Search

Simple Summary: The primary risk regarding Helicobacter pylori infection is that it is associated with gastric cancer. The lack of eradication of Helicobacter pylori has led to an increase in the prevalence of gastric cancer. We examined the literature from the year 2024 related to the Helicobacter pylori/gastric cancer association. Immunological studies increased, but they did not convince in the study of this infection. Most of the examined studies address the clinical treatment of this bacterium. However, to the same extent, other studies have investigated genetically individualized treatment. If, until now, clinical treatments have not yet been able to eradicate this bacterium, we recommend genetically individualized treatment. Numerous studies have been performed on Helicobacter pylori infection because of the high death rate linked to this illness and gastric cancer. An update on the key developments in recent years in the investigation of Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer is the goal of this review. Using the search term "Helicobacter pylori, gastric cancer", the PubMed database was searched. Only papers published in 2024 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Because case report papers were not part of our investigation, they satisfied the exclusion criteria. Most of the research on the variable genes of Helicobacter pylori is guided by genetics to determine potential treatments. Studies on clinical treatments for the eradication of H. pylori with promising therapeutic options are needed. We found the fewest studies related to the immunopathology of H. pylori infection, which is still unknown. In conclusion, priority should be given to this kind of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The prevalence of cancer related to the digestive system keeps rising. We examined the 2024 literature on gastric cancer. Apart from surgery, which remains the primary treatment option for gastric cancer, immunotherapy and therapeutic targeting are becoming increasingly significant in the management of this disease. Following gastric cancer surgery, a multidisciplinary approach is required, with nutritionists and psychologists playing fundamental roles. Due to the high death rate associated with gastric cancer, a great deal of research has been conducted on this disease. The goal of this paper was to start a trimestral review of 2024 for the year that had just started. The scientific literature from 1 January 2024 was chosen with consideration of the the guidelines of the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO), which are updated with new findings but not systematically reviewed annually. We used the search term "gastric cancer" to find the most current publications in the PubMed database related to the prognosis and treatment of gastric cancer. As previously said, the only articles that satisfied the inclusion criteria were those from 2024. Articles with case reports were eliminated since they had nothing to do with our research. The treatment of gastric cancer is the focus of the majority of articles from 2024. The primary research axes include surgery and immunonutrition, immunotherapy and Helicobacter pylori, and therapeutic targets. Patients with GC may experience less psychological, social, and financial hardship if the recently identified markers discovered in circulation are better assessed and validated. This could be achieved by either including the markers in an artificial intelligence-based diagnostic score or by using them in conjunction with traditional diagnostic methods. Due to the rising death rate associated with GC, funding for research into diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, and therapeutic targets is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almost 85 years have passed since the development of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Extra Super Duralumin in Japan in 1936. This alloy was developed by Dr. Igarashi in response to the Japanese Navy's order to Sumitomo to develop an alloy with tensile strength of 588 MPa (60 kg/mm²) or higher, exceeding Alcoa's super duralumin 24S. This alloy was then adopted for use in the Zero fighter. Based on this alloy, Alcoa's 75S was developed in 1943. This paper describes the history of the development of Extra Super Duralumin, starting with Duralumin. The paper also discusses the issues that are considered important for the future development of the aluminum alloys based on the historical review and our study. One is the relationship between quench sensitivity and age-hardening properties of AlZnMg alloys and the second is the occurrence of shear fracture in the Al-Zn-Mg-(Cu)-Zr alloys. This is the points to be noted in the development of high strength and high toughness Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article 44 of the Indian Constitution seeks promulgation of a "Uniform Code" to regulate the civil affairs of the citizens. The language of the provision neither indicates the nature of such a Code nor does it specify the framework within which it shall operate. The Constituent Assembly Debates, however, highlight two sequential implications -- one, that the Code will bind Indians in one single identity; and two, that the minorities, especially Muslims find the idea troubling on account of its potential dilution of the Muslim identity. The 21st Law Commission submitted its Consultation Paper (2018) rejecting the possibility of a Uniform Civil Code (UCC). The suggestion was nullified by a fresh consultation issued by the 22nd Commission (2022) in favour of UCC but without any terms of reference. Several Muslim bodies issued their strong disapproval of the exercise while reiterating that codification on civil matters will be disastrous for minority rights in the country. More recently, however, the State of Uttarakhand has passed the UCC Bill (2024) which seeks to define issues like marriage, divorce, succession and inheritance along majoritarian lines. This introduction to the Special Issue particularly traces these developments to understand and situate the dynamics of Muslim identity in India along with giving a brief overview of the articles included in the Special Issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have been performed on Helicobacter pylori infection because of the high death rate linked to this illness and gastric cancer. An update on the key developments in recent years in the investigation of Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer is the goal of this review. Using the search term “Helicobacter pylori, gastric cancer”, the PubMed database was searched. Only papers published in 2024 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Because case report papers were not part of our investigation, they satisfied the exclusion criteria. Most of the research on the variable genes of Helicobacter pylori is guided by genetics to determine potential treatments. Studies on clinical treatments for the eradication of H. pylori with promising therapeutic options are needed. We found the fewest studies related to the immunopathology of H. pylori infection, which is still unknown. In conclusion, priority should be given to this kind of research.

