1. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs are present in ~4% of uninfected individuals over 70 years old and account for ~20% of COVID-19 deaths
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Bastard, Paul, Gervais, Adrian, Le Voyer, Tom, Rosain, Jérémie, Philippot, Quentin, Manry, Jérémy, Michailidis, Eleftherios, Hoffmann, Hans-Heinrich, Eto, Shohei, Garcia-Prat, Marina, Bizien, Lucy, Parra-Martínez, Alba, Yang, Rui, Haljasmägi, Liis, Migaud, Mélanie, Särekannu, Karita, Maslovskaja, Julia, de Prost, Nicolas, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Yacine, Luyt, Charles-Edouard, Amador-Borrero, Blanca, Gaudet, Alexandre, Poissy, Julien, Morel, Pascal, Richard, Pascale, Cognasse, Fabrice, Troya, Jesus, Trouillet-Assant, Sophie, Belot, Alexandre, Saker, Kahina, Garçon, Pierre, Rivière, Jacques G., Lagier, Jean-Christophe, Gentile, Stéphanie, Rosen, Lindsey B., Shaw, Elana, Morio, Tomohiro, Tanaka, Junko, Dalmau, David, Tharaux, Pierre-Louis, Sene, Damien, Stepanian, Alain, Megarbane, Bruno, Triantafyllia, Vasiliki, Fekkar, Arnaud, Heath, James R., Franco, José Luis, Anaya, Juan-Manuel, Solé-Violán, Jordi, Imberti, Luisa, Biondi, Andrea, Bonfanti, Paolo, Castagnoli, Riccardo, Delmonte, Ottavia M., Zhang, Yu, Snow, Andrew L., Holland, Steven M., Biggs, Catherine M., Moncada-Vélez, Marcela, Arias, Andrés Augusto, Lorenzo, Lazaro, Boucherit, Soraya, Coulibaly, Boubacar, Anglicheau, Dany, Planas, Anna M., Haerynck, Filomeen, Duvlis, Sotirija, Nussbaum, Robert L., Ozcelik, Tayfun, Keles, Sevgi, Bousfiha, Ahmed A., El Bakkouri, Jalila, Ramirez-Santana, Carolina, Paul, Stéphane, Pan-Hammarström, Qiang, Hammarström, Lennart, Dupont, Annabelle, Kurolap, Alina, Metz, Christine N., Aiuti, Alessandro, Casari, Giorgio, Lampasona, Vito, Ciceri, Fabio, Barreiros, Lucila A., Dominguez-Garrido, Elena, Vidigal, Mateus, Zatz, Mayana, van de Beek, Diederik, Sahanic, Sabina, Tancevski, Ivan, Stepanovskyy, Yurii, Boyarchuk, Oksana, Nukui, Yoko, Tsumura, Miyuki, Vidaur, Loreto, Tangye, Stuart G., Burrel, Sonia, Duffy, Darragh, Quintana-Murci, Lluis, Klocperk, Adam, Kann, Nelli Y., Shcherbina, Anna, Lau, Yu-Lung, Leung, Daniel, Coulongeat, Matthieu, Marlet, Julien, Koning, Rutger, Reyes, Luis Felipe, Chauvineau-Grenier, Angélique, Venet, Fabienne, Monneret, Guillaume, Nussenzweig, Michel C., Arrestier, Romain, Boudhabhay, Idris, Baris-Feldman, Hagit, Hagin, David, Wauters, Joost, Meyts, Isabelle, Dyer, Adam H., Kennelly, Sean P., Bourke, Nollaig M., Halwani, Rabih, Sharif-Askari, Narjes Saheb, Dorgham, Karim, Sallette, Jérome, Mehlal Sedkaoui, Souad, AlKhater, Suzan, Rigo-Bonnin, Raúl, Morandeira, Francisco, Roussel, Lucie, Vinh, Donald C., Ostrowski, Sisse Rye, Condino-Neto, Antonio, Prando, Carolina, Bondarenko, Anastasiia, Spaan, András N., Gilardin, Laurent, Fellay, Jacques, Lyonnet, Stanislas, Bilguvar, Kaya, Lifton, Richard P., Mane, Shrikant, Anderson, Mark S., Boisson, Bertrand, Béziat, Vivien, Zhang, Shen-Ying, Andreakos, Evangelos, Hermine, Olivier, Pujol, Aurora, Peterson, Pärt, Mogensen, Trine H., Rowen, Lee, Mond, James, Debette, Stéphanie, de Lamballerie, Xavier, Duval, Xavier, Mentré, France, Zins, Marie, Soler-Palacin, Pere, Colobran, Roger, Gorochov, Guy, Solanich, Xavier, Susen, Sophie, Martinez-Picado, Javier, Raoult, Didier, Vasse, Marc, Gregersen, Peter K., Piemonti, Lorenzo, Rodríguez-Gallego, Carlos, Notarangelo, Luigi D., Su, Helen C., Kisand, Kai, Okada, Satoshi, Puel, Anne, Jouanguy, Emmanuelle, Rice, Charles M., Tiberghien, Pierre, Zhang, Qian, Cobat, Aurélie, Abel, Laurent, Casanova, Jean-Laurent, Bigio, Benedetta, de la Chapelle, Aliénor, Chen, Jie, Chrabieh, Maya, Liu, Dana, Nemirowskaya, Yelena, Cruz, Inés Marín, Materna, Marie, Pelet, Sophie, Seeleuthner, Yoann, Thibault, Chloé, Liu, Zhiyong, Abad, Jorge, Accordino, Giulia, Achille, Cristian, Aguilera-Albesa, Sergio, Aguiló-Cucurull, Aina, Özkan, Esra Akyüz, Darazam, Ilad Alavi, Roblero Albisures, Jonathan Antonio, Aldave, Juan C, Ramos, Miquel Alfonso, Khan, Taj Ali, Aliberti, Anna, Nadji, Seyed Alireza, Alkan, Gulsum, Alkhater, Suzan A., Allardet-Servent, Jerome, Allende, Luis M, Alonso-Arias, Rebeca, Alshahrani, Mohammed S, Alsina, Laia, Alyanakian, Marie-Alexandra, Borrero, Blanca Amador, Amoura, Zahir, Antolí, Arnau, Aubart, Mélodie, Auguet, Teresa, Avramenko, Iryna, Aytekin, Gökhan, Azot, Axelle, Bahram, Seiamak, Bajolle, Fanny, Baldanti, Fausto, Baldolli, Aurélie, Ballester, Maite, Feldman, Hagit Baris, Barrou, Benoit, Barzagh, Federica, Basso, Sabrina, Bayhan, Gulsum Iclal, Bezrodnik, Liliana, Bilbao, Agurtzane, Blanchard-Rohner, Geraldine, Blanco, Ignacio, Blandinières, Adeline, Blázquez-Gamero, Daniel, Bleibtreu, Alexandre, Bloomfield, Marketa, Bolivar-Prados, Mireia, Borghesi, Alessandro, Borie, Raphael, Botdhlo-Nevers, Elisabeth, Bousfiha, Ahmed A, Bousquet, Aurore, Boutolleau, David, Bouvattier, Claire, Bravais, Juliette, Briones, M. 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Michèle, Wouters, Dorien, Zwinderman, A. H (Koos, Brouwer, Matthijs C., Wiersinga, W. 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Lemonnier, Sylvie, Coeuret-Pellicer, Mireille, Le Got, Stéphane, Tzourio, Christophe, Dufouil, Carole, Soumaré, Aïcha, Lachaize, Morgane, Fievet, Nathalie, Flaig, Amandine, Martin, Fernando, Bonneaudeau, Brigitte, Cannet, Dorothée, Gallian, Pierre, Jeanne, Michel, Perroquin, Magali, Hamzeh-Cognasse, Hind, Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques (IHU) (Imagine - U1163), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Groupe de recherche clinique CARMAS (Cardiovascular and Respiratory Manifestations of Acute lung injury and Sepsis) (CARMAS), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR10-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR10-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-CHU Henri Mondor [Créteil], Hôpital Avicenne [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, du Métabolisme et de la Nutrition = Research