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This paper studies on multilingual administrative writing in Sweden during the early modern era of emerging national language ideology within the domain of court writing. The source material for this study consists of lower-court records from Finnish-speaking areas of the Swedish realm c. 1620–1700. The court system in Sweden was reformed in 1614 with the establishment of appellate courts that scrutinized the sentences passed by lower courts. Court records were written in Swedish, the official language of administrative writing of the period, but certain segments, notably represented speech, could be rendered in Finnish. This required textual mediation between the prescribed Swedish language of the court protocol, and the non-standard spoken Finnish in the courtrooms. The aim is to examine the embedding strategies, retention patterns, and textual mediation in the multilingual writing of 17th-century Finnish court scribes. The results show that Finnish is retained for especially pertinent or untranslatable witness statements. At the end of the 17th century, the use of parallel Swedish translations and clarifications to Finnish items increased. It is argued that this increase is due to the imposition of autocracy in 1680 and a concomitant push towards monolingual Swedish uniformity within the entire realm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The great variety of lithological, stratigraphical and structural features (particularly in mountain areas), as well as volcanoes and sub–volcanic phenomena, attracted many travelling scientists to the Italian peninsula since the 17th century. The description of the Earth's strata became an important issue of the naturalistic research after the works by Niels Steensen (Steno). From the end of the 17th century until the end of the 18th century lithostratigraphical research developed in Italy within the studies and fieldwork of remarkable scientists, such as Antonio Vallisneri, Luigi Ferdinando Marsili, Giovanni Arduino and others. The emergence of stratigraphy, as a significant part of the new science of geology, was later supported by the work of several Italian scientists and geological institutions from the 19th to the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excavation of Warwick, an early 17th-century English ship wrecked in a hurricane, yielded more than 2,000 individual cultural objects, the largest and most significant being the articulated remains of the starboard section of the hull. This article details the objects salvaged and excavated from the site prior to 2008 and presents an overview of selected artefacts recovered during 2010-12 excavations by the authors. The objects included in this catalog are those that have been analyzed, already conserved, or are currently in various stages of conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Memoria Americana is the property of Memoria Americana, Cuadernos de Etnohistoria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Completed in 1043/1633, the Insān al-ʿuyūn fī sīrat al-nabī l-maʾmūn by the Egyptian shaykh ʿAlī l-Ḥalabī (d. 1044/1635) is better known as Sīra ḥalabiyya. It presents itself as a summary of two Mamluk-era sīra s, the ʿUyūn al-aṯar fī funūn al-maġāzī wa-l-šamāʾil wa-l-siyar by Ibn Sayyid al-Nās (d. 734/1334) and the Subul al-hudā wa-l-rašād fī sīrat ḫayr al-ʿibād , of al-Ṣāliḥī l-Šāmī (d. 942/1536). The Sīra of Ḥalabī was written at the request of the sheikh al-Bakrī and participated in the debates of 11th/17th-century Ottoman Islam. By getting rid of the chains of transmission of hadiths, and of a too strict quest for authenticity, by often avoiding quoting precisely its sources, al-Ḥalabī seeks narrative flexibility for presenting probable, possible, and multiple versions of the Prophet's life. His conciliatory method firmly guides the reader to the signs of the Prophet's presence in human history, where the origins are constantly made current by new narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early modern period, those «invisible women" are common, whose fate and character unfold only in the mirror of their husbands' letters to them. The analysis of the letters makes it possible to examine the dynamics of the marital relationship. The fate of Kata Salgai is remarkable because, as the only child of her parents, she not only received the daughter's quarter according to customary inheritance law, but also had a respectable dowry. The sources prove how his wealth expanded his scope of action. Both of his marriages can be modeled as economic enterprises in which the wife invested money and the husband social prestige, and from which, through the conjugal union, both parties profited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1575 and 1651, 13 convents were founded in a large part of what is now the territory of the Republic of Colombia. In this article, we analyse the links between these convents and the social and economic environment in which they arose. We aim to study how these institutions functioned as true sounding boards and alternatives to the needs of the social whole, which promoted them in a clear interaction of ideological, social, and economic factors. This perspective attempts to be global and will, therefore, require an examination of regional contexts and their productive possibilities, capable of sustaining religious communities according to the regulations from the Council of Trent. This article approaches a broad historiographical base for a better contextualization of the documentary sources that reveal the beginnings of the convents. The varied bibliography and documents will support a deep and accurate analysis of the social links that the female religious institutions created between the 16th and 17th centuries, and the settlement processes linked to the emergence of female convents and their presence in the Castilianisation of the urban areas of the Audiencia of Santa Fe and the Government of Popayán. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Leibniz's manuscripts on perspective geometry remained unpublished and unknown until very recently. Among them, Scientia perspectiva stands out as the most complex and the most original. In this paper, we offer a thorough analysis of this manuscript, showing how Leibniz moves from perspective concepts fairly common at that time to a completely new idea of the practice that could have affected its entire history. This new science represents not only Leibniz's unique contribution to the development of perspective but also casts a new light on his own notion of space and geometry and their philosophical grounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of eHumanista is the property of Professor Antonio Cortijo-Ocana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mediterranea - Ricerche Storiche is the property of Mediterranea-Ricerche Storiche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Magic has served as a source of fascination for early modern scholars throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. While critics continue to debate magic's relationship to religion and science, in recent years the focus has turned to knowledge‐making and how magic contributed to a diverse range of discourses during the 16th and 17th centuries. This article first explores some of the significant historical debates on early modern magic before turning to more recent work in literary studies of the Renaissance. While focusing on early modern England and the stage, the article also highlights newer directions for the study of magic that might enfold global contexts and critical methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation focuses on the writing of music history in the 17th century. Early modernity conceptualized its musical past in ways that are radically different from what we have come to know today through the prism of the concept of the musical work. The present study will suggest that certain aspects of early modern music historiography are best understood in light of the important role of genealogy in the early modern era. Three aspects of genealogical discourse will be singled out: the identification of origin and descent, the concern for the unbroken lineage, and the closing off of alternative genealogies. The study will focus on how these features of genealogical discourse manifest themselves in one of the pioneering works of music history written at the end of the 17th century, W. C. Printz's Historische Beschreibung der Edelen Sing- und Kling-Kunst published in 1690. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents analysis of urbariums as legal acts that regulate mutual rights and obligations of feudal lords and serfs. Urbariums are usually not unilateral acts of the feudal lord imposing obligations on the serfs, but the term contract is also used originally because the consent of both parties is required, regardless of the fact that the subjects are in a weaker position. Urbariums can be compared with modern acts of labor law, i.e. collective agreements. Urbariums are usually researched exclusively from the legal aspect, leaving data on agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as the use and protection of uncultivated land (pastures and forests) usually neglected. As such data can be investigated on the basis of mandatory payments of serfs to feudal lords and their work obligations, this paper aims to elaborate different types of income and expenditure accounts arising in 1593 in Vinodol, as compiled by the manager Marko Oršić, and determined by the Urbarium of Novi from 1606 and 1653. From the data on the restrictions on the use of uncultivated land, it can be determined that the inhabitants of that time carefully guarded it against excessive use or destruction, which could be defined today as an example of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galen was the first who defined phthisis as lung ulceration, accompanied by coughing, persistent low-grade fevers, and body wasting. Attempts to define tuberculosis and find the cause of the disease belong to significant errors in the period of medical theories about tuberculosis (TB). Even in the 17th century, the most common causes of this disease were pulmonary ulcers, incorrect shape and position of the lungs, or menstruation. This article endeavors to elucidate the history of TB and its therapy in the 17th century on the basis of the Latin inaugural academic disputation De phthisi (On Tuberculosis) from 1679, which was first translated into Slovak in 2021. It was written by Matthaeus Palumbini, a Hungarian physician of Slovak origin born in Turiec County (Comitatus Thurociensis) in the Kingdom of Hungary. Although this dissertation is due to the anatomical, physiological, and clinical views of the Early Modern period, the ideas about the disease inhalation route as well as the fact that the disease transmission happens indirectly through the air, are close to existing knowledge. Similarly, the TB classification, the description of indications, climatic treatment, or principles of healthy lifestyle surprisingly correlate with the current medical practice. The article is supplemented by examples of the period of drug prescriptions that constituted a part of the therapy. The archival source of the original text comes from the Digitale Sammlungen der Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen-Nürnberg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the authors present a human skeleton of 17th century discovered in the site "Rosenstein House" (Palat 4 Street) from Iași City (Romania). The skeleton is originated from an inhumation grave, and it was excavated in 2023 by archaeologists from the