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The need for agile and proper identification of drugs of abuse has encouraged the scientific community to improve and todevelop new methodologies. The drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is still widely used due to its hallucinogenic effects. The use ofvoltammetric methods to analyze narcotics has increased in recent years, and the possibility of miniaturizing the electrochemical equipmentallows these methods to be applied outside the laboratory; for example, in crime scenes. In addition to portability, the search for affordable andsustainable materials for use in electroanalytical research has grown in recent decades. In this context, employing paper substrate, graphite pen-cil, and silver paint to construct paper-based electrodes is a great alternative. Here, a paper-based device comprising three electrodes was drawnon 300 g/m2watercolor paper with 8B pencils, and its efficiency was compared to the efficiency of a commercially available screen-printedcarbon electrode. Square wave voltammetry was used for LSD analysis in aqueous medium containing 0.05 mol/L LiClO4. The limits of detec-tion and quantification were 0.38 and 1.27 mol/L, respectively. Both electrodes exhibited a similar voltammetric response, which was alsoconfirmed during analysis of a seized LSD sample, with recovery of less than 10%. The seized samples were previously analyzed by GCMStechnique, employing the full scan spectra against the software spectral library. The electrode selectivity was also tested against 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine. It was possible to differentiate these compounds from LSD, indicating that the devel-oped paper-based device has potential application in forensic chemistry analyses., Financial support provided by the Polícia Científica do Estado de São Paulo for the partnership, and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP - Process 2016/23825-3), Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, FCT, Portugal, (UID/QUI/00686/2016 and UID/QUI/00686/2019), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Process Capes Pro Forenses 25/2014).

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of the most common developmental disorders affecting movement and posture of the body, causing activity limitations and participation restrictions. The motor disorders of persons with CP are often accompanied by disturbances of sensation, cognition, communication and perception. The symptoms of CP are very diverse and persons with CP are usually presented with a mixed type of symptoms. The non-progressive disturbances can be attributed to disorders that were developed during pregnancy, birth and/or infant stage. The aim of this study was to improve physicians' professional practice of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine for persons with cerebral palsy in order to improve their functionality, social and community integration, and to reduce activity limitations and/or participation restrictions. A systematic review of the literature including an 18-year period and consensus procedure by means of a Delphi process was performed and involved the delegates of all European countries represented in the Union of European Medical Specialists Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (UEMS PRM) Section. As the result of a Consensus Delphi procedure, 74 recommendations are presented together with the systematic literature review. The PRM physician's role for persons with cerebral palsy is to lead and coordinate the multiprofessional team, working in an interdisciplinary way. They should propose and manage the complex but individual PRM program developed in conjunction with other health professionals, medical specialists and importantly in agreement with the patient, their family and care giver. This should be, according to the specific medical diagnosis to improve patients' health, functioning, social and education status, considering all impairments, comorbidities and complications, activity limitations and participation restrictions. This evidence-based position paper is representing the official position of The European Union through the UEMS PRM Section and designates the professional role of PRM physicians in persons with cerebral palsy.

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book explores scope to refine, and sometimes considerably qualify, certain points of this interpretation. It explains that personal identity booklets began to be issued in conjunction with the census in 1930. The book argues that the bureaucratic mobilization for the ethnic registration of Rwandans began immediately after independence, with major political effects. It describes the post-war identification reforms undertaken by the Ouattara regime certainly helped to deradicalize this ideological opposition under a technicist veneer, but at the price of a general amnesty for documentary fraud that amounted to state institutionalization of identity falsification. The book focuses on the use of ethnic identity cards in the violent history of Rwanda, and the preparation and conduct of the 1994 genocide.

Formulaic expressions, such as 'in this paper we propose', are helpful for authors of scholarly papers because they convey communicative functions; in the above, it is showing the aim of this paper'. Thus, resources of formulaic expressions, such as a dictionary, that could be looked up easily would be useful. However, forms of formulaic expressions can often vary to a great extent. For example, 'in this paper we propose', 'in this study we propose' and 'in this paper we propose a new method to' are all regarded as formulaic expressions. Such a diversity of spans and forms causes problems in both extraction and evaluation of formulaic expressions. In this paper, we propose a new approach that is robust to variation of spans and forms of formulaic expressions. Our approach regards a sentence as consisting of a formulaic part and non-formulaic part. Then, instead of trying to extract formulaic expressions from a whole corpus, by extracting them from each sentence, different forms can be dealt with at once. Based on this formulation, to avoid the diversity problem, we propose evaluating extraction methods by how much they convey specific communicative functions rather than by comparing extracted expressions to an existing lexicon. We also propose a new extraction method that utilises named entities and dependency structures to remove the non-formulaic part from a sentence. Experimental results show that the proposed extraction method achieved the best performance compared to other existing methods., 21 pages, 11 figures

Background Service providers throughout Europe have identified the need to define how high-quality community-based mental health care looks to organize their own services and to inform governments, commissioners and funders. In 2016, representatives of mental health care service providers, networks, umbrella organizations and knowledge institutes in Europe came together to establish the European Community Mental Health Services Provider (EUCOMS) Network. This network developed a shared vision on the principles and key elements of community mental health care in different contexts. The result is a comprehensive consensus paper, of which this position paper is an outline. With this paper the network wants to contribute to the discussion on how to improve structures in mental healthcare, and to narrow the gap between evidence, policy and practice in Europe. Main text The development of the consensus paper started with an expert workshop in April 2016. An assigned writing group representing the workshop participants built upon the outcomes of this meeting and developed the consensus paper with the input from 100 European counterparts through two additional work groups, and two structured feedback rounds via email. High quality community-based mental health care: 1) protects human rights; 2) has a public health focus; 3) supports service users in their recovery journey; 4) makes use of effective interventions based on evidence and client goals; 5) promotes a wide network of support in the community and; 6) makes use of peer expertise in service design and delivery. Each principle is illustrated with good practices from European service providers that are members of the EUCOMS Network. Conclusions Discussion among EUCOMS network members resulted in a blueprint for a regional model of integrated mental health care based upon six principles.

