unit cell is introduced, and the working mechanism is described. By applying ANN based design procedure, the unit cell dimensions to resonate at the 5G mm‐wave frequency band is extracted. A unit cell with the extracted physical dimensions is simulated with a full‐wave analysis tool. The simulation results show that the FSS has the filtering feature at the predetermined mm‐wave frequencies of the 5G communication. The prototype of the FSS is fabricated, as well. The simulations are verified experimentally with measurement results. The results show that proposed ANN based analysis and synthesis method can be an effective tool for the design of FSS band‐pass filter for 5G applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a four-port MIMO antenna array design featuring bow-tie-shaped slot-loaded patches with wideband capabilities that cover the frequency range from 24.2 GHz to 30.8 GHz. The proposed antenna design is printed on an FR4 substrate and occupies an area of 25 × 24 mm2. The MIMO antenna consists of four antenna arrays that are symmetrically placed in an upper-lower configuration. The bow-tie-shaped slots loaded radiators are separated horizontally by 3.48 mm and vertically by 5.94 mm. Each antenna array contains two elements that are separated by a distance of wavelength/4. The suggested MIMO antenna array delivers a high gain of 19.09 dB at 27.8 GHz and has a bandwidth of 6.6 GHz that covers the frequency band of 24.2–30.8 GHz. The research demonstrates the quality of the proposed MIMO antenna through various diversity parameters such as mutual coupling, port correlation, diversity gain, and data rate that can be transmitted over a communication medium. The simulation results are validated and found to be consistent with the experimental results. The presented antenna covers the entire bandwidth allocated to different regions, including Europe (24.25–27.5 GHz), Sweden (26.5–27.5 GHz), USA (27.5–28.35 GHz), China (24.25–27.5 GHz), Japan (27.5–28.28 GHz), and Korea (26.5–29.5 GHz). The proposed MIMO antenna design could be an excellent option for 26/28 GHz 5G NR n257, n258, and n260 bands under mm-wave wireless communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article communicates a novel compact four‐element orthogonal cavity‐backed antenna for 5G applications with enhanced isolation. The proposed dumbbell‐shaped substrate integrated waveguide–multiple input/multiple output (SIW‐MIMO) antenna resonate at 5.25 GHz (sub‐6 GHz) based on vias and resonate at 27 GHz (mm‐wave) with copper filling vias using FR‐4 substrate. Both prototypes are separately designed, fabricated, and tested using same dimension (40 mm × 40 mm × 1.6 mm) as well as same radiating structure. Moreover, SIW MIMO antenna design performances are compared between FR‐4 and Rogers RT/Duroid substrate. Deployment of SIW technique in MIMO antenna minimizes the antenna footprint and mutual coupling without involving any decoupling structure. The antenna simulation characteristics of both operating bands are compared and validated with the measurement results. Furthermore, the MIMO diversity parameters are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mm-wave antenna, consisting of a reflector, a DGS structure, and two superstates using Taconic (CER-10) and silicon, has been presented in this article. In the proposed antenna, a DGS with a reflector and two superstates is implemented to improve the antenna performance characteristics. The designed configuration (ANT-S5) is resonating on four mm-wave bands m1=41.7241GHz (41.1102-42.347) GHz, m2=48.9655GHz (48.637-49.1061) GHz, m3=63.2414GHz (61.142-66.137) GHz, m4=76.069GHz (73.4655-78.859) GHz and the maximum achieved gain is 12.02dBi at the 41.3103GHz along with the AR<3dB bands (76.1777-77.2794) GHz, (69.662-70.509) GHz. The designed antenna has been simulated on HFSS software and is convenient for 5G mm-wave applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a parasitic wide band compact planar antenna for 5 G mm-wave applications. Besides having high bandwidth (5.22 GHz), the prospective antenna provides an enhanced gain of 5.23dBi which is achieved due to the reflector elements used in the design. The radiating element has a small planar rectangular geometry, with optimised dimensions of 0.342 λ0 × 0.199 λ0 × 0.005 λ0 at 28 GHz frequency of interest and has been designed and fabricated on a substrate of Rogers-RT/Duroid 5800 having a thickness of 0.147λ0 with loss-tangent of 9 × 10−4 and permittivity of 2.2. The proposed antenna operates in the frequency range of 24.71 to 29.93 GHz which falls under the n257 and n258 NR operating band of the FR2 band as defined by ITU for the millimetre wave 5 G spectrum. It is also affirmed in the study that the impedance bandwidth can be tuned by controlling the coupling gap between the radiating and parasitic patches. The measured results of the fabricated prototype of the patch are compared with the simulated results and the two results are in good agreement with each other. The pursuance of the proposed design in terms of gain, efficiency, radiation pattern, and wide bandwidth, qualifies the prototype as a viable option for mm-wave communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a compact, edge-fed modified rectangular patch size, monopole, and ultra-wideband antenna has been presented for their good suitability to millimeter (mm) wave and upper sub-6 GHz frequency range (FR2) for next-generation (5G and beyond) communications. The patch size enhancement approach has been utilized without affecting the original size of the substrate and rectangular patch. The technique provides better impedance matching at the designed frequency of 32.5 GHz. The minimum acceptable gain for an antenna to work well is 5 dBi. The proposed design achieves peak gain of 5.43 dBi and 10.86 dBi at two resonance frequencies of 32.5 GHz and 48.12 GHz within the specified ultra-wideband (UWB). The antenna has low loss as it is fabricated on a compact Rogers RT Duroid 5880 of thickness 1.6 mm. The measured reflection coefficients are found in good agreement with the simulated one. The resultant performance parameters like radiation pattern, reflection coefficient, peak gain, and − 10 dB bandwidth reveal that the antenna performs excellently within 26 to 40 GHz with excellent impedance matching at the resonance frequency. At higher frequencies, the time domain response of the proposed design is also presented. The RLC electrical equivalent circuit of the proposed design is presented at the end and validated using ADS software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact MIMO antenna with circular polarization, high gain, wide operating bandwidth, and a compact size is designed and suggested for mm-wave 5G applications. The propounded MIMO configuration contains four patch elements of similar geometries in 4 × 4 arrangement with individual E-shaped partial ground planes. The desired range of wide operating band with circular polarization, high gain, and high isolation has been achieved by modifying the structure of each single antenna element by integrating circular and semi-circular shaped slots in presence of rectangular slots loaded partial ground planes. The suggested MIMO antenna has been fabricated on a 1.67 mm thick Rogers RT/duroid 5870 substrate of 31.5 × 38.5 mm2. The fabricated and tested prototype of the suggested antenna verifies the simulation results. The suggested MIMO configuration offers a wide bandwidth of 8.1 GHz (34.4–42.5 GHz), high peak gain of about 18.5 dB and isolation of ≤−16 dB for the full working range. Besides, the presented antenna is circular polarized. This property allows the proposed antenna to emit the electromagnetic waves with a rotating electric field which allows the signal to propagate in different directions, providing better coverage and reducing the impact of signal polarization. The proposed antenna exhibits a standard MIMO performance by offering attractive diversity parameters. The proposed MIMO antenna is appropriate for 5G NR frequency band n260 (37–40 GHz) covering the allocated bandwidth requirements of different countries including UK (37–40), USA (37–37.6), Canada (37.6–40.0), and Australia (39 GHz). