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1. European primary forest database v2.0

Author: Ferenc Horváth, Olli-Pekka Tikkanen, Gintautas Mozgeris, Srđan Keren, Nikolaos Grigoriadis, Matthias Schickhofer, Tobias Kuemmerle, Sabina Burrascano, Dmitry Aksenov, Stjepan Mikac, Jerzy Szwagrzyk, Jonas Stillhard, Erik Buchwald, Tomáš Vrška, Asiya Zagidullina, Rein Midteng, Roman Volosyanchuk, Ángel B. Fernández López, Alen Kiš, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Matteo Garbarino, Elvin Toromani, Leónia Nunes, Momchil Panayotov, Fabio Lombardi, Laurent Larrieu, Radu Nicolae Melu, Martin Mikoláš, Inês Duarte, Mara Kitenberga, Bojan Simovski, Marcus Waldherr, Alejandro Ruete, Peter Meyer, Ann Kraut, José A. Atauri, Eugénie Cateau, Maxim Yermokhin, Rok Pisek, Pierre L. Ibisch, Hendrik Bluhm, Dejan Stojanović, Bratislav Matović, Zoltan Kun, Abdulla Diku, Francesco Maria Sabatini, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Frankfurt Zoological Society, NGO 'Transparent World', Instituto Complutense de Estudios Internacionales (ICEI), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), MINISTRY OF THE DANISH ENVIRONMENT NATURE AGENCY GRAESTED DNK, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Réserves Naturelles de France, PSEDA ILIRIA ORGANIZATION TIRANA ALB, Centre for Applied Ecology 'Prof. Baeta Neves' (CEABN – InBIO), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Parque Nacional de Garajonay, Università degli studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze Agarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Forest Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Vassilika, Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Va´cra´to´t, Hungary, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Latvian State Forest Research Institute 'Silava', Institute for Nature Conservation of Vojvodina Province, University of Tartu, Dynamiques et écologie des paysages agriforestiers (DYNAFOR), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), CNPF-CRPF Occitanie, Institute of Computer Science [University of Tartu, Estonie], University of Novi Sad, World Wide Fund for Nature, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) ETN-WIE-FZS-001, European Commission Joint Research Centre 658876, Department for Nature Protection of the Italian Ministry of the Environment, Land and Sea Protection, Region Pays de la LoireRegion OccitanieRegion Ile-de-France, Czech Science Foundation (Grant GACR) 21-27454S, institutional project EVA CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803, Ministry of Education, Science & Technological Development, Serbia 451-03-9/2021-14/200197, German Research Foundation (DFG), Sabatini F.M., Bluhm H., Kun Z., Aksenov D., Atauri J.A., Buchwald E., Burrascano S., Cateau E., Diku A., Duarte I.M., Fernandez Lopez A.B., Garbarino M., Grigoriadis N., Horvath F., Keren S., Kitenberga M., Kis A., Kraut A., Ibisch P.L., Larrieu L., Lombardi F., Matovic B., Melu R.N., Meyer P., Midteng R., Mikac S., Mikolas M., Mozgeris G., Panayotov M., Pisek R., Nunes L., Ruete A., Schickhofer M., Simovski B., Stillhard J., Stojanovic D., Szwagrzyk J., Tikkanen O.-P., Toromani E., Volosyanchuk R., Vrska T., Waldherr M., Yermokhin M., Zlatanov T., Zagidullina A., and Kuemmerle T.
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Statistics and Probability, Data Descriptor, Conservation of Natural Resources, Databases, Factual, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, Forest management, Biodiversity, Potential natural vegetation, Library and Information Sciences, Forests, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Education, Databases, Forest ecology, ddc:550, Conservation of Natural Resource, Factual, database, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, European primary forest, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, geography.geographical_feature_category, Agroforestry, Conservation biology, 15. Life on land, Old-growth forest, Field (geography), 550 Geowissenschaften, Computer Science Applications, Europe, Geography, Disturbance (ecology), Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, Information Systems
Abstract: Primary forests, defined here as forests where the signs of human impacts, if any, are strongly blurred due to decades without forest management, are scarce in Europe and continue to disappear. Despite these losses, we know little about where these forests occur. Here, we present a comprehensive geodatabase and map of Europe’s known primary forests. Our geodatabase harmonizes 48 different, mostly field-based datasets of primary forests, and contains 18,411 individual patches (41.1 Mha) spread across 33 countries. When available, we provide information on each patch (name, location, naturalness, extent and dominant tree species) and the surrounding landscape (biogeographical regions, protection status, potential natural vegetation, current forest extent). Using Landsat satellite-image time series (1985–2018) we checked each patch for possible disturbance events since primary forests were identified, resulting in 94% of patches free of significant disturbances in the last 30 years. Although knowledge gaps remain, ours is the most comprehensive dataset on primary forests in Europe, and will be useful for ecological studies, and conservation planning to safeguard these unique forests., Measurement(s)Geographic DistributionTechnology Type(s)digital curationFactor Type(s)countrySample Characteristic - Environmentprimary forestSample Characteristic - LocationEurope Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14540625
Published: 2021
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2. The contribution of insects to global forest deadwood decomposition

Author: David B. Lindenmayer, Michael D. Ulyshen, Wolfgang W. Weisser, Hassan Barimani Varandi, Jacques S. Rakotondranary, Jacques Beauchêne, Romina Daiana Fernandez, Gergely Boros, Jean-Baptiste Ramanamanjato, Stephen M. Pawson, Joakim Hjältén, Petr Baldrian, Grizelle González, Erika Berenguer, Jari Kouki, Naili Zhang, Hervé Brustel, Torsten Hothorn, Sung-Soo Yoon, John O'Halloran, Yu Liu, Sharif A. Mukul, Byambagerel Suran, Philip J. Burton, Pablo E. Martina, Liana Chesini Rossi, Sebastian Seibold, Jürgen Schmidl, Stefan Hotes, Tyler P. Cobb, Janina Lorz, Kurtis Nisbet, Jorge Castro, Stephen Seaton, Anne Oxbrough, Roxana Aragón, Jennifer Firn, Werner Rammer, Roland Brandl, Thibault Lachat, Tone Birkemoe, Jos Barlow, Nina Farwig, Mark Schulze, Martin M. Gossner, Jeev Nath Pandey, Soyeon Bae, Ya-Huang Luo, Simon Thorn, Baatarbileg Nachin, Tim Wardlaw, Kee Seng Gan, Yvonne Tété Cakpo-Tossou, Jie Liu, Claus Bässler, Ganesh Thyagarajan, Yagya Prasad Adhikari, Damasa M. Macandog, Claudia Hemp, Tomáš Pavlíček, Osmo Heikkala, Jan Christian Habel, Marisa J. Stone, Christian Hébert, Christoph Heibl, Nigel E. Stork, Rupert Seidl, Rodrigo Scarton Bergamin, Eugénie Cateau, Jörg Müller, Andreas Hemp, Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson, Marc W. Cadotte, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg [Wurtzbourg, Allemagne] (JMU), University of Toronto [Scarborough, Canada], Climate Change Institute at the Australian National University, Australian National University (ANU), University of Bayreuth, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales [Mendoza] (CONICET-IANIGLA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo [Mendoza] (UNCUYO), University of Würzburg, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (MBU / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), University of Mazandaran, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), CENTRE FOR ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH VACRATOT HUN, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Philipps University of Marburg, Dynamiques et écologie des paysages agriforestiers (DYNAFOR), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Northern British Columbia [Prince George] (UNBC), University of Abomey Calavi (UAC), University of Granada [Granada], Réserves Naturelles de France, Royal Alberta Museum, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Queensland University of Technology [Brisbane] (QUT), Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, University of Salzburg, Canadian Forest Service - CFS (CANADA), Bavarian Forest National Park, Eurofins Ahma Oy, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Technical University of Munich, Berchtesgaden National Park, University of Zurich, USDA Forest Service, University of Toronto Scarborough, The Australian National University, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Centre of Mazandaran, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Universite de Guyane, University of Oxford, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Marburg, UMR 1201 Dynafor, University of Northern British Columbia, University of Abomey-Calavi, University of Granada, Queensland University of Technology, Institute for Future Environments, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Canadian Forest Service, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Chuo University, University of Eastern Finland, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East China Normal University, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, University of the Sunshine Coast, National University of Mongolia, Griffith University, University College Cork, Edge Hill University, Tribhuvan University, University of Haifa, Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), University of Canterbury, University of Hamburg, Université d’Antananarivo, Tropical Biodiversity and Social Enterprise, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), University Erlangen-Nuremberg, H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Murdoch University, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, University of Tasmania, National Institute of Ecology, and Beijing Forestry University
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Carbon Sequestration, Insecta, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate, International Cooperation, chemistry.chemical_element, Geographic Mapping, Forests, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Decomposer, Carbon cycle, Carbon Cycle, Trees, Forest ecology, Temperate climate, Animals, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Multidisciplinary, Taiga, 15. Life on land, Decomposition, Deadwood, Insects, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Ecosystem ecology, Carbon
Abstract: Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:44:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-09-02 The amount of carbon stored in deadwood is equivalent to about 8 per cent of the global forest carbon stocks1. The decomposition of deadwood is largely governed by climate2–5 with decomposer groups—such as microorganisms and insects—contributing to variations in the decomposition rates2,6,7. At the global scale, the contribution of insects to the decomposition of deadwood and carbon release remains poorly understood7. Here we present a field experiment of wood decomposition across 55 forest sites and 6 continents. We find that the deadwood decomposition rates increase with temperature, and the strongest temperature effect is found at high precipitation levels. Precipitation affects the decomposition rates negatively at low temperatures and positively at high temperatures. As a net effect—including the direct consumption by insects and indirect effects through interactions with microorganisms—insects accelerate the decomposition in tropical forests (3.9% median mass loss per year). In temperate and boreal forests, we find weak positive and negative effects with a median mass loss of 0.9 per cent and −0.1 per cent per year, respectively. Furthermore, we apply the experimentally derived decomposition function to a global map of deadwood carbon synthesized from empirical and remote-sensing data, obtaining an estimate of 10.9 ± 3.2 petagram of carbon per year released from deadwood globally, with 93 per cent originating from tropical forests. Globally, the net effect of insects may account for 29 per cent of the carbon flux from deadwood, which suggests a functional importance of insects in the decomposition of deadwood and the carbon cycle. Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich Berchtesgaden National Park Epidemiology Biostatistics and Prevention Institute University of Zurich Southern Research Station USDA Forest Service Field Station Fabrikschleichach University of Würzburg Biological Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Department of Biogeography University of Bayreuth Department of Disturbance Ecology University of Bayreuth Instituto de Ecología Regional CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology University of Würzburg Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology Institute of Microbiology The Czech Academy of Sciences Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Centre of Mazandaran Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Universidade Federal de Lavras Department of Biodiversity Conservation Goethe-University Frankfurt Bavarian Forest National Park CIRAD UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG) AgroParisTech CNRS INRA Universite des Antilles Universite de Guyane Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford Grassland Vegetation Lab Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Institute of Ecology and Botany Centre for Ecological Research Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences Animal Ecology University of Marburg École d’Ingénieurs de Purpan Université de Toulouse UMR 1201 Dynafor Ecosystem Science and Management Program University of Northern British Columbia Laboratory of Applied Ecology University of Abomey-Calavi Department of Ecology University of Granada Réserves Naturelles de France Royal Alberta Museum Conservation Ecology University of Marburg Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology Centre for the Environment Institute for Future Environments Forest Research Institute Malaysia International Institute of Tropical Forestry USDA Forest Service Forest Entomology Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Evolutionary Zoology University of Salzburg Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Eurofins Ahma Oy Department of Plant Systematics University of Bayreuth Department of Wildlife Fish and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Applied Landscape Ecology Chuo University School of Forest Sciences University of Eastern Finland School of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences Bern University of Applied Sciences CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences ECNU-Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study Tiantong National Station for Forest Ecosystem Research East China Normal University Institute of Biological Sciences University of the Philippines Los Banos Department of Thermodynamics Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Tropical Forests and People Research Centre University of the Sunshine Coast Forest Ecosystem Monitoring Laboratory National University of Mongolia School of Environment and Science Griffith University School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences University College Cork Edge Hill University Institute of Forestry Tribhuvan University Institute of Evolution University of Haifa Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute) School of Forestry University of Canterbury Institute of Zoology University of Hamburg Faculté des Sciences Université d’Antananarivo Tropical Biodiversity and Social Enterprise Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Ecology Group University Erlangen-Nuremberg H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Environmental Futures Research Institute Griffith University Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment ARC Centre for Forest Value University of Tasmania Terrestrial Ecology Research Group School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich EcoBank Team National Institute of Ecology College of Forestry Beijing Forestry University Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista
Published: 2021
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3. Ecology, growth and management of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), a non-native species integrated into European forests

Author: Cornelia Hernea, Maria Cristina Monteverdi, Robert Brus, Branislav Cvjetković, Vasyl Lavnyy, Tibor Benčať, Radosław Wąsik, Dušan Roženbergar, Godefridus M. J. Mohren, Marcin Klisz, Jean Charles Bastien, Sanja Perić, Ljiljana Keca, Nicola La Porta, Valeriu-Norocel Nicolescu, Torsten Vor, William L. Mason, Károly Rédei, Elizabeth Pöetzelsberger, Martina Đodan, Dejan Mandžukovski, Brigitte Musch, Michal Pástor, Deborah Bartlett, Krasimira Petkova, Siniša Andrašev, Transylvania University of Brasov, Hungarian Forest Research Institute (ERTI), Forest Research, Northern Research Station, The Roslin Institute, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Biologie intégrée pour la valorisation de la diversité des Arbres et de la Forêt (BioForA), Office National des Forêts (ONF)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Ljubljana, Technical University in Zvolen (TUZVO), Croatian Forest Research Institute, University of Banja Luka, Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), Ukrainian National Forestry University (UNFU), Makedonski Sumi, Forestry University of Sofia, UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF FORESTRY KRAKOW POL, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Department of Forest Ecology, University of Belgrade [Belgrade], University of Greenwich, and Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (USAMVBT)
Subjects: Black locust biology, black locust ecology, silvicultural systems, 0106 biological sciences, Settore BIO/03 - BOTANICA AMBIENTALE E APPLICATA, Q1, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Invasive species, Basal shoot, Coppicing, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, Temperate climate, Climate change, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Silviculture, Black locust, Biomass (ecology), biology, Ecology, Robinia, Forestry, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, biology.organism_classification, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Invasiveness, Management, Agronomy, Black locust · Ecology · Invasiveness · Climate change · Management, Pruning, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), a species native to the eastern North America, was introduced to Europe probably in 1601 and currently extends over 2.3 × 106 ha. It has become naturalized in all sub-Mediterranean and temperate regions rivaling Populus spp. as the second most planted broadleaved tree species worldwide after Eucalyptus spp. This wide-spreading planting is because black locust is an important multipurpose species, producing wood, fodder, and a source of honey as well as bio-oil and biomass. It is also important for carbon sequestration, soil stabilization and re-vegetation of landfills, mining areas and wastelands, in biotherapy and landscaping. In Europe, black locust is drought tolerant so grows in areas with annual precipitation as low as 500–550 mm. It tolerates dry, nutrient poor soils but grows best on deep, nutrient-rich, well-drained soils. It is a fast-growing tree and the height, diameter and volume growth peak before the age of 20. It mostly regenerates vegetatively by root suckers under a simple coppice system, which is considered the most cost-effective management system. It also regenerates, but less frequently, by stool sprouts. Its early silviculture in production forests includes release cutting to promote root suckers rather than stool shoots, and cleaning-respacing to remove low-quality stems, reduce the number of shoots per stool, and adjust spacing between root suckers. In addition, early, moderate and frequent thinning as well as limited pruning are carried out focusing on crop trees. The species is regarded as invasive in several European countries and its range here is expected to expand under predicted climate changes.
Published: 2020
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4. Comparison of integrative nature conservation in forest policy in Europe: a qualitative pilot study of institutional determinants