In this paper, we will analyze the words from the corpus of theological scientific works in Serbian and English, which are taken over mainly from Greek, Latin and Hebrew. In the case where there are appropriate translations, we will carry out the comparative analysis and, in addition, provide the results of the statistical analysis.

In 1958, a search of the Barberousse Prison in Algiers led to the confiscation of the journal, notes, and correspondence of Baya Hocine, a 17-year-old female detainee who had been sentenced to death for an attack. Written in the intimate style of a personal diary, Hocine’s papers are a valuable source for the historiography of prisons during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962). The purpose of this article is to reconstruct the trajectory from prison to the French Archives, where they appear in typed form, as well as to shed light on the circumstances under which they were written. While they may be insufficient to reconstitute the actual conditions of life in the prison because they communicate private thoughts, they highlight the radical specificity of Barberousse in these wartime years as a place where people who had been sentenced to death were detained and executed and where death was omnipresent.

This article explores how the Mexican state gathered, archived and destroyed information. It focuses on the US–Mexico campaign against foot-and-mouth disease between 1947 and 1952, whose paper archive Mexican officials burned near the successful conclusion of the campaign. This article argues that several factors shaped the context for this documentary bonfire and made the 1940s a key point of inflection in Mexico’s history of official information-gathering: the dominant party’s system of elite power-sharing, the growth of a reading public and the regime’s drift rightward. At the same time, the nature of the foot-and-mouth disease campaign itself ensured that, despite its possible uses, the archive was particularly sensitive, providing evidence of the embarrassing gaps that began to yawn between the state’s language of revolutionary nationalism and its political practise. Indeed, the bonfire represented the culmination of practises Mexican officials had already developed throughout the campaign to reconcile the demands of legibility and deniability, hemispheric integration and nationalism, political stability and state capacity. More broadly, the case illustrates the uneven effects of US assistance on the development of state capacity, the authoritarian but institutionally weak character of the early PRIísta state, and the role of archives in maintaining a coherent image of state sovereignty.

Objective Methods to improve informed consent efficiency and effectiveness are needed for pragmatic clinical trials. We compared informed consent using a tablet computer to a paper approach to assess comprehension and satisfaction of patients and clinic staff for a future osteoporosis clinical trial. Methods Nine community-based practices identified and recruited patients to compare the informed consent processes (tablet vs. paper) in a mock osteoporosis clinical trial. The tablet informed consent included an animation summarizing the trial, complete informed consent document, and questions to assess and reinforce comprehension of the study. Participants were women age ≥55 years with ≥1 year of alendronate use. We surveyed participants to assess comprehension and satisfaction and office staff for satisfaction and perceived time demands. Results The nine practices enrolled 33 participants. There was not a significant difference in comprehension between the tablet vs. paper informed consent [mean (SD) tablet: 12.2 (1.0) vs. paper: 11.4 (1.7)]. Office staff preferred the tablet to the paper informed consent for identifying potential study participants (two-sided t-test p = 0.02) despite an increased perceived time spent to complete the tablet process [tablet: 28.3 min (SD 16.3) vs. paper: 19.0 min (SD 6.9); p = 0.08]. Conclusions Although, there were no significant differences in participant satisfaction and comprehension with the tablet informed consent compared to a paper informed consent, patients and office staff trended towards greater satisfaction with the tablet informed consent. Larger studies are needed to further evaluate the utility of electronic informed consent in pragmatic clinical trials.

Within the ethics and science literature surrounding uterus transplantation (UTx), emphasis is often placed on the extent to which UTx might improve upon, or offer additional benefits when compared to, existing treatment options for women with absolute uterine factor infertility, such as adoption and gestational surrogacy. Within this literature UTx is often positioned as superior to surrogacy because it can deliver things that surrogacy cannot (such as the experience of gestation). Yet, in addition to claims that UTx is superior in the aforementioned sense it is also often assumed (either implicitly or explicitly) that UTx is less fraught with ethical difficulties and thus should be considered a less morally problematic option. This article seeks to examine this assumption. Given that much UTx research has been performed in Sweden, a country where surrogacy is effectively although not currently explicitly forbidden, we do this through an analysis of the arguments underpinning a 2016 Swedish white paper which considered amending existing policy such that altruistic surrogacy arrangements would be permitted. By applying the white papers arguments for a restrictive position on altruistic surrogacy to the case of UTx using living altruistic donors we find that such arguments, if they hold in the case of surrogacy, apply similarly to UTx. We thus suggest that, for reasons of consistency, a similar stance should be taken towards the moral and legal permissibility of these two practices. Funding Agencies|Wellcome Trust

