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International audience; Background: Bacterial colonization in cystic fibrosis (CF) lungs has been directly associated to the loss of CFTR function, and/or secondarily linked to repetitive cycles of chronic inflammation/infection. We hypothesized that altered molecular properties of mucins could contribute to this process.Methods: Newborn CFTR+/+ and CFTR-/- were sacrificed before and 6 h after inoculation with luminescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa into the tracheal carina. Tracheal mucosa and the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were collected to determine the level of mucin O-glycosylation, bacteria binding to mucins and the airways transcriptome. Disturbances in mucociliary transport were determined by ex-vivo imaging of luminescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Results: We provide evidence of an increased sialylation of CF airway mucins and impaired mucociliary transport that occur before the onset of inflammation. Hypersialylation of mucins was reproduced on tracheal explants from non CF animals treated with GlyH101, an inhibitor of CFTR channel activity, indicating a causal relationship between the absence of CFTR expression and the sialylation of mucins. This increased sialylation was correlated to an increased adherence of P. aeruginosa to mucins. In vivo infection of newborn CF piglets by live luminescent P. aeruginosa demonstrated an impairment of mucociliary transport of this bacterium, with no evidence of pre-existing inflammation.Conclusions: Our results document for the first time in a well-defined CF animal model modifications that affect the O-glycan chains of mucins. These alterations precede infection and inflammation of airway tissues, and provide a favorable context for microbial development in CF lung that hallmarks this disease.

Summary Lung epithelial lineages have been difficult to maintain in pure form in vitro, and lineage-specific reporters have proven invaluable for monitoring their emergence from cultured pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). However, reporter constructs for tracking proximal airway lineages generated from PSCs have not been previously available, limiting the characterization of these cells. Here, we engineer mouse and human PSC lines carrying airway secretory lineage reporters that facilitate the tracking, purification, and profiling of this lung subtype. Through bulk and single-cell-based global transcriptomic profiling, we find PSC-derived airway secretory cells are susceptible to phenotypic plasticity exemplified by the tendency to co-express both a proximal airway secretory program as well as an alveolar type 2 cell program, which can be minimized by inhibiting endogenous Wnt signaling. Our results provide global profiles of engineered lung cell fates, a guide for improving their directed differentiation, and a human model of the developing airway., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • Reporter lines allow detailed profiling of pluripotent stem cell-derived airway • PSC-derived airway spheres contain basal and secretory cells as well as non-lung • Single-cell RNA-seq reveals heterogeneity and potential plasticity, In this article, Kotton and colleagues show that human pluripotent stem cell-derived airway epithelial spheres contain basal and secretory airway cells. Using reporter lines for the secretory airway lineage alongside transcriptomic and functional analyses, they demonstrate that these cells have characteristic features of this population but are susceptible to Wnt-dependent phenotypic drift toward an alveolar type II cell-like program.

International audience; Background: The hallmark of the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is a neutrophil dominated lung environment that is associated to chronic lung tissue destruction and ultimately the patient's death. It is unclear whether the exacerbated neutrophil response is primary related to a defective CFTR or rather secondary to chronic bacterial colonization and inflammation. Here, we hypothesized that CF peripheral blood neutrophils present intrinsic alteration at birth before the start of an inflammatory process.Methods: Peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated from newborn CFTR+/+ and CFTR-/- piglets. Neutrophils immunophenotype was evaluated by flow cytometry. Lipidomic and proteomic profile were characterized by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), intact cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (ICM-MS) followed by top-down high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), respectively. The ability of CF neutrophils to kill pseudomonas aeruginosa was also evaluated.Results: Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites analysis did not show any difference between CFTR+/+ and CFTR-/- neutrophils. On the other hand, a predictive mathematical model based on the ICM-MS proteomic profile was able to discriminate between both genotypes. Top-down proteomic analysis identified 19 m/z differentially abundant masses that corresponded mainly to proteins related to the antimicrobial response and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, no alteration in the ability of CFTR-/- neutrophils to kill pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro was observed.Conclusions: ICM-MS demonstrated that CFTR-/- neutrophils present intrinsic alterations already at birth, before the presence of any infection or inflammation.

Tetrafunctional block copolymers are molecules capable of complexing DNA. Although ineffective in vitro, studies in mice have shown that the tetrafunctional block copolymer 704 is a more efficient lung gene transfer agent than the cationic liposome GL67A, previously used in a phase II clinical trial in cystic fibrosis patients. In the present study, we compared the gene transfer capacity of the 704-DNA formulation and a cationic liposome-DNA formulation equivalent to GL67A in a larger-animal model, the newborn piglet. Our results indicate an efficacy of the 704-DNA formulation well above one order of magnitude higher than that of the cationic liposome-DNA formulation, with no elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), taken as a marker of inflammation. Transgene expression was heterogeneous within lung lobes, with expression levels that were below the detection threshold in some samples, while high in other samples. This heterogeneity is likely to be due to the bolus injection procedure as well as to the small volume of injection. The present study highlights the potential of tetrafunctional block copolymers as non-viral vectors for lung gene therapy., Graphical Abstract