Unit on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (ICAN), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition = Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition [CHU Pitié Salpêtrière] (IHU ICAN), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal [APHP], Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204 (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hôpital Roger Salengro [Lille], Etablissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis] (EFS), Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur, ingénierie cellulaire et génique - UFC (UMR INSERM 1098) (RIGHT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang [Bourgogne-Franche-Comté] (EFS BFC)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Santé Ingénierie Biologie Saint-Etienne (SAINBIOSE), Centre Ingénierie et Santé (CIS-ENSMSE), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (EFS), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), Microbes évolution phylogénie et infections (MEPHI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Centre d'études et de recherche sur les services de santé et la qualité de vie (CEReSS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC (UMR_S 970/ U970)), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Recherche clinique appliquée à l'hématologie ((EA_3518)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Service de Réanimation Médicale et Toxicologique [Hôpital Lariboisière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal [APHP], Optimisation thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie (OPTeN (UMR_S_1144 / U1144)), Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM - UM 111 (UMR 8253 / U1151)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre d'Investigation Clinique - Epidémiologie Clinique Saint-Etienne (CIC-EC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne [CHU Saint-Etienne] (CHU ST-E)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Récepteurs Nucléaires, Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - U1011 (RNMCD), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Immunologie Translationnelle - Translational Immunology lab, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Génétique Evolutive Humaine - Human Evolutionary Genetics, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collège de France - Chaire Génomique humaine et évolution, Collège de France (CdF (institution)), CHU Trousseau [Tours], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU Tours), Morphogénèse et antigénicité du VIH et du virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH - U1259 Inserm - CHRU Tours ), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU Tours)-Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Robert Ballanger [Aulnay-sous-Bois], Hôpital Edouard Herriot [CHU - HCL], Physiopathologie de l'immunodépression associée aux réponses inflammatoires systémiques / Pathophysiology of Injury-induced Immunosuppression (PI3), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hôpital Jean Verdier [AP-HP], Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Bordeaux population health (BPH), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre d'investigation Clinique [CHU Bichat] - Épidémiologie clinique (CIC 1425), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Cohortes épidémiologiques en population (CONSTANCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre de Recherche en Acquisition et Traitement de l'Image pour la Santé (CREATIS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modeling & analysis for medical imaging and Diagnosis (MYRIAD), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (LCBPT - UMR 8601), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Agents infectieux, résistance et chimiothérapie - UR UPJV 4294 (AGIR ), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-CHU Amiens-Picardie, CHU Amiens-Picardie, French COVID cohort study group, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, European Commission, Jeffrey Modell Foundation, Université de Bordeaux, Meath Foundation, National Human Genome Research Institute, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Fondation du Souffle, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, St. Giles Foundation, Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé, Sorbonne Université, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, Conseil Régional Aquitaine, Conseil régional de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Meyer Foundation, Fondation de France, National Cancer Institute, European Regional Development Fund, Fundación DISA, Ministero della Salute, ANR-20-COVI-0003,GENCOVID,Identification des défauts monogéniques de l'immunité responsables des formes sévères de COVID-19 chez les patients précédemment en bonne santé(2020), ANR-20-CE93-0003,GENVIR,Analyse multi-omique de l'immunité anti-virale: de l'identification des circuits biologiques pertinents à la découverte de défauts monogéniques héréditaires de l'immunité chez les patients avec infections virales sévères(2020), ANR-20-CO11-0001,AABIFNCOV,Bases génétiques et immunologiques des auto-anticorps contre les interférons de type I prédisposant aux formes sévères de COVID-19.