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel multiple input multiple output (MIMO) array antenna system with a large bandwidth and high gain has been simulated, analyzed, fabricated, and measured. The proposed antenna is structured in 2 × 4 patch configuration along with a cross shaped ground plane loaded with four square and one circular shaped defect. The projected antenna occupies a total size of 4 3. 6 1 1 × 4 3. 6 1 1 × 0. 4 2 mm 3 . Several slots in an elliptic form have been added to the patches to achieve the required results in terms of wide bandwidth and high gain. The MIMO antenna array is fabricated and experimentally tested to confirm the simulation results. The suggested MIMO array antenna offers an impedance bandwidth of 22 GHz covering 22–44 GHz wide range of frequencies with a high peak gain of 17 dBi at 38 GHz. The designed MIMO antenna offers superior diversity performance and it supports several 5G NR bands n257/n258/n259/n260/n261 in the mm-wave spectrum. The suggested MIMO antenna supports 5G application bands that are deployed in UK, USA, China, Europe, Canada, India, and Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposed a new triple-band transmission block metamaterial (MTM) for 5G mm-wave applications. The peak transmission-blocking attributes are achieved at 27.09 GHz, 38.71 GHz, and 41.81 GHz frequency by interconnected square split ring resonators (ISSRR). A thin Rogers RT5880 substrate material of thickness 0.79 mm is employed to design the MTM structure, and the unit cell dimension is 5 × 5 mm2. The designed metamaterial shows a −10 dB transmission coefficient (S 21) from 24.60 to 28.47 GHz, 36.50–39.65 GHz and 40.77–44 GHz frequency bands. The design evolution, metamaterial properties, surface current distribution, electric field, magnetic field, and equivalent circuit model are investigated to understand the transmission-blocking property of the MTM. The simulated results of the MTM are validated by measurement of the fabricated prototype, and both results agree well. The transmission-blocking attributes lead the proposed MTM as a potential candidate for different fields like EMI shielding, sensing, and antenna performance enhancement. The dielectric sensor performance of the MTM structure is investigated for different dielectric materials. Besides, MIMO antenna performances are also investigated, and gains of 1–3 dBi, isolations of 5–10 dB, and the radiation pattern deflection angle of 45˚ are enhanced by the proposed MTM. These significant features and applications of the proposed MTM make it a special candidate for 5G mm-wave applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the evolution from 5G to 6G cellular communication technologies and their integration into the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0). It assesses 5G transmission techniques and anticipates advancements like NOMA with SC-FDE for spectral efficiency. Key 5G features include mm-wave, microwave, and m-MIMO. 5G enables IoT, V2V communication, and transformative technologies like autonomous driving and smart cities. The study offers insights into 6G, highlighting VR, AR, holography, advanced IoT, AI applications, wireless BCI, and high-speed mobility. It emphasizes 5G and 6G integration in Industry 4.0, shaping future industries and economies. The paper also examines post5G trends, indicating reliance on new MIMO techniques and terahertz bands for emerging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the development and fine-tuning of a mm-wave MPA (microstrip patch antenna) featuring silo slots. The starting design parameters are computed using established formulas relevant to patch antenna construction. The antenna is simulated on a substrate with specific material properties, utilizing Rogers 5058 substrate material characterized by a (a) of 2.2 and a tangent-loss of 0.0009. A comparative analysis is conducted to showcase the simulated performance of the presented silo-antenna using HFSS with its equivalent circuit model implemented in AWR. This involves meticulous adjustment of components to achieve the desired characteristics. The article traces the evolutionary phases of the antenna's design, highlighting geometric modifications and alterations to the ground plane. Further, it elaborates on the resonant frequencies of the antenna and offers a comparative assessment of the Su parameter between AWR and HFSS simulations, revealing strong agreement. The proposed antenna maintains an at- tractive size of 14 mm x 12 mm and it operates at dual operating bands resonating at 28.1 GHz and 37.9 GHz, Variations in gain for different design iterations are scrutinized and finally the peak gains of 5.2 dBi and 6.5 dBi are attained for the suggested antenna at the operating frequencies of 28 and 37.9 GHz, respectively along with desired radiation patterns in E and H planes at distinct frequencies. The suggested antenna is suitable for 5G applications supporting 28/38 GHz bands in mm-wave spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a Ka-band three-stage power amplifier for 5G communications, which has been implemented in a 150 nm GaN-on-SiC technology and adopts a Doherty architecture. The amplifier is made up of a 50 Ω input buffer, which drives a power splitter, thanks to which it delivers its output power to the two power amplifier units of the Doherty topology, namely the main and auxiliary amplifier. Finally, the outputs of the two power amplifiers are properly arranged in a current combining scheme that enables the typical load modulation of the Doherty architecture, alongside allowing power combining at the final output. The proposed amplifier achieves a small signal gain of around 30 dB at 27 GHz, while providing a saturated output power of 32 dBm, with a power-added efficiency (PAE) as high as 26% and 18% at peak and 6 dB output power back-off, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any wireless communication system's performance depends on channel parameters' accuracy. The classical Rayleigh and Nakagami-m research subjects remain vital even in the most modern millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications. This research aims to create a generalized cumulative distribution function for describing random changes in wireless channels. It is vital to have a suitable channel representation model to represent varied fifth-generation applications to ease network implementation. This study provides mm-wave measurement data at 28 GHz carrier frequencies in line of sight and non-line of sight propagation. Lognormal, Nakagami, Gaussian, Weibull, and Rayleigh distributions outperform the proposed model's universal exponential density function. The experimental data verified the introduced method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the 5th generation (5G) network was to create a mobile communication network that is fast, reliable, and designed to meet the future needs of society. This study introduces a compact antenna with simple slot shape and high gain, compared to other works, that operates at 28 GHz and is suitable for millimeter-wave applications within the 5G frequency spectrum. New optimized 1x4 slotted array antenna is designed using CST to operate at 28 GHz, using Rogers 5880 substrate, with height of 0.508mm, tangent loss of 0.0009 and dielectric constant of 𝜀𝐫 = 𝟐. 