Preliminary version. The published version contains a number of small modifications.; International audience; The present paper is a companion of two translated articles by Alfred Clebsch, titled "On a general transformation of the hydrodynamical equations" and "On the integration of the hydrodynamical equations". The originals were published in the Journal für die reine and angewandte Mathematik" (1857 and 1859). Here we provide a detailed critical reading of these articles, which analyzes methods, and results of Clebsch. In the first place, we try to elucidate the algebraic calculus used by Clebsch in several parts of the two articles that we believe to be the most significant ones. We also provide some proofs that Clebsch did not find necessary to explain, in particular concerning the variational principles stated in his two articles and the use of the method of Jacobi's Last Multiplier. When possible, we reformulate the original expressions by Clebsch in the language of vector analysis, which should be more familiar to the reader. The connections of the results and methods by Clebsch with his scientific context, in particular with the works of Carl Jacobi, are briefly discussed. We emphasize how the representations of the velocity vector field conceived by Clebsch in his two articles, allow for a variational formulation of hydrodynamics equations in the steady and unsteady case. In particular, we stress that what is nowadays known as the "Clebsch variables", permit to give a canonical Hamiltonian formulation of the equations of fluid mechanics. We also list a number of further developments of the theory initiated by Clebsch, which had an impact on presently active areas of research, within such fields as hydrodynamics and plasma physics.

Many ethics review bureaucracies present signed, written forms administered at a single point in time as the default, best‐practice method for obtaining and documenting consent to participate in research. The demand is emblematic of ethics review committees’ insistence on form over function, their failure to understand the cultural contexts of field research, and erroneous assumptions about research methods. Ethnographers responding to an international survey argued that written consent may not protect participants, may mask unethical research, and may often be inappropriate for legal, cultural, political or historical reasons. We suggest the dominance of written consent reflects culturally specific views of paper, writing, signatures, and contracts grounded in particular historical imaginations of the authenticity of the signature and the power of writing and forms. Construed by ethics review institutions as culturally universal, the signed consent form has come to take on the qualities of a fetish. [research ethics, informed consent, signatures, forms, research ethics committees, institutional review boards]

Relying on post-election surveys, we analyze how class and union membership condition voters’ abandonment of mainstream Left parties and the alternatives chosen by former mainstream-Left voters in the period 2001–2015. Inspired by Przeworski and Sprague’s Paper Stones (1986), our analysis shows that Left parties face a trade-off between mobilizing workers and other voters and that unionization renders workers more loyal to Left parties that mobilize non-workers. By contrast, unionization does not render non-workers more loyal to Left parties that mobilize workers. Union membership increases the likelihood that workers who abandon the mainstream Left continue to vote. It also increases the likelihood that voters abandon the mainstream Left in favor of radical Left parties rather than Center-Right parties. Finally, we show that workers are more likely to abandon mainstream Left parties in favor of radical Right parties than non-workers and that union membership does not affect their propensity to do so. We conclude that reversing the decline of working-class organization should be a long-term objective of mainstream Left parties.

We reconsider the black hole firewall puzzle, emphasizing that quantum error-correction, computational complexity, and pseudorandomness are crucial concepts for understanding the black hole interior. We assume that the Hawking radiation emitted by an old black hole is pseudorandom, meaning that it cannot be distinguished from a perfectly thermal state by any efficient quantum computation acting on the radiation alone. We then infer the existence of a subspace of the radiation system which we interpret as an encoding of the black hole interior. This encoded interior is entangled with the late outgoing Hawking quanta emitted by the old black hole, and is inaccessible to computationally bounded observers who are outside the black hole. Specifically, efficient operations acting on the radiation, those with quantum computational complexity polynomial in the entropy of the remaining black hole, commute with a complete set of logical operators acting on the encoded interior, up to corrections which are exponentially small in the entropy. Thus, under our pseudorandomness assumption, the black hole interior is well protected from exterior observers as long as the remaining black hole is macroscopic. On the other hand, if the radiation is not pseudorandom, an exterior observer may be able to create a firewall by applying a polynomial-time quantum computation to the radiation.

Constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) are an important formal framework for the uniform treatment of various prominent AI tasks, e.g., coloring or scheduling problems. Solving CSPs is, in general, known to be NP-complete and fixed-parameter intractable when parameterized by their constraint scopes. We give a characterization of those classes of CSPs for which the problem becomes fixed-parameter tractable. Our characterization significantly increases the utility of the CSP framework by making it possible to decide the fixed-parameter tractability of problems via their CSP formulations. We further extend our characterization to the evaluation of unions of conjunctive queries, a fundamental problem in databases. Furthermore, we provide some new insight on the frontier of PTIME solvability of CSPs. In particular, we observe that bounded fractional hypertree width is more general than bounded hypertree width only for classes that exhibit a certain type of exponential growth. The presented work resolves a long-standing open problem and yields powerful new tools for complexity research in AI and database theory., Comment: Full and extended version of the IJCAI2020 paper with the same title

International audience; This article studies the kinetic dynamics of the rock-paper-scissors binary game. We first prove existence and uniqueness of the solution of the kinetic equation and subsequently we prove the rigorous derivation of the quasi-invariant limit for two meaningful choices of the domain of definition of the independent variables. We notice that the domain of definition of the problem plays a crucial role and heavily influences the behavior of the solution. The rigorous proof of the relaxation limit does not need the use of entropy estimates for ensuring compactness.