(2020), European Project: IdEx Bordeaux (ANR-10-IDEX- 003-02), Bastard, Paul, Gervais, Adrian, Le Voyer, Tom, Rosain, Jérémie, Philippot, Quentin, Manry, Jérémy, Michailidis, Eleftherio, Hoffmann, Hans-Heinrich, Eto, Shohei, Garcia-Prat, Marina, Bizien, Lucy, Parra-Martínez, Alba, Yang, Rui, Haljasmägi, Lii, Migaud, Mélanie, Särekannu, Karita, Maslovskaja, Julia, de Prost, Nicola, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Yacine, Luyt, Charles-Edouard, Amador-Borrero, Blanca, Gaudet, Alexandre, Poissy, Julien, Morel, Pascal, Richard, Pascale, Cognasse, Fabrice, Troya, Jesu, Trouillet-Assant, Sophie, Belot, Alexandre, Saker, Kahina, Garçon, Pierre, Rivière, Jacques G, Lagier, Jean-Christophe, Gentile, Stéphanie, Rosen, Lindsey B, Shaw, Elana, Morio, Tomohiro, Tanaka, Junko, Dalmau, David, Tharaux, Pierre-Loui, Sene, Damien, Stepanian, Alain, Megarbane, Bruno, Triantafyllia, Vasiliki, Fekkar, Arnaud, Heath, James R, Franco, José Lui, Anaya, Juan-Manuel, Solé-Violán, Jordi, Imberti, Luisa, Biondi, Andrea, Bonfanti, Paolo, Castagnoli, Riccardo, Delmonte, Ottavia M, Zhang, Yu, Snow, Andrew L, Holland, Steven M, Biggs, Catherine, Moncada-Vélez, Marcela, Arias, Andrés Augusto, Lorenzo, Lazaro, Boucherit, Soraya, Coulibaly, Boubacar, Anglicheau, Dany, Planas, Anna M, Haerynck, Filomeen, Duvlis, Sotirija, Nussbaum, Robert L, Ozcelik, Tayfun, Keles, Sevgi, Bousfiha, Ahmed A, El Bakkouri, Jalila, Ramirez-Santana, Carolina, Paul, Stéphane, Pan-Hammarström, Qiang, Hammarström, Lennart, Dupont, Annabelle, Kurolap, Alina, Metz, Christine N, Aiuti, Alessandro, Casari, Giorgio, Lampasona, Vito, Ciceri, Fabio, Barreiros, Lucila A, Dominguez-Garrido, Elena, Vidigal, Mateu, Zatz, Mayana, van de Beek, Diederik, Sahanic, Sabina, Tancevski, Ivan, Stepanovskyy, Yurii, Boyarchuk, Oksana, Nukui, Yoko, Tsumura, Miyuki, Vidaur, Loreto, Tangye, Stuart G, Burrel, Sonia, Duffy, Darragh, Quintana-Murci, Llui, Klocperk, Adam, Kann, Nelli Y, Shcherbina, Anna, Lau, Yu-Lung, Leung, Daniel, Coulongeat, Matthieu, Marlet, Julien, Koning, Rutger, Reyes, Luis Felipe, Chauvineau-Grenier, Angélique, Venet, Fabienne, Monneret, Guillaume, Nussenzweig, Michel C, Arrestier, Romain, Boudhabhay, Idri, Baris-Feldman, Hagit, Hagin, David, Wauters, Joost, Meyts, Isabelle, Dyer, Adam H, Kennelly, Sean P, Bourke, Nollaig M, Halwani, Rabih, Sharif-Askari, Narjes Saheb, Dorgham, Karim, Sallette, Jérome, Sedkaoui, Souad Mehlal, Alkhater, Suzan, Rigo-Bonnin, Raúl, Morandeira, Francisco, Roussel, Lucie, Vinh, Donald C, Ostrowski, Sisse Rye, Condino-Neto, Antonio, Prando, Carolina, Bonradenko, Anastasiia, Spaan, András N, Gilardin, Laurent, Fellay, Jacque, Lyonnet, Stanisla, Bilguvar, Kaya, Lifton, Richard P, Mane, Shrikant, Anderson, Mark S, Boisson, Bertrand, Béziat, Vivien, Zhang, Shen-Ying, Vandreakos, Evangelo, Hermine, Olivier, Pujol, Aurora, Peterson, Pärt, Mogensen, Trine H, Rowen, Lee, Mond, Jame, Debette, Stéphanie, de Lamballerie, Xavier, Duval, Xavier, Mentré, France, Zins, Marie, Soler-Palacin, Pere, Colobran, Roger, Gorochov, Guy, Solanich, Xavier, Susen, Sophie, Martinez-Picado, Javier, Raoult, Didier, Vasse, Marc, Gregersen, Peter K, Piemonti, Lorenzo, Rodríguez-Gallego, Carlo, Notarangelo, Luigi D, Su, Helen C, Kisand, Kai, Okada, Satoshi, Puel, Anne, Jouanguy, Emmanuelle, Rice, Charles M, Tiberghien, Pierre, Zhang, Qian, Cobat, Aurélie, Abel, Laurent, Casanova, Jean-Laurent, St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University [New York], CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Human genetics of infectious diseases : Mendelian predisposition (Equipe Inserm U1163), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Hiroshima University, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), University of Tartu, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR10-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), CHU Henri Mondor [Créteil], Service de Réanimation Médicale [CHU Pitié-Salpétrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Mycologie moléculaire - Molecular Mycology, Members of the The Milieu Intérieur Consortium: Laurent Abel1 , Andres Alcover2 , Hugues Aschard2 , Philippe Bousso2 , Nollaig Bourke3 , Petter Brodin4 , Pierre Bruhns2 , Nadine Cerf-Bensussan5 , Ana Cumano2 , Christophe D’Enfert2 , Ludovic Deriano2 , Marie-Agnès Dillies2 , James Di Santo2 , Françoise Dromer2 , Gérard Eberl2 , Jost Enninga2 , Jacques Fellay6 , Ivo Gomperts-Boneca2 , Milena Hasan2 , Gunilla Karlsson Hedestam4 , Serge Hercberg7 , Molly A. Ingersoll2 , Olivier Lantz8 , Rose Anne Kenny3 , Mickaël Ménager5 , Frédérique Michel2 , Hugo Mouquet2 , Cliona O’Farrelly3 , Etienne Patin2 , Sandra Pellegrini2 , Antonio Rausell5 , Frédéric Rieux-Laucat5 , Lars Rogge2 , Magnus Fontes9 , Anavaj Sakuntabhai2 , Olivier Schwartz2 , Benno Schwikowski2 , Spencer Shorte2 , Frédéric Tangy2 , Antoine Toubert10 , Mathilde Touvier12 , Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer2 , Christophe Zimmer2 , Matthew L. Albert11 , Darragh Duffy2 , Lluis Quintana-Murc, ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), European Project: 824110,H2020-INFRAIA-2018-1,EASI-Genomics(2019), European Project: 948959,ERC-2020-STG,MORE2ADA2(2021), National Institutes of Health (US), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (US), George Mason University, National Human Genome Research Institute (US), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (France), Université de Paris, Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé (France), National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Cabildo de Tenerife, Fondation Bettencourt Schueller, Estonian Research Council, Michailidis, Eleftherios, García-Prat, Marina, Paul, Stephanie, Metz, Christine N., Barreiros, Lucila, Domínguez-Garrido, Elena, Vidigal, Mateus, Beek, Diederik van der, Stepanovskyy, Yuriy, Tangye, Stuart G., Quintana-Murci, Lluis, Kan, Nelli, Nussenzweig, Michel C., Baris, Hagit N., Dyer, Adam, Bourke, Nollaig, Vinh, Donald C., Spaan, András N., Fellay, Jacques, Mane, Shrikant M., Anderson, MarK S., Andreakos, Evangelos, Haljasmägi, Liis, Mogensen, Trine, Lamballerie, Xavier de, Soler-Palacín, Pere, Martínez-Picado, Javier, Gregersen, Peter K., Rodríguez-Gallego, Carlos, Notarangelo, Luigi D., Su, Helen C., Prost, Nicolas de, Amador-Borrero, Blanco, Troya, Jesús, Rivière, Jacques G., Gentile, Stephanie, Rosen, Lindsey B., Tharaux, Pierre-Louis, Stépanian, Alain, Mégarbane, Bruno, Heath, James R., Franco, José Luis, Anaya, Juan Manuel, Snow, Andrew L., Holland, Steven M., Biggs, Catherine M., Moncada-Velez, Marcela, Planas, Anna M., Nussbaum, Robert, Bousfiha, Ahmed Aziz, Ramírez-Santana, Carolina, Intensive care medicine, Internal medicine, AII - Infectious diseases, Pulmonary medicine, ACS - Pulmonary hypertension & thrombosis, Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, ACS - Diabetes & metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Radiology and nuclear medicine, AMS - Rehabilitation & Development, VU University medical center, Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neuroinfection & -inflammation, Anesthesiology, APH - Quality of Care, ACS - Heart failure & arrhythmias, Özçelik, Tayfun, Children's Hospital, HUS Children and Adolescents, Clinicum, Department of Medicine, Infektiosairauksien yksikkö, HUS Inflammation Center, Admin, Oskar, Identification des défauts monogéniques de l'immunité responsables des formes sévères de COVID-19 chez les patients précédemment en bonne santé - - GENCOVID2020 - ANR-20-COVI-0003 - COVID-19 - VALID, Analyse multi-omique de l'immunité anti-virale: de l'identification des circuits biologiques pertinents à la découverte de défauts monogéniques héréditaires de l'immunité chez les patients avec infections virales sévères - - GENVIR2020 - ANR-20-CE93-0003 - AAPG2020 - VALID, Bases génétiques et immunologiques des auto-anticorps contre les interférons de type I prédisposant aux formes sévères de COVID-19. - - AABIFNCOV2020 - ANR-20-CO11-0001 - COVID-19 - VALID, Program Initiative d’Excellence - IdEx Bordeaux (ANR-10-IDEX- 003-02) - INCOMING, CHU Tenon [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-CHU Henri Mondor, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang [Bourgogne-Franche-Comté] (EFS [Bourgogne-Franche-Comté])-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), INSERM U1059, SAINBIOSE - Santé, Ingénierie, Biologie, Saint-Etienne (SAINBIOSE-ENSMSE), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Parasitologie - Mycologie [CHU Pitié-Salpétrière], CIC Saint Etienne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne (CHU de Saint-Etienne)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hôpital Nord (Saint Etienne), Récepteurs Nucléaires, Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (RNMCD - U1011), Physiopathologie de l'immunodépression associée aux réponses inflammatoires systémiques - EA 7426 (PI3), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Neurology, ANS - Neuroinfection & -inflammation, Graduate School, Infectious diseases, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, APH - Aging & Later Life, APH - Global Health, AII - Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, Global Health, APH - Methodology, APH - Digital Health, APH - Personalized Medicine, ACS - Microcirculation, Bastard, P, Gervais, A, Le Voyer, T, Rosain, J, Philippot, Q, Manry, J, Michailidis, E, Hoffmann, H, Eto, S, Garcia-Prat, M, Bizien, L, Parra-Martínez, A, Yang, R, Haljasmägi, L, Migaud, M, Särekannu, K, Maslovskaja, J, de Prost, N, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Y, Luyt, C, Amador-Borrero, B, Gaudet, A, Poissy, J, Morel, P, Richard, P, Cognasse, F, Troya, J, Trouillet-Assant, S, Belot, A, Saker, K, Garçon, P, Rivière, J, Lagier, J, Gentile, S, Rosen, L, Shaw, E, Morio, T, Tanaka, J, Dalmau, D, Tharaux, P, Sene, D, Stepanian, A, Megarbane, B, Triantafyllia, V, Fekkar, A, Heath, J, Franco, J, Anaya, J, Solé-Violán, J, Imberti, L, Biondi, A, Bonfanti, P, Castagnoli, R, Delmonte, O, Zhang, Y, Snow, A, Holland, S, Biggs, C, Moncada-Vélez, M, Arias, A, Lorenzo, L, Boucherit, S, Coulibaly, B, Anglicheau, D, Planas, A, Haerynck, F, Duvlis, S, Nussbaum, R, Ozcelik, T, Keles, S, Bousfiha, A, El Bakkouri, J, Ramirez-Santana, C, Paul, S, Pan-Hammarström, Q, Hammarström, L, Dupont, A, Kurolap, A, Metz, C, Aiuti, A, Casari, G, Lampasona, V, Ciceri, F, Barreiros, L, Dominguez-Garrido, E, Vidigal, M, Zatz, M, van de Beek, D, Sahanic, S, Tancevski, I, Stepanovskyy, Y, Boyarchuk, O, Nukui, Y, Tsumura, M, Vidaur, L, Tangye, S, Burrel, S, Duffy, D, Quintana-Murci, L, Klocperk, A, Kann, N, Shcherbina, A, Lau, Y, Leung, D, Coulongeat, M, Marlet, J, Koning, R, Reyes, L, Chauvineau-Grenier, A, Venet, F, Monneret, G, Nussenzweig, M, Arrestier, R, Boudhabhay, I, Baris-Feldman, H, Hagin, D, Wauters, J, Meyts, I, Dyer, A, Kennelly, S, Bourke, N, Halwani, R, Sharif-Askari, N, Dorgham, K, Sallette, J, Sedkaoui, S, Alkhater, S, Rigo-Bonnin, R, Morandeira, F, Roussel, L, Vinh, D, Ostrowski, S, Condino-Neto, A, Prando, C, Bonradenko, A, Spaan, A, Gilardin, L, Fellay, J, Lyonnet, S, Bilguvar, K, Lifton, R, Mane, S, Anderson, M, Boisson, B, Béziat, V, Zhang, S, Vandreakos, E, Hermine, O, Pujol, A, Peterson, P, Mogensen, T, Rowen, L, Mond, J, Debette, S, de Lamballerie, X, Duval, X, Mentré, F, Zins, M, Soler-Palacin, P, Colobran, R, Gorochov, G, Solanich, X, Susen, S, Martinez-Picado, J, Raoult, D, Vasse, M, Gregersen, P, Piemonti, L, Rodríguez-Gallego, C, Notarangelo, L, Su, H, Kisand, K, Okada, S, Puel, A, Jouanguy, E, Rice, C, Tiberghien, P, Zhang, Q, Cobat, A, Abel, L, Casanova, J, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases (Necker Branch - INSERM U1163), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP), HGID Lab, COVID Clinicians, COVID-STORM Clinicians, NIAID Immune Response to COVID Group, NH-COVAIR Study Group, Danish CHGE, Danish Blood Donor Study, St. James's Hospital, SARS CoV2 Interest group, French COVID Cohort Study Group, Imagine COVID-Group, Milieu Intérieur Consortium, CoV-Contact Cohort, Amsterdam UMC Covid-19, Biobank Investigators, COVID Human Genetic Effort, CONSTANCES cohort, 3C-Dijon Study, Cerba Health-Care, Etablissement du Sang study group, Bigio, B., Boucherit, S., de la Chapelle, A., Chen, J., Chrabieh, M., Coulibaly, B., Liu, D., Nemirowskaya, Y., Cruz, I.M., Materna, M., Pelet, S., Seeleuthner, Y., Thibault, C., Liu, Z., Abad, J., Accordino, G., Achille, C., Aguilera-Albesa, S., Aguiló-Cucurull, A., Aiuti, A., Özkan, E.A., Darazam, I.A., Roblero