𝟐 and overall dimension of 12x12 mm2, for 5G mobile applications. The 1x4 slotted linear array antenna achieved a high gain of 12.6 dB at 28 GHz with 10 dB bandwidth of 0.82 GHz, and estimated radiation efficiency value of about 83% at the considered frequency of 28 GHz. So, the proposed antenna array in this research work is a strong candidate to be used in future 5G mobile phones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a symmetrical quad-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna that uses a feasible band for 5G millimeter waves at 38 GHz. The main radiator is a patch antenna with a rectangular shape, and the frequency it operates at is 38 GHz. Etching a three-element split-ring resonator (SRR) metamaterial unit cell onto the normal patch radiator allows for widening the resonance over the desired operating band. The suggested MIMO antenna is built on a Rogers RT5880 substrate material that measures 15 × 15 mm2, has a thickness of 0.8 mm, and has a dielectric constant of 2.2. The results of the measurements show that the antenna is capable of covering a frequency range from 37.3 to 39.3 GHz and can also achieve an inter-port isolation of greater than 20 dB between the antenna elements across both bands without the use of a complex decoupling structure. These are the results that were obtained when the antenna was tested. An equivalent circuit diagram of the electrical responses of the antenna is also presented to get insight into the proposed antenna. This schematic makes use of lumped components. The diversity performance parameters that were analyzed provide an envelope correlation coefficient that is less than 0.005, and a channel capacity loss that is less than 0.35 bits/s/Hz. All of these results fall well within the parameters that are considered acceptable norms. The findings provide evidence that the design is workable for the transmission of millimeter waves at 5G speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual-band 28/38 GHz multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) two elements antenna for the next 5G network is proposed in this paper. The single element is composed of a slot monopole antenna loaded with stub and a small crescent with an entire size of 15 × 15 mm2. The two elements are added to compose the suggested configuration. One of the antennas is printed on the upper layer while the other is located on it's back of the substrate to improve the coupling between elements without using any decoupling structures. The innovative antenna of dual-band works at 28/38 GHz and is achieved by adjusting the stub length and the crescent radius. The introduced MIMO antenna system has been experimented and the results have the same compatible trace with the simulated outcomes. The proposed two ports MIMO achieved a reasonable gain that reaches 5.7 and 6.9 dBi in the 28/38 GHz bands, respectively. The proposed MIMO antenna performance is also analyzed and achieved the envelope correlation coefficient, a diversity gain, and channel capacity Loss of about 10–4, 10 dB, and less than 0.3 bit/s/Hz, respectively over the 28/38 GHz bands. Finally, from the simulated and measured outcomes, it can be confirmed that the suggested MIMO antenna system can be applied to 5G wireless telecommunication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks will provide gigabit-per-second data rates from massive antenna array combined with the emerging use of large and unexploited millimeter wave (mm-Wave) bands (30–300 GHz) in small cells. Channel estimation for sparse mm-Wave MIMO systems is a difficult task. This is because of a large number of coefficients to be estimated, lower scattering nature, and blockage of mm-Wave by many materials in the environment. This paper will be the opportunity to implement the sparse channel estimation in the 5G cellular networks. In this work, we propose compressed-sensing (CS) based solutions and implements hybrid MIMO architecture for the proposed algorithm, OMP algorithm, and oracle estimator with different mm-Wave MIMO setups. Simulation results show that as compared to the OMP algorithm, proposed algorithm requires 16.9 times less computation time, and significant improvement is seen in normalized mean squared error (NMSE). Also, in the analysis, we found that the performance of the hybrid MIMO approaches near-optimal to conventional fully digital precoder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the demand for high data rates is increasing day by day, fifth-generation (5G) becomes the leading-edge technology in wireless communications. The main objectives of the 5G communication system are to enhance the data rates (up to 20 Gbps) and capacity, ultra-low latency (1 ms), high reliability, great flexibility, and enhance device to device communication. The mentioned objectives lead to the hunting of the millimeter-wave frequency range which lies from 30 to 300 GHz for 5G wireless communications. To design such high capacity, low latency, and flexible systems, antenna design is one of the crucial parts. In this paper, a survey is presented on various antenna designs with their fabrication on different types of substrates such as Rogers RT/duroid 5880, Rogers RO4003C, Taconic TLY-5, etc., at different 5G frequency bands. The different configurations of antennas that covered antenna arrays, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, phased antennas, and beamforming antennas are discussed in detail with their applications. The design of MIMO antennas in the 5G frequency band occupied less space so mutual coupling reduction techniques are required for maintaining the required gain, efficiency, and isolation. This paper is also focused on the mutual coupling reduction techniques and diversity in MIMO antennas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel compact dual-wide band multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna system with a better performance for 5G communications systems at mm-wave frequencies (28/38 GHz) is presented. Firstly, a single element was designed and detailed to resonate at mm-wave band frequencies (28/38 GHz). The basic antenna is a simple circular patch that resonates