Data confidentiality, integrity and authentication are security properties which are often enforced with the generation of secure channels, such as Virtual Private Networks, over unreliable network infrastructures. Traditionally, the configuration of the systems responsible of encryption operations is performed manually. However, the advent of software-based paradigms, such as Software-Defined Networking and Network Functions Virtualization, has introduced new arms races. In particular, even though network management has become more flexible, the increased complexity of virtual networks is making manual operations unfeasible and leading to errors which open the path to a large number of cyber attacks. A possible solution consists in reaching a trade-off between flexibility and complexity, by automatizing the configuration of the channel protection systems through policy refinement. In view of these considerations, this paper proposes a preliminary study for an innovative methodology to automatically allocate and configure channel protection systems in virtualized networks. The proposed approach would be based on the formulation of a MaxSMT problem and it would be the first to combine automation, formal verification and optimality in a single technique.

International audience; The White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue, published in 2008 by the Council of Europe, is one of the first European level attempts to provide a common guideline for diversity politics in Europe. It introduces the idea of ‘intercultural dialogue’ as a new focus and a method of governing diversity. Our paper aims to investigate the explicit and implicit meanings included in the idea of ‘intercultural dialogue’ and how the idea is rhetorically operationalized as a policy in the White Paper. The investigation is conducted with a lexical and semantic analysis of the text in the White Paper and a discourse analysis of its rhetoric, in order to explore how the ‘intercultural dialogue’ as a policy relies on a mixture of ideas borrowed from different political discourses. The investigation revealed how the concept of intercultural dialogue and other related concepts, such as culture and diversity, embrace power hierarchies. The meanings of these concepts are produced from a hegemonic point of view which grants the ‘intercultural dialogue’ with the power positions of a dialoguer and a dialoguee. The policy rhetoric in the White Paper emphasizes social cohesion in Europe. Its policy discourse does not recognize the societal, cultural, historical, religious, or linguistic differences between European societies, but offers unified – and profoundly Western European – views for the governance of diversity. Formulating a common and generic diversity policy for Europe as a whole inevitably simplifies the idea of diversity in Europe and produces new hierarchies between the subjects and objects of these policies.

Core outcome sets (COSs) are agreed-on standardized sets of outcomes that should be minimally measured in all trials of a given disease. To enhance the uptake of COSs in trials, their generalizability should be increased by a change in the number and diversity of stakeholders involved in their development. Also, their credibility should be improved by methods that allow the fair capture of participants' views. This article proposes three adjustments to the development of COSs. First, instead of a qualitative study with few participants, we propose to generate the outcome domains by mapping the expectations toward treatment of a large number of stakeholders, internationally, by using an online survey with open-ended questions. Second, we propose to separate preference elicitation from the decision-making process in the selection of core outcomes. Preference elicitation would rely on an international online ranking survey, whereas the decision-making process would involve a formalized discussion among all stakeholders. Third, we propose to involve a large number of participants, including patients, in an online survey to select outcome measurement instruments. Our propositions are low-cost and scalable and help with the involvement of more stakeholders in the development of COSs, thereby increasing their generalizability, credibility, and uptake in trials.

The giraffe's laryngeal nerve is an absurdity. It connects the brain to the voice box, taking a circuitous route all the way down the neck and all the way back up again. Presumably, somewhere in the course of history, it got caught up with the development of other organs, and now takes a massive detour round the back of the aorta near the heart. It is anything but elegant, and was clearly “not meant to be, but just happens to be” (Gould, 1993, p76). Disentangling the nerve would involve the rearrangement of multiple organs simultaneously, and would be – to use policy parlance – a multi-stakeholder issue.\ud \ud The journal impact factor (JIF) is an absurdity. It connects two weak bodies of understanding – citation theory and peer review theory – via a circuitous route through the research system. The JIF was supposed to assist librarians in curating their collection, and the underlying Citation Index1 itself was supposed to help with searches and retrieval, but somewhere in the course of history, they both got caught up in an information flood. They are now used to rank selectively, a purpose for which they were certainly not designed. JIFs have ended up deeply entangled in modern research systems, and implicated in important pathologies of those systems.\ud \ud Of course, the nerve remains functional for most giraffes, which is more than can be said about JIFs in the research system, so the metaphor is a strained one. Even a cursory look at the JIF reveals many reasons why it does not serve us well for ranking journals. It is a metric that is unforgiving of disciplinary differences and journal styles, and easily gamed by strategic authors, editors and publishers, to name just some of the issues (Archambault and Larivière, 2009; Braun, 2012; Martin, 2016). Perhaps most troubling is the idea that journal rankings may now be shaping the direction and content of science (Rafols et al., 2012; Muller and Rijke, 2017). Authors might complain about what is needed to get published in high-JIF journals, whilst editors might lament that submissions are becoming more homogenous. Journals certainly seem to shape and influence researchers’ behaviour. Economists might not be willing to give their right arm for a publication in American Economic Review with its lofty stature, but the strength of their preferences imply they would at least be willing to sacrifice more than half a thumb (Attema et al., 2014)!2\ud \ud Yet, the metaphor does serve to illustrate a choice for addressing the current malaise in research policy. Should we ‘muddle through’, à la Lindblom (1959), tinkering with modified JIFs, using them in combination with other metrics, playing the arms race with those who seek to game them?3 Or should we seek radical disentanglement from JIF, or indeed from journal rankings by any measure? Within this context, Osterloh and Frey (2020) do us an important service by asking why, for all its problems, journal rankings based on JIFs are still so influential. Moreover, they offer some suggestions for reform, some more radical than others.\ud \ud In this note, I wish to focus on two points of difference between Osterloh and Frey, and myself. The first is the degree to which JIF lock-in can be explained exclusively by ‘borrowed plumes’. The second is the degree to which their suggested reforms are sufficiently radical but too narrow in scope. Considering these two points, which turn out to be somewhat intertwined, will help to characterise what is really at stake. What is at stake is not so much how journal rankings affect academics and their careers (“top publications are decisive for academic careers”), but rather how well the research system interacts with and serves societal goals. Osterloh and Frey may well have identified one source of JIF lock-in, but I shall submit that there are other culprits, too, both within and beyond academia. Some are more culpable than others, readers may decide.