Author: Daniel Kraus, Marieke van der Maaten-Theunissen, Yoan Paillet, Frank Krumm, Georg Frank, J. Parviainen, Kris Vandekerkhove, Giorgio Vacchiano, Markus Lier, Marko Lovrić, W Bücking, Tobias Schulz, Swiss Federal Research Institute, EFICENT FREIBURG DEU, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF BADEN WURTTEMBERG SOLDEN AUT, FEDERAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTRE FOR FORESTS NATURAL HAZARDS AND LANDSCAPES VIENNA AUT, FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE JOENSUU FIN, EFI JOENSUU FIN, INSTITUTE OF BOTANY AND LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY GREIFSWALD DEU, Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), UNIVERSITA DEGI STUDI TI TORINO DIFASA GRUGLIASCO ITA, and INBO RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR NATURE AND FORESTS BRUSSELS BEL
Subjects: EUROPE, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Biodiversity, Corporatism, 02 engineering and technology, INTEGRATIVE NATURE PROTECTION, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Politics, Political science, Economic impact analysis, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Forest management, Ecology, Public economics, Conceptualization, business.industry, Environmental resource management, FOREST POLICY, 021107 urban & regional planning, 15. Life on land, Europe, Pluralism (political theory), Property rights, Nature Conservation, COUNTRY COMPARISON, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, B430-sylviculture, business
Abstract: In this pilot study, we examine the relationship between the organisation of property rights and the economic importance of forestry on the one hand and the degree to which integrative nature conservation is formally implemented in forest policy on the other hand. Further, we are interested in whether political institutions moderate this relationship. We first offer a conceptualization of integrative nature conservation in forests and how to measure its implementation in law, ordinances and private agreements for a sample of European national and sub-national jurisdictions (Austria, Croatia, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Flanders, Baden-Württemberg and Piedmont). We subsequently try to assess the implementation of these rules and to relate them both to the structural characteristics of forestry and to an appraisal of pluralism in forest policy. Our qualitative analysis reveals that among the jurisdictions with a more centralized and corporatist forest policy, integrative nature conservation in forests tend to be less formally implemented the more corporatism dominates decision-making. It also confirms the expectation that among the more consensual jurisdictions with a strong forestry sector, rules tend to be less formally implemented. Further, the suspicion prevails that in the latter case, such rules are either complemented with exceptions for private forests or higher compensation. A more in-depth comparative examination is needed to further corroborate these findings. In this pilot study, we examine the relationship between the organisation ofproperty rights and the economic importance of forestry on the one hand and the degree to which integrative nature conservation is formally implemented in forest policy on the other hand. Further, we are interested in whether political institutions moderate this relationship.We first offer a conceptualization of integrative nature conservation in forests and how to measure its implementation in law, ordinances and private agreements for a sample of European national and sub-national jurisdictions (Austria, Croatia, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Flanders, Baden-Wu¨rttemberg and Piedmont). We subsequently try to assess the implementation of these rules and to relate them both to the structural characteristics of forestry and to an appraisal of pluralism in forest policy. Our qualitative analysis reveals that among the jurisdictions with a more centralized and corporatist forest policy, integrative nature conservation in forests tend to be less formally implemented the more corporatism dominates decision-making. It also confirms the expectation that among the more consensual jurisdictions with a strong forestry sector, rules tend to be less formally implemented. Further, the suspicion prevails that in the latter case, such rules are either complemented with exceptions for private forests or higher compensation. A morein-depth comparative examination is needed to further corroborate these findings
Published: 2019
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5. Continental mapping of forest ecosystem functions reveals a high but unrealised potential for forest multifunctionality

Author: Stephan Kambach, Hervé Jactel, Yohan Charbonnier, Bart Muys, Ewa Chećko, Andrea Coppi, Lars Gamfeldt, Sandra Cristina Müller, Timo Domisch, Bastien Castagneyrol, Charles A. Nock, Sophia Ratcliffe, Josep Peñuelas, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Julia Koricheva, Fons van der Plas, Jan Stenlid, Bettina Ohse, Eric Allan, Jens Kattge, Stephan Hättenschwiler, Miguel A. Zavala, Lars Vesterdal, Lander Baeten, Alain Paquette, Kris Verheyen, Charlotte Grossiord, Damien Bonal, Monique Carnol, Jürgen Bauhus, François-Xavier Joly, Leena Finér, Rupert Seidl, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Tommaso Jucker, Mariangela N. Fotelli, Luc Barbaro, Markus Fischer, Peter Manning, Georges Kunstler, Adam Benneter, Johan Van Keer, Aleksi Lehtonen, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Diem Nguyen, Evy Ampoorter, Arthur Gessler, Marc Deconchat, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Kalliopi Radoglou, Olivier Bouriaud, Jonas Dahlgren, Christian Wirth, Pallieter De Smedt, Harriet Milligan, Virginie Guyot, Mario Liebergesell, Fernando Valladares, Martina Pollastrini, Raquel Benavides, Filippo Bussotti, Federico Selvi, Cristina C. Bastias, André Granier, Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen, Seid Muhie Dawud, Hans De Wandeler, Gerald Kaendler, Josephine Haase, Fabian Roger, Helge Bruelheide, German Research Foundation, European Commission, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación (España), UNIVESITY OF BERN CHE, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Fakultät für Physik und Geowissenschaften [Leipzig], Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING GBR, UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG DEU, GHENT UNIVERSITY BEL, UNIVERSIDAD DE ALCALA ESP, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), CSIC MNCN MADRID ESP, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava (USU), GERMAN CENTRE FOR INTEGRATIVE BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH LEIPZIG DEU, UNIVERSITY OF FIRENZE ITA, UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE BEL, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW POL, UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN DNK, CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN BEL, NATURAL RESOURCES INSTITUTE OF FINLAND JOENSUU FIN, FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THESSALONIKI VASSILIKA GRC, WSL BIRMENSDORF CHE, LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY USA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE GBR, MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE DEU, FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE BADEN WURTTEMBERG DEU, ROYAL HOLLOWAY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON GBR, Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), UNIVERSITY OF BERN CHE, UNIVERSITE DU QUEBEC MONTREAL CAN, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), and Systems Ecology
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, upscaling, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate, Forest management, Biodiversity, Forests, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, tree communities, Ecosystem services, Phylogenetic diversity, forest, Forest ecology, Upscaling, Large‐scale, Humans, Ecosystem, Forest, Recreation, climate, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ecosystem multifunctionality, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, SDG 15 - Life on Land, biodiversity, Ecosystem multifunctionality, Forest inventory, Land use, Ecology, FunDivEUROPE, Tree communities, 15. Life on land, Europe, Geography, Ecosystems Research, large-scale, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, phylogenetic diversity, ecosystem services
Abstract: Humans require multiple services from ecosystems, but it is largely unknown whether trade‐offs between ecosystem functions prevent the realisation of high ecosystem multifunctionality across spatial scales. Here, we combined a comprehensive dataset (28 ecosystem functions measured on 209 forest plots) with a forest inventory dataset (105,316 plots) to extrapolate and map relationships between various ecosystem multifunctionality measures across Europe. These multifunctionality measures reflected different management objectives, related to timber production, climate regulation and biodiversity conservation/recreation. We found that trade‐offs among them were rare across Europe, at both local and continental scales. This suggests a high potential for ‘win‐win’ forest management strategies, where overall multifunctionality is maximised. However, across sites, multifunctionality was on average 45.8‐49.8% below maximum levels and not necessarily highest in protected areas. Therefore, using one of the most comprehensive assessments so far, our study suggests a high but largely unrealised potential for management to promote multifunctional forests., This paper is a joint effort of the working group ‘Scaling biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning relations: a synthesis based on the FunDivEUROPE research platforms’ on the 24th–26th November 2014 in Leipzig, Germany, kindly supported by sDiv, the Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig, funded by the German Research Foundation (FZT 118). The FunDivEUROPE project received funding from the European Union's Seventh Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement No. 265171. We thank the MAGRAMA for access to the Spanish Forest Inventory, the Johann Heinrich von Thünen‐Institut for access to the German National Forest Inventories, the Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE) for making the Finnish NFI data available, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences for making the Swedish NFI data available, and Hugues Lecomte, from the Walloon Forest Inventory, for access to the Walloon NFI data. The study was supported by the TRY initiative on plant traits (http://www.trydb.org).
Published: 2018
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6. Knowledge gaps about mixed forests : What do European forest managers want to know and what answers can science provide?

Author: Maciej Pach, Zoran Govedar, Dejan Stojanović, Sanja Perić, Anna Barbati, Magnus Löf, Lluís Coll, Lauri Valsta, Andrés Bravo-Oviedo, Ervin Rasztovits, Marek Metslaid, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Kris Verheyen, Peter Spathelf, Catherine Collet, Mário Pereira, Barbara Ferrari, Hubert Sterba, Susana Barreiro, Jiri Kulhavy, Dagnija Lazdina, Ian Short, Bill Mason, Frits Mohren, Aitor Ameztegui, Quentin Ponette, Ioan Vasile Abrudan, Kamil Bielak, University of Lleida (UL), Forest Technology Centre of Catalonia, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Laboratoire d'Etudes des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Forest Research, Northern Research Station, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Ghent University, University of Transilvania, Tuscia University, University of Lisbon, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Universitad de Valladolid, Spanish National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), University of Banja Luka, Mendel University in Brno, Latvian State Forest Research Institute 'Silava', Estonian University of Life Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Center (WUR), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Croatian Forest Research Institute, University of Western Hungary, Teagasc Agriculture and Food Development Authority (Teagasc), Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development (HNE), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), University of Novi Sad, Forest Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Department of Forest Sciences, Lauri Valsta / Principal Investigator, Forest Bioeconomy, Business and Sustainability, Forest Economics, Business and Society, Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Mendel University in Brno (MENDELU), Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMU), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), and Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Sociology of scientific knowledge, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Review, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY, Marketing, media_common, 4112 Forestry, forêt mélangée, Environmental resource management, mixed forests, NORWAY SPRUCE, Forestry, Research challenges| Ecosystem services, PE&RC, BIODIVERSITY EXPERIMENTS, PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES, Process (engineering), media_common.quotation_subject, enquête auprès des professionnels, ECOSYSTEM MULTIFUNCTIONALITY, Resistance (psychoanalysis), TREE SPECIES-DIVERSITY, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 010603 evolutionary biology, Adaptability, Goods and services, Participatory process, TEMPORAL DYNAMICS, BOREAL FORESTS, forester, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Set (psychology), SCOTS PINE, Forest management and functioning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, RESEARCH QUESTIONS, business.industry, Citizen journalism, Research challenges, Forest stability, 15. Life on land, Species mixtures, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, forestier, Business, Species mixturesReviewForest management and functioningParticipatory processResearch challengesEcosystem servicesForest stability, gestionnaire de ressources
Abstract: Research into mixed-forests has increased substantially in the last decades but the extent to which the new knowledge generated meets practitioners' concerns and is adequately transmitted to them is unknown. Here we provide the current state of knowledge and future research directions with regards to 10 questions about mixed-forest functioning and management identified and selected by a range of European forest managers during an extensive participatory process. The set of 10 questions were the highest ranked questions from an online prioritization exercise involving 168 managers from 22 different European countries. In general, the topics of major concern for forest managers coincided with the ones that are at the heart of most research projects. They covered important issues related to the management of mixed forests and the role of mixtures for the stability of forests faced with environmental changes and the provision of ecosystem services to society. Our analysis showed that the current scientific knowledge about these questions was rather variable and particularly low for those related to the management of mixed forests over time and the associated costs. We also found that whereas most research projects have sought to evaluate whether mixed forests are more stable or provide more goods and services than monocultures, there is still little information on the underlying mechanisms and trade-offs behind these effects. Similarly, we identified a lack of knowledge on the spatio-temporal scales at which the effects of mixtures on the resistance and adaptability to environmental changes are operating. Our analysis may help researchers to identify what knowledge needs to be better transferred and to better design future research initiatives meeting practitioner's concerns. This article is based upon work from COST Action FP1206, EuMIXFOR, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). The authors want to specially thank the large number of forest managers that were involved in the participatory process and kindly responded to the surveys. The first author also thanks the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for funding the project AGL2015-70425-R which partly supported his contribution to this study. MM acknowledges support by grant IUT21-4 of the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research and DS support by project III 43007 (2011–2017) from Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Republic of Serbia.
Published: 2018
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7. Advanced spectroscopy-based phenotyping offers a potential solution to the ash dieback epidemic

Author: Rasmus Enderle, Berthold Metzler, Michelle Cleary, Erik Dahl Kjær, Lars-Göran Stener, Vytautas Suchockas, Luis E. Rodriguez-Saona, Pierluigi Bonello, Caterina Villari, Marjan Ghasemkhani, Alfas Pliūra, Lea Vig McKinney, Thomas Kirisits, Arnaud Dowkiw, Diana Marčiulynienė, Lene Rostgaard Nielsen, Facundo Muñoz, Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia [USA], Biologie intégrée pour la valorisation de la diversité des arbres et de la forêt (BioForA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Office National des Forêts (ONF), Department Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg (FVA), Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Institute of Forest Entomology - Forest Pathology and Forest Protection (IFFF) - Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, The Forest Research Institute, Skogforsk, Department of Food Science and Technology, and Kasetsart University
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Biodiversité et Ecologie, lcsh:Medicine, Spectroscopie, Fraxinus, 01 natural sciences, phénotypage, Milieux et Changements globaux, lcsh:Science, Multidisciplinary, Geography, biology, Agroforestry, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, Modélisation et simulation, Europe, Population decline, medicine.drug_formulation_ingredient, Phenotype, Natural population growth, Modeling and Simulation, spectrométrie de fourier, Disease Susceptibility, résistance aux maladies, Resource (biology), spectrométrie infrarouge, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Dépérissement terminal, Article, chalarose, Biodiversity and Ecology, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Epidemics, Keystone species, Plant Diseases, H20 - Maladies des plantes, Resistance (ecology), Spectrum Analysis, lcsh:R, Fraxinus excelsior, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Champignon pathogène, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, 030104 developmental biology, Modélisation, Threatened species, lcsh:Q, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Natural and urban forests worldwide are increasingly threatened by global change resulting from human-mediated factors, including invasions by lethal exotic pathogens. Ash dieback (ADB), incited by the alien invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, has caused large-scale population decline of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) across Europe, and is threatening to functionally extirpate this tree species. Genetically controlled host resistance is a key element to ensure European ash survival and to restore this keystone species where it has been decimated. We know that a low proportion of the natural population of European ash expresses heritable, quantitative resistance that is stable across environments. To exploit this resource for breeding and restoration efforts, tools that allow for effective and efficient, rapid identification and deployment of superior genotypes are now sorely needed. Here we show that Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy of phenolic extracts from uninfected bark tissue, coupled with a model based on soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA), can robustly discriminate between ADB-resistant and susceptible European ash. The model was validated with populations of European ash grown across six European countries. Our work demonstrates that this approach can efficiently advance the effort to save such fundamental forest resource in Europe and elsewhere.
Published: 2018
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8. Tree diversity affects chlorophyllafluorescence and other leaf traits of tree species in a boreal forest