at 38 GHz. In order to generate the second operating frequency of the proposed antenna, two rectangular inverted L-shaped slots are introduced (Ant II). Furthermore, to improve the impedance matching at desired frequencies, a circular slot is introduced on the radiating element (Ant III). Two inverted F-shaped and rectangular DGS are inserted on the ground plane to improve the operating bandwidth of the antenna (proposed single element antenna). A low-cost substrate FR4-epoxy having a relative constant 4.4, loss tangent of 0.02 and thickness of 0.74 mm is used in this design. The simulated result shows the proposed single antenna has the better performances. The single antenna has a compact size of 7 6.8 0.74 mm³. Furthermore, the two single elements are transformed into 2-port MIMO configuration for mm-wave 5G MIMO applications. To achieve the improved isolation characteristic of the MIMO antenna, a rectangular DGS is introduced in the center of the ground plane. The result indicates that this antenna shows a reflection coefficient under – 10 dB over a range from 26.82 GHz to 38.16 GHz with bandwidth of 11.34 GHz (F.B.W 34.90 %). The gain of the antenna is found more than 5 dB in the whole operating band width. The MIMO antenna is also characterized by good isolation ranging from 19 to 56 dB. Additionally, the MIMO antenna has a compact size of 15.5 6.8 0.74 mm³. Due to these superior results, the proposed MIMO antenna could be a potential candidate for MIMO 5G mm-wave applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designed for increased speed and capacity, 5G has the potential to significantly expand the way the data will be processed and transported, and will allow a wide range of new use cases, which go far beyond the smartphone, already targeted by the 3G and 4G technologies. The present paper focused on the development of new antenna technologies for millimeter waves 5G communications. In this direction, a new two-ports Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna functioning in the mm-wave band is proposed in this paper to support 5G communications at 38 GHz. The proposed MIMO configuration has a size of 43x25 mm² is printed on FR4 substrate material with a 0.8 mm thickness, a dielectric loss tangent of 0.02 and a relative permittivity of 4.4. By incorporating combinations of rectangular and triangular shaped slots into the patch elements and a partial ground plane with a rectangular slot, the desired band operation is achieved with enhanced gain and bandwidth. The considered antenna in this paper has a bandwidth of 3.38 GHz (36.8 GHz-40.18 GHz) in the desired band of 5G applications with isolation less than - 24 dB and peak gains of 4.85 dBi at 38.5 GHz. The proposed MIMO antenna covers many countries band like UK (37-40), USA (37-37.6), Canada (37.6-40.0) and Australia (39 GHz). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a compact, wideband, 4 × 4 Butler matrix using a two‐metal‐layer thin‐film process for millimeter (mm)‐wave 5G radio applications. Size reduction techniques are thoroughly discussed for size and performance optimization. A size‐reduced quadrature coupler is designed with coplanar waveguide based length‐reduced branch lines using capacitive loading effect from the ground bridges. A compact crossover is designed for a return loss of 20 dB or more with negligible crosstalk over a wide frequency range. The circuit components are arranged in an optimized space, allowing negligible coupling between nearby elements. The Butler matrix is fabricated on a quartz substrate at the center frequency of 28 GHz. The fractional bandwidth is 15.4% at a 15‐dB return loss and insertion loss is measured in the range of 7.8–8.7 dB at the center frequency. The size of the core circuit is 3.375 × 2.100 mm2 ${\rm{m}}{{\rm{m}}}^{2}$, which corresponds to 0.469 × 0.292 λg2 ${\lambda }_{g}^{2}$. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes a new compact parasitic patch-loaded transparent patch antenna with a copper ground plane for wireless-fidelity (Wi-Fi) and 5th generation (5G) millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications. The proposed antenna uses two rectangular parasitic patches with a rectangular main radiation patch. The L-shaped strips are also added to the main radiation patch and one of the rectangular parasitic patches to cover both the sub-6 GHz and beyond 6 GHz mm-wave 5G frequency spectrums. The same transparent patch antenna with a solar ground plane is built, and its effect is parametrically studied alongside the integration of a polycrystalline silicon solar cell. The proposed antennas with a dimension of 42×30×2 mm3 are fabricated and experimentally validated for impedance and radiation characteristics. In terms of impedance bandwidth, the proposed copper ground plane antenna offers 36.89% (5.04-7.32 GHz), 5.15% (14.35-15.11 GHz), 6.23% (27.08-28.79 GHz), and 21.34% (31.64-39.81 GHz). The solar cell serves as both a photovoltaic generator and the ground plane of the transparent antenna. The same radiating patch with a solar ground plane offers impedance bandwidth of 36.03% (4.47-6.56 GHz), 14.4% (9.6-11.12 GHz), 2.55% (22.14-22.71 GHz), and 27.9% (28.79-39.05 GHz) for 5G applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an antenna with a multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) configuration is demonstrated for mm-wave 5G-based Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The two antenna elements are arranged next to each other to form a two-port antenna system such that significant field decorrelation is achieved. Moreover, a dielectric layer is backed by an eventual multiport system to amend and analyze the radiation characteristics. The overall size of the MIMO configuration is 14 mm × 20 mm, and the operation bandwidth achieves ranges from 16.7 to 25.4 GHz, considering the −10 dB criterion with a maximum isolation of more than −30 dB within the operating band. The peak gain offered by the antenna system is nearly 5.48 dB, and incorporating a dielectric layer provides an increase in the gain value to 8.47 dB. Within the operating band, more than 80% total efficiency is observed, and analysis shows several MIMO performance metrics with favorable characteristics. The compactness of the proposed design with high isolation, improved gain, and wideband features make it a suitable candidate for mm-wave-based 5G applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A millimeter-wave (mm-wave) antenna with enhanced gain for new 5G networks is introduced in this work. A rectangular slot antenna operating at the fundamental mode of the desired frequency band is utilized in this study. The antenna gain is improved by employing a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS). The FSS-based reflectors are designed at the same fundamental mode of the antenna and added under the antenna at a specific distance to achieve the required gain enhancement with a suitable dimension of 25 $\times 25\times5$ mm3. The antenna gain is increased by around 5.3 dBi when the FSS-based reflectors are added under the antenna. The antenna and the FSS are fabricated and tested. The antenna has tested outcomes without FSS with S11 ≤ −10 dB from 26 GHz up to 29.8 GHz and realized gain of around 4.5 dBi within the entire frequency band and radiation efficiency of around 93 %. While the antenna with FSS has achieved bandwidth with S11 ≤ −10 dB from 25.5 GHz up to 30.8 GHz and realized gain around 10.3 dBi at 28 GHz and radiation efficiency around 90 %. The simulated and tested outcomes have the same trend which validates the suggested antenna to be operated in the new 5G applications. All simulation results are completed using the CST Microwave Studio.