The upper airway epithelium, which is mainly composed of multiciliated, goblet, club and basal cells, ensures proper mucociliary function and can regenerate in response to assaults. In chronic airway diseases, defective repair leads to tissue remodeling. Delineating key drivers of differentiation dynamics can help understand how normal or pathological regeneration occurs. Using single-cell transcriptomics and lineage inference, we have unraveled trajectories from basal to luminal cells, providing novel markers for specific populations. We report that: (1) a precursor subgroup of multiciliated cells, which we have entitled deuterosomal cells, is defined by specific markers, such as DEUP1, FOXN4, YPEL1, HES6 and CDC20B; (2) goblet cells can be precursors of multiciliated cells, thus explaining the presence of hybrid cells that co-express markers of goblet and multiciliated cells; and (3) a repertoire of molecules involved in the regeneration process, such as keratins or components of the Notch, Wnt or BMP/TGFβ pathways, can be identified. Confirmation of our results on fresh human and pig airway samples, and on mouse tracheal cells, extend and confirm our conclusions regarding the molecular and cellular choreography at work during mucociliary epithelial differentiation., Highlighted Article: Single-cell RNAseq data in fresh human airway epithelial tissues and air liquid cultures identifies novel cell populations and offers new insights into the molecular mechanisms occurring during mucociliary epithelium regeneration.

Mutations in the gene Adenomatous Polyposis Coli or APC appear in most sporadic cases of colorectal cancer and it is the most frequent mutation causing hereditary Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. The detailed molecular mechanism by which APC mutations predispose to the development of colorectal cancer is not completely understood. This is in part due to the lack of accessibility to appropriate models that recapitulate the early events associated with APC mediated intestinal transformation. We have established a novel platform utilizing human induced Pluripotent Stem cells or iPSC from normal or FAP-specific APC mutant individuals and evaluated the effect of the mutation in the cells before and after differentiation into intestinal organoids. In order to minimize genetic background effects, we also established an isogenic platform using TALEN-mediated gene editing. Comparison of normal and APC mutant iPSC revealed a significant defect in cell identity and polarity due to the presence of APC in heterozygosity as well as chromosomal aberrations including abnormal anaphases and centrosome numbers. Importantly, upon specification into intestinal progeny, APC heterozygosity was responsible for a major change in the transcriptional identity of the cells with dysregulation of key signaling pathways, including metabolic reprogramming, abnormal lipid metabolism and intestinal-specific cadherin expression. In conclusion, we have developed a novel iPSC/intestinal model of APC mutagenesis and provide strong evidence that APC in heterozygosity imparts a clear phenotypic and molecular defect, affecting basic cellular functions and integrity, providing novel insights in the earlier events of APC-mediated tumorigenesis.

Introduction Leishmania RNA virus type 1 (LRV1) is an endosymbiont of some Leishmania (Vianna) species in South America. Presence of LRV1 in parasites exacerbates disease severity in animal models and humans, related to a disproportioned innate immune response, and is correlated with drug treatment failures in humans. Although the virus was identified decades ago, its genomic diversity has been overlooked until now. Methodology/Principles findings We subjected LRV1 strains from 19 L. (V.) guyanensis and one L. (V.) braziliensis isolates obtained from cutaneous leishmaniasis samples identified throughout French Guiana with next-generation sequencing and de novo sequence assembly. We generated and analyzed 24 unique LRV1 sequences over their full-length coding regions. Multiple alignment of these new sequences revealed variability (0.5%–23.5%) across the entire sequence except for highly conserved motifs within the 5’ untranslated region. Phylogenetic analyses showed that viral genomes of L. (V.) guyanensis grouped into five distinct clusters. They further showed a species-dependent clustering between viral genomes of L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis, confirming a long-term co-evolutionary history. Noteworthy, we identified cases of multiple LRV1 infections in three of the 20 Leishmania isolates. Conclusions/Significance Here, we present the first-ever estimate of LRV1 genomic diversity that exists in Leishmania (V.) guyanensis parasites. Genetic characterization and phylogenetic analyses of these viruses has shed light on their evolutionary relationships. To our knowledge, this study is also the first to report cases of multiple LRV1 infections in some parasites. Finally, this work has made it possible to develop molecular tools for adequate identification and genotyping of LRV1 strains for diagnostic purposes. Given the suspected worsening role of LRV1 infection in the pathogenesis of human leishmaniasis, these data have a major impact from a clinical viewpoint and for the management of Leishmania-infected patients., Author summary Leishmaniasis is a well-known parasitosis due to an infection by the protozoan Leishmania parasites firmly established in South America. In French Guiana, where leishmaniasis is a public health problem, having an annual incidence of 5.6 cases/10,000 inhabitants, 80% of Leishmania spp. parasites are infected by an endosymbiotic virus, Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1). The purpose of this study was to gain insights on the genetic variability and evolution of LRV1 at the genomic level. We subjected 20 Leishmania isolates obtained from cutaneous lesions with next generation sequencing and de novo sequence assembly. This allowed generating 24 LRV1 full-length coding sequences presenting among themselves a significant genetic diversity. The inferred phylogenetic relationships enabled to identify distinct well-supported genotypes and support the hypothesis of co-evolution between LRV1 strains and their parasite hosts. In addition, we identified multiple LRV1 infections in three parasite isolates. Based on these data, future characterization of new strains from other geographic areas and other parasite species should extend knowledge of LRV1 diversification processes. Finally, these results allowed us to identify genomic regions where best to allocate resources for subsequent analyses of LRV1 viral diversity and genotyping that could serve for accurate routine molecular diagnostic applications.