Author: Mariangela N. Fotelli, Ana Garcia Nogales, Charlotte Grossiord, Leena Finér, Arthur Gessler, Damien Bonal, Reto J. Strasser, Kalliopi Radoglou, Martina Pollastrini, Raquel Benavides, Filippo Bussotti, Dept Agri Food Prod & Environm Sci, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), ept Phys Chem & Nat Syst, Universidad Pablo de Olavide [Sevilla] (UPO), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Finnish Forest Research Institute, Forest Research Institute, Forest Dynam, Swiss Federal Research Institute, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division [Los Alamos], Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Unit Environm Sci & Management, North-West University [Potchefstroom] (NWU), Marie Curie IEF fellowship (FP7-PEOPLE-IEF), European Project: 265171, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), North West University, University of Florence (UNIFI), Albert Ludwigs University, and 22074996 - Strasser, Reto Jörg
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Canopy, Chlorophyll, Specific leaf area, Physiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], canopée, fluorescence chlorophyllienne, Plant Science, Photosynthetic efficiency, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Fluorescence, forêt mixte, Trees, Species composition, PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACCLIMATION, peuplement monospécifique, Mixed forest, pure forest stand, Botany, boreal forest, Photosynthesis, SCOTS PINE, ELECTRON-TRANSPORT, canopy, EUROPEAN FORESTS, biology, peuplement forestier pur, Chlorophyll A, Crown (botany), WATER AVAILABILITY, FunDivEUROPE, Picea abies, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, ISOTOPE COMPOSITION, Betula pendula, JUVENILE BEECH, Photosynthetic acclimation, FAGUS-SYLVATICA L, PINUS-SYLVESTRIS L, forêt boréale, Species richness, DROUGHT STRESS, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: An assemblage of tree species with different crown properties creates heterogeneous environments at the canopy level. Changes of functional leaf traits are expected, especially those related to light interception and photosynthesis. Chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) properties in dark-adapted leaves, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen content (N) and carbon isotope composition (delta C-13) were measured on Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L. and Betula pendula Roth. in monospecific and mixed boreal forests in Europe, in order to test whether they were affected by stand species richness and composition. Photosynthetic efficiency, assessed by induced emission of leaf ChlF, was positively influenced in B. pendula by species richness, whereas P. abies showed higher photosynthetic efficiency in monospecific stands. Pinus sylvestris had different responses when it coexisted with P. abies or B. pendula. The presence of B. pendula, but not of P. abies, in the forest had a positive effect on the efficiency of photosynthetic electron transport and N in P. sylvestris needles, and the photosynthetic responses were positively correlated with an increase of leaf d 13C. These effects on P. sylvestris may be related to high light availability at the canopy level due to the less dense canopy of B. pendula.The different light requirements of coexisting species was the most important factor affecting the distribution of foliage in the canopy, driving the physiological responses of the mixed species.Future research directions claim to enhance the informative potential of the methods to analyse the responses of pure and mixed forests to environmental factors, including a broader set of plant species' functional traits and physiological responses.
Published: 2017
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9. Climate-related changes in peatland carbon accumulation during the last millennium

Author: Paul D.M. Hughes, Sandy P. Harrison, Y. M. C. Corish, Maarten Blaauw, Stephen T. Jackson, Michelle Garneau, B. van Geel, Simon Brewer, G. Le Roux, Iain Colin Prentice, N. R. Phadtare, E-S. Tuittila, Jonathan E. Nichols, Robert Moschen, I. E. Bauer, Graeme T. Swindles, Dale H. Vitt, Edgar Karofeld, Jukka Alm, Zicheng Yu, Dmitri Mauquoy, Liisa Ukonmaanaho, Atte Korhola, J.A. Christen, V. Hohl, Angela V. Gallego-Sala, Fraser J.G. Mitchell, F. De Vleeschouwer, Frank M. Chambers, Robert K. Booth, Dan J. Charman, Tiina M. Nieminen, Julie Loisel, Yongsong Huang, S. van Bellen, Ue Sillasoo, Minna Väliranta, David W. Beilman, Yujin Zhao, N. Rausch, Glen M. MacDonald, M. van der Linden, BIAX Consult (NETHERLANDS), Brown University (USA), Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas - CIMAT (MEXICO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CHINA), Columbia University (USA), Finnish Forest Research Institute (FINLAND), University of Gloucestershire (UNITED KINGDOM), Universität Heidelberg (GERMANY), University of Helsinki (FINLAND), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT (FRANCE), Macquarie University (AUSTRALIA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration - NASA (USA), Southern Illinois University - SIU (USA), University of Tartu (USA), Tallinn University (USA), University of Hawai'i at Mānoa - UH Mānoa (USA), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Université du Québec à Montréal - UQAM (CANADA), University of Bristol (UNITED KINGDOM), University of Leeds (UNITED KINGDOM), Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology - WIHG (INDIA), University of Wyoming - UW (USA), University of Eastern Finland (FINLAND), Imperial College London (UNITED KINGDOM), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (GERMANY), Lehigh University (USA), Lund University (SWEDEN), Memorial University of Newfoundland - MUN (CANADA), Queen's University Belfast - QUB (UNITED KINGDOM), University of Southampton (UNITED KINGDOM), University of Aberdeen - ABDN (UNITED KINGDOM), University of Amsterdam - UvA (NETHERLANDS), University of California-Los Angeles - UCLA (USA), University of Exeter (UNITED KINGDOM), University of Dublin (REPUBLIC OF IRELAND), University of Utah (USA), Laboratoire Ecologie fonctionnelle et Environnement - EcoLab (Toulouse, France), Goddard institute for space studies - GISS (New-York, USA), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Tallinn University (ESTONIA), University of Exeter, University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Lehigh University [Bethlehem], University of Utah, University of Gloucestershire, Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas (CIMAT), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología [Mexico] (CONACYT), University of Bristol [Bristol], Lund University [Lund], Macquarie University, University of Southampton, University of Wyoming (UW), University of Helsinki, University of Aberdeen, Trinity College Dublin, Imperial College London, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Eastern Finland, Memorial University of Newfoundland [St. John's], Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Brown University, University of Tartu, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Columbia University [New York], Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Tallinn University, University of Leeds, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics - IBED (NETHERLANDS), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), Southern Illinois University [Carbondale] (SIU), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Paleoecology and Landscape Ecology (IBED, FNWI), Environmental Sciences, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Environmental Change Research Unit (ECRU), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Memorial University of Newfoundland = Université Memorial de Terre-Neuve [St. John's, Canada] (MUN), University of California (UC), and Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University
Subjects: 010506 paleontology, BOG GROWTH, Peat, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, HUMAN IMPACT, Climate, education, lcsh:Life, WESTERN CANADA, Carbon sequestration, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Permafrost, 01 natural sciences, ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE, Carbon cycle, Age, STABLE CARBON, ddc:570, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Paleoclimatology, SDG 13 - Climate Action, CYCLE, Little, 1172 Environmental sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Ecologie, Environnement, LATE-HOLOCENE, Global warming, Ice, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Carbon sink, 15. Life on land, ORGANIC-MATTER ACCUMULATION, Carbon, MODEL, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Permafrost carbon cycle, Physical geography, lcsh:Ecology, ICE-AGE
Abstract: Peatlands are a major terrestrial carbon store and a persistent natural carbon sink during the Holocene, but there is considerable uncertainty over the fate of peatland carbon in a changing climate. It is generally assumed that higher temperatures will increase peat decay, causing a positive feedback to climate warming and contributing to the global positive carbon cycle feedback. Here we use a new extensive database of peat profiles across northern high latitudes to examine spatial and temporal patterns of carbon accumulation over the past millennium. Opposite to expectations, our results indicate a small negative carbon cycle feedback from past changes in the long-term accumulation rates of northern peatlands. Total carbon accumulated over the last 1000 yr is linearly related to contemporary growing season length and photosynthetically active radiation, suggesting that variability in net primary productivity is more important than decomposition in determining long-term carbon accumulation. Furthermore, northern peatland carbon sequestration rate declined over the climate transition from the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) to the Little Ice Age (LIA), probably because of lower LIA temperatures combined with increased cloudiness suppressing net primary productivity. Other factors including changing moisture status, peatland distribution, fire, nitrogen deposition, permafrost thaw and methane emissions will also influence future peatland carbon cycle feedbacks, but our data suggest that the carbon sequestration rate could increase over many areas of northern peatlands in a warmer future.
Published: 2013
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10. Evolution-based approach needed for the conservation and silviculture of peripheral forest tree populations

Author: Hojka Kraigher, Hassan Sbay, Urs Mühlethaler, Marjana Westergren, Srdjan Stojnic, Fulvio Ducci, Annika Perry, Maria Carolina Varela, Bruno Fady, Matti Rousi, Colin T. Kelleher, Filippos A. Aravanopoulos, Csaba Mátyás, Sanja Perić, Abdelhamid Khaldi, Giovanni G. Vendramin, Paraskevi Alizoti, Magda Bou Dagher Kharrat, Branislav Cvjetković, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Ivaylo Tsvetkov, Martina Tijardović, Koen Kramer, Gerhard Huber, Piero Belletti, Georg von Wühlisch, Unité de Recherches Forestières Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Faculty of Agriculture, Forest Science & Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Institute of Environmental and Earth Sciences [Sopron] (NRRC), University of West Hungary [Sopron], Institute of Forest Genetics, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institut, Slovenian Forestry Institute, DISAFA Agricultural Genetics, University of Turin, Faculty of Forestry, University of Banja Luka, Forestry Research Centre, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Bavarian Institute for Forest Seeding and Planting, DBN Plant Molecular Laboratory, National Botanic Gardens of Ireland, Institut National de Recherche en Génie Rural Eaux et Forêts (INRGREF), Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts (ENGREF)-Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles [Tunis] (IRESA), Faculty of Science, Laboratoire Caractérisation Génomique des Plantes, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth (USJ), Green World Research, Vegetation, Forest, and Landscape Ecology, ALTERRA, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Haute école des sciences agronomiques, forestières et alimentaires (HAFL), Croatian Forest Research Institute, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural resources institute Finland, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Forest Research Institute, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária = National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research [Oeiras, Portugal] (INIAV), Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse [Palermo] (IBBR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), COST Action FP1202 ‘‘Strengthening conservation: a key issue for adaptation of marginal/peripheral populations of forest trees to climate change in Europe (MaP-FGR)', projects AMTools (ANR-11-AGRO-005-04) and ERA-NET BiodivERsA 2011– 2012 ‘‘TipTree' (ANR-12-EBID-0003), National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, Water and Forests (INRGREF), Université de Carthage - University of Carthage, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Natural Resources Institute Finland, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Range (biology), Ecology (disciplines), Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Forest management, forest tree genetics, forest management, Climate change, Context (language use), Conservation, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Geographic distribution range, Geographic distribution range, Forest tree genetics, Ecology, Climate change, Forest management, Conservation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Vegetatie, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Local adaptation, Vegetation, Natural selection, Ecology, business.industry, geographic distribution range, ecology, climate change, conservation, Environmental resource management, Forest tree genetics, Forestry, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, Geography, Sustainability, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: The fate of peripheral forest tree populations is of particular interest in the context of climate change. These populations may concurrently be those where the most significant evolutionary changes will occur; those most facing increasing extinction risk; the source of migrants for the colonization of new areas at leading edges; or the source of genetic novelty for reinforcing standing genetic variation in various parts of the range. Deciding which strategy to implement for conserving and sustainably using the genetic resources of peripheral forest tree populations is a challenge. Here, we review the genetic and ecological processes acting on different types of peripheral populations and indicate why these processes may be of general interest for adapting forests and forest management to climate change. We particularly focus on peripheral populations at the rear edge of species distributions where environmental challenges are or will become most acute. We argue that peripheral forest tree populations are “natural laboratories” for resolving priority research questions such as how the complex interaction between demographic processes and natural selection shape local adaptation; and whether genetic adaptation will be sufficient to allow the long-term persistence of species within their current distribution. Peripheral populations are key assets for adaptive forestry which need specific measures for their preservation. The traditionally opposing views which may exist between conservation planning and sustainable forestry need to be reconciled and harmonized for managing peripheral populations. Based on existing knowledge, we suggest approaches and principles which may be used for the management and conservation of these distinctive and valuable populations, to maintain active genetic and ecological processes that have sustained them over time.
Published: 2016
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11. Widespread Phytophthora infestations in European nurseries put forest, semi-natural and horticultural ecosystems at high risk of Phytophthora diseases