Institute of Archaeology of the Romanian Academy - Iaşi Branch. In this study, classical paleoanthropological and paleopathological evaluations were done, as well assessment of, dental wear, and nonmetric dental traits. Estimations of age at death (i.e., 35-40 years old; middle adult) and sex (i.e., female) were performed according to classic methodology. The few morphometric data that were taken did not allow establishing an anthropological type for the skeleton. The dentition is characterized by moderately advanced and advanced wears, with several antemortem tooth loss, and chipping in the anterior teeth. Also, this individual stands out for an asymmetry in the disposition of the teeth on the jaw, especially the posterior ones, a situation due to a possible agenesis of the right first upper molar or its loss from very early childhood. Several pathologies/anomalies have been identified, such as dental caries, dental calculus, unilateral edentia, cribra orbitalia and xiphisternal junction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of eHumanista is the property of Professor Antonio Cortijo-Ocana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Románicos is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article contains observations on the content of a hitherto unexplored Old Polish work of the late 17th century on religious and eschatological themes. Although its author, a Jesuit Stefan Wielowieyski, refers to 17th-century conventions of writing about hell and the final destiny of the human soul, he modifies these conventions considerably. The article demonstrates that the modification of writing about hell and the afterlife was influenced both by the teachings of eminent theologians (the Fathers of the Church, St Augustine and especially St Bernard of Clairvaux) and by new trends in Christian spirituality. Indeed, Polish mysticism was developing exuberantly in the Polish Nobles’ Republic at the end of the 17th century, and the new generation of the Counter-Reformation promoted ‘spiritual exercises’ in the monasteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anales de Teología is the property of Universidad Catolica de la Santisima Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Historiografía Lingüística (BSEHL) is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Historiografia Linguistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Imafronte. Revista de Historia del Arte is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ámbitos: Revista de Estudios de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades is the property of Asociacion de Estudios de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the long-acknowledged and widespread association of wind instrumentalists with English cathedrals in the late 16th and 17th centuries, and the continued performance tradition enjoyed by sacred vocal music of the period, the performance practices of English cathedral wind bands during this time have been strangely neglected in the existing literature. Drawing on a combination of traditional musicological and archival research and bespoke practice-led research methodologies, this article discusses some possible solutions to the question of how wind instrumentalists may have been employed in the day-to-day enactment of Prayer Book services during a turbulent period of English history. New archival evidence surrounding the life of William Mather, cornettist at Canterbury Cathedral in the years before the suspension of sung worship in 1642, sheds new light on the interplay between civic and ecclesiastical music-making in the city, contributing to our knowledge of the historical and social contexts of the people and practices involved, and offering a tantalizing glimpse into life in the 17th-century gig economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate on the demographic development in Sweden in the Early Modern Period has a long history. A significant topic concerns how many people in fact lived in the country during the 16th and 17th centuries. This article focuses on the 17th century but leaves aside the question of absolute population numbers or growth rates. Instead, I will try to estimate the availability of grain, a dominant factor determining and limiting population developments in the period. There is a general view among historians that domestic grain production in Sweden stagnated during the 17th century. In this article, I add my voice to those who hold this view. In itself, this could also indicate a stagnant population. However I will show, that domestic production was not the same thing as grain availability. Swedish scholars are unanimous that in c. 1700 the country had c. 1,300,000 inhabitants. Using new source material, I will show that Sweden's foreign grain trade in that period could feed at least 300,000 more people than in c. 1630. Finally, I will try to set Sweden's growing grain trade in context with other developments in Sweden during the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes and discusses the modes and forms of cooperation between various groups of foreign nationals sojourning in Ayutthaya during the seventeenth century. It argues that Siamese monarchs' religious and ethnic tolerance toward foreigners as well as the large scope of autonomy they granted to overseas incomers was paralleled by the kings' predatory usage of law and inherently conflictual system of exploitation of foreign merchants that satisfied the court's fiscal needs. In effect, traders residing in Siam reacted by creating among themselves cross-national informal networks and by reaching out to court officials and Buddhist clergy. These networks superseded global conflicts raging between the kingdoms and treading companies (such as Portuguese and Dutch wars and the Dutch East India Company war against Ming loyalists, etc.). Moreover, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, the