Albisures, J.A., Aldave, J.C., Ramos, M.A., Khan, T.A., Aliberti, A., Nadji, S.A., Alkan, G., Alkhater, S.A., Allardet-Servent, J., Allende, L.M., Alonso-Arias, R., Alshahrani, M.S., Alsina, L., Alyanakian, M.A., Borrero, B.A., Amoura, Z., Antolí, A., Arrestier, R., Aubart, M., Auguet, T., Avramenko, I., Aytekin, G., Azot, A., Bahram, S., Bajolle, F., Baldanti, F., Baldolli, A., Ballester, M., Feldman, H.B., Barrou, B., Barzagh, F., Basso, S., Bayhan, G.I., Belot, A., Bezrodnik, L., Bilbao, A., Blanchard-Rohner, G., Blanco, I., Blandinières, A., Blázquez-Gamero, D., Bleibtreu, A., Bloomfield, M., Bolivar-Prados, M., Bondarenko, A., Borghesi, A., Borie, R., Botdhlo-Nevers, E., Bousfiha, A.A., Bousquet, A., Boutolleau, D., Bouvattier, C., Boyarchuk, O., Bravais, J., Briones, M.L., Brunner, M.E., Bruno, R., Bueno, MRP, Bukhari, H., Bustamante, J., Cáceres Agra, J.J., Capra, R., Carapito, R., Carrabba, M., Casari, G., Casasnovas, C., Caseris, M., Cassaniti, I., Castelle, M., Castelli, F., de Vera, M.C., Castro, M.V., Catherinot, E., Celik, J.B., Ceschi, A., Chalumeau, M., Charbit, B., Cheng, M.P., Clavé, P., Clotet, B., Codina, A., Cohen, Y., Colobran, R., Comarmond, C., Combes, A., Comoli, P., Corsico, A.G., Coşkuner, T., Cvetkovski, A., Cyrus, C., Dalmau, D., Danion, F., Darley, D.R., Das, V., Dauby, N., Dauger, S., De Munter, P., de Pontual, L., Dehban, A., Delplancq, G., Demoule, A., Desguerre, I., Di Sabatino, A., Diehl, J.L., Dobbelaere, S., Domínguez-Garrido, E., Dubost, C., Ekwall, O., Bozdemir, Ş.E., Elnagdy, M.H., Emiroglu, M., Endo, A., Erdeniz, E.H., Aytekin, S.E., Lasa, MPE, Euvrard, R., Fabio, G., Faivre, L., Falck, A., Fartoukh, M., Faure, M., Arquero, M.F., Ferrer, R., Ferreres, J., Flores, C., Francois, B., Fumadó, V., Fung, KSC, Fusco, F., Gagro, A., Solis, B.G., Gaussem, P., Gayretli, Z., Gil-Herrera, J., Gilardin, L., Gatineau, A.G., Girona-Alarcón, M., Cifuentes Godínez, K.A., Goffard, J.C., Gonzales, N., Gonzalez-Granado, L.I., González-Montelongo, R., Guerder, A., Gülhan, B., Gumucio, V.D., Hanitsch, L.G., Gunst, J., Gut, M., Hadjadj, J., Haerynck, F., Halwani, R., Hammarström, L., Hancerli, S., Hariyan, T., Hatipoglu, N., Heppekcan, D., Hernandez-Brito, E., Ho, P.K., Holanda-Peña, M.S., Horcajada, J.P., Hraiech, S., Humbert, L., Hung, IFN, Iglesias, A.D., Íñigo-Campos, A., Jamme, M., Arranz, M.J., Jimeno, M.T., Jordan, I., Yüksek, S.K., Kara, Y.B., Karahan, A., Karbuz, A., Yasar, K.K., Kasapcopur, O., Kashimada, K., Keles, S., Demirkol, Y.K., Kido, Y., Kizil, C., Kılıç, A.O., Klocperk, A., Koutsoukou, A., Król, Z.J., Ksouri, H., Kuentz, P., Kwan, AMC, Kwan, YWM, Kwok, JSY, Lagier, J.C., Lam, DSY, Lampropoulou, V., Lanternier, F., Lau, Y.L., Le Bourgeois, F., Leo, Y.S., Lopez, R.L., Leung, D., Levin, M., Levy, M., Lévy, R., Li, Z., Lilleri, D., Lima, EJAB, Linglart, A., López-Collazo, E., Lorenzo-Salazar, J.M., Louapre, C., Lubetzki, C., Lung, K.C., Luyt, C.E., Lye, D.C., Magnone, C., Mansouri, D., Marchioni, E., Marioli, C., Marjani, M., Marques, L., Pereira, J.M., Martín-Nalda, A., Pueyo, D.M., Martinez-Picado, J., Marzana, I., Mata-Martínez, C., Mathian, A., Matos, L.R., Matthews, G.V., Mayaux, J., McLaughlin-Garcia, R., Meersseman, P., Mège, J.L., Mekontso-Dessap, A., Melki, I., Meloni, F., Meritet, J.F., Merlani, P., Akcan, Ö.M., Meyts, I., Mezidi, M., Migeotte, I., Millereux, M., Million, M., Mirault, T., Mircher, C., Mirsaeidi, M., Mizoguchi, Y., Modi, B.P., Mojoli, F., Moncomble, E., Melián, A.M., Martinez, A.M., Morandeira, F., Morange, P.E., Mordacq, C., Morelle, G., Mouly, S.J., Muñoz-Barrera, A., Nafati, C., Nagashima, S., Nakagama, Y., Neven, B., Neves, J.F., Ng, L.F., Ng, Y.Y., Nielly, H., Medina, Y.N., Cuadros, E.N., Ocejo-Vinyals, J.G., Okamoto, K., Oualha, M., Ouedrani, A., Özçelik, T., Ozkaya-Parlakay, A., Pagani, M., Pan-Hammarström, Q., Papadaki, M., Parizot, C., Parola, P., Pascreau, T., Paul, S., Paz-Artal, E., Pedraza, S., González Pellecer, N.C., Pellegrini, S., de Diego, R.P., Pérez-Fernández, X.L., Philippe, A., Philippot, Q., Picod, A., de Chambrun, M.P., Piralla, A., Planas-Serra, L., Ploin, D., Poissy, J., Poncelet, G., Poulakou, G., Pouletty, M.S., Pourshahnazari, P., Qiu-Chen, J.L., Quentric, P., Rambaud, T., Raoult, D., Raoult, V., Rebillat, A.S., Redin, C., Resmini, L., Ricart, P., Richard, J.C., Rigo-Bonnin, R., Rivet, N., Rivière, J.G., Rocamora-Blanch, G., Rodero, M.P., Rodrigo, C., Rodriguez, L.A., Rodriguez-Gallego, C., Rodriguez-Palmero, A., Romero, C.S., Rothenbuhler, A., Roux, D., Rovina, N., Rozenberg, F., Ruch, Y., Ruiz, M., Ruiz Del Prado, M.Y., Ruiz-Rodriguez, J.C., Sabater-Riera, J., Saks, K., Salagianni, M., Sanchez, O., Sánchez-Montalvá, A., Sánchez-Ramón, S., Schidlowski, L., Schluter, A., Schmidt, J., Schmidt, M., Schuetz, C., Schweitzer, C.E., Scolari, F., Sediva, A., Seijo, L., Seminario, A.G., Sene, D., Seng, P., Senoglu, S., Seppänen, M., Llovich, A.S., Shahrooei, M., Shcherbina, A., Siguret, V., Siouti, E., Smadja, D.M., Smith, N., Sobh, A., Solanich, X., Solé-Violán, J., Soler, C., Soler-Palacín, P., Sözeri, B., Stella, G.M., Stepanovskiy, Y., Stoclin, A., Taccone, F., Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Y., Taupin, J.L., Tavernier, S.J., Tello, L.V., Terrier, B., Thiery, G., Thorball, C., Thorn, K., Thumerelle, C., Tipu, I., Tolstrup, M., Tomasoni, G., Toubiana, J., Alvarez, J.T., Triantafyllia, V., Trouillet-Assant, S., Troya, J., Tsang, OTY, Tserel, L., Tso, EYK, Tucci, A., Tüter Öz, Ş.K., Ursini, M.V., Utsumi, T., Uzunhan, Y., Vabres, P., Valencia-Ramos, J., Van Den Rym, A.M., Vandernoot, I., Velez-Santamaria, V., Zuniga Veliz, S.P., Vidigal, M.C., Viel, S., Vilain, C., Vilaire-Meunier, M.E., Villar-García, J., Vincent, A., Vogt, G., Voiriot, G., Volokha, A., Vuotto, F., Wauters, E., Wauters, J., Wu, AKL, Wu, T.C., Yahşi, A., Yesilbas, O., Yildiz, M., Young, B.E., Yükselmiş, U., Zatz, M., Zecca, M., Zuccaro, V., Jens, V.P., Lambrecht, B.N., Eva, V.B., Cédric, B., Levi, H., Eric, H., Bauters, F., De