Contemporary narrative video games still owe a debt to notions of plotting and characterization inherited from realist novels, even as they demonstrate how digital technologies are driving the development not merely of new fictional forms but also new conceptions of identity and subjectivity. This article expands upon these claims through analyses of three texts. Published in 1888 and revised in 1908, Henry James’s novella The Aspern Papers follows a protagonist obsessed with laying his hands on a long-dead Romantic poet’s archive; released in the 21st-century, Christine Love’s (2012) Analogue: A Hate Story and Fullbright’s (2017) Tacoma imagine technologically advanced posthuman futures in order to pose questions about datafication, identity, and the terms on which the past remains accessible in the present. Considered together, they shed light on longer generic traditions, the relationship between literature and video games, and the ethical and epistemological issues raised by new technologies.

Two limit cycles for the continuous model of the rockscissorspaper (RSP) game is constructed.The Hopf bifurcation method is used for the construction of limit cycles.The results give a partial answer to an open question posed by Neumann and Schuster. In this paper we construct two limit cycles with a heteroclinic polycycle for the three-dimensional continuous model of the rockscissorspaper (RSP) game between bacteriocin producing bacteria. Our construction gives a partial answer to an open question posed by Neumann and Schuster (2007) concerning how many limit cycles can coexist for the RSP game.

The creative and ever-expanding appropriations of bureaucracy and documents on the part of Amazonian peoples today transcend simple dichotomies between orality and literacy, state and non-state power, and domination and resistance. The papers collected here highlight the specific forms taken by such engagements and the ways in which they assume a key role in local political processes, offering new perspectives on issues ranging from the everyday workings of the state to local theories of language and materiality. In this introductory essay we draw particular attention to the importance of documents as mediators which facilitate new forms of communication; to the prevalence of bureaucratic magic and ritual; and to the ways in which regional bureaucratic and documentary processes are closely linked to both wealth and violence.

While 3-SAT is NP-hard, 2-SAT is solvable in polynomial time. Austrin, Guruswami, and H\r{a}stad roved a result known as "$(2+\varepsilon)$-SAT is NP-hard" [FOCS'14/SICOMP'17]. They showed that the problem of distinguishing k-CNF formulas that are g-satisfiable (i.e. some assignment satisfies at least g literals in every clause) from those that are not even 1-satisfiable is NP-hard if $\frac{g}{k} < \frac{1}{2}$ and is in P otherwise. We study a generalisation of SAT on arbitrary finite domains, with clauses that are disjunctions of unary constraints, and establish analogous behaviour. Thus we give a dichotomy for a natural fragment of promise constraint satisfaction problems (PCSPs) on arbitrary finite domains. The hardness side is proved using the algebraic approach, via a new general NP-hardness criterion on polymorphisms of the problem, based on a gap version of the Layered Label Cover problem. We show that previously used criteria are insufficient -- the problem hence gives an interesting benchmark of algebraic techniques for proving hardness of approximation problems such as PCSPs., Comment: Full version of an ICALP 2020 paper

International audience; The aim of static analysis is to infer invariants about programs that are tight enough to establish semantic properties, like the absence of run-time errors. In the last decades, several branches of the static analysis of imperative programs have made significant progress, such as in the inference of numeric invariants or the computation of data structures properties (using pointer abstractions or shape analyzers). Although simultaneous inference of shape-numeric invariants is often needed, this case is especially challenging and less well explored. Notably, simultaneous shape-numeric inference raises complex issues in the design of the static analyzer itself. We study the modular construction of static analyzers, based on combinations of atomic abstract domains to describe several kinds of memory properties and value properties. Static analysis to infer heterogeneous properties. Static analysis by abstract interpreta-tion [4] utilizes an abstraction to over-approximate (non-computable) sets of program states, using computer-representable elements, that stand for logical properties of con-crete program states. As an example, for numerical properties, the interval abstract domain [4] uses constraints of the form n ≤ x and x ≤ p to describe possible values of variable x, where n, p are scalars. To construct a static analyzer capable of inferring sound approximations of program behaviors, one designs an abstract domain, which consists of an abstraction, and abstract operations for sound post-condition operators, join and widening: 1. An abstraction is defined by a set of abstract elements A and a concretization function γ : A → P(C), which maps each abstract property a into the set of concrete elements γ(a) that satisfy it. The set A of abstract elements will be assumed to be defined by a grammar of admissible logical predicates (e.g., for intervals, a(∈ A) ::= a ∧ a | n ≤ x | x ≤ p). 2. A post-condition operator is a function f : A → A which over-approximates a concrete operation f : C → P(C) encountered in programs (as, e.g., a test).

International audience; This book constitutes revised selected papers from the 10th International Symposium on Foundations and Practice of Security, FPS 2017, held in Nancy, France in October 2017. The 20 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 53 submissions. The papers were organized in topical sections named: access control; formal verification; privacy; physical security; network security, encrypted DBs and blockchain; vulnerability analysis and deception systems; and defence against attacks and anonymity

Freedom Papers: An Atlantic Odyssey in the Age of Emancipation. By Rebecca J. Scott and Jean M. Hebrard.