Author: A. V. Sanz Ros, Ana Pérez-Sierra, Salvatore Moricca, Stephen Woodward, B. Henricot, G. Magnano di San Lio, Z. Á. Nagy, Anna Maria Vettraino, Panaghiotis Tsopelas, C. Olsson, Antonio Franceschini, Benoit Marçais, Anna Rytkönen, Milka Glavendekić, Bruno Scanu, D. Chavarriaga, A. Lyubenova, Andrea Vannini, Nenad Keča, A. G. Aday, G. Denton, Tomasz Oszako, C. Pintos Varela, M. L. Herrero, H. T. Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi, Antonella Pane, Sarah Green, O. Aguín Casal, Simone Prospero, Thomas Jung, M. Wenneker, G. Hartmann, Paloma Abad-Campos, Daniel Rigling, Slavtcho Slavov, Epaminondas J. Paplomatas, M. Horta Jung, Iryna Matsiakh, María Esperanza Sánchez, C. Rial Martínez, Santa Olga Cacciola, Jan Nechwatal, Venche Talgø, Z. Tomic, J. Bakonyi, Jarkko Hantula, Edmundo Sousa, T. Decourcelle, S. Diamandis, Alejandro Solla, Ivan Milenković, Hélio Rubens Machado, J. Schumacher, D. Ivic, A. Schlenzig, T. Cech, Cécile Robin, Arja Lilja, Tamara Corcobado, Volodymyr Kramarets, P. J. Mansilla Vázquez, Jan Stenlid, Leszek B. Orlikowski, Beatrice Ginetti, Alfredo Cravador, Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, Partenaires INRAE, Research Institute of Horticulture, Royal Horticultural Society, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Faculty of Forestry, Süleyman Demirel University, EXCMA, Plant Protection Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania (UniCT), Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests Natural Hazards and Landscape, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Universidad de Extremadura (UEX), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF), Università degli Studi di Sassari, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Faculty of forestry, University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Vantaa Research Centre, Forest Research Institute of Lower Saxony, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Institute for Plant Protection, Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Ukrainian National Forestry University (UNFU), AgroBioInstitute, IPIMAR - Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biológicos, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), National Technical University of Ukraine 'Kyiv Polytechnic Institute' [Kiev], Bavarian State Institute for Agriculture, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Forest Research Institute, University of Athens, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Universidad de Córdoba [Cordoba], Government, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Université of Tunis, Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), and Forest Research [Great Britain]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR, Phytophthora, MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biosecurity, Phytophthora, invasive species, Nurseries, Introduced species, DECLINING OAK TREES, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Invasive species, FLORICULTURE CROPS, 03 medical and health sciences, Ornamental plant, Infestation, medicine, PRODUCCION VEGETAL, Life Science, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, biology, NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS, SPECIES CAUSING ROOT, SP-NOV, WESTERN-AUSTRALIA, MICROSATELLITE MARKERS, MULTILOCUS PHYLOGENY, Forestry, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Agronomy, Collar rot, 010606 plant biology & botany, Woody plant, BBF Team Randwijk
Abstract: [EN] An analysis of incidence of Phytophthora spp. in 732 European nurseries producing forest transplants, larger specimen trees, landscape plants and ornamentals, plus 2525 areas in which trees and shrubs were planted, is presented based on work conducted by 38 research groups in 23 European countries between 1972 and 2013. Forty-nine Phytophthora taxa were recorded in 670 nurseries (91.5%); within these nurseries, 1614 of 1992 nursery stands (81.0%) were infested, although most affected plants appeared healthy. In forest and landscape plantings, 56 Phytophthora taxa were recovered from 1667 of 2525 tested sites (66.0%). Affected plants frequently showed symptoms such as crown thinning, chlorosis and dieback caused by extensive fine root losses and/or collar rot. Many well-known highly damaging host¿Phytophthora combinations were frequently detected but 297 and 407 new Phytophthora¿host associations were also observed in nurseries and plantings, respectively. On average, 1.3 Phytophthora species/taxa per infested nursery stand and planting site were isolated. At least 47 of the 68 Phytophthora species/taxa detected in nurseries and plantings were exotic species several of which are considered well established in both nurseries and plantings in Europe. Seven known Phytophthora species/taxa were found for the first time in Europe, while 10 taxa had not been previously recorded from nurseries or plantings; in addition, 5 taxa were first detections on woody plant species. Seven Phytophthora taxa were previously unknown to science. The reasons for these failures of plant biosecurity in Europe, implications for forest and semi-natural ecosystems and possible ways to improve biosecurity are discused., The authors are grateful to all public and private owners of nurseries and plantings who contributed to this extensive study. T. Jung acknowledges the support by the Regione Autonoma della Sardegna, Visiting Professor Program at the University of Sassari, Italy. The authors also thank the COST Office and the European Council for providing the European COST Actions FP0801 (http://www.cost.eu/domains_actions/fps/Actions/FP0801) and FP 1002 (http://www.cost.eu/domains_actions/fps/Actions/FP1002), the EU projects FOR-THREATS and ISEFOR, and BiodivERsA project RESIPATH as platforms for stimulating discussions on the nursery pathway and possible management solutions.
Published: 2016
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12. Global geographic distribution and host range of Dothistroma species: a comprehensive review

Author: Panaghiotis Tsopelas, A. Halasz, Helena Bragança, Julio J. Diez, V. Galovic, Rosie E. Bradshaw, Svetlana Markovskaja, L. S. Bulman, M. Markovic, Barbara Piškur, Margarita Georgieva, Irena Papazova-Anakieva, N. Anselmi, A. Angst, Valentyna Meshkova, Irene Barnes, Audrius Kačergius, Alejandro Solla, Thomas Kirisits, R. Baden, Alex J. Woods, T. Cech, András Koltay, D. Sadiković, Mihajlo Risteski, Martti Vuorinen, S. Schmitz, N. La Porta, Iben Margrete Thomsen, Valentin Queloz, Funda Oskay, Jan Stenlid, Kiril Sotirovski, Jorge Martín-García, S. Fraser, K.V. Tubby, V. Vasic, Michael J. Wingfield, Jelena Lazarević, Nenad Keča, Rodrigo Ahumada, Benoit Marçais, L. Poljakovic Pajnik, Kateryna Davydenko, Dragan Karadžić, Stephen Woodward, Petr Vahalík, Danut Chira, Emília Ondrušková, Piotr Boroń, Deborah Craig, Andrey V. Selikhovkin, Kalev Adamson, H. T. Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi, P. Pap, Timur S. Bulgakov, Libor Jankovský, Dmitry L. Musolin, A. V. Brown, Rein Drenkhan, Halvor Solheim, A. Lehtijärvi, Martin Mullett, H. Millberg, V. Tomešová-Haataja, R. Kiesnere, Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Pretoria (UPSpace), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Bio-Protection Research Centre - Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Department of Plant Production and Forest, Universitad de Valladolid, Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, Spanish National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Forest Protection, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Department of Genetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center [Houston], Institute of Forest Entomology - Forest Pathology and Forest Protection (IFFF) - Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Department of Forest Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Life Sciences [Trieste], Università degli studi di Trieste, Forest Research Institute, Karnataka Forest Department, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, Concepción, Bioforest S.A., Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Natural Resources Institute Finland, Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems, Hungarian Forest Research Institute (ERTI), National Food Chain Safety Office - Plant Health and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Directorate of Plant Protection and Soil Conservation, MOUNTFOR Project Centre, European Forest Institute = Institut Européen de la Forêt = Euroopan metsäinstituutti (EFI), Edmund Mach Foundation (FEM), Istituto Agrario di San Michele all'Adige (IASMA), Department for Innovation in Biological Agrofood and Forest Systems (DiBAF), Tuscia University, Latvian State Forest Research Institute 'Silava', Laboratory of Mycology, Archet II Hospital, Vokė Branch, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Czech University of Agriculture, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Department of Forest Pathology, Mycology and Tree Physiology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Marin Dracea National Forest Research-Development Institute, St. Petersburg State Forest Technical University, Saint Petersburg State University, Southern Federal University [Rostov-on-Don] (SFEDU), Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Institute of Forest Ecology Zvolen - Branch for Woody Plants Biology Nitra, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad de Extremadura (UEX), Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Swiss Federal Research Institute, Bursa Technical University, Süleyman Demirel University, Çankırı Karatekin University, Ukrainian State Forest Protection Service, Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry and Forest Melioration (URIFFM), Agri Food and Biosciences Institute, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, EU COST Action [FP1102 DIAROD], Norwegian Financial Mechanism [EMP162], [IUT21-04], Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMU), Mendel University in Brno (MENDELU), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Natural resources institute Finland, and Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária = National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research [Oeiras, Portugal] (INIAV)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Ecology, Host (biology), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Outbreak, Forestry, 15. Life on land, 030108 mycology & parasitology, Biology, Subspecies, Dothistroma needle blight, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Mycosphaerella pini, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine.drug_formulation_ingredient, Taxon, Dothistroma septosporum, Pinaceae, medicine, Biological dispersal, Settore AGR/12 - PATOLOGIA VEGETALE, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Summary Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) is one of the most important diseases of pine. Although its notoriety stems from Southern Hemisphere epidemics in Pinus radiata plantations, the disease has increased in prevalence and severity in areas of the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, during the last two decades. This increase has largely been attributed to expanded planting of susceptible hosts, anthropogenic dispersal of the causative pathogens and changes in climate conducive to disease development. The last comprehensive review of DNB was published in 2004, with updates on geographic distribution and host species in 2009. Importantly, the recognition that two species, Dothistroma septosporum and D. pini, cause DNB emerged only relatively recently in 2004. These two species are morphologically very similar, and DNA-based techniques are needed to distinguish between them. Consequently, many records of host species affected or geographic location of DNB prior to 2004 are inconclusive or even misleading. The objectives of this review were (i) to provide a new database in which detailed records of DNB from 62 countries are collated; (ii) to chart the current global distribution of D. septosporum and D. pini; (iii) to list all known host species and to consider their susceptibility globally; (iv) to collate the published results of provenance trials; and (v) to consider the effects of site factors on disease incidence and severity. The review shows that DNB occurs in 76 countries, with D. septosporum confirmed to occur in 44 and D. pini in 13. There are now 109 documented Pinaceae host taxa for Dothistroma species, spanning six genera (Abies, Cedrus, Larix, Picea, Pinus and Pseudotsuga), with Pinus being the dominant host genus, accounting for 95 host taxa. The relative susceptibilities of these hosts to Dothistroma species are reported, providing a resource to inform species choice in forest planting. Country records show that most DNB outbreaks in Europe occur on Pinus nigra and its subspecies. It is anticipated that the collaborative work described in this review will both underpin a broader global research strategy to manage DNB in the future and provide a model for the study of other forest pathogens.
Published: 2016
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13. Coupling a tree growth model with storm damage modeling - Conceptual approach and results of scenario simulations

Author: François Ningre, Ulrich Kohnle, Axel Albrecht, Mathieu Fortin, Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg (FVA), Laboratoire d'Etudes des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, and AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Disturbance modeling, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Forest management, Winter storm, Risk avoidance, Windthrow, 01 natural sciences, Forest growth, Forest ecology, Storm damage, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, Ecological Modeling, Storm, 15. Life on land, Statistical modeling, Tree (data structure), Scenario simulation, Coupling (computer programming), Disturbance (ecology), Risk reduction, Environmental science, Software, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop, test and evaluate a software prototype capable of modeling forest growth in consideration of winter storm disturbance and to simulate storm damage in forests under different forest management regimes. The results of a test application showed that simulated storm damage was more strongly influenced by the input data (e.g. tree species and tree height) than by the different forest management regimes. However, early, intense thinnings as well as reducing target diameters by 10% led to reduced storm damage, with decreases as large as 50% of the damage in certain forest stands. The coupled modeling framework was able to simulate interactions between forest growth, storm damage and forest management regimes. Further testing of the prototype appears necessary to investigate a wider range of tree species, soil and site conditions. Also, the use of computational system resources needs improvement. We establish and evaluate a coupled forest growth and storm damage modeling system.The impact of forest management on storm damage risk can be simulated.Measures to stabilize forest ecosystems against storm disturbance were identified.Heavy thinnings and a 10% reduction of target diameters proved effective.Storm damage in coniferous forests could be lowered up to 50% by adapted management.
Published: 2015
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14. Effects of frozen soil on growth and longevity of fine roots of Norway spruce

Author: Aurore Lavigné, Sirkka Sutinen, Eija Koljonen, Marja Roitto, Seija Sirkiä, Jaakko Heinonen, Leena Finér, Tapani Repo, Joensuu Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (MIA-Paris), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Finnish Forest Research Institute [3311, 3489, 3595], Academy of Finland [127924], and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech
Subjects: Forest floor, Carbon sequestration, biology, Ecology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Growing season, Forestry, Picea abies, 15. Life on land, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, biology.organism_classification, Snow, Production volume, Root turnover, Animal science, Boreal, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Soil horizon, Climate change, Frost (temperature), Soil freezing, Snow manipulation, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: Frozen soil is predicted to change in the boreal areas with climate warming. We studied growth, longevity and mortality of fine roots at different levels of frozen soil in winter followed by a delayed soil thawing in spring in a 47-year-old stand of Picea abies (L. Karst.) in the boreal zone. The treatments, repeated over two winters, were: (i) natural insulating snow accumulation and melting (CTRL), (ii) snow removed during winter (OPEN), and (iii) as OPEN in winter but soil thaw delayed by insulation at the top of the forest floor (FROST). Short and long roots were monitored at different depths by minirhizotron imaging at one-month intervals from May to October in the 2 years during and 2 years after the treatments, to assess standing length (SSL), production volume (SPV) and mortality. A survival function estimate was calculated according to the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimate for interval censored data, and the mean and median root longevities were calculated as with a Kaplan-Meier estimate. CTRL and OPEN did not differ for SSL and SPV but they differed in FROST where compensatory growth occurred in the follow-up seasons. The mean longevity ranged from 276 to 305 days for short roots and from 425 to 464 days for long roots, being higher in OPEN than CTRL and FROST, and higher in the deeper soil layers than near the soil surface. The mean and median longevities were largely the same for short roots but the means were 80-100 days higher for long roots. We conclude that the winters with deep soil freezing are not detrimental for fine roots of Norway spruce, insofar as soil thawing will not prolong the growing season. The longer lifetime in OPEN suggests declining carbon flux into the soil following winters with deeply frozen soil.
Published: 2014
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15. The Biology of Reaction Wood

Author: Pekka Saranpää, J. R. Barnett, Joseph Gril, Barry Gardiner, Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Finnish Forest Research Institute (FINLAND), Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (LMGC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bois (BOIS), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Barry Gardiner, John Barnett, Pekka Saranpää, Joseph Gril, Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Finnish Forest Research Institute, and Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Materials science, technology, industry, and agriculture, [SPI.MECA.BIOM]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Biomechanics [physics.med-ph], 02 engineering and technology, 15. Life on land, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Pulp and paper industry, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, [SPI.MECA.MEMA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph], Composite material, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 0210 nano-technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; The book is a fundamental reference source on reaction wood for wood scientists and technologists, plant biologists, silviculturists, forest ecologists, and anyone involved in the growing of trees and the processing of wood. It brings together our current understanding of all aspects of reaction wood, and is the first book to discuss both compression wood and tension wood.Trees produce reaction wood to maintain the vertical orientation of their stems and the optimum angle of each branch. They achieve this by laying down fibre cell walls in which differences in physical and chemical structure from those of normal fibres are expressed as differential stresses across the stem or branch. This process, while of obvious value for the survival of the tree, causes serious problems for the utilisation of timber. Timber derived from trees containing significant amounts of reaction wood is subject to dimensional instability on drying, causing twisting, bending and splitting. It is also difficult to work as timber, and for the pulp and paper industry the cost of removing the increased amount of lignin in compression wood is substantial. This has both practical and economic consequences for industry.Understanding the factors controlling reaction wood formation and its effect on wood structure is therefore fundamental to our understanding of the adaptation of trees to their environment and to the sustainable use of wood.The topics covered include:-Morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of reaction wood-Cell-wall polymers in reaction wood and their biosynthesis-Changes in tree proteomes during reaction wood formation-The biomechanical action and biological functions of reaction wood- Physical and mechanical properties of reaction wood from the scale of cell walls to planks-The detection and characterisation of compression wood-Effects of reaction wood on the performance of wood and wood-based products- Commercial implications of reaction wood and the influence of forest management on its formation
Published: 2014
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16. Disparity in elevational shifts of European trees in response to recent climate warming