Clercq, J., Cathérine, H., Hans, S., Leslie, N., Florkin, B., Boulanger, C., Vanderlinden, D., Foti, G., Bellani, G., Citerio, G., Contro, E., Pesci, A., Valsecchi, M.G., Cazzaniga, M., Danielson, J.J., Dobbs, K., Kashyap, A., Ding, L., Dalgard, C.L., Sottini, A., Quaresima, V., Quiros-Roldan, E., Rossi, C., Bettini, L.R., D'Angio', M., Beretta, I., Montagna, D., Licari, A., Marseglia, G.L., Batten, I., Reddy, C., McElheron, M., Noonan, C., Connolly, E., Fallon, A., Storgaard, M., Jørgensen, S., Erikstrup, C., Pedersen, O.B., Sørensen, E., Mikkelsen, S., Dinh, K.M., Larsen, MAH, Paulsen, I.W., Von Stemann, J.H., Hansen, M.B., Ostrowski, S.R., Townsend, L., Cheallaigh, C.N., Bergin, C., Martin-Loeches, I., Dunne, J., Conlon, N., Bourke, N., O'Farrelly, C., Abel, L., Allavena, C., Andrejak, C., Angoulvant, F., Azoulay, C., Bachelet, D., Bartoli, M., Basmaci, R., Behilill, S., Beluze, M., Benech, N., Benkerrou, D., Bhavsar, K., Bitker, L., Bouadma, L., Bouscambert-Duchamp, M., Paz, P.C., Cervantes-Gonzalez, M., Chair, A., Chirouze, C., Coelho, A., Cordel, H., Couffignal, C., Couffin-Cadiergues, S., d'Ortenzio, E., De Montmollin, E., Debard, A., Debray, M.P., Deplanque, D., Descamps, D., Desvallée, M., Diallo, A., Diouf, A., Dorival, C., Dubos, F., Duval, X., Eloy, P., Enouf, V., Epaulard, O., Esperou, H., Esposito-Farese, M., Etienne, M., Garot, D., Gault, N., Gaymard, A., Ghosn, J., Gigante, T., Gilg, M., Goehringer, F., Guedj, J., Hoctin, A., Hoffmann, I., Houas, I., Hulot, J.S., Jaafoura, S., Kafif, O., Kaguelidou, F., Kali, S., Kerroumi, Y., Khalil, A., Khan, C., Kimmoun, A., Laine, F., Laouénan, C., Laribi, S., Le, M., Le Bris, C., Le Gac, S., Le Hingrat, Q., Le Mestre, S., Le Nagard, H., Lemaignen, A., Lemee, V., Lescure, F.X., Letrou, S., Levy, Y., Lina, B., Lingas, G., Lucet, J.C., Machado, M., Malvy, D., Mambert, M., Manuel, A., Mentré, F., Meziane, A., Mouquet, H., Mullaert, J., Neant, N., Nguyen, D., Noret, M., Papadopoulos, A., Paul, C., Peiffer-Smadja, N., Peigne, V., Petrov-Sanchez, V., Peytavin, G., Pham, H., Picone, O., Piquard, V., Puéchal, O., Rosa-Calatrava, M., Rossignol, B., Rossignol, P., Roy, C., Schneider, M., Su, R., Tardivon, C., Tellier, M.C., Téoulé, F., Terrier, O., Timsit, J.F., Tual, C., Tubiana, S., Van Der Werf, S., Vanel, N., Veislinger, A., Visseaux, B., Wiedemann, A., Yazdanpanah, Y., Annereau, J.P., Briseño-Roa, L., Gribouval, O., Pelet, A., Alcover, A., Aschard, H., Bousso, P., Brodin, P., Bruhns, P., Cerf-Bensussan, N., Cumano, A., D'Enfert, C., Deriano, L., Dillies, M.A., Di Santo, J., Dromer, F., Eberl, G., Enninga, J., Fellay, J., Gomperts-Boneca, I., Hasan, M., Hedestam, G.K., Hercberg, S., Ingersoll, M.A., Lantz, O., Kenny, R.A., Ménager, M., Michel, F., Patin, E., Rausell, A., Rieux-Laucat, F., Rogge, L., Fontes, M., Sakuntabhai, A., Schwartz, O., Schwikowski, B., Shorte, S., Tangy, F., Toubert, A., Touvier, M., Ungeheuer, M.N., Zimmer, C., Albert, M.L., Duffy, D., Quintana-Murci, L., Alavoine, L., Behillil, S., Burdet, C., Charpentier, C., Dechanet, A., Ecobichon, J.L., Frezouls, W., Houhou, N., Lehacaut, J., Manchon, P., Nouroudine, M., Quintin, C., Thy, M., van der Werf, S., Vignali, V., Chahine, A., Waucquier, N., Migaud, M.C., Djossou, F., Mergeay-Fabre, M., Lucarelli, A., Demar, M., Bruneau, L., Gérardin, P., Maillot, A., Payet, C., Laviolle, B., Paris, C., Desille-Dugast, M., Fouchard, J., Pistone, T., Perreau, P., Gissot, V., Le Goas, C., Montagne, S., Richard, L., Bouiller, K., Desmarets, M., Meunier, A., Lefévre, B., Jeulin, H., Legrand, K., Lomazzi, S., Tardy, B., Gagneux-Brunon, A., Bertholon, F., Botelho-Nevers, E., Kouakam, C., Leturque, N., Roufai, L., Amat, K., Espérou, H., Hendou, S., van Agtmael, M., Algera, A.G., Appelman, B., van Baarle, F., Bax, D., Beudel, M., Bogaard, H.J., Bomers, M., Bonta, P., Bos, L., Botta, M., de Brabander, J., de Bree, G., de Bruin, S., Buis, DTP, Bugiani, M., Bulle, E., Chouchane, O., Cloherty, A., Dijkstra, M., Dongelmans, D.A., Dujardin, RWG, Elbers, P., Fleuren, L., Geijtenbeek, SGT, Girbes, A., Goorhuis, B., Grobusch, M.P., Hafkamp, F., Hagens, L., Hamann, J., Harris, V., Hemke, R., Hermans, S.M., Heunks, L., Hollmann, M., Horn, J., Hovius, J.W., de Jong, M.D., Koning, R., Lim, EHT, van Mourik, N., Nellen, J., Nossent, E.J., Paulus, F., Peters, E., Pina-Fuentes, DAI, van der Poll, T., Preckel, 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[0000-0002-3093-4758], Boisson, Bertrand [0000-0001-5240-3555], Béziat, Vivien [0000-0002-4020-824X], Andreakos, Evangelos [0000-0001-5536-1661], Hermine, Olivier [0000-0003-2574-3874], Pujol, Aurora [0000-0002-9606-0600], Peterson, Pärt [0000-0001-6755-791X], Haljasmägi, Liis [0000-0001-7162-9808], Mogensen, Trine [0000-0002-1853-9704], Lamballerie, Xavier de [0000-0001-7895-2720], Zins, Marie [0000-0002-4540-4282], Soler-Palacín, Pere [0000-0002-0346-5570], Colobran, Roger [0000-0002-5964-536X], Gorochov, Guy [0000-0003-2097-9677], Solanich, Xavier [0000-0002-2572-2187], Susen, Sophie [0000-0001-5953-163X], Martínez-Picado, Javier [0000-0002-4916-2129], Gregersen, Peter K. [0000-0003-1613-1518], Migaud, Mélanie [0000-0003-3062-1214], Piemonti, Lorenzo [0000-0002-2172-2198], Rodríguez-Gallego, Carlos [0000-0002-4344-8644], Notarangelo, Luigi D. [0000-0002-8335-0262], Su, Helen C. [0000-0002-5582-9110], Kisand, Kai [0000-0002-5426-4648], Okada, Satoshi [0000-0002-4622-5657], Puel, Anne [0000-0003-2603-0323], Jouanguy, Emmanuelle [0000-0002-7358-9157], Tiberghien, Pierre [0000-0002-9310-8322], Zhang, Qian [0000-0002-9040-3289], Särekannu, Karita [0000-0002-5984-668X], Cobat, Aurélie [0000-0001-7209-6257], Abel, Laurent [0000-0001-7016-6493], Casanova, Jean-Laurent [0000-0002-7782-4169], Prost, Nicolas de [0000-0002-4833-4320], Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Yacine [0000-0003-1123-4788], Luyt, Charles-Edouard [0000-0001-7424-2705], Amador-Borrero, Blanco [0000-0001-6170-8721], Poissy, Julien [0000-0001-6017-5353], Richard, Pascale [0000-0003-1864-3824], Cognasse, Fabrice [0000-0001-8041-928X], Troya, Jesús [0000-0001-7323-114X], Trouillet-Assant, Sophie [0000-0001-6439-4705], Belot, Alexandre [0000-0003-4902-5332], Saker, Kahina [0000-0001-8825-5400], Rivière, Jacques G. [0000-0003-1055-2063], Gentile, Stephanie [0000-0003-3858-9503], Rosen, Lindsey B. 