Stretch forming of both fuselage and nacelle skins often requires multi-stage processing to achieve the final form. Finding the optimum pre-strain level before inter-stage annealing is critical to avoid failure in subsequent processes and minimise the number of processing steps. This paper examines the effect of three pre-strain levels of 4%, 8% and 12%, followed by a recovery anneal process. Both yield behaviour and material formability are analysed. The forming limit diagrams indicate an immediate drop in formability in the pre-strained and annealed samples when compared with the O condition material. The aforementioned formability drop quickly saturates for the higher pre-strain magnitudes. This saturation is also evident in the uniaxial data. The underlying material texture, as described by the r-values, remains unchanged during processing, while the yield strengths are shown to increase in an almost isotropic fashion. Overall the paper indicates that to improve the formability in subsequent processing steps, the pre-strain levels should be maximized before the recovery anneal and second forming stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This study aimed to report the projected cancer incidence and mortality for the year 2024 to estimate Korea's current cancer burden. Materials and Methods Cancer incidence data from 1999 to 2021 were obtained from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database, and cancer mortality data from 1993 to 2022 were acquired from Statistics Korea. Cancer incidence and mortality were projected by fitting a linear regression model to observed age-specific cancer rates against their respective years and multiplying the projected age-specific rates by the anticipated age-specific population for 2024. A joinpoint regression model was used to determine the year in which the linear trend changed significantly; we only used the data of the latest trend for prediction. Results In total, 292,221 new cancer cases and 83,770 cancer deaths are expected to occur in Korea in 2024. The most common cancer site is expected to be the thyroid, followed by the colon and rectum, lung, breast, and stomach. These five cancers are expected to represent 55.7% of the overall burden of cancer in Korea. The most common type of cancer leading to death is expected to be lung cancer, followed by liver, colorectal, pancreatic, and stomach cancers. Conclusion The age-standardized incidence rates for female breast and prostate cancers are estimated to continue to increase. These up-to-date estimates of the cancer burden in Korea could be an important resource for planning and evaluating cancer-control programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, the editorial team for the Journal of Popular Music Education (JPME) introduces the first issue of the journal's eighth volume (2024). The authors provide a summary of the JPME contents from the previous year (2023, volume 7) and highlight the two Special Issues from that volume. One Special Issue was a belated 25th anniversary response to Paul Théberge's landmark book, Any Sound You Can Imagine, and the other was dedicated to contemporary considerations around music technology pertaining to popular music education. The authors acknowledge the privilege of publishing and of engaging in scholarship amidst a world in turmoil. They then look forward to conferences taking place in 2024, including the first gathering of the Association for Popular Music Education outside of the United States, in Edinburgh, Scotland, in the summer. The editorial closes by outlining the topic foci of two forthcoming JPME Special Issues in 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results pertaining to an analysis on the influence of technological parameters of pneumatic shot peening technology on the selected properties of a surface layer of butt joints made with Friction stir welding (FSW) method. Butt joints made of two 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheets with the thickness of 1 mm were shot peened with glass beads. The experiments were carried out according to the statistical 3-level completed plan PS/DC 32. The technological parameters were changed in the range: pressure p = 0.4-0.6 MPa and peening time t = 1-3 min. As a result of the conducted research, adequate equations describing the effect of the analyzed parameters on the surface roughness were obtained. Shot peening with glass beads significantly reduced the surface roughness from Ra = 5.2 µm to Ra = 1.42 µm. This treatment provides high compressive residual stresses and the increase of the surface layer hardness. The results show that shot peening is a highly efficient and cost-effective mechanical treatment used for improving the mechanical properties of the butt joints made with the FSW method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• WAAM of 2024 TiC aluminium alloy is investigated. • Addition of titanium carbide nanoparticles results in a fine homogeneous grain microstructure. • Low anisotropy is achieved with high mechanical properties. In this study, nanomodified 2024 filler metal is investigated for WAAM applications based on CMT-PADV arc welding technology. Al-Cu series alloys are usually considered non weldable since they are highly susceptible to hot cracking and usually show high porosity. In this paper it has been demonstrated that the addition of TiC nanoparticles to the wire enhances nucleation during liquid to solid