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) and phased array systems are considered a key technologies to realize the 5G communication systems. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the suggestion of a novel mm-wave Ultrawide Band (UWB) antenna design with compact and straightforward layout suitable for both MIMO and phased array systems. Hence, the designed antenna array has been studied separately as a MIMO antenna and as a phased array antenna to carefully assess the performance of each system. The single antenna design is an elliptical patch antenna where the design novelty lies in the combination of a modified inset-feed and defected ground structure to provide a large bandwidth without any compromise in the radiation performance, nor in antenna size and design simplicity. The Design process are performed using CST MWS software, where the Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate is chosen to construct the antenna. A broadband characteristic of 8.7 GHz from 26 to 34.7 GHz with two resonant frequencies at 28 GHz and 33 GHz is obtained. A good radiation properties are achieved, where the gain is greater than 4.5 dB while the radiation efficiency exceeds 97% over the operating band. The MIMO and phased array antennas are made up of 12-elements of the single UWB-antenna arranged linearly along the width-edge of the smartphone mainboard. The MIMO antenna proves a high diversity performance in terms of Diversity Gain (DG), Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC), Channel Capacity Loss (CCL) and Mean Effective Gain (MEG), owing to the low mutual coupling less than − 20 dB, which is obtained using a separating slits between the elements. In addition, the suggested phased array provides a highly stable gain up to 15 dB over the entire bandwidth at broadside direction, besides the wide scanning range of ± 60° at 28 GHz and ± 40° at 33 GHz. Hence, the attained results assure that the suggested antenna could be appropriate for incorporation in 5G smartphones and other wireless devices and can be effectively used for both phased array and MIMO applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impractical association of a dedicated fiber optic backhauling link with each base station in future wireless area network (WAN) networks promoted self-backhauling to become one of the most practical techniques for ultra-dense deployments. Selfbackhauling reduces the number of stations with fiber-optic links, while the remaining stations can communicate with the core network through wireless multi-hoping connections. Nevertheless, routing through self-backhauling stations is an NP-hard problem. In this study, we propose a routing scheme based on a semi-distributed self-learning algorithm to reduce the end-to-end latency which achieve better stability against the dynamic nature of the mobile network, such as load variations and link failures. The proposed solution offers changing propagation medium between freespace optical (FSO) and radio frequency (RF); this dynamic change between every two hops reduces power consumption, increases throughput, and minimizes latency. Based on the performed simulation, our proposed algorithm measured better overall bit error rate (BER) compared to both RF-only and free-space optical FSO-only techniques resulting in increased backhauling capacity and reduced overall route interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of Telecommunication has progressed and emerged to be a successful field of technology. From communicating via pigeons and cannonballs to video conferencing for a meeting, the communication has improved surpassing every user's expectation. With the introduction of wireless communication, the field of communication took a different turn. Just when we thought we reached the zenith of wireless communication, an esoteric concept of Standalone (S.A.) and Non-Standalone (N.S.A.) opened the gates to more efficient communication, expanding the horizons of technology. The 5G network has started developing over some regions in the world but the real question remains; which is, whether an efficient communication is worth the economy spent on developing it or certain advantages of this networks should be given up to protect the country's economy. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) introduces mainly two network architectures for the deployment of 5G cellular systems over existing LTE networks: Non-Standalone (NSA) and Standalone (SA). NSA permits a quick 5G advantage course of action with the least speculation by leveraging the LTE frameworks which has already been established by cellular Radio Access Technology (RAT), i.e. it follows full 5G protocols and works within the 5G New Radio (NR). This analytical paper elaborates on the performance of these two architectures for the implementation of 5G cellular technology, where the first one would be a high technology-centric approach with less cost effi- ciency and the other one would be the economy savvy aspect with a little bit of negotiation with technology upgrades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a high-gain and ultra-wideband antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA) with vias-loaded linearized edges for 5G millimeter-wave applications. By replacing the traditional exponential tapered edge by linear tapered slot (LTS), the side-lobe is obviously descended. Moreover, metal vias are loaded on radiation edges, more energy in the main radiation direction is constrained and the antenna directivity and gain performance are improved. A prototype of the proposed antenna was designed, fabricated and measured. The measurements agree well with the simulations, which certify the new way for miniaturization and easier fabrication of the propose antenna. The measured results show that the antenna achieves a peak gain up to 12.1 dBi at 36 GHz and gain of 10.8 ± 1.3 dBi in the operating range from 22 to 40 GHz, where the reflection coefficient is less than −10 dB. The gain increment is up to 2 dB compared with the conventional AVA. Due to characteristics like high-gain, ultra-wideband, and compact size, it is highly well-suited for 5G millimeter-wave applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifth-generation technology is not fully deployed in the world wireless communication till date. Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band needs to be used due to plenty of available bandwidth and for achieving the goals of 5G such as greater data rate, ultra-high-speed video broadcasting, low latency services, and many more. Wideband antenna is required for 5G applications to access the high speed, low latency Internet services, and ultra-high-definition video streaming. Various bandwidth enhancement techniques have been reported by the researchers for microstrip antennas operating at microwave bands. High link losses, small wavelength, limited coverage, and environmental losses are the major challenges of mm-wave band. To mitigate these issues and satisfy 5G standard, an antenna with wide bandwidth, high gain, narrow steerable beam, high isolation, low side lobe levels, and multiband characteristics is required. Modifications in conventional antenna design techniques are required to achieve broader bandwidth along with stable radiation characteristics, improved gain, and low side lobe levels at mm-wave frequencies. This paper presents the survey of various bandwidth enhancement techniques which has been used in the 5G antennas designed by researchers. Reviews of some wideband 5G antennas with their performance comparisons are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with dual-band electronically beam-scanning for millimeterwave (mm-wave). A design encompassing slotted square patch antenna with an Active Frequency Selective Surface (AFSS) screen is presented. Each unit cell of AFSS is constructed of spiral arms endorsed with four varactors to enhance a wide tuning range over dual modes. Among many other features, the design supports dual operation bands at 48.5 and 68.5 GHz which is considered without any 90° phase shifter and is excited by a single-feed microstrip line. The overall size of the proposed antenna is only 3.93.90.1 mm3, which is smaller than some mm-wave antenna modules released recently. The whole structure is an ideal option for wireless applications due to its ability to scan its primary beam in dual-band throughout the whole azimuth plane with a resolution of 60°. The proposed structure can sweep beams throughout the whole 360° angular range and is capable of both dual-band and single-band beam sweeping with high gain, making it an excellent choice for 5G mm-wave applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed paper offers the layout to integrate an Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED), an optically transparent antenna for 5th Generation wireless communication. The proposed antenna is depicted on a glass substrate which has a relative permittivity ɛr= 5.5 and is optically transparent and compact. The radiative patch and a ground plane are its key components that use PEC material. The suggested antenna is a chain of small isosceles triangle cells (micrometric) placed on the substrate made of glass to attain wideband characteristics. With the assistance of triangle-shaped symmetry, the theoretical optical transparency obtained is about 95%. The antenna proposed covers the band of 39 GHz from 38.19 GHz to 40 GHz with a bandwidth of 1.81 GHz. It covers a gain of 4.263 dB and directivity of about 4.65 dB. Channel capacity and the data rate get better at the transmitter and receiver end by using an 11-element MIMO antenna on the OLED structure. Simulated results show that this antenna is applicable for 5G applications due to its transparency, low profile, flexibility, and wide achievable frequency bandwidth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A planar inverted-F antenna with symmetrical split beams and loaded with radio frequency absorbers (here Eccosorb MCS) for 5G communication is proposed. The multi-beam antennas reduce the requirement of number of antennas and provide wide coverage. But they require a complex system such as a phased array or MIMO antennas. On the other hand, multi-beam antennas do not have such requirements. In this work, we propose a PIFA antenna which achieves multi-beam behaviour by six slabs of absorbers placed periodically between the PIFA patch and substrate to split the beams into two directions at +26°. The proposed antenna obtains a frequency band of 24.2- 25.7 GHz and achieves a high gain of approximately 10 dB at +26°. The performance of the proposed antenna is suitable for G communication. All simulations of the antenna are carried out using Ansys HFSS. The design was validated by simulations and later confirmed with measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a stochastic 3-D user shadowing model is presented, which can be used in the frequency range from 28 to 34 GHz. To characterize the user shadowing pattern, new metrics of shadowed cumulative distribution function (SCDF) and user shadowed intensity ratio (USIR) are proposed. The user shadowing model is based on measurements with 18 subjects of different heights and genders. For simplicity, the user shadowing pattern is divided into four regions based on the mean shadowing pattern obtained from the measurements. Each of the spatial regions is modeled as a stochastic process, which follows the Gaussian distribution. It has been shown that any horizontally polarized mobile antenna is compatible with the presented model. The proposed user shadowing pattern model can be directly used for fifth-generation (5G) mm-wave ray tracing or link simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to study the conventional and cooperative power-order Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) using the Single Carrier with Frequency Domain Equalization (SC-FDE) block transmission technique, associated with massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), evidencing its added value in terms of spectral efficiency of such combined scheme. The new services provided by Fifth Generation of Cellular Communications (5G) are supported by new techniques, such as millimeter waves (mm-wave), alongside the conventional centimeter waves and by massive MIMO (m-MIMO) technology. NOMA is expected to be incorporated in future releases of 5G, as it tends to achieve a capacity gain, highly required for the massive number of Internet of things (IoT) devices, namely to support an efficient reuse of limited spectrum. This article shows that the combination of conventional and cooperative NOMA with m-MIMO and SC-FDE, tends to achieve capacity gains, while the performance only suffers a moderate degradation, being an acceptable alternative for future evolutions of 5G. Moreover, it is shown that Cooperative NOMA tends to outperform Conventional NOMA. Moreover, this article shows that the Maximum Ratio Combiner (MRC) receiver is very well fitted to be combined with NOMA and m-MIMO, as it achieves a good performance while reducing the receiver complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new compact 1 × 4 microstrip patch antenna array design for future 5G applications is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna array consists of square slot loaded with four radiating patch elements. The corporate feed network has been implemented for the excitation of the array. The feed line is connected to the square slot patch through a quarter-wave transformer matching network. The proposed array is designed on an FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4, thickness of 1.6 mm and loss tangent (tan δ) of 0.02. It has a compact dimension of 9.590 × 17.802 × 1. 