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[0000-0002-1013-1691], Aiuti, Alessandro [0000-0002-5398-1717], Casari, Giorgio [0000-0002-0115-8980], Lampasona, Vito [0000-0001-5162-8445], Ciceri, Fabio [0000-0003-0873-0123], Barreiros, Lucila [0000-0002-9818-2345], Domínguez-Garrido, Elena [0000-0002-2066-0511], Vidigal, Mateus [0000-0002-8895-652X], Zatz, Mayana [0000-0003-3970-8025], Beek, Diederik van der [0000-0002-4571-044X], Stepanovskyy, Yuriy [0000-0001-6339-5490], Boyarchuk, Oksana [0000-0002-1234-0040], Nukui, Yoko [0000-0002-6123-5212], Vidaur, Loreto [0000-0002-6720-4900], Tangye, Stuart G. [0000-0002-5360-5180], Burrel, Sonia [0000-0002-7783-2601], Duffy, Darragh [0000-0002-8875-2308], Quintana-Murci, Lluis [0000-0003-2429-6320], Klocperk, Adam [0000-0002-1526-4557], Kan, Nelli [0000-0003-3564-6496], Shcherbina, Anna [0000-0002-3113-4939], Lau, Yu-Lung [0000-0002-4780-0289], Leung, Daniel [0000-0002-9360-6233], Coulongeat, Matthieu [0000-0003-1986-3546], Marlet, Julien [0000-0002-8645-8703], Koning, Rutger [0000-0003-3128-5072], Reyes, Luis Felipe [0000-0003-1172-6539], Venet, Fabienne [0000-0003-0462-4235], Monneret, Guillaume [0000-0002-9961-5739], Nussenzweig, Michel C. [0000-0003-0592-8564], Baris, Hagit N. [0000-0003-4065-7560], Hagin, David [0000-0003-2702-1031], Wauters, Joost [0000-0002-5983-3897], Meyts, Isabelle [0000-0003-1214-0302], Dyer, Adam [0000-0003-1356-510X], Bourke, Nollaig [0000-0003-4313-6859], Halwani, Rabih [0000-0002-6516-7771], and Sharif-Askari, Narjes Saheb [0000-0003-0482-6777]
- Subjects
Interferon Type I/immunology ,AUTOIMMUNITY ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Interferó ,Gastroenterology ,COVID-19 (Malaltia) ,Immunoglobulin G ,Basic medicine ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,80 and over ,Immunologia ,Young adult ,Child ,Neutralizing ,MYASTHENIA-GRAVIS PATIENTS ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Aged, 80 and over ,0303 health sciences ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,3. Good health ,COVID-19/immunology ,Settore MED/03 ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Child, Preschool ,Interferon Type I ,Antibody ,medicine.symptom ,INTERFERON ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Critical Illness ,Immunology ,Population ,Aged ,Antibodies, Neutralizing ,Autoantibodies ,COVID-19 ,Case-Control Studies ,Humans ,Infant ,Infant, Newborn ,Interferon-alpha ,Young Adult ,Alpha interferon ,Immunoglobulins ,IMMUNITY ,Asymptomatic ,PATIENT ,03 medical and health sciences ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Preschool ,education ,Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood ,HOMENS ,030304 developmental biology ,ANTINUCLEAR ,business.industry ,Autoantibody ,Case-control study ,Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ,Autoantibodies/blood ,Autoantibodies/immunology ,COVID-19/mortality ,Immunoglobulin G/blood ,Immunoglobulin G/immunology ,Interferon-alpha/immunology ,Newborn ,DISTINCT FUNCTIONS ,ALPHA ,[SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie ,3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine ,ANTIBODIES ,biology.protein ,[SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie ,business ,Immunoglobulines - Abstract
Circulating autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing high concentrations (10 ng/ml; in plasma diluted 1:10) of IFN-α and/or IFN-ω are found in about 10% of patients with critical COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pneumonia but not in individuals with asymptomatic infections. We detect auto-Abs neutralizing 100-fold lower, more physiological, concentrations of IFN-α and/or IFN-ω (100 pg/ml; in 1:10 dilutions of plasma) in 13.6% of 3595 patients with critical COVID-19, including 21% of 374 patients >80 years, and 6.5% of 522 patients with severe COVID-19. These antibodies are also detected in 18% of the 1124 deceased patients (aged 20 days to 99 years; mean: 70 years). Moreover, another 1.3% of patients with critical COVID-19 and 0.9% of the deceased patients have auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations of IFN-β. We also show, in a sample of 34,159 uninfected individuals from the general population, that auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations of IFN-α and/or IFN-ω are present in 0.18% of individuals between 18 and 69 years, 1.1% between 70 and 79 years, and 3.4% >80 years. Moreover, the proportion of individuals carrying auto-Abs neutralizing lower concentrations is greater in a subsample of 10,778 uninfected individuals: 1% of individuals 80 years. By contrast, auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-β do not become more frequent with age. Auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs predate SARS-CoV-2 infection and sharply increase in prevalence after the age of 70 years. They account for about 20% of both critical COVID-19 cases in the over 80s and total fatal COVID-19 cases., The Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases is supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Rockefeller University, the St. Giles Foundation, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01AI088364), the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) program (UL1 TR001866), a Fast Grant from Emergent Ventures, Mercatus Center at George Mason University, the Yale Center for Mendelian Genomics and the GSP Coordinating Center funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) (UM1HG006504 and U24HG008956), the Yale High Performance Computing Center (S10OD018521), the Fisher Center for Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, the Meyer Foundation, the JPB Foundation, the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the “Investments