Dear Editor, In two recent articles in Alcohol and Alcoholism , Kari Poikolainen critiques the total consumption model, an influential theory within alcohol control policy, particularly in Northern Europe. We argue that Poikolainen's critiques are likely to mislead rather than inform readers given the low-quality research designs, flawed statistical analyses and implausible results. In simple terms, the total consumption model posits a consistent relationship between a population's average level of alcohol consumption and its level of problem drinking. This suggests an important conclusion for policy-makers—policies that reduce average consumption will necessarily reduce alcohol-related harm. Poikolainen challenges this position in his first paper which concludes that the strictness of alcohol control policies is not statistically associated with the levels of alcohol consumption and that neither is associated with the levels of alcohol-related harm (Poikolainen, 2015). His second paper further concludes that the levels of alcohol dependence in the population determine average consumption rather than vice versa as, in Poikolainen's …

An election is a process through which citizens in liberal democracies select their governing bodies, usually through voting. For elections to be truly honest, people must be able to vote freely without being subject to coercion; that is why voting is usually done in a private manner. In this paper we analyze the security offered by a paper-ballot voting system that is used in Israel, as well as in several other countries around the world. we provide an algorithm which, based on publicly available information, breaks the privacy of the voters participating in such elections. Simulations based on real data collected in Israel show that our algorithm performs well, and can correctly recover the vote of up to 96% of the voters., 17 pages

Paper is an extraordinary example of a composite engineering material with practical use in a huge variety of applications. Since its invention in China there have been many alterations to manufacturing techniques, component formulation and surface finishing, but the essential characteristics of the product have not changed greatly. The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate that the chromatographic performance of paper as a stationary phase may be used to distinguish between externally-similar materials. The procedure developed is so simple that even students with little exposure to practical chemistry and limited chemical knowledge can understand the essential content. Because of the ubiquitous nature of paper, it is often recovered from crime scenes as evidence for analysis. However, the variety of sources and the mechanical or chemical properties often make demonstration of unequivocal correlation between “questioned” and “known” or “reference” samples a complex task. Introducing the practical session as a crime scene investigation, and presenting the laboratory exercise as an accessible forensic technique for paper identification, adds an exciting dimension to the practical experience for young people., Centro de Química (FEDER-COMPETE/QREN/EU and PEst C/QUI/U1686/2013, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia).

This paper addresses the problem of judgment aggregation in science. How should scientists decide which propositions to assert in a collaborative document? We distinguish the question of what to write in a collaborative document from the question of collective belief. We argue that recent objections to the application of the formal literature on judgment aggregation to the problem of judgment aggregation in science apply to the latter, not the former question. The formal literature has introduced various desiderata for an aggregation procedure. Proposition-wise majority voting emerges as a procedure that satisfies all desiderata which represent norms of science. An interesting consequence is that not all collaborating scientists need to endorse every proposition asserted in a collaborative document.

We give a simple proof and a multivariable generalization of an identity due to E. Alkan concerning a weighted average of the Ramanujan sums. We deduce identities for other weighted averages of the Ramanujan sums with weights concerning logarithms, values of arithmetic functions for gcd's, the Gamma function, the Bernoulli polynomials, and binomial coefficients., Comment: 8 pages

In a series of papers which are either published [A.R. Hadjesfandiari and G.F. Dargush, Couple stress theory for solids, Int. J. Solids Struct. 48, 2496-2510, 2011; A.R. Hadjesfandiari and G.F. Dargush, Fundamental solutions for isotropic size-dependent couple stress elasticity, Int. J. Solids Struct. 50, 1253-1265, 2013] or available as preprints Hadjesfandiari and Dargush have reconsidered the linear indeterminate couple stress model. They are postulating a certain physically plausible split in the virtual work principle. Based on this postulate they claim that the second-order couple stress tensor must always be skew-symmetric. Since they use an incomplete set of boundary conditions in their virtual work principle their statement contains unrecoverable errors. This is shown by specifying their development to the isotropic case. However, their choice of constitutive parameters is mathematically possible and still yields a well-posed boundary value problem., arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1504.00868

Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) are ideal biosensors to detect proteins, but their lack of sensitivity hinders their extensive use. We report a strategy that yields up to an 8-fold improvement in the sensitivity of a gold nanoparticles-based LFIA by changing the sizes of the pads. Theoretical flow simulations of the developed LFIA architectures are in accordance with the experimental results. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013., We acknowledge MEC (Madrid) for the project MAT2011-25870, the EU’s support under FP7 contract number 246513 ‘‘NADINE’’ and the NATO Science for Peace and Security Programme’s support under the project SfP 983807.