International audience; Transgenic pigs have become an attractive research model in the field of translational research, regenerative medicine, and stem cell therapy due to their anatomic, genetic and physiological similarities with humans. The development of fluorescent proteins as molecular tags has allowed investigators to track cell migration and engraftment levels after transplantation. Here we describe the development of two transgenic pig models via SCNT expressing a fusion protein composed of eGFP and porcine Histone 2B (pH2B). This fusion protein is targeted to the nucleosomes resulting a nuclear/chromatin eGFP signal. The first model (I) was generated via random insertion of pH2B-eGFP driven by the CAG promoter (chicken beta actin promoter and rabbit Globin poly A; pCAG-pH2B-eGFP) and protected by human interferon-beta matrix attachment regions (MARs). Despite the consistent, high, and ubiquitous expression of the fusion protein pH2B-eGFP in all tissues analyzed, two independently generated Model I transgenic lines developed neurodegenerative symptoms including Wallerian degeneration between 3-5 months of age, requiring euthanasia. A second transgenic model (II) was developed via CRISPR-Cas9 mediated homology-directed repair (HDR) of IRES-pH2B-eGFP into the endogenous beta-actin (ACTB) locus. Model II transgenic animals showed ubiquitous expression of pH2B-eGFP on all tissues analyzed. Unlike the pCAG-pH2B-eGFP/MAR line, all Model II animals were healthy and multiple pregnancies have been established with progeny showing the expected Mendelian ratio for the transmission of the pH2B-eGFP. Expression of pH2B-eGFP was used to examine the timing of the maternal to zygotic transition after IVF, and to examine chromosome segregation of SCNT embryos. To our knowledge this is the first viable transgenic pig model with chromatin-associated eGFP allowing both cell tracking and the study of chromatin dynamics in a large animal model.

Background Ebola virus is the causative agent of a severe syndrome in humans with a fatality rate that can approach 90 %. During infection, the host immune response is thought to become dysregulated, but the mechanisms through which this happens are not entirely understood. In this study, we analyze RNA sequencing data to determine the host response to Ebola virus infection in circulating immune cells. Results Approximately half of the 100 genes with the strongest early increases in expression were interferon-stimulated genes, such as ISG15, OAS1, IFIT2, HERC5, MX1 and DHX58. Other highly upregulated genes included cytokines CXCL11, CCL7, IL2RA, IL2R1, IL15RA, and CSF2RB, which have not been previously reported to change during Ebola virus infection. Comparing this response in two different models of exposure (intramuscular and aerosol) revealed a similar signature of infection. The strong innate response in the aerosol model was seen not only in circulating cells, but also in primary and secondary target tissues. Conversely, the innate immune response of vaccinated macaques was almost non-existent. This suggests that the innate response is a major aspect of the cellular response to Ebola virus infection in multiple tissues. Conclusions Ebola virus causes a severe infection in humans that is associated with high mortality. The host immune response to virus infection is thought to be an important aspect leading to severe pathology, but the components of this overactive response are not well characterized. Here, we analyzed how circulating immune cells respond to the virus and found that there is a strong innate response dependent on active virus replication. This finding is in stark contrast to in vitro evidence showing a suppression of innate immune signaling, and it suggests that the strong innate response we observe in infected animals may be an important contributor to pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3060-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most prevalent autosomal recessive disease in the Caucasian population. A cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator knockout (CFTR-/-) pig that displays most of the features of the human CF disease has been recently developed. However, CFTR -/- pigs presents a 100% prevalence of meconium ileus that leads to death in the first hours after birth, requiring a rapid diagnosis and surgical intervention to relieve intestinal obstruction. Identification of CFTR -/- piglets is usually performed by PCR genotyping, a procedure that lasts between 4 to 6 h. Here, we aimed to develop a procedure for rapid identification of CFTR -/- piglets that will allow placing them under intensive care soon after birth and immediately proceeding with the surgical correction. Methods and Principal Findings Male and female CFTR +/- pigs were crossed and the progeny was examined by computed tomography (CT) scan to detect the presence of meconium ileus and facilitate a rapid post-natal surgical intervention. Genotype was confirmed by PCR. CT scan presented a 94.4% sensitivity to diagnose CFTR -/- piglets. Diagnosis by CT scan reduced the birth-to-surgery time from a minimum of 10 h down to a minimum of 2.5 h and increased the survival of CFTR -/- piglets to a maximum of 13 days post-surgery as opposed to just 66 h after later surgery. Conclusion CT scan imaging of meconium ileus is an accurate method for rapid identification of CFTR -/- piglets. Early CT detection of meconium ileus may help to extend the lifespan of CFTR -/- piglets and, thus, improve experimental research on CF, still an incurable disease.