for the Future” program (ANR-10-IAHU-01), the Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the French Foundation for Medical Research (FRM) (EQU201903007798), the FRM and ANR GENCOVID project (ANR-20-COVI-0003), ANRS Nord-Sud (ANRS-COV05), ANR GENVIR (ANR-20-CE93-003) and ANR AABIFNCOV (ANR-20-CO11-0001) projects, the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 824110 (EASI-Genomics), the Square Foundation, Grandir–Fonds de solidarité pour l’Enfance, the Fondation du Souffle, the SCOR Corporate Foundation for Science, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), REACTing-INSERM; and the University of Paris. P.B. was supported by the FRM (EA20170638020). P.B., J.R., and T.L.V. were supported by the MD-PhD program of the Imagine Institute (with the support of the Fondation Bettencourt Schueller). Work in the Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease was supported by the NIH (P01AI138398-S1, 2U19AI111825, and R01AI091707-10S1), a George Mason University Fast Grant, and the G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation. The French COVID Cohort study group was sponsored by INSERM and supported by the REACTing consortium and by a grant from the French Ministry of Health (PHRC 20-0424). The Cov-Contact Cohort was supported by the REACTing consortium, the French Ministry of Health, and the European Commission (RECOVER WP 6). This work was also partly supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIAID and NIDCR, NIH (grants ZIA AI001270 to L.D.N. and 1ZIAAI001265 to H.C.S.). This program is supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (reference ANR-10-LABX-69-01). K.K.’s group was supported by the Estonian Research Council grants PRG117 and PRG377. R.H. was supported by an Al Jalila Foundation Seed Grant (AJF202019), Dubai, UAE, and a COVID-19 research grant (CoV19-0307) from the University of Sharjah, UAE. S.G.T. is supported by Investigator and Program Grants awarded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and a UNSW Sydney COVID Rapid Response Initiative Grant. L.I. reported funding from Regione Lombardia, Italy (project “Risposta immune in pazienti con COVID-19 e co-morbidità”). L.I. and G. L. Marseglia reported funding from Regione Lombardia, Italy (project Risposta immune in pazienti con COVID-19 e co-morbidità). This research was partially supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (COV20/0968). J.R.H. reported funding from Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority HHSO10201600031C. S.O. reports funding Research Program on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, AMED (grant number JP20fk0108531). G.G. was supported by ANR Flash COVID-19 program and SARS-CoV-2 Program of the Faculty of Medicine from Sorbonne University iCOVID programs. The Three-City (3C) Study was conducted under a partnership agreement among the INSERM, the Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 University, and Sanofi-Aventis. The Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale funded the preparation and initiation of the study. The 3C Study was also supported by the Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction générale de la Santé, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale (MGEN), Institut de la Longévité, Conseils Régionaux of Aquitaine and Bourgogne, Fondation de France, and Ministry of Research–INSERM Programme “Cohortes et collections de données biologiques”. S. Debette was supported by the University of Bordeaux Initiative of Excellence. P.K.G. reports funding from the National Cancer Institute, NIH, under contract no. 75N91019D00024, task order no. 75N91021F00001. J.W. is supported by an FWO Fundamental Clinical Mandate (1833317N). Sample processing at IrsiCaixa was possible thanks to the crowdfunding initiative YoMeCorono. Work at Vall d’Hebron was also partly supported by research funding from Instituto de Salud Carlos III grant PI17/00660 cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). C.R.-G. and colleagues of the Canarian Health System Sequencing Hub were supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (COV20_01333 and COV20_01334, Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation RTC-2017-6471-1; AEI/FEDER, UE), Fundación DISA (OA18/017 and OA20/024), and Cabildo Insular de Tenerife (CGIEU0000219140 and “Apuestas científicas del ITER para colaborar en la lucha contra la COVID-19”). C.M.B. is supported by a MSFHR Health Professional-Investigator Award. P.Q.H. and L.H. were funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (ATAC, 101003650). Work at Y.-L.L.’s laboratory in the University of Hong Kong (HKU) was supported by the Society for the Relief of Disabled Children. MBBS/PhD study of D.L. in HKU was supported by the Croucher Foundation. J.L.F. was supported in part by the Coopération Scientifique France-Colciencias (ECOS-Nord/COLCIENCIAS/MEN/ICETEX (806-2018) and Colciencias contract 713-2016 (code 111574455633)]. A.K. was in part supported by grants NU20-05-00282 and NV18-05-00162 issued by the Czech Health Research Council and Ministry of Health, Czech Republic. L.P. was funded by Program Project COVID-19 OSR-UniSR and Ministero della Salute (COVID-2020-12371617). I.M. is a Senior Clinical Investigator at the Research Foundation–Flanders and is supported by the CSL Behring Chair of Primary Immunodeficiencies; by the KU Leuven C1 grant C16/18/007; by a VIB-GC PID grant; by the FWO frants G0C8517N, G0B5120N, and G0E8420N; and by the Jeffrey Modell Foundation. I.M. has received funding under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 948959). E.A. received funding from the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (INTERFLU, no. 1574). M.Vi received funding from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (grant number 2020/09702-1) and JBS SA (grant number 69004). The NH-COVAIR study group consortium was supported by a grant from the Meath Foundation
- Published
- 2021