Author: Romà Ogaya, Fernando Valladares, Regino Zamora, Johan Bergh, Josep Maria Espelta, Wojciech Gil, Georges Kunstler, Sonia G. Rabasa, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Sławomir Ambroży, Wojciech Grodzki, Elena Granda, José A. Hódar, Josep Peñuelas, Raquel Benavides, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), MUSEO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS NATURALES MNCN MADRID ESP, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), CREAF CERDANYOLA DEL VALLES ESP, UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG DEU, FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE RASZYN POL, FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE KRAKOW POL, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), and UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA ESP
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Time Factors, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Range (biology), Altitudinal gradients, CLIMATE CHANGE, Species distribution, Climate change, Acer, Fagaceae, Global Warming, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Generalized additive models, Trees, Species Specificity, Fagus sylvatica, Abundance (ecology), SPECIES DISTRIBUTION, Environmental Chemistry, Forest, Transect, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, biology, Plant Dispersal, Altitude, Global warming, Picea abies, 15. Life on land, Pinaceae, FOREST, biology.organism_classification, Europe, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT, GENERALIZED ADDITIVE MODELS
Abstract: Predicting climate-driven changes in plant distribution is crucial for biodiversity conservation and management under recent climate change. Climate warming is expected to induce movement of species upslope and towards higher latitudes. However, the mechanisms and physiological processes behind the altitudinal and latitudinal distribution range of a tree species are complex and depend on each tree species features and vary over ontogenetic stages. We investigated the altitudinal distribution differences between juvenile and adult individuals of seven major European tree species along elevational transects covering a wide latitudinal range from southern Spain (37°N) to northern Sweden (67°N). By comparing juvenile and adult distributions (shifts on the optimum position and the range limits) we assessed the response of species to present climate conditions in relation to previous conditions that prevailed when adults were established. Mean temperature increased by 0.86 °C on average at our sites during the last decade compared with previous 30-year period. Only one of the species studied, Abies alba, matched the expected predictions under the observed warming, with a maximum abundance of juveniles at higher altitudes than adults. Three species, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris, showed an opposite pattern while for other three species, such as Quercus ilex, Acer pseudoplatanus and Q. petraea, we were no able to detect changes in distribution. These findings are in contrast with theoretical predictions and show that tree responses to climate change are complex and are obscured not only by other environmental factors but also by internal processes related to ontogeny and demography. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Financial support was provided by the European Union with the project BACCARA (FP7-226299, 7FP) and the Spanish Ministry for Innovation and Science with the grant Consolider Montes (CSD2008_00040).
Published: 2013
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17. Biogeographical patterns and determinants of invasion by forest pathogens in Europe

Author: Thomas Jung, Benoit Marçais, Luisa Ghelardini, Libor Jankovsky, I. Szabó, Stephen Woodward, Andrea Vannini, Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau, Thomas R. Cech, O. Holdenrieder, T. Gaitniekis, Vaidotas Lygis, Andrej Kunca, Panaghiotis Tsopelas, Paolo Capretti, Anna Maria Vettraino, Jarkko Hantula, D. Jurc, Thomas Kirisits, S. Schmitz, Jan Stenlid, Joan Webber, Halvor Solheim, Anne Chandelier, M. Malecka, C. De Pace, S. Diamandis, Alejandro Solla, J. Schumacher, Alberto Santini, Danut Chira, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Florence (UNIFI), Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques (CRA-W), Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests Natural Hazards and Landscape, Institutul de Cercetari si Amenajari Silvice (ICAS), Finnish Forest Research Institute (FINLAND), Institute for Integrative Biology [Zürich] (IBZ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Mendel University in Brno, Slovenian Forestry Institute, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Institute of Botany Lithuania, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg (FVA), Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Universidad de Extremadura (UEX), University of West-Hungary, National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF), Fisheries Research Institute, Forestry Commission, Alice Holt Lodge - Farnham, Forest Research, University of Aberdeen, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Mendel University in Brno (MENDELU), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), and Forest Research [Great Britain]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Time Factors, Databases, Factual, Physiology, Biogeography, Environmental diversity, Climate, Rain, invasiveness, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Introduced species, alien species, Plant Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Invasive species, determinants of invasion, Trees, biogeographical pattern of invasion, invasive forest pathogens (IFPs), Global mobility, Ecosystem, Alien species, Plant Diseases, Population Density, Principal Component Analysis, Land use, Geography, Ecology, analysis of invasive species variance (ANISVA), emerging infectious disease (EID), Fungi, Temperature, 15. Life on land, Europe, Socioeconomic Factors, Linear Models, Introduced Species, 010606 plant biology & botany, invasibility
Abstract: International audience; A large database of invasive forest pathogens (IFPs) was developed to investigate the patterns and determinants of invasion in Europe. Detailed taxonomic and biological information on the invasive species was combined with country-specific data on land use, climate, and the time since invasion to identify the determinants of invasiveness, and to differentiate the class of environments which share territorial and climate features associated with a susceptibility to invasion. IFPs increased exponentially in the last four decades. Until 1919, IFPs already present moved across Europe. Then, new IFPs were introduced mainly from North America, and recently from Asia. Hybrid pathogens also appeared. Countries with a wider range of environments, higher human impact or international trade hosted more IFPs. Rainfall influenced the diffusion rates. Environmental conditions of the new and original ranges and systematic and ecological attributes affected invasiveness. Further spread of established IFPs is expected in countries that have experienced commercial isolation in the recent past. Densely populated countries with high environmental diversity may be the weakest links in attempts to prevent new arrivals. Tight coordination of actions against new arrivals is needed. Eradication seems impossible, and prevention seems the only reliable measure, although this will be difficult in the face of global mobility.
Published: 2013
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18. Hotspots of the European forests carbon cycle

Author: Richard Petritsch, Kęstutis Armolaitis, Emil Cienciala, Risto Sievänen, Zoltán Somogyi, Peter Biber, T. Pristova, Raisa Mäkipää, Joachim Rock, Edgar Kaufmann, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Petter Nilsen, N. Heidema, Patrick Vallet, Esther Thürig, ALTERRA WAGENINGEN NLD, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), EUROPEAN FOREST INSTITUTE JOENSUU FIN, LITHUANIAN FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE KAUNAS DISTRICT LTU, TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAT MUNCHEN FREISING DEU, INSTITUTE OF FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH JILOVE U PRAHY CZE, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE VANTAA FIN, NORWEGIAN FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE AS NOR, INSTITUTE OF FOREST GROWTH RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF NATURAL RESSOURCES AND APPLIED LIFE SCIENCE VIENNA AUT, INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY SYKTYVKAR RUS, POTSDAM INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE IMPACT RESEARCH POTSDAM DEU, JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE CLIMATE CHANGE UNIT ISPRA ITA, Écosystèmes forestiers et paysages (UR EFNO), and Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Peat, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, stands, koolstofcyclus, whole-tree, bosecologie, Forest management, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Carbon sequestration, 01 natural sciences, storage, Environmental protection, compensatory fertilization, environmental policy, Forest ecology, carbon cycle, greenhouse gases, Wageningen Environmental Research, forest ecology, rotation length, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Land use, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Urban sprawl, Forestry, 15. Life on land, Centrum Ecosystemen, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, managed forests, europa, Geography, milieubeleid, Greenhouse gas, norway spruce, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, climate-change, Kyoto Protocol, picea-abies, business, europe, broeikasgassen, 010606 plant biology & botany, meta analysis
Abstract: International audience; This paper is the outcome of a group discussion held at the Savonlinna meeting Management of forest ecosystems and its impact on the GHG budget'. The aim of this break-out group discussion was to Characterize forest management impacts on the GHG budget of forest ecosystems in different European regions'. In this paper we briefly characterize different options that a forest owner has in order to maintain or maximize forest carbon pools and carbon sequestration. These hectare scale descriptions of measures are then regarded in connection to the current state of European forests and how they can be combined with ongoing management trends and local issues. We point out the various possibilities that exist in European forests, where they are located, and where they could possibly be combined with adaptation. We identify these hotspots for largest growing stocks, largest peat areas, and, e.g. largest risks for loss of carbon due to fire or urban sprawl. We conclude that one common strategy cannot be designed. Within each region, local solutions have to be found that optimize goals and aim at integrated and sustainable land use.
Published: 2008
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19. The Use of Tree-Related Microhabitats as Forest Biodiversity Indicators and to Guide Integrated Forest Management

Author: Thomas Asbeck, Josef Großmann, Nathalie Winiger, Yoan Paillet, Jürgen Bauhus, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department Wildlife Ecology and Wildlife Management, and Chair of Silviculture, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Retention forestry, Forest management, Biodiversity, Context (language use), [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Abundance (ecology), Forest ecology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Sustainable development, Drivers of tree-related microhabitats, Ecology, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Forestry, 15. Life on land, Geography, Sustainability indicator, Habitat, Species richness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Habitat trees
Abstract: Purpose of the Review The concept of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) is an approach to assess and manage multi-taxon species richness in forest ecosystems. Owing to their provision of special habitat features, TreMs are of special interest as a surrogate biodiversity indicator. In particular, in retention forestry, TreMs have gained attention over the past decade as a selection criterion for retained structural elements such as habitat trees. This review seeks to (a) address the suitability of TreMs as biodiversity indicator in the context of retention forestry, (b) summarize drivers of TreM occurrence and the status quo of the implementation of TreM-based retention concepts in forest management, and (c) discuss current and future challenges to the use of TreMs as biodiversity indicator. Recent Findings The TreM concept originated in Europe where it is now increasingly implemented. Most studies of the quantity, quality, and diversity of TreMs are focused on tree species from this region, although it is increasingly applied in other contexts. In addition to tree species, tree dimensions and live status have been identified as the main drivers of TreM occurrence. One major remaining research challenge is to verify relationships between the occurrence and abundance of forest-dwelling species from different taxonomic groups and TreMs to improve the evidence basis of this concept and thus increase its integration in forest conservation approaches. Summary TreMs are not the “silver bullet” indicator to quantify biodiversity of forest dwelling species, but they provide an important tool for forest managers to guide the selection of habitat trees for the conservation of the associated biodiversity.
Published: 2021
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20. Using hyperspectral plant traits linked to photosynthetic efficiency to assess N and P partition

Author: Liam Wright, Ellen Mae C. Leonardo, Horacio E. Bown, Michael S. Watt, Robin Hartley, Peter Massam, Mireia Gomez-Gallego, Henning Buddenbaum, Pablo J. Zarco-Tejada, Honey Jane Estarija, Scion - New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Trier University, Universidad de Chile, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible - Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment (New Zealand), Forest Growers Levy Trust, Australian Government, and Tasmanian Government
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Nitrogen, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Reflectance, 02 engineering and technology, Photosynthetic efficiency, 01 natural sciences, P ratio [N], Computers in Earth Sciences, Plant traits, Engineering (miscellaneous), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Agroforestry, High resolution hyperspectral, State government, Phosphorus, 15. Life on land, Reflectivity, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Computer Science Applications, N:P ratio, Nutrient limitation, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Spatial prediction of photosynthesis requires an understanding of how foliage nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) regulate this process and the relationship between these elements and scalable spectral proxies. Hyperspectral imagery has been used to predict important photosynthetic variables such as the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron transport (Jmax). However, our understanding of how generally applicable these relationships are for plants that are limited by N and P, characterised by respective mass based ratios of N/P ≤ 10 and N/P > 10, is still incomplete as most studies assume N and P co-limit photosynthesis. Hyperspectral imagery and measurements of photosynthesis were obtained from one-year old Pinus radiata D. Don, grown under a factorial combination of N and P treatments. Using these data, the objectives of this study were to (i) identify whether trees were co-limited or independently limited by N and P, and then use hyperspectral imagery to (ii) partition N and P limited trees, (iii) build models of N and P from a range of hyperspectral indices and (iv) explore links between key plant traits and both Vcmax and Jmax. Compared to the use of all data, which assumes co-limitation, markedly stronger relationships between N and P and photosynthetic capacity were obtained through splitting data at N/P = 10 (independent limitation) for both Vcmax (R2 = 0.40 vs. 0.59) and Jmax (R2 = 0.38 vs. 0.64). A random forest model was used to accurately partition N from P limited trees and the two main variables used within this model were Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) and Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF). Using data from the P limiting phase, the most precise models of P were created using PRI (R2 = 0.75) and SIF (R2 = 0.52). Indices that were proxies for chlorophyll were the most precise predictors of N within the N limiting phase but strong positive relationships were also evident between N and both PRI (R2 = 0.83) and SIF (R2 = 0.57). Through their correlations with N and P, there were strong positive relationships between both SIF, PRI and Vcmax (R2 = 0.78 and 0.83, respectively) and Jmax (R2 = 0.80 and 0.83, respectively) that were generalisable across both N and P limiting ranges. These results suggest that quantified SIF and PRI from hyperspectral images may have greater precision and generality for predicting both foliage nutrition and biochemical limitations to photosynthesis than other widely used hyperspectral indices., The project was partly funded through the Resilient Forests programme, which is funded through Scion SSIF as well as the Forest Grower’s Levy Trust. Funding was also received from the National Institute for Forest Products Innovation (Project Number NIF073-1819), which comprised contributions from the Australian Government, Australasian Forestry Companies and South Australian and Tasmanian State Governments.
Published: 2020
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21. Understanding the uncertainty in global forest carbon turnover

Author: T. A. M. Pugh, T. Rademacher, S. L. Shafer, J. Steinkamp, J. Barichivich, B. Beckage, V. Haverd, A. Harper, J. Heinke, K. Nishina, A. Rammig, H. Sato, A. Arneth, S. Hantson, T. Hickler, M. Kautz, B. Quesada, B. Smith, K. Thonicke, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Birmingham Institute of Forest Research (BIFoR), Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology [Cambridge] (OEB), Harvard University [Cambridge], School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems (SICCS), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Center for Ecosystem Science and Society (ECOSS), Geosciences and Environmental Climate Change Science Center, United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Universidad Austral de Chile, University of Vermont [Burlington], CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IRVINE CA USA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Universidad del Rosario [Bogota], DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND ECOSYSTEM SCIENCE LUND UNIVERSITY SWE, Western Sydney University, Seventh Framework Programme, FP7: 50 603542 European Research Council, ERC: 758873 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS Svenska ForskningsrÃ¥det Formas: 211-2009-1682 Helmholtz Association Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Financial support. This research has been supported by the Euro, pean Commission, European Research Council (TreeMort – grant no. 758873), Seventh Framework Programme (LUC4C – grant no. 50 603542), the Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas (Dnr. 211-2009-1682 and the strategic research areas BECC and MERGE), the Helmholtz Association ATMO programme, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) of France through the programme 'Make Our Planet Great Again', the U.S. Geological Survey Land Change Science Program, and the Helmholtz Alliance 'Remote Sensing and Earth System Dynamics'., Harvard University, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Environmental change, lcsh:Life, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, lcsh:QH540-549.5, ddc:550, Baseline (configuration management), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Biomass (ecology), lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biosphere, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Plant functional type, lcsh:Geology, Earth sciences, lcsh:QH501-531, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Turnover, lcsh:Ecology, Physical geography, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: The length of time that carbon remains in forest biomass is one of the largest uncertainties in the global carbon cycle, with both recent historical baselines and future responses to environmental change poorly constrained by available observations. In the absence of large-scale observations, models used for global assessments tend to fall back on simplified assumptions of the turnover rates of biomass and soil carbon pools. In this study, the biomass carbon turnover times calculated by an ensemble of contemporary terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) are analysed to assess their current capability to accurately estimate biomass carbon turnover times in forests and how these times are anticipated to change in the future. Modelled baseline 1985–2014 global average forest biomass turnover times vary from 12.2 to 23.5 years between TBMs. TBM differences in phenological processes, which control allocation to, and turnover rate of, leaves and fine roots, are as important as tree mortality with regard to explaining the variation in total turnover among TBMs. The different governing mechanisms exhibited by each TBM result in a wide range of plausible turnover time projections for the end of the century. Based on these simulations, it is not possible to draw robust conclusions regarding likely future changes in turnover time, and thus biomass change, for different regions. Both spatial and temporal uncertainty in turnover time are strongly linked to model assumptions concerning plant functional type distributions and their controls. Thirteen model-based hypotheses of controls on turnover time are identified, along with recommendations for pragmatic steps to test them using existing and novel observations. Efforts to resolve uncertainty in turnover time, and thus its impacts on the future evolution of biomass carbon stocks across the world's forests, will need to address both mortality and establishment components of forest demography, as well as allocation of carbon to woody versus non-woody biomass growth.
Published: 2020
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22. Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) (Hemiptera, Tingidae) in its invasive range in Europe: perception, knowledge and willingness to act in foresters and citizens