The aim of this paper is twofold: First, we characterize an essentially optimal class of boundary operators $\Theta$ which give rise to self-adjoint Laplacians $-\Delta_{\Theta, \Omega}$ in $L^2(\Omega; d^n x)$ with (nonlocal and local) Robin-type boundary conditions on bounded Lipschitz domains $\Omega\subset\bbR^n$, $n\in\bbN$, $n\geq 2$. Second, we extend Friedlander's inequalities between Neumann and Dirichlet Laplacian eigenvalues to those between nonlocal Robin and Dirichlet Laplacian eigenvalues associated with bounded Lipschitz domains $\Omega$, following an approach introduced by Filonov for this type of problems., Comment: 23 pages, added Remark 5.4

Creativity and innovation within the European Union are part of a harmonized system of protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs); the latter include legal tools such as industrial property rights and copyright and related rights. The fundamental principles of the internal market (free movement of goods and services and free competition) are based in particular on the harmonization of IPRs at the European level. The protection of intellectual property is subject to a number of international conventions, the supervision of which is largely up to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). To fulfil its obligations in the area, the European Union has created the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (OHIM), in charge of the registration of European trademarks and European designs. The Commission is currently engaged in the effective implementation of a common EU patent system, less costly and more effective from a legal point of view, able to ensure the competitiveness of European business and enterprises. Finally, the protection of IPRs also implies that they must be safeguarded against piracy, illegal trade and counterfeiting. The Internet and digital technologies play a pivotal role in this context, since they are transforming the world we live in, with reference to all the aspects of life and all sectors of activity. EU must embrace this digital revolution and open new digital opportunities for citizens and business, by leveraging the strength of the EU single market. The existence of barriers to online activities prevents citizens from taking advantage of a wider range of goods and services. Therefore companies and public administrations cannot reap the benefits of digital tools. The final scope of the Digital Single Market (DSM) aims at breaking down regulatory barriers in order to establish a single market, in place of the partially harmonized 28 national markets now existing. This research report is aimed at identifying and analysing the possible barriers that the European citizens/digital service users face in enjoying their rights when they aim to access to online cultural contents. In light of this, DSM strategy of the European Commission has been taken as a point of reference for pintpointing the legal and factual barriers, describing what are the reform projects in progress and outlining some possible, future (policy) solutions.

In this commentary, we try to make clearer the state of the art concerning the relation between mechanical contact interactions and the different notions of stresses. We emphasize the importance of the concept of virtual displacements. Its role has been recognized in Mechanics and in Continuum Mechanics long ago (see e.g., Vailati in Il principio dei lavori virtuali da Aristotele a Erone d’Alessandria, 113–128, 1987; Russo in The forgotten revolution, Springer, Berlin, 2003, or Cosserat and Cosserat in Sur la Theorie des Corps Deformables, Herman, Paris, 1909; Cosserat and Cosserat in Note sur la theorie de l.action euclidienne, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1908), and it is central as well when starting with an expression of the power expended by internal stresses and deducing the form of contact interactions as when starting with some form of the contact interactions and developing a representation theorem for these contact interactions based on the Cauchy tetrahedron construction.

Typically, an identity document appears as a portable object displaying parts of the self, as recorded and archived by public or private administrative agencies. However, rather than simply standing as a material object replicating an individual identity, it tends to become another self, detached from the body and matching an identity that has been instituted in a stable, unalterable form. This piece of paper, protected as it is by the law and a set of more or less efficient techniques, defies any alteration and can only be modified by authorized individuals.1 The legal apparatus protecting the material object is usually accompanied by a desire to ensure the recurring renewal of the ID, so that it may follow the evolution of individuals—their physical transformation, changes of residence and potential modifications of the individual’s status over time. Hence, once allocated, these documents cannot be detached from the body, and possessing this power of embodiment they act to bind the identified and the identifiers.2 The belief that gives ID papers their value as replicas is a basic foundation of trust that ties these two parties.3 All the parties involved acknowledge the ability of these artefacts to stand for an actual identity, and their relationship is built on this shared knowledge, which recognizes the secret power of ID papers.

In the present paper, inspired by Maria J. Arche’s work, “The construction of viewpoint aspect: the imperfective revisited” (2013, this issue), I add several pieces of evidence in favor of her proposal that viewpoint aspect does not alter the fundamental situation aspect properties of predicates. Namely, I discuss the temporal interpretations in Capeverdean, a Portuguese-based Creole language for which the salient opposition in the domain of viewpoint aspect is not between the imperfective and the perfective, but rather between the Progressive and the Perfect, here taken as semantically complex categories that involve certain temporal characteristics; crucially, imperfectivity is one of the features of the Progressive and a perfective viewpoint is part of the semantic complexity of the Perfect. I also discuss the role of for-time durational adverbials when combined with the perfective and propose that, in their presence, the relevant final boundary when telic predicates are at stake is not the culmination of the event, but rather the final point described by that time-argument. This proposal accounts nicely for the fact that, in these specific contexts, there is no contradiction in having this perfective clause conjoined with the assertion that the underlying telic situation is not completed.

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The efficient learnability of restricted classes of logic programs is studied in the PAC framework of computational learning theory. We develop the product homomorphism method , which gives polynomial PAC learning algorithms for a nonrecursive Horn clause with function-free ground background knowledge, if the background knowledge satisfies some structural properties. The method is based on a characterization of the concept that corresponds to the relative least general generalization of a set of positive examples with respect to the background knowledge. The characterization is formulated in terms of products and homomorphisms. In the applications this characterization is turned into an explicit combinatorial description, which is then translated into the language of nonrecursive Horn clauses. We show that a nonrecursive Horn clause is polynomially PAC-learnable if there is a single binary background predicate and the ground atoms in the background knowledge form a forest. If the ground atoms in the background knowledge form a disjoint union of cycles then the situation is different, as the shortest consistent hypothesis may have exponential size. In this case polynomial PAC-learnability holds if a different representation language is used. We also consider the complexity of hypothesis finding for multiple clauses in some restricted cases.