long-standing cooperation between various nations led to a significant cultural amalgamation and growing uniformization in customs and modes of consumption. Due to the strong state institution and specific multiethnic and multireligious social structure, Ayutthaya provides a fascinating early example of reasons, forms, and limits for social and cultural integration within the globalizing entrepôts of early modern Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Just before the denouement of the opera Il palazzo incantato , something remarkable happens. For long hours, the enchanted palace of the title—drawn from Ariosto's Orlando furioso —has kept the 20-odd characters vainly searching for one another, with rarely more than two or three converging at a time. In the penultimate scene, however, the librettist, Giulio Rospigliosi, and composer, Luigi Rossi, allow nearly the entire company to assemble. But rather than greet and embrace each other, the long-lost lovers and friends suspend the story they have been enacting, abandon their characters' motivations, and play a round of parlour games. The bizarre events of Act 3, scene 7—heretofore unremarked—illuminate something fundamental about the work as a whole. Indeed, notwithstanding its length and elaborate staging, this opera shows an affinity less with Rospigliosi's earlier theatrical works than with the typical amusements of the aristocratic chamber, and with the cantata specifically: a difference that may stretch our idea of what an opera could be in Barberini Rome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Music of the Protestant Reformation continues to be of enduring interest to scholars and performers, and recent research has drawn attention to the complex bi-and tri-confessional landscape of German-speaking lands in the 16th and 17th centuries. However, the topic of music and Protestantism in early modern Austrian lands has remained little researched. This article examines the funeral motet for the nobleman Ludwig II von Polheim from 1608, in the context of printed Lutheran funeral sermons and the anti-Catholic propaganda of the large-scale fresco at Parz Castle in Upper Austria. A close reading of the motet suggests music's key role in the expression of religious doctrine, the negotiation of denominational identity, and the battle for souls in bi-confessional early modern Austria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article primarily deals with the personality of Sophia of Hanover and her claims to the succession to the English throne. Sophia and her descendants (specifically George I) were appointed by the Act of Settlement as heirs to the throne upon the death of Anne Stuart. The life of Sophia, as well as her relations with the English monarchs and the Stuart family as such, will be outlined through the memoirs not only of Sophia herself but also of her family members, as well as through the correspondence of Sophie herself, including the English monarchs of the period under review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the way in which Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, through the manuscript "Descripción de la Bahía de Santa María de Galve" (1693), shows a series of textual relationships with discursive forms such as Relaciones Geográficas, with other texts mentioned in the manuscript (La Florida by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Naufragios by Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Historia de la fundación y discurso de la provincia de Santiago de México de la orden de Predicadores by Agustín Dávila Padilla), and with the rest of the work of the Mexican polygraph. Through these intertextualities, we consider that the "Descripción de la Bahía de Santa María de Galve" is shown as a text that reflects, on the one hand, Sigüenza and Góngora's mastery of the colonial archive and, on the other hand, the maturity and assimilation of the cultural practices that he cultivated and put at the service of the aforementioned exploratory project at the end of the 17th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a passage from Manuscript No. 9350 of the Austrian National Library, which, to the author’s knowledge, has not yet attracted scholarly attention, the paper deals with an interesting description of Upper Lusatia, which probably originated in the second half of the 17th century and offers some remarkable insights into the religious and cultural situation in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

They are not reports to be sent to Rome, but autobiographical texts by three Franciscan missionaries in Albania (17th cent.) meant for publication: they have been recovered in autograph manuscript form in the Order's Veneto provincial Archive. They are precious sources of information on customs and traditions, relations between the Serenissima and the Turks, language evidence with numerous Albanian inserts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro is the property of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arenal.Revista de Historia de las Mujeres is the property of Arenal. Revista de Historia de las Mujeres and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the involvement of Malay ulama in the production of religious books or also known as kitab kuning, especially fiqh books in the 17th century. This century, as stated by some local historians, is the beginning of the development of classical Malay books in various fields including religion. The discussion in this article is focused on two things namely the development of writing religious books, focused on fiqh books in the 17th century, while the second case reviews two sample books that have been written in the 17th century namely (1) the Sirat al-Mustaqim and (2) the Mir’ah al-Tullab fi Tashil Ma’rifah Ahkam al-Shari’ah li Mulk