Author: Bălăcenoiu, Flavius, Japelj, Anže, Bernardinelli, Iris, Castagneyrol, Bastien, Csóka, György, Glavendekić, Milka, Hoch, Gernot, Hrašovec, Boris, Krajter Ostoic, Silvija, Paulin, Marton, Williams, David, Witters, Johan, de Groot, Maarten, Transilvania University of Brasov, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of West Hungary [Sopron], University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Austrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW), University of Zagreb, Croatian Forest Research Institute, Forest Research [Great Britain], and Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Belgium
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Evropa, Insecta, Range (biology), Plant Science, Attitude, citizen knowledge, Europe, forest health, IAS control measures, invasive alien species, survey, 01 natural sciences, Tingidae, Biology (General), udc:630*4, anketa, 0303 health sciences, Corythucha arcuata, Ecology, biology, Ecological Modeling, zdravje gozda, Hemiptera, Biota, Geography, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, invazivne tujerodne vrste, Arthropoda, QH301-705.5, Aquatic Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, Corythucha, 03 medical and health sciences, znanje državljanov, Animalia, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Tingoidea, attitude, Insect Science, ukrepi nadzora nad ITV, Animal Science and Zoology
Abstract: The oak lace bug (OLB) Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) is an invasive alien species (IAS) that potentially could have many negative impacts on European oak health. Certain measures can be applied to counteract these effects. However, these measures may not be acceptable for forest managers or other stakeholder groups, such as private forest owners, environmental NGOs or the general public. Thereby, we set out to study the perception and knowledge of foresters and other stakeholders on the health status of European oak forests affected by oak lace bug and to investigate what forest health management measures would be acceptable to these target groups. An online survey questionnaire was designed and distributed via social networks, as well as professional networks via e-mails. The survey questionnaire was completed by 2084 respondents from nine European countries: Austria, Croatia, Belgium, France, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia. Even though only a little over 60% of respondents reported they had noticed the discolouration of oak leaves caused by OLB, almost all (93%) considered it to be a problem. As respondents come from a country where C. arcuata is widespread and established, people’s general knowledge and awareness of OLB began to increase. The survey revealed that foresters thought that the insect affected photosynthesis, acorn crop and the aesthetics of the trees, but cannot cause death of trees. However, they assume that the value of the wood would decrease (this fact is also supported by the respondents who are connected to an environmental NGO), but that OLB does not affect property value. However, forest owners claim that the value of the property can be affected and that people would avoid entering the forest. In terms of potential control methods, respondents preferred biological or mechanical measures over chemical ones. We consider this study to be a good basis for further research on the topic of perception, knowledge and attitudes related to OLB since we can expect that the IAS, such as OLB, will certainly spread to European countries that were not included in this survey.
Published: 2021
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23. Tree-rings, genetics and the environment: Complex interactions at the rear edge of species distribution range

Author: Renzo Motta, Christopher Carcaillet, Martin P. Girardin, Johann Housset, Endre Gy. Tóth, Francine Tremblay, Yves Bergeron, Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), EPHE PSL Research University (EPHE PSL), Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Sarl ALCINA, Forest Research Institute (FRI), University of Sopron (UOS), Department DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino –, Équipe 6 - Paléontologie, Paléoécologie, Paléobiogéographie, Évolution (P3E), Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Dendrochronology, Range (biology), Species distribution, Climate change, Plant Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Genetic diversity, Subalpine forest, food, Dendrochronology Grow-climate relationship Functional trait Genetic diversity Subalpine forest, Precipitation, Genetic variability, Ecology, Pinus cembra, 15. Life on land, Functional trait, Grow-climate relationship, food.food, 13. Climate action, Adaptation, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Under climate change, modifications on plants’ growth are expected to be the strongest at species margins. Therein, tree acclimation could play a key role as migration is predicted to be too slow to track shifts of bioclimatic envelops. A requirement is, however, that intra-population genetic diversity be high enough for allowing such adaptation of tree populations to climate change. In this study, we tested for the existence of relationships between genetic diversity, site environmental conditions, and the response of annual tree growth to climate of Pinus cembra at its southern limit in the Alps. Site-specific climatic and environmental factors pre- dominantly determined the response of trees along the precipitation gradient. The growth-climate interactions were chiefly linked to mean annual precipitation and temperature, slope and tree-size, and less to genetic di- versity. We show that genetic background of Pinus cembra has exclusively indirect modulating power with limited effects on tree-ring formation, and within the southern limit in the Alps, genetic variability is not necessarily well expressed in the patterns of annual tree growth. Our results may imply little adaptive capacity of these pop- ulations to future changes in the water balance.
Published: 2021
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24. Improving the Fagacées growth model with an expanded common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) data series from France and Germany

Author: François Ningre, Gilles Le Moguédec, Axel Albrecht, Sidonie Artru, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF BADEN WURTTEMBERG FREIBURG DEU, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and ANR-11-LABX-0002,ARBRE,Recherches Avancées sur l'Arbre et les Ecosytèmes Forestiers(2011)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Model calibration, Forest management, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, Basal area, Growth model, Set (abstract data type), [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Fagus sylvatica, Germany, Applied mathematics, Beech, Mathematics, Forest inventory, Ecology, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Aggregate (data warehouse), Forestry, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, biology.organism_classification, Fagus sylvatica L, Data set, France, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Key message: The Fagacées growth model was originally designed for application in the Northern half of France. It is a robust model with potential applicability to a larger area, though this potential has not yet been verified. We added new data to the original parameterization data set and our results show that the Fagacées formalism can be generalized. Context :The Fagacées growth and yield model was designed for the management of pure even-aged stands of European beech and served as a prototype to build models for other tree species. Aims: The objective of this study was to improve the growth components of the Fagacées model with additional data from NorthWestern France to SouthWestern Germany. Material and methods: Our model was calibrated on several forest inventory data sets. The first one (F) is the original data set that was used to elaborate the equations in the Fagacées model. The second one (F+) is the original data set extended with additional measurements on the same sites and on new sites in Northern France. The third (G) adds complementary data from a forest network in Southwestern Germany. The last one (A) is the aggregate of all these data sets. Results: Fitting the original model equations on the extended F+ dataset led us to modify the equation for stand basal area increment. This new equation also fit the German dataset well. The other equations could be applied to all datasets, some with the same parameter values and some after recalibrating according to the dataset. Conclusion: We conclude that the general form of the model's equations is appropriate for application to other regions, but that a recalibration of the equations is preferable in order to reflect local conditions. The advantage of our approach is that fewer data are required to recalibrate an existing equation than to establish an entirely new one.
Published: 2021
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25. Growth resistance and resilience of mixed silver fir and Norway spruce forests in central Europe: Contrasting responses to mild and severe droughts

Author: Ulrich Kohnle, James Ryder, Jürgen Bauhus, Matthias Cuntz, Arthur Gessler, Arun K. Bose, Andreas Rigling, Mathieu Lévesque, Alessandra Bottero, David I. Forrester, Harald Bugmann, Juan Carlos Zamora-Pereira, Rasoul Yousefpour, Marc Hanewinkel, Julia Schwarz, Loïc Gillerot, Julien Sainte-Marie, Dominic Michel, Maxime Cailleret, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg FVA, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, ETH Zürich, Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, IT Services Group, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Forest Management & Silviculture, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, ANR-16-SUMF-0001,ForRISK,Forest density reduction to minimize the vulnerability of Norway spruce and silver fir to extreme drought – a risk assessment(2016), and European Project: 606803,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-ERANET-2013-RTD,SUMFOREST(2014)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Biodiversity & Conservation, forest management, Forests, 01 natural sciences, ALPINE TIMBERLINE, Basal area, adaptation strategies, BARK THICKNESS, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, WATER, Primary Research Article, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, TREE GROWTH, CLIMATE-CHANGE, biology, Ecology, Norway, food and beverages, PICEA-ABIES, ABIES-ALBA, Abies alba, Droughts, Europe, climate change, FAGUS-SYLVATICA L, Biodiversity Conservation, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Climate Change, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Forest management, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, 010603 evolutionary biology, STANDS, parasitic diseases, Environmental Chemistry, Beech, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, species interaction, Science & Technology, Resistance (ecology), Thinning, inventory data, Picea abies, tree rings, fungi, Interspecific competition, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Primary Research Articles, EXTREME DROUGHTS, 13. Climate action, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Environmental Sciences
Abstract: Extreme droughts are expected to increase in frequency and severity in many regions of the world, threatening multiple ecosystem services provided by forests. Effective strategies to adapt forests to such droughts require comprehensive information on the effects and importance of the factors influencing forest resistance and resilience. We used a unique combination of inventory and dendrochronological data from a long‐term (>30 years) silvicultural experiment in mixed silver fir and Norway spruce mountain forests along a temperature and precipitation gradient in southwestern Germany. We aimed at examining the mechanisms and forest stand characteristics underpinning the resistance and resilience to past mild and severe droughts. We found that (i) fir benefited from mild droughts and showed higher resistance (i.e., lower growth loss during drought) and resilience (i.e., faster return to pre‐drought growth levels) than spruce to all droughts; (ii) species identity determined mild drought responses while species interactions and management‐related factors strongly influenced the responses to severe droughts; (iii) intraspecific and interspecific interactions had contrasting effects on the two species, with spruce being less resistant to severe droughts when exposed to interaction with fir and beech; (iv) higher values of residual stand basal area following thinning were associated with lower resistance and resilience to severe droughts; and (v) larger trees were resilient to mild drought events but highly vulnerable to severe droughts. Our study provides an analytical approach for examining the effects of different factors on individual tree‐ and stand‐level drought response. The forests investigated here were to a certain extent resilient to mild droughts, and even benefited from such conditions, but were strongly affected by severe droughts. Lastly, negative effects of severe droughts can be reduced through modifying species composition, tree size distribution and stand density in mixed silver fir‐Norway spruce forests., We examined mechanisms and stand characteristics underpinning the growth resistance (Rt), recovery (Rc) and resilience (Rs) to past mild and severe droughts in mixed silver fir and Norway spruce mountain forests in southwestern Germany. We found that the forests investigated were to a certain extent resilient to mild droughts, and even benefited from such conditions, but were strongly affected by severe droughts (especially those stands with higher residual basal area and larger trees). Lastly, negative effects of severe droughts can be reduced through modifying species composition, tree size distribution and stand density in mixed silver fir‐Norway spruce forests.
Published: 2021
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26. Comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation by a mycoremediation fungus, Dentipellis sp. KUC8613

Author: Kyoung Heon Kim, Robert Riley, Aditi Sharma, Jenifer Johnson, Bernard Henrissat, Byoungnam Min, In Geol Choi, Joseph W. Spatafora, Igor V. Grigoriev, Jungyeon Kim, Jae Jin Kim, Yeongseon Jang, Bill Andreopoulos, Hongjae Park, Anna Lipzen, Korea University [Seoul], US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek CA, USA, Korea Forest Research Institute, US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, U.S Department of Energy, U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE)-U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), Biotechnology Center [Dresden] (BIOTEC), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University (OSU), Architecture et fonction des macromolécules biologiques (AFMB), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Energy / Joint Genome Institute (DOE), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), and Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development Rural Development Administration PJ01337602 New and Renewable Energy Core Technology Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grants from the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Republic of Korea 20173010092460 United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC02-05CH11231
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, Fungus, KUC8613, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Bioremediation, MD Multidisciplinary, Dentipellis sp, Genetics, polycyclic compounds, Dentipellis sp. KUC8613, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Transcriptomics, Gene, Biotransformation, 030304 developmental biology, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, biology, 030306 microbiology, Basidiomycota, Gene Expression Profiling, Human Genome, Genomics, PAH, General Medicine, Mycoremediation, 15. Life on land, Phenanthrene, Monooxygenase, biology.organism_classification, Metabolic pathway, chemistry, Biochemistry, PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon), Metabolic Networks and Pathways, White rot fungus, Biotechnology
Abstract: International audience; The environmental accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is of great concern due to potential carcinogenic and mutagenic risks, as well as their resistance to remediation. While many fungi have been reported to break down PAHs in environments, the details of gene-based metabolic pathways are not yet comprehensively understood. Specifically, the genome-scale transcriptional responses of fungal PAH degradation have rarely been reported. In this study, we report the genomic and transcriptomic basis of PAH bioremediation by a potent fungal degrader, Dentipellis sp. KUC8613. The genome size of this fungus was 36.71 Mbp long encoding 14,320 putative protein-coding genes. The strain efficiently removed more than 90% of 100 mg/l concentration of PAHs within 10 days. The genomic and transcriptomic analysis of this white rot fungus highlights that the strain primarily utilized non-ligninolytic enzymes to remove various PAHs, rather than typical ligninolytic enzymes known for playing important roles in PAH degradation. PAH removal by non-ligninolytic enzymes was initiated by both different PAH-specific and common upregulation of P450s, followed by downstream PAH-transforming enzymes such as epoxide hydrolases, dehydrogenases, FAD-dependent monooxygenases, dioxygenases, and glycosyl- or glutathione transferases. Among the various PAHs, phenanthrene induced a more dynamic transcriptomic response possibly due to its greater cytotoxicity, leading to highly upregulated genes involved in the translocation of PAHs, a defense system against reactive oxygen species, and ATP synthesis. Our genomic and transcriptomic data provide a foundation of understanding regarding the mycoremediation of PAHs and the application of this strain for polluted environments.
Published: 2019
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27. From genomes to forest management – tackling invasivePhytophthoraspecies in the era of genomics