transformation, reducing the grain size and segregation and obtaining as a result a fine equiaxed microstructure which is free of cracks and with a very low residual porosity. Obtained microstructure contributed to achieve high isotropic mechanical properties after heat treatment with yield stress above 370 MPa, tensile strength higher than 450 MPa and more than 4% of elongation. These mechanical properties are considered very balanced and suitable for the manufacturing of structural aluminium components by WAAM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the high death rate associated with gastric cancer, a great deal of research has been conducted on this disease. The goal of this paper was to start a trimestral review of 2024 for the year that had just started. The scientific literature from 1 January 2024 was chosen with consideration of the the guidelines of the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO), which are updated with new findings but not systematically reviewed annually. We used the search term “gastric cancer” to find the most current publications in the PubMed database related to the prognosis and treatment of gastric cancer. As previously said, the only articles that satisfied the inclusion criteria were those from 2024. Articles with case reports were eliminated since they had nothing to do with our research. The treatment of gastric cancer is the focus of the majority of articles from 2024. The primary research axes include surgery and immunonutrition, immunotherapy and Helicobacter pylori, and therapeutic targets. Patients with GC may experience less psychological, social, and financial hardship if the recently identified markers discovered in circulation are better assessed and validated. This could be achieved by either including the markers in an artificial intelligence-based diagnostic score or by using them in conjunction with traditional diagnostic methods. Due to the rising death rate associated with GC, funding for research into diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, and therapeutic targets is essential.

Heat treatment of materials, including—in particular—two-stage T6I6 treatment, enables the nucleation of precipitates with a two-phase structure: core and shell. The above-mentioned treatment can be used to harden materials by selecting suitable treatment parameters and the chemical composition of the material that initiates a selective diffusion of the alloying elements. In this paper, tests of the T6I6 treatment were carried out on the EN AW-2024 alloy. The aluminium alloy was subjected to T6I6 treatment, and then the element distribution map was examined within the precipitate using the EDS method. The mechanical properties of the precipitate were tested using the nanoindentation method, and the kinetics of the formation of the precipitate were analysed using DSC. The impact of two-phase precipitates on the mechanical properties was determined through a static strength test, whereas the impact of the structure on the above-mentioned mechanical properties was determined based on HR-TEM observations. The results of the study confirmed the formation of a precipitate with a two-phase structure (shell; core) in the EN AW-2024 alloy, as well as the kinetics of their formation as a function of the parameters of the T6I6 process, such as temperature, duration and cooling rate. Strength tests confirmed an increase in the strength of the alloy to Rm = 520 MPa, with elongation remaining the same at A = 13.2%. HR-TEM observations, in turn, proved that the shell forming on the core is coherent with solid solution α , which means that the hardening of the alloy may occur as a sum of the Mott-Nabarro, Friedel and Ashby-Orowan mechanisms.

The paper presents the results of an analysis of the influence of technological parameters of pneumatic shot peening technology on the selected properties of a surface layer of butt joints made with Friction stir welding (FSW) method. Butt joints made of two 2024 – T3 aluminum alloy sheets with the thickness of 1 mm were shot peened with glass beads. The experiments were carried out according to the statistical 3-level completed plan PS/DC 32. Technological parameters were changed in the range: pressure p = 0.4 – 0.6 MPa and peening time t = 1-3 min. As a result of the conducted research, adequate equations describing the effect of the analyzed parameters on the surface roughness were obtained. Shot peening with glass beads reduced significantly the surface roughness from Ra = 5.2 µm to Ra = 1.42 µm. This treatment provides high compressive residual stresses and the increase of the surface layer hardness. The results show that shot peening is a highly efficient and cost-effective mechanical treatment used for improving mechanical properties of butt joints made with FSW method.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state joining process used to join metals and their alloys. The main goal of this paper is to select the optimal welding parameters such as: rotational speed and the feed rate of the tool. The article presents the results of the tests on welding 1mm thick 2024 aluminum sheet according to the statistical 3-level completed plan PS/DK32. The rotational speed of the tool varied within the range of 1100 ÷ 1300 rpm and the feed rate within the range of 40 ÷ 60 mm/min. For these parameters the analyses of the experiment repeatability, impact significance and adequacy of equations were made.