al-Wahhab. From the discussion of the above, it can be concluded that the activity of writing classical Malay religious works developed along with the activity of writing in other fields including the fields of Malay literature, Sufism, Malay and Islamic history, Quran and Islamic medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Historia y Sociedad (01218417) is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia y Sociedad (01218417) is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Monsters, by the Latin definition of their name, are omens that portend turbulent times. The pamphlet A Relation of a terrible Monster called a Toad-fish, published in London in 1642, told of “a fiend, not a fish; at the least a monster, not an ordinary creature” which had become entangled in a fishing net and then put on display in London. The creature was described as resembling a giant toad, with a wide, toothy mouth and human characteristics of ribs, hands, and fingers. Discovery of the Thames monster instilled a sense of worry throughout the realm. The landing of the “Toad-fish” was linked in the tract to a bloody encounter that occurred between two well-known members of the British aristocracy fighting on opposing sides at the onset of the Civil War. The present paper describes how this vernacular publication was part of a flourishing of providential pamphlets in the 17th century wherein natural anomalies were invested with wider ecclesiastical and political meaning. Also undertaken herein is a review of various candidate species from which to suggest that the mysterious Toad-fish may have been another example of the angelshark’s (Squatina squatina) monstrous alter ego. This is an animal that has previously been suggested as being responsible for the ‘sea monk’ noted in several prominent natural histories of the Renaissance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both the government and the scholars of the Ming and Qing dynasties made great efforts to inculcate Confucian family ethics in society. However, through a study of the day-to-day practices of lower-class families in 17th century North China, this paper points out that during this era, due to taxation, poverty, and warfare, the nuclear family, rather than the multigenerational family, was more common among the common people. Filial piety, a cornerstone of Confucian ethics, was not seriously practiced in the society, either. In the literature of the time, the topic of "shrewish wives" received ample attention, reflecting a social reality. In addition, the strict requirements for women's chastity were seriously challenged. In examining the ethical situation in Chinese society, therefore, it is important to pay attention not only to the decrees of the rulers and the dogmas of the cultural elite, but also to the practices of the people and to the differences, tensions, and compromises in ethical practices among different social classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, many builders, artists, and architects living on the shores of Italian lakes decided to settle in Poland. Upon arrival, they pursued brilliant careers in various areas of life. Over time, they became Polonized. This was also the case for Giovanni Battista Trevano, who was active in Krakow in the first half of the 17th century and whose lifetime achievement was to become the royal architect of the Vasa kings. This article presents Trevano's artistic oeuvre and provides insight into his social, economic, and intellectual status in the new community, including the architect's offspring, who pursued successful careers in army, church, and state offices throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. These new findings are based on manuscripts that have recently been discovered by the author of the article in both Polish and Swiss archives. They allow for expanding the knowledge of the Trevano family's genealogy and biography, and correcting some unjustified views in the discourse. On the basis of research on new archival sources, one can conclude that Giovanni Battista Trevano was a prominent architect, who is credited with introducing in Poland the early Baroque style, which soon became dominant in northern European art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Croatian Journal of Ethnology & Folklore Research / Narodna Umjetnost is the property of Institute of Ethnology & Folklore Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Librosdelacorte.es is the property of Instituto Universitario "La Corte en Europa" - IULCE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines comparisons Antoni van Leeuwenhoek made between everyday objects, such as grains of sand, millet seeds, and hairs, and the structures and objects he observed through his single-lens microscopes. These comparisons, their possible origins in commerce, and the variety of Leeuwenhoek's observations have not been appreciated widely for their elegance. His measurements of the microscopic world might have grown out of his time as an apprentice to William Davidson, an international cloth merchant in Amsterdam, Leeuwenhoek's surveying licensure, drapery business, and other commercial experiences in Delft. Leeuwenhoek initiated the use of comparisons in his 28 April 1673 letter to the Royal Society, his first letter describing his observations. He compared animalcules, blood cells, fat globules, veins and arteries, insect, plant, and mineral structures to a range of conventional, although tiny objects such as fine and coarse grains of sand, millet grains, human hairs, and other items. In many of his comparisons, he arrived at size estimates for the objects that are very close to the sizes found using current instruments and techniques. Examples of Leeuwenhoek's comparisons will be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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