We deal with the 3D reconstruction of deformed paperlike surfaces given a template and a single perspective image, for which the internal camera parameters are known. The general problem is ill-posed. We show that when the surface rulings are parallel the problem is well-posed. Given a procedure to recover the rulings direction, this particular problem is equivalent to the reconstruction of a 2D curve seen from a set of ID camera pairs given a ID template. Paper can be physically modeled by exploiting local properties. This allows us to formulate the reconstruction problem by non linear variational optimization. We provide experimental results which validate our approach on simulated and real data.

All of the papers in the volume except one (Kaji) take up some aspect of relative clause construction in some Bantu language. Kaji’s paper aims to account for how Tooro (J12; western Uganda) lost phonological tone through a comparative study of the tone systems of other western Uganda Bantu languages. The other papers examine a range of ways of forming relative clauses, often including non-restrictive relatives and clefts, in a wide range of languages representing a variety of prosodic systems., ZAS Papers in Linguistics, Bd. 53 (2010): Papers from the workshop on Bantu relative clauses

Table of International Instruments Table of National Legislation Table of International Cases Table of National Cases List of Contributors Chapter 1 Introduction Jeroen Temperman PART I JUDGES & RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS Chapter 2 The Strasbourg Court and Article 9 of the European Convention of Human Rights: A Quantitative Analysis of the Case Law Silvio Ferrari Chapter 3 The Role of Judges in Determining the Meaning of Religious Symbols Brett Scharffs Chapter 4 Limitations of Supranational Jurisdiction, Judicial Restraint and the Nature of Treaty Law Jean-Marc Piret PART II SYMBOLS, EDUCATION, INDOCTRINATION & PROSELYTISM Chapter 5 Crucifixes, Classrooms and Children: A Semiotic Cocktail Alison Mawhinney Chapter 6 Freedom of Religion versus Freedom from Religion: Putting Religious Duties back on the Map Stijn Smet Chapter 7 Religious Symbols in the Public School Classroom Jeroen Temperman PART III STATE NEUTRALITY & RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS Chapter 8 The Quest for Neutrality and the Stench of History Wouter de Been Chapter 9 State Neutrality and the Limits of Religious Symbolism Roland Pierik Chapter 10 Neutrality and Displaying Religious Symbols Hana van Ooijen PART IV COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS & EDUCATION Chapter 11 Christianity, Multiculturalism, and National Identity: A Canadian Comment on Lautsi and Others v. Italy Richard Moon Chapter 12 Passive / Aggressive Symbols in the Public School: Religious Displays in the Council of Europe and the United States, with a Special Focus on Romania Liviu Andreescu & Gabriel Andreescu Chapter 13 Back to the Basics of Fundamental Rights: An Appraisal of the Grand Chamber's Judgment in Lautsi in Light of the ECHR and Italian Constitutional Law Carlo Panara PART V LAUTSI-SPECIFIC COMMENTS Chapter 14 Neutrality in and after Lautsi v. Italy Malcolm Evans Chapter 15 Europe and the Sign of the Crucifix: On the Fundamental Questions of the Lautsi and Others v. Italy case Andras Koltay Chapter 16 Restricting the Public Display of Religious Symbols by the State on the Grounds of Hate Speech? Hin-Yan Liu Chapter 17 Rethinking Adjudication under the European Convention: The Lautsi Case as a Prelude to a New Mode of Review by the European Court of Human Rights? Carla Zoethout Bibliography Index.

We deduce new properties of the orbicyclic function $E$ of several variables investigated in a recent paper by V. A. Liskovets. We point out that the function $E$ and its connection to the number of solutions of certain linear congruences occur in the literature in a slightly different form. We investigate another similar function considered by Deitmar, Koyama and Kurokawa by studying analytic properties of some zeta functions of Igusa type. Simple number theoretic proofs for some known properties are also given., Comment: 10 pages

International audience; This comment on the paper "Bragg's Law diffraction simulations for electron backscatter diffraction analysis" by Kacher et al. explains the limitations in determining elastic strains using synthetic EBSD patterns. Of particular importance are those due to the accuracy of determination of the EBSD geometry projection parameters. Additional references and supporting information are provided.

International audience; In a previous paper, we have described the construction of an automaton from a rational expression which has the property that the automaton built from an expression which is itself computed from a co-deterministic automaton by the state elimination method is co-deterministic. It turned out that the definition on which the construction is based was inappropriate, and thus the proof of the property was flawed. We give here the correct definition of the broken derived terms of an expression which allow to define the automaton and the detailed full proof of the property.

A statistical study of crumpled paper is allowed by a minimal 1D model: a self-avoiding line bent at sharp angles--in which the elastic energy resides--put in a confining potential. Many independent equilibrium configurations are generated numerically and their properties are investigated. At small confinement, the distribution of segment lengths is log-normal in agreement with previous predictions and experiments. At high confinement, the system approaches a jammed state with a critical behavior, whereas the length distribution follows a gamma law in which the parameter is predicted as a function of the number of layers in the system.

EU counterterrorism policy: a paper tiger?, by Oldrich Bures, Farham, Ashgate, 2011, xii + 277 pp., ISBN 978-1-4094-1123-9, £60.00 (hardback) European Union (EU) counterterrorism policy completes i...

The issue of understanding and modeling vagueness has been addressed by many authors, especially in the second half of the twentieth century. In this chapter, we try to provide an organized discussion of different categories of vagueness, pointing out circumstances, where they appear. Together, they lead to a trichotomy of the universe of discourse, which seems to be the common feature of the different forms of vagueness. Basic representational frameworks are proposed for each case. This chapter does not advocate a particular view but identifies the characteristic features of each situation.