Author: Kelsey L. Søndreli, Javier F. Tabima, Susanna Keriö, Mireia Gomez-Gallego, Jared M. LeBoldus, Rebecca McDougal, Nari Williams, Hazel Daniels, Niklaus J. Grünwald, Ryan R. Lenz, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University (OSU), Scion - New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Horticultural Crops Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, and United States Department of Agriculture
Subjects: Phytophthora, 0106 biological sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Forest management, Biosecurity, resistance breeding, Plant Science, Phytophthora cinnamomi, 01 natural sciences, Phytophthora pluvialis, transcriptomics, forest diseases, Phytophthora ramorum, Forest ecology, genomics, medicine, forest pathology, 2. Zero hunger, biology, Agroforestry, fungi, food and beverages, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, medicine.drug_formulation_ingredient, Phytophthora lateralis, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Species of Phytophthora pose one of the most serious biosecurity threats to forest ecosystems worldwide. Despite management efforts and increased awareness of forest pathogens, there is continued introduction and spread of Phytophthora species. Uncertainty about the center of origin for many of the invasive species hampers disease control efforts. Additionally, the management efforts are often made impossible either by the vast host range or the extreme susceptibility of naïve hosts. In this review, we discuss how genomics has shed light on the extent of spread and destruction caused by invasive Phytophthora species, and how approaches leveraged by genomics can be applied to enhance the management of these invasive forest pathogens. Four case studies, Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora lateralis, Phytophthora cinnamomi, and Phytophthora pluvialis are used to illustrate how genomics can be applied to forest management. We urge researchers, governmental research institutes, private companies, and citizens to collaborate in order to stop the spread of invasive Phytophthora species. To accomplish this, we see the following themes as critical parts of resolving this forest health crisis: i) integration of DNA-based pathogen detection into forest inventory programs; ii) development of practical and affordable DNA-based diagnostic methods; iii) sequence hosts as models for resistance gene identification; iv) prediction of pathogen impact based on genomic data; and v) increase collaborative projects and outreach to raise awareness of forest diseases.; Les espèces de Phytophthora représentent une des plus graves menaces en matière de risques pour la biosécurité des écosystèmes forestiers, et ce, partout dans le monde. Malgré les efforts de gestion et une plus grande prise de conscience à l’égard des agents pathogènes forestiers, des espèces de Phytophthora continuent d’être introduites et disséminées. L’incertitude quant au lieu d’origine de plusieurs des espèces envahissantes entrave les efforts de lutte contre les maladies. De plus, les efforts de gestion sont souvent anéantis soit par la vaste gamme d’hôtes ou l’extrême réceptivité des hôtes indigènes. Au cours de cet examen, il est question de génomique et de comment celle-ci a jeté un nouvel éclairage sur l’ampleur de la dissémination des espèces envahissantes de Phytophthora et de la destruction qui s’en suit, et comment les approches soutenues par la génomique peuvent être appliquées pour améliorer la gestion de ces agents pathogènes forestiers envahissants. Quatre études de cas, Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora lateralis, Phytophthora cinnamomi et Phytophthora pluvialis, sont utilisées pour illustrer comment la génomique peut être appliquée à la gestion des forêts. Nous conseillons vivement aux chercheurs, aux instituts de recherche gouvernementaux, aux compagnies privées et aux citoyens de collaborer afin d’enrayer la propagation des espèces envahissantes de Phytophthora. Pour y parvenir, nous considérons les thèmes suivants comme éléments essentiels en vue de la résolution de la crise sanitaire qui frappe les forêts: i) intégration de la détection des agents pathogènes basée sur l’ADN dans les programmes d’inventaire; ii) conception de méthodes diagnostiques pratiques et abordables basées sur l’ADN; iii) reséquençage des hôtes en tant que modèles pour répertorier les gènes de résistance; iv) prédiction des répercussions des agents pathogènes en se basant sur les données de génomique; et v) accroître le nombre de projets collaboratifs et les efforts de vulgarisation afin de sensibiliser davantage les parties prenantes aux maladies forestières.
Published: 2019
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28. Tree species richness and water availability interact to affect soil microbial processes

Author: Hervé Jactel, Laurent Augusto, Rim Khlifa, Manuella Strukelj, William C. Parker, Alison D. Munson, Emmanuel Corcket, Département des Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt, Faculté de Foresterie, Géographie et Géomatique, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Ontario Forest Research Institute, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), and ANR-16-CE32-0003,DiPTiCC,Diversité et Productivité des forêTs impactées par le Changement Climatique(2016)
Subjects: 2. Zero hunger, Biomass (ecology), Drought, Ecology, Biodiversity experiments, Soil biology, Soil Science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Functional diversity, Microresp, Microbiology, complex mixtures, Microbial activity, Soil pH, Forest ecology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Ecosystem, Species richness, Water content
Abstract: International audience; The objective of this study was to examine the interactive influence of tree diversity and water availability on microbial functioning in surface soil (0-10 cm). The study was conducted at two field experiments (ages 4.2 and 9.0 years, respectively) of the TreeDivNet platform that established plantations with a gradient of tree species richness exposed to high and low water availability treatments. Soil microbial biomass, activity, functional diversity and functional identity were estimated using the MicroResp (TM) method. Soil organic carbon and several other variables potentially associated with soil processes (soil moisture, soil and air temperature, soil pH, soil C:N ratio, tree biomass) were also measured. Our results indicate that tree species richness significantly increased soil microbial biomass and, to a lesser extent, soil microbial activity in the high water availability treatment, at both trial sites. However, tree species richness effects on microbial processes were not expressed in the low water availability treatment, contrary to the stress-gradient hypothesis. Tree species richness and water treatment interaction impacted microbial biomass and activity through their effects on microbial functional diversity and identity at one site and air temperature at the other site. In conclusion, the mechanisms through which tree diversity creates bottom-up effects on biological soil processes depend on environmental conditions and time following the establishment of tree communities. Future research relating diversity and water availability effects on soil microbial processes should consider functional traits of tree species and a larger range of trophic levels including herbivores and soil fauna to better understand biodiversity-soil ecosystem function relationships in forest ecosystems.
Published: 2021
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29. Recent advances toward the sustainable management of invasive Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles

Author: You Li, Daniel Carrillo, Davide Rassati, Nicolas Meurisse, J.P. Egonyu, Christopher M. Ranger, Peter H. W. Biedermann, Antonio Biondi, Louela A. Castrillo, Lukasz L. Stelinski, Hisashi Kajimura, Antonio Gugliuzzo, Naoto Kamata, Jason B. Oliver, Roanne Sutherland, Jiri Hulcr, Khalid Haddi, Giovanna Tropea Garzia, Hervé Jactel, Mark G. Wright, D. Gallego, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ecología, University of Catania [Italy], University of Freiburg [Freiburg], University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), ICIPE, Universidad de Alicante, Federal University of Lavras, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Nagoya City University [Nagoya, Japan], The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), New Zealand Forest Research Institute, SCION, Tennessee State University, USDA Agricultural Research Service [Maricopa, AZ] (USDA), DAFNAE, Universita degli Studi di Padova, and University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Integrated pest management, Ambrosia fungi, Biological pest control, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Invasive species, Xyleborini, Forest health, biology, business.industry, Agroforestry, Xylosandrus compactus, fungi, Pest control, Ecología, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Scolytinae, 010602 entomology, Curculionidae, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, business, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: We provide an overview of both traditional and innovative control tools for management of three Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), invasive species with a history of damage in forests, nurseries, orchards and urban areas. Xylosandrus compactus, X. crassiusculus and X. germanus are native to Asia, and currently established in several countries around the globe. Adult females bore galleries into the plant xylem inoculating mutualistic ambrosia fungi that serve as food source for the developing progeny. Tunneling activity results in chewed wood extrusion from entry holes, sap outflow, foliage wilting followed by canopy dieback, and branch and trunk necrosis. Maintaining plant health by reducing physiological stress is the first recommendation for long-term control. Baited traps, ethanol-treated bolts, trap logs and trap trees of selected species can be used to monitor Xylosandrus species. Conventional pest control methods are mostly ineffective against Xylosandrus beetles because of the pests’ broad host range and rapid spread. Due to challenges with conventional control, more innovative control approaches are being tested, such as the optimization of the push–pull strategy based on specific attractant and repellent combinations, or the use of insecticide-treated netting. Biological control based on the release of entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi, as well as the use of antagonistic bacteria, has yielded promising results. However, these technologies still require validation in real field conditions. Overall, we suggest that management efforts should primarily focus on reducing plant stress and potentially be combined with a multi-faceted approach for controlling Xylosandrus damage. This research was supported by the University of Catania (Project Emergent Pests and Pathogens and Relative Sustainable Strategies - 5A722192113; PhD fellowship to AG). P.H.W.B. was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG Emmy Noether Grant BI 1956/1–1). Funding to MGW: USDA-NIFA, ARS and APHIS; ISDA Hatch; Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture. JH and YL were funded by the USDA APHIS and USDA Forest Service. HK was partially supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, KAKENHI, Nos. 18KK0180, 19H02994 and 20H03026). KH was partially supported by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes, Brazil; Finance code 001). Open access funding provided by Università degli Studi di Catania within the CRUI-CARE Agreement.
Published: 2021
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30. Concerns about reported harvests in European forests

Author: Pieter Johannes Verkerk, Gherardo Chirici, Antti Asikainen, Bas Lerink, Antoni Trasobares, Peter Potapov, Janis Donis, Thomas A. M. Pugh, Hervé Jactel, Ruben Valbuena, Minna Korhonen, Tomáš Hlásny, Jonas Fridman, Rupert Seidl, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Håkan Olsson, Jürgen Bauhus, Marco Marchetti, Róbert Marušák, Jonathan P. Sadler, Davide Ascoli, Marc Palahí, Göran Berndes, Marc Hanewinkel, Cornelius Senf, Saverio Francini, Nezha Acil, Barry Gardiner, Douglas Sheil, Margarida Tomé, Lauri Hetemäki, José Ramón González Olabarria, Marcus Lindner, European Forest Institute (EFI), Bangor University, Technical University of Munich (TUM), University of Birmingham [Birmingham], School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Institut Européen de la Forêt Cultivée, Partenaires INRAE, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Joint Research Unit CTFC – AGROTECNIO, Solsona, Spain, University of Turin, Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Chalmers University of Technology [Gothenburg, Sweden], Latvian State Forest Research Institute 'Silava', Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Molise [Campobasso] (UNIMOL), University of Molise, Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), and Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Multidisciplinary, Vegetation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, MEDLINE, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, 01 natural sciences, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Geography, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Life Science, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Environmental impact assessment, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Environmental planning, Vegetatie, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010606 plant biology & botany, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Ceccherini et al.1 reported an abrupt increase in harvested forest—in terms of both biomass and area—in Europe from 2016, and suggested that this reflected expanding wood markets encouraged by the bioeconomy policies of the European Union (EU). They used Global Forest Watch2 and GlobBiomass3 data together with an analysis that sought to remove natural disturbances from forest losses, which overall resulted in estimates of 49% for the increase in harvested forest area and 69% for the increase in harvested forest biomass. We argue that the reported changes reflect analytical artefacts, with inconsistencies in the forest change time series, misattribution of natural disturbances as harvests, and a lack of causality with the suggested bioeconomy policy frameworks. There is an urgent need to re-examine available forest information that can accurately and reliably inform the ongoing policy discussions in the framework of the EU Green Deal, particularly the upcoming post-2020 EU Forest Strategy.
Published: 2021
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31. The seeds of invasion: enhanced germination in invasive European populations of black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.) compared to native American populations

Author: R. Ségura, A. J. Porté, F. Moret, Marcin Klisz, J. Pino, T. Wojda, A. Martinik, Arnaud Monty, S. Mariette, M. van Loo, X. P. Bouteiller, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Mendel University in Brno (MENDELU), Université de Liège, CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, and Austrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, quantitative genetics, Zoology, biological invasion, Plant Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, phenotypic plasticity, Trees, 03 medical and health sciences, Humans, American Indian or Alaska Native, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Local adaptation, 0303 health sciences, Phenotypic plasticity, Robinia, seedlings, General Medicine, Quantitative genetics, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, life-history traits, Genetic distance, germination, Robinia pseudoacacia, Seedling, Germination, black locust, Seeds, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, genetic differentiation, Locust
Abstract: International audience; Local adaptation and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity may facilitate biological invasions. Both processes can enhance germination and seedling recruitment, which are crucial life-history traits for plants. The rate, timing and speed of germination have recently been documented as playing a major role during the invasion process. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is a North American tree, which has spread widely throughout Europe. A recent study demonstrated that a few populations are the source of European black locust. Thus, invasive populations can be compared to native ones in order to identify genetic-based phenotypic differentiation and the role of phenotypic plasticity can thereby be assessed. A quantitative genetics experiment was performed to evaluate 13 juvenile traits of both native and invasive black locust populations (3000 seeds, 20 populations) subjected to three different thermal treatments (18 degrees C, 22 degrees C and 31 degrees C). The results revealed European populations to have a higher germination rate than the native American populations (88% versus 60%), and even when genetic distance between populations was considered. Moreover, this trait showed lower plasticity to temperature in the invasive range than in the native one. Conversely, other studied traits showed high plasticity to temperature, but they responded in a similar way to temperature increase: the warmer the temperature, the higher the growth rate or germination traits values. The demonstrated genetic differentiation between native and invasive populations testifies to a shift between ranges for the maximum germination percentage. This pattern could be due to human-mediated introduction of black locust.
Published: 2021
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32. The greater resilience of mixed forests to drought mainly depends on their composition: Analysis along a climate gradient across Europe

Author: Maciej Pach, Kamil Bielak, Xavier Morin, Hervé Jactel, Rafael Calama, Antonio Tomao, M. del Río, Marta Pardos, Quentin Ponette, Arne Nothdurft, L. Jansone, Kristoffel Jacobs, José Riofrío, Loredana Oreti, Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado, Markus Engel, Enno Uhl, Aris Jansons, Felipe Bravo, Hans Pretzsch, Kšištof Godvod, Gediminas Brazaitis, Emmanuel Defossez, Centro de Investigacion Forestal (INIA-CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Universidad de Valladolid [Valladolid] (UVa), Technische Universität München [München] (TUM), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Vytautas Magnus University - Vytauto Didziojo Universitetas (VDU), Institute of Biology of the University of Neuchâtel, Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Latvian State Forest Research Institute 'Silava', Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department for Innovation in Biological Agrofood and Forest Systems (DiBAF), Tuscia University, AGH University of Science and Technology [Krakow, PL] (AGH UST), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft - Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (LWF), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), European Commission, Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Pardos, M. [0000-0002-5567-5406], del Río, M. [0000-0001-7496-3713], Pretzsch, H. [0000-0002-4958-1868], Jactel, H. [0000-0002-8106-5310], Bielak, K. [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bravo, F. [0000-0001-7348-6695], Brazaitis, G. [0000-0003-0234-9292], Defossez, E. [0000-0002-3279-9190], Godvod, K. [0000-0002-9736-1544], Jacobs, K. [0000-0002-9693-729X], Jansons, A. [0000-0001-7981-4346], Nothdurft, A. [0000-0002-7065-7601], Ponette, Q. [0000-0002-2726-7392], Pach, M. [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ruíz-Peinado, R. [0000-0003-0126-1651], Calama, R. [0000-0002-2598-9594], Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Pardos, M., del Río, M., Pretzsch, H., Jactel, H., Bielak, K., Bravo, F., Brazaitis, G., Defossez, E., Godvod, K., Jacobs, K., Jansons, A., Nothdurft, A., Ponette, Q., Pach, M., Ruíz-Peinado, R., and Calama, R.
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Monitoring, Lloret indices, Range (biology), Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Biology, Functional diversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Basal area, Ecosystem services, Mixing effects, ddc:630, Ecosystem, Resilience (network), Nature and Landscape Conservation, Policy and Law, Hemiboreal, Resistance (ecology), Ecology, floret indices, treer-ring data, Forestry, Drought event, 15. Life on land, Management, ddc, Tree-ring data, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Despite growing evidence that diverse forests play an important role in ecosystem functioning, ensuring the provision of different ecosystem services, whether such diversity improves their response to drought events remains unclear. In this study, we use a large tree-ring database from thirty case studies across nine European countries and eleven species, covering from Mediterranean to hemiboreal forests, to test if the growth response to site specific drought events that occurred between 1975 and 2015 varied between mixed and monospecific stands. In particular, we quantify how stands resist those specific drought events and recover after them, thus analyzing their resilience. For each drought event and forest stand we calculated resistance, recovery, resilience and relative resilience and we related the variation in these indices between monospecific and mixed stands with type of admixture, tree species identity, site aridity gradient, stand basal area and stand age. We found a large variability among case studies, even for those that share similar species composition and have similar climates. On average, mixed stands showed higher resistance, resilience and relative resilience to drought events than monospecific stands. However, the beneficial effect of mixtures could not be generalized, being greatly modulated by the type of admixture and tree species identity, and depending on site water supply and stand characteristics, such as basal area and age. The increase in resilience in mixtures compared with monocultures was greater on the conifer-broadleaved admixtures, and to a lesser extent in the broadleaved-broadleaved combinations. The observed response patterns to drought largely varied among the eleven studied species, thus revealing the importance of functional traits for understanding a species’ response to drought across its distribution range. Along the site aridity gradient, resilience and relative resilience to drought increased in drier sites for both monospecific and mixed stands, with an observed trend towards higher resilience in mixed stands in the drier and hotter sites. Our results confirm the complexity of the relationships found of resistance, recovery, resilience and relative resilience with drought when comparing pure vs mixed stands., The study was supported by the ERA-Net SUMFOREST project REFORM “Mixed species forest management. Lowering risk, increasing resilience” (PCIN2017-026) and Marie Sklodowska Curie Actions-RISE , CARE4C . Special thankW117/H2020/2018s to Nuria Simón and Guillermo Madrigal for their assistance building up the common database. All coauthors thank their national funding institutions for supporting the establishment, measure and analysis of core data in the studied plots. Research at the Polish case studies was additionally supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland (No W117/H2020/2018 )., 15 Pág.
Published: 2020
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33. Quercus species divergence is driven by natural selection on evolutionarily less integrated traits