6 m m 3 . The proposed structure has been designed and simulated by using commercially available HFSS software. The simulated results (reflection coefficient, gain, efficiency, radiation pattern) are verified through the measurement process to confirm the validity of the design concept. The measurement results are in good agreement with the simulated results. The proposed structure resonates at 38.1 GHz with a − 10 dB impedance bandwidth of about 3700 MHz (36.5 GHz to 40.2 GHz). The reflection coefficient at 38.1 GHz is − 34 dB, with a maximum gain of 7.81 dB. The proposed square slot loaded patch antenna array is very promising for 5G communications at 38 GHz band (37–40 GHz). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Introductory Article of the MDPI Special Issue "Transmission Techniques for 5G and Beyond". This article provides an overview of the fifth generation of cellular communications (5G) and beyond. It presents the transmission techniques of current 5G communications and those expected of future developments, namely a brief study of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) using the single carrier with frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) block transmission technique, evidencing its added value in terms of spectral efficiency. An introduction to the sixth generation of cellular communications (6G) is also provided. The insertion of 5G and 6G within the Fourth Industrial Revolution framework (also known as Industry 4.0) is also dealt with. Consisting of a change in paradigm, when compared to previous generations, 5G supports a myriad of new services based on the Internet of things (IoT) and on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, supporting technologies such as autonomous driving, smart cities, and remote surgery. The new services provided by 5G are supported by new techniques, such as millimeter waves (mm-wave), in addition to traditional microwave communication, and by massive multiple-input multiple-output (m-MIMO) technology. These techniques were not employed in the fourth generation of cellular communications (4G). While 5G plays an important role in the initial implementation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, 6G will address a number of new services such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), holographic services, the advanced Internet of things (IoT), AI-infused applications, wireless brain–computer interaction (BCI), and mobility at higher speeds. The current research on systems beyond 5G indicates that these applications shall be supported by new MIMO techniques and make use of terahertz (THz) bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millimetre wave (mm-Wave) bands and sub-6 GHz are key technologies in solving the spectrum critical situation in the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks in achieving high throughput with low transmission power. This paper studies the performance of dense small cells that involve a millimetre wave (mm-Wave) band and sub-6 GHz that operate in high frequency to support massive multiple-input-multiple-output systems (MIMO). In this paper, we analyse the propagation path loss and wireless powered transfer for a 5G wireless cellular system from both macro cells and femtocells in the sub-6 GHz (μWave) and mm-Wave tiers. This paper also analyses the tier heterogeneous in downlink for both mm-Wave and sub-6 GHz. It further proposes a novel distributed power to mitigate the inter-beam interference directors and achieve high throughput under game theory-based power constraints across the sub-6 GHz and mm-Wave interfaces. From the simulation results, the proposed distributed powers in femtocell suppresses inter-beam interference by minimising path loss to active users (UEs) and provides substantial power saving by controlling the distributed power algorithm to achieve high throughout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two element multiband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system with low specific absorption rate is proposed for Ka-band space satellite, millimeter-wave (mm-wave), fifth-generation (5G), and future sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication applications. The essential characteristics of both 5G and future 6G communications can be fulfilled by the proposed MIMO antenna design. The proposed MIMO antenna system has significant advantage of covering four relevant and usable frequency bands, i.e., 16 GHz, 25.5 GHz, 28 GHz, and 32 GHz used for the above mentioned applications. The design of the presented antenna looks like a vertical Yagi-Uda antenna with L-shaped ladder. Moreover, two circular slots and a slotted vertical stub are etched in a partially shared ground. The complete electrical dimension of the presented antenna is 6.8 λ 0 × 5. 7 λ 0 × 0. 068 λ 0 , calculated at resonating frequency 25.5 GHz, where λ 0 is wavelength in free space. The geometry of the presented antenna is fabricated using Rogers RO4350TM with dielectric constant (ϵ r) of 3.48, a loss tangent of 0.0025, and the substrate thickness of 0.8 mm. The presented MIMO antenna is excited with a 3 mm wide microstrip feed line having 50 Ω characteristics matched impedance. In terms of performance, the proposed antenna has achieved a reflection coefficient < - 10 dB, and isolation < -15 dB in all the resonating bands, radiation efficiency varies 72%–84%, impedance bandwidth of 4.6 GHz, 1.5 GHz, 1.11 GHz, and 7.5 GHz, and realized gain of 10.18, 12.05, 13.07, & 5.55 dBi is also achieved at frequencies 16 GHz, 25.5 GHz, 28 GHz, and 32 GHz. The achieved values for various MIMO matrices are envelope correlation coefficient > 0.0048, diversity gain of 9.98 dB, channel capacity loss < 0.00023 bits/s/Hz, and mean effective gain < -6 dB. The simulated results obtained by ANSYS I 2022 R2 (HFSS) and the experimental results measured by vector network analyzer (VNA) show a good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the next‐generation wireless networks, cooperative communication is one of the auspicious techniques through which spatial diversity could be achieved by permitting the single antenna to act as virtual multiple input multiple output (VMIMO). The fundamental principle of cooperative communication was established on different types of relaying protocols and implementation of different relaying protocols according to the requirements of communication scenarios. The challenging task for achieving a high performance in cooperative communication is to find out the optimal relay node (RN) among different prevailing RNs. The basic purpose of cooperative communication is to maximize the performance of the network and minimize the overhead triggered by RNs by considering different communication metrics, i.e., signal to noise ratio (SNR), channel state information (CSI), and bit error rate (BER). This study presents a review of different cooperative relaying protocols with best relay selection techniques in the next‐generation wireless network. Moreover, the different challenges faced by millimeter wave in 5G wireless networks and the role of cooperative communication to overcome those challenges are discussed. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the first demonstration of an experimental millimeter‐wave (mm‐wave) beamforming based on the conformal Rotman lens. The passive switched‐beam network is intended for operation in the 28‐GHz band, covering the 18‐38 GHz range, for the deployment in the fifth generation (5G) subsystems. The primary objective of this work is to conduct the feasibility of designing a beamforming network (BFN) based on the liquid‐crystal polymer substrate, and to evaluate the performances in terms of the scattering (S)‐parameters and surface currents for the proposed flexural case of the convex‐circumferential bending. A prototype has been accurately fabricated, and a setup has also been deployed to conduct the measurements. The performance in terms of the linear progressive phase behavior, as the main figure of merit, has been shown. The BFN exhibits significant characteristics to be used as a low‐profile unit of the transceivers with the in‐built beam steering for the conformal 5G subsystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a 64-element 28-GHz phased-array transceiver for 5G communications based on $2\times 2$ transmit/ receive (TRX) beamformer chips. Sixteen of the $2\times 2$ TRX chips are assembled on a 12-layer printed circuit board (PCB) together with a Wilkinson combiner/divider network and 28–32-GHz stacked-patch antennas. The 64-element array results in 1.1 dB and 8.9° rms amplitude and phase error, respectively, with no calibration due to the symmetric design of the $2\times 2$ beamformer chips and the PCB Wilkinson network. The effect of phase and amplitude mismatch between the 64 elements is analyzed and shown to have little impact on the 64-element array performance due to the averaging effects of phased arrays. Detailed pattern, effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP), and link measurements performed without any array calibration are presented and show the robustness of the symmetrical design technique. The phased array can scan to ±50° in azimuth ($H$ -plane) and ±25° in elevation ($E$ -plane) with low sidelobes and achieves a saturated EIRP of 52 dBm with 4-GHz 3-dB bandwidth. A 300-m wireless link is demonstrated with a record-setting data rate of 8–12 Gb/s over all scan angles using two 64-element TRX arrays and 16-/64-QAM waveforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a low-profile, compact, high-gain antenna solution for four-port mm-wave broadband MIMO communication in a 5G environment is presented. The proposed antenna design consists of two rectangular patches connected through a corporate feed network and two quarter-wavelength square-shaped CSRRs on the ground plane. The overall size of the proposed four-port orthogonal MIMO configuration is 28.3 mm × 28.3 mm × 0.508 mm. The antenna operates on the 5G frequency bands of n257, n258, and n261 with an effective bandwidth of 3.9 GHz covering the range of 26.5 GHz to 30.4 GHz. The suggested MIMO antenna attained a peak gain of 11 dBi and radiation efficiency of 96% at 28 GHz resonating frequency. The MIMO configuration utilized DGS to minimize near-field coupling current at the ground plane, resulting in high port-to-port isolation of > 40 dB, and co-pol to X-pol isolation improvements of > 9 dB and > 19 dB in the boresight direction of E-plane and H-plane at 28 GHz resonating frequency. The antenna's superior diversity performance is supported by several performance metrics, including ECC(< 0.0001), DG(> 9.999 dB), CCL(< 0.12 bits/s/Hz), MEG (< −3 dB), and TARC. Moreover, the linear transmission property of the proposed MIMO antenna is also validated through the variation of group delay (< 0.6 ns) over operating frequency bands in the far-field region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging wireless communication systems will be characterized by a tight coupling between communication and positioning. This is particularly apparent in millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communications, where devices use a large number of antennas, and the propagation is well described by geometric channel models. For mm-wave communications, initial access, consisting in the beam selection and alignment of two devices, is challenging and time consuming in the absence of location information. Conversely, accurate positioning relies on high-quality communication links with proper beam alignment. This paper studies this interaction and proposes a new position-aided transmitter beam selection protocol, which considers the problem of joint communication and positioning in scenarios with direct line-of-sight and scattering. Simulation results show significant reductions in latency with respect to a standard protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signals and large antenna arrays are considered enabling technologies for future 5G networks. While their benefits for achieving high-data rate communications are well-known, their potential advantages for accurate positioning are largely undiscovered. We derive the Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) on position and rotation angle estimation uncertainty from mm-wave signals from a single transmitter, in the presence of scatterers. We also present a novel two-stage algorithm for position and rotation angle estimation that attains the CRB for average to high signal-to-noise ratio. The algorithm is based on multiple measurement vectors matching pursuit for coarse estimation, followed by a refinement stage based on the space-alternating generalized expectation maximization algorithm. We find that accurate position and rotation angle estimation is possible using signals from a single transmitter, in either line-of-sight, non-line-of-sight, or obstructed-line-of-sight conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Insightful choice of enabling technologies tend to effectuate a smooth transition from legacy networks to fifth generation wireless communication systems (5G). Future wireless networks must address exponential growth in connectivity, capacity and services, while perpetuating energy and cost reductions. It is therefore, crucial to intelligently evaluate key contenders of 5G evolution. This article provides an overview of ten fundamental concepts that could impact 5G framework. An outline of expected benefits is deliberated in this paper. We discuss compelling need of a new spectrum followed by associated changes in terms of air interface, architecture and MAC layer protocols. For alleviating access complexity in diverse-dense 5G deployment, we make a review on Heterogeneous-Cloud Radio Access Networks and Software Defined Networking. We also discuss two disruptive approaches with high research challenges, non orthogonality and full duplex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5G networks lies in providing, enormously low latency, growth in base station capacity, and significant improvement in users' perceived quality of service (QoS), compared to current 4G LTE networks. This paper finds several developing technologies which will modify and define the future generations of wireless communication standards. Some of these technologies are at present creating their way into standards such as 3GPP LTE, while others are still in development. This survey provides an overview of wireless communications, reviews and recent contribution to the state-of-the-art, additionally, we Will look at most of the relevant research challenges that these new technologies to be addressed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]