1. Slowdown of the greening trend in natural vegetation with further rise in atmospheric CO2
- Author
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Ranga B. Myneni, Stephen Sitch, Almut Arneth, Atul K. Jain, Victor Brovkin, Etsushi Kato, Sönke Zaehle, Pierre Friedlingstein, Alexander J. Winkler, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Hanqin Tian, Danica Lombardozzi, Vivek K. Arora, Alexis Hannart, Daniel S. Goll, Vanessa Haverd, Julia Pongratz, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Boston University [Boston] (BU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), University of Exeter, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
- Subjects
0303 health sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Biome ,Climate change ,Carbon sink ,Vegetation ,15. Life on land ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Greening ,[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,13. Climate action ,Effects of global warming ,Greenhouse gas ,Environmental science ,Ecosystem ,Physical geography ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,030304 developmental biology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Earth-Surface Processes - Abstract
Satellite data reveal widespread changes in Earth's vegetation cover. Regions intensively attended to by humans are mostly greening due to land management. Natural vegetation, on the other hand, is exhibiting patterns of both greening and browning in all continents. Factors linked to anthropogenic carbon emissions, such as CO2 fertilization, climate change, and consequent disturbances such as fires and droughts, are hypothesized to be key drivers of changes in natural vegetation. A rigorous regional attribution at the biome level that can be scaled to a global picture of what is behind the observed changes is currently lacking. Here we analyze different datasets of decades-long satellite observations of global leaf area index (LAI, 1981–2017) as well as other proxies for vegetation changes and identify several clusters of significant long-term changes. Using process-based model simulations (Earth system and land surface models), we disentangle the effects of anthropogenic carbon emissions on LAI in a probabilistic setting applying causal counterfactual theory. The analysis prominently indicates the effects of climate change on many biomes – warming in northern ecosystems (greening) and rainfall anomalies in tropical biomes (browning). The probabilistic attribution method clearly identifies the CO2 fertilization effect as the dominant driver in only two biomes, the temperate forests and cool grasslands, challenging the view of a dominant global-scale effect. Altogether, our analysis reveals a slowing down of greening and strengthening of browning trends, particularly in the last 2 decades. Most models substantially underestimate the emerging vegetation browning, especially in the tropical rainforests. Leaf area loss in these productive ecosystems could be an early indicator of a slowdown in the terrestrial carbon sink. Models need to account for this effect to realize plausible climate projections of the 21st century.
- Published
- 2021