In laser cutting, process parameters have a significant effect on the surface properties of the material. The paper is concerned with the laser cutting process of the 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet. Laser power (1800 W, 2600 W, 3400 W) and cutting speed (3.5 m/min, 5 m/min, 6.5 m/min) were determined as process parameters, and the cutting process of 2 mm thick 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet was performed on the laser cutting machine. After the cutting process, surface morphology and heat-affected zone formation were examined by using an optical microscope and optical profilometer, and hardness measurement was carried out. The cutting is not performed at low laser power and high cutting speeds. The higher cutting speeds result in lower surface quality. The results highlighted that the optimum cutting parameters should be chosen. The highest quality cutting is realized at 2600 W - 5 m/min process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the tensile property and metallographic structure evolution of 2024‐T4 high‐strength aluminum alloy in integral heating single point incremental forming (IHSPIF), the warm tensile tests were carried out at 120–240°C with the strain rates of 0.1–0.001 s−1. Its results could provide a certain theoretical reference to the IHSPIF. The integral heating was different from the local heating, which was to heat the overall sheet to be deformed. It was found in the tensile tests that at the strain rate of 0.01 s−1, the optimum forming temperature was determined to be 210°C at which the ductility was the best. The material dynamically recovered at 240°C. The following IHSPIF tests were conducted at different temperatures. By observing the organization of the sidewall of the square tapered parts, the alloy dynamically recovered appeared at 210°C and its grains coarsened at 240°C. Considering the temperature interval of 30 and below the recrystallizing temperature of aluminum alloy, it was concluded that the optimal temperature for the integral heating IHSPIF was about 150°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonuniform distributions of the residual stress were simulated by a 3D finite element model to analyze the elastic-plastic dynamic ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) process of multiple impacts on the 2024 aluminum alloy. The evolution of the stress during the impact process was discussed. The successive impacts during the UIT process improve the uniformity of the plastic deformation and decrease the maximum compressive residual stress beneath the former impact indentations. The influences of different controlled parameters, including the initial impact velocity, pin diameter, pin tip, device moving, and offset distances, on the residual stress distributions were analyzed. The influences of the controlled parameters on the residual stress distributions are apparent in the offset direction due to the different surface coverage in different directions. The influences can be used to understand the UIT process and to obtain the desired residual stress by optimizing the controlled parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The double curvatures encountered in aerospace skin components require significant plastic strain levels to achieve final form. In order to obtain the required part geometry and final temper strength, while avoiding failure, multistage-processing is employed. For components that are more difficult to form this requires three stretching stages and two heat treatment processes. After the first forming stage the material is annealed, then formed to a second strain level, before solution heat treatment and final form. An experiment that replicates this processing route is presented. The results indicate that for all processing routes the material exhibits a significant change in texture as described by the r-values. Furthermore, the biggest strength increase is obtained when using the lowest total strain processing route. The formability of the processed material is shown to be less than the original fully annealed sheet, although there is little difference in the formability of the various processing routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum alloys such as AA2024 are popular in the automotive and aircraft industries. The application of artificial aging significantly improves their mechanical properties by precipitation hardening. However, commercial alloys very often contain different amounts of elements such as Si and Fe that make the evolution of the microstructure harder to control. Large intermetallic particles can influence the overall results of heat treatment and cause deterioration of material properties. The authors decided to examine changes in the microstructure of three commercial 2024 alloys with varying chemical compositions by applying three different types of aging treatments. The results show considerable differences in the amount, size and morphologies of the precipitates. Second-phase Al2Cu and Al2CuMg precipitates were identified in one of the alloys. Other interesting types of multiphase particles were discovered in alloys with higher Si contents. The results show that even small variations in the composition can lead to a completely different microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]