Author: Yousry A. El-Kassaby, Omnia Gamal El-Dien, Antoine Kremer, Pauline Garnier-Géré, Blaise Ratcliffe, Jaroslav Klápště, Kornel Burg, Ilga Porth, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Austrian Institute of Technology [Vienna] (AIT), Alexandria University [Alexandrie], University of British Columbia (UBC), and Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Genetic correlation, Article, Quercus robur, 03 medical and health sciences, Quercus, Genetics, Humans, Leaf size, Selection, Genetic, Genetics (clinical), Natural selection, 15. Life on land, Heritability, biology.organism_classification, Adaptation, Physiological, Biological Evolution, Plant Leaves, 030104 developmental biology, Evolutionary biology, Sympatric speciation, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Quercus petraea, Adaptation
Abstract: Functional traits are organismal attributes that can respond to environmental cues, thereby providing important ecological functions. In addition, an organism’s potential for adaptation is defined by the patterns of covariation among groups of functionally related traits. Whether an organism is evolutionarily constrained or has the potential for adaptation is based on the phenotypic integration or modularity of these traits. Here, we revisited leaf morphology in two European sympatric white oaks (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L.), sampling 2098 individuals, across much of their geographical distribution ranges. At the phenotypic level, leaf morphology traditionally encompasses discriminant attributes among different oak species. Here, we estimated in situ heritability, genetic correlation, and integration across such attributes. Also, we performed Selection Response Decomposition to test these traits for potential differences in oak species’ evolutionary responses. Based on the uncovered functional units of traits (modules) in our study, the morphological module “leaf size gradient” was highlighted among functionally integrated traits. Equally, this module was defined in both oaks as being under “global regulation” in vegetative bud establishment and development. Lamina basal shape and intercalary veins’ number were not, or, less integrated within the initially defined leaf functional unit, suggesting more than one module within the leaf traits’ ensemble. Since these traits generally show the greatest species discriminatory power, they potentially underwent effective differential response to selection among oaks. Indeed, the selection of these traits could have driven the ecological preferences between the two sympatric oaks growing under different microclimates.
Published: 2020
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34. Monitoring biochemical limitations to photosynthesis in N and P-limited radiata pine using plant functional traits quantified from hyperspectral imagery

Author: Michael S. Watt, Mireia Gomez-Gallego, Liam Wright, Horacio E. Bown, Ellen Mae C. Leonardo, Peter Massam, Robin Hartley, Grant D. Pearse, Pablo J. Zarco-Tejada, Honey Jane Estarija, Henning Buddenbaum, Scion - New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Trier University, Universidad de Chile, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible - Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Forest Growers Levy Trust, Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment (New Zealand), Australian Government, Tasmanian Government, and National Institute for Forest Products Innovation (Australia)
Subjects: Stomatal conductance, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Radiata, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Soil Science, 02 engineering and technology, Physically based models, Reflectance, Photosynthesis, Photochemical Reflectance Index, 01 natural sciences, P ratio [N], chemistry.chemical_compound, Jmax, Vcmax, Radiative transfer, Computers in Earth Sciences, Chlorophyll fluorescence, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, biology, Chemistry, Pinus radiata, High resolution hyperspectral, Geology, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Photosynthetic capacity, 020801 environmental engineering, Horticulture, Chlorophyll, N:P ratio, Nutrient limitation, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: The prediction of carbon uptake by forests across fertility gradients requires accurate characterisation of how biochemical limitations to photosynthesis respond to variation in key elements such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Over the last decade, proxies for chlorophyll and photosynthetic activity have been extracted from hyperspectral imagery and used to predict important photosynthetic variables such as the maximal rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron transport (Jmax). However, little research has investigated the generality of these relationships within the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limiting phases, which are characterised by mass based foliage ratios of N:P ≤ 10 for N limitations and N:P > 10 for P limitations. Using measurements obtained from one year old Pinus radiata D. Don grown under a factorial range of N and P treatments this research examined relationships between photosynthetic capacity (Vcmax, Jmax) and measured N, P and chlorophyll (Chla+b). Using functional traits quantified from hyperspectral imagery we then examined the strength and generality of relationships between photosynthetic variables and Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) and chlorophyll a + b derived by radiative transfer model inversion. There were significant (P < .001) and strong relationships between photosynthetic variables and both N (R2 = 0.82 for Vcmax; R2 = 0.87 for Jmax) and Chla+b (R2 = 0.85 for Vcmax; R2 = 0.86 for Jmax) within the N limiting phase that were weak (R2 < 0.02) and insignificant within the P limiting phase. Similarly, there were significant (P < .05) positive relationships between P and photosynthetic variables (R2 = 0.50 for Vcmax; R2 = 0.58 for Jmax) within the P limiting phase that were insignificant and weak (R2 < 0.33) within the N limiting phase. Predictions of photosynthetic variables using Chla+b estimated by model inversion were significant (P < .001), positive and strong (R2 = 0.64 for Vcmax; R2 = 0.63 for Jmax) within the N limiting phase but insignificant and weak (R2 < 0.05) within the P limiting phase. In contrast, both SIF and PRI exhibited moderate to strong positive correlations with photosynthetic variables within both the N and P limiting phases. These results suggest that quantified SIF and PRI from hyperspectral images may have greater generality in predicting biochemical limitations to photosynthesis than proxies for N and chlorophyll a + b, particularly under high foliage N content, when P is limiting., The project was partly funded through the Resilient Forests programme, which is funded through Scion SSIF as well as the Forest Grower's Levy Trust. Funding was also received from the National Institute for Forest Products Innovation (Project Number NIF073-1819), which comprised contributions from the Australian Government, Australasian Forestry Companies and South Australian and Tasmanian State Governments.
Published: 2020
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35. Radial growth anisotropy and temporality in fast-growing temperate conifers

Author: Raphaël Ségura, Damien Sellier, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, SCION, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Dendrometer, 0106 biological sciences, Environmental forcing, Ecology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Pinus radiata, Radiata, Forestry, Soil science, 15. Life on land, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Circumference, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Spatial heterogeneity, Conifers, Tree stems, Radial growth, Temperate climate, Anisotropy, Growth rate, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; AbstractKey messageRadial growth in a group ofPinus radiataD. Don. trees varies in magnitude around the circumference and follows synchronous but arrhythmic dynamics.ContextEccentric and irregular girth growth is typically associated to specific growth responses, but it is generally assumed to be small or absent during normal development. The dynamics by which excess growth is formed are unclear.AimsThe objective of this study is to determine if growth anisotropy is a commonly occurring phenomenon without apparent mechanical imbalance of the tree and to document the temporality of differential radial growth.MethodsSix mature P. radiata trees were equipped with point dendrometers at different circumferential positions. Growth rates and periods of activity were monitored over 4 months.ResultsThe highest growth differential on a single tree exceeded a factor of two. The direction of the highest growth varied between trees. In one case, that direction switched over time. The amount of anisotropy was explained by differences in the number of growing days and growth rate entropy.ConclusionTree stem formation in fast-growing softwoods is a biological process characterized by high spatial heterogeneity and intermittent temporal activity.
Published: 2020
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36. Mouvements Individuels - Méthode d'analyse de séquences (IM-SAM): caractérisation des patrons spatio-temporels de l'utilisation de l'habitat par les animaux à travers le paysage

Author: De Groeve, Johannes, Cagnacci, Francesca, Ranc, Nathan, Bonnot, Nadège C, Gehr, Benedikt, Heurich, Marco, Hewison, A J Mark, Kroeschel, Max, Linnell, John D C, Morellet, Nicolas, Mysterud, Atle, Sandfort, Robin, Van De Weghe, Nico, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), Harvard University [Cambridge], Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Bavarian Forest National Park, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), University of Oslo (UiO), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), FEM-FIRST : 01sf2313, Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds : 01sf2313, FWO : V417616N, Autonomous Province of Trento : 3479, Research Council of Norway : 251112, ANR-16-CE02-0010,Mov-It,Le mouvement des ongulés au sein de paysages hétérogènes: identification des processus comportementaux reliant les changements globaux aux performances démographiques et à la gestion spatialement explicite(2016), University of Zurich, and De Groeve, Johannes
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, EUROPE, Sequence analysis, Geography, Planning and Development, Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 [VDP], Library and Information Sciences, 1710 Information Systems, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, SPATIO-TEMPORAL HABITAT USE, DENDROGRAM, 10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, 3305 Geography, Planning and Development, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, ungulates, Planning and Development, UNGULATES, Geography, Movement (music), dendrogram, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, MECHANISTIC MOVEMENT MODEL, 15. Life on land, mechanistic movement model, Sequence dissimilarity, SEQUENCE DISSIMILARITY, Habitat, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 570 Life sciences, biology, 590 Animals (Zoology), 3309 Library and Information Sciences, spatio-temporal habitat use, Cartography, Information Systems
Abstract: We present methodological advances to a recently developed framework to study sequential habitat use by animals using a visually-explicit and tree-based Sequence Analysis Method (SAM), derived from molecular biology and more recently used in time geography. Habitat use sequences are expressed as annotations obtained by intersecting GPS movement trajectories with environmental layers. Here, we develop IM-SAM, where we use the individual reference area of use as the reference spatial context. To assess IM-SAM’s applicability, we investigated the sequential use of open and closed habitats across multiple European roe deer populations ranging in landscapes with contrasting structure. Starting from simulated sequences based on a mechanistic movement model, we found that different sequential patterns of habitat use were distinguished as separate, robust clusters, with less variable cluster size when habitats were present in equal proportions within the individual reference area of use. Application on real roe deer sequences showed that our approach effectively captured variation in spatio-temporal patterns of sequential habitat use, and provided evidence for important behavioral processes, such as day-night habitat alternation. By characterizing sequential habitat use patterns of animals, we may better evaluate the temporal trade-offs in animal habitat use and how they are affected by changes in landscapes. Sequence dissimilarity; dendrogram; ungulates; spatio-temporal habitat use; mechanistic movement model
Published: 2020
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37. No carbon limitation after lower crown loss in Pinus radiata

Author: Martin K.-F. Bader, Sebastian Leuzinger, Peter Scott, Nari Williams, Mireia Gomez-Gallego, Scion - New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), and The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited [Auckland] (Plant & Food Research)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, leaf area, Leaf mass, Radiata, growth, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Growing season, Plant Science, Photosynthesis, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Sugar, root:shoot, Abiotic component, Pinus radiata, A/Ci curves, defoliation, photosynthesis, biology, biomass, AcademicSubjects/SCI01210, Forest Science, Botany, food and beverages, Original Articles, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Pinus, Carbon, Plant Leaves, Horticulture, non-structural carbohydrates, Shoot, foliar pathogens, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Background and Aims Biotic and abiotic stressors can cause different defoliation patterns within trees. Foliar pathogens of conifers commonly prefer older needles and infection with defoliation that progresses from the bottom crown to the top. The functional role of the lower crown of trees is a key question to address the impact of defoliation caused by foliar pathogens. Methods A 2 year artificial defoliation experiment was performed using two genotypes of grafted Pinus radiata to investigate the effects of lower-crown defoliation on carbon (C) assimilation and allocation. Grafts received one of the following treatments in consecutive years: control–control, control–defoliated, defoliated–control and defoliated–defoliated. Results No upregulation of photosynthesis either biochemically or through stomatal control was observed in response to defoliation. The root:shoot ratio and leaf mass were not affected by any treatment, suggesting prioritization of crown regrowth following defoliation. In genotype B, defoliation appeared to impose C shortage and caused reduced above-ground growth and sugar storage in roots, while in genotype A, neither growth nor storage was altered. Root C storage in genotype B decreased only transiently and recovered over the second growing season. Conclusions In genotype A, the contribution of the lower crown to the whole-tree C uptake appears to be negligible, presumably conferring resilience to foliar pathogens affecting the lower crown. Our results suggest that there is no C limitation after lower-crown defoliation in P. radiata grafts. Further, our findings imply genotype-specific defoliation tolerance in P. radiata.
Published: 2020
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38. Hyperspectral VNIR-spectroscopy and imagery as a tool for monitoring herbicide damage in wilding conifers

Author: Henning Buddenbaum, Robin Hartley, Rebecca C. Scholten, Willy Werner, Michael S. Watt, Grant D. Pearse, Jonathan P. Dash, Honey Jane Estarija, Carol A. Rolando, Mireia Gomez Gallego, Joachim Hill, Trier University, Scion - New Zealand Forest Research Institute, and Earth and Climate
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Pinus contorta, Stomatal conductance, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Triclopyr, Biology, Photochemical Reflectance Index, Photosynthesis, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Diquat, chemistry.chemical_compound, Partial least squares regression, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Stress detection, Lodgepole pine, Ecology, Herbicides, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Wildings, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Horticulture, chemistry, Hyperspectral, Phytotoxicity, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation, Invasion ecology
Abstract: Wilding conifers, the naturally regenerated scions of exotic conifer species, are a major ecological and economic issue in New Zealand. Hyperspectral imagery could provide a useful means of monitoring the efficacy of wilding control measures but little research has examined this possibility. Data were collected from an experiment, that included thirty-nine young Pinus contorta (Douglas) trees allocated to a control and two herbicide treatments (triclopyr butoxyethyl ester and diquat dibromide monohydrate). The objectives of this research were to examine the temporal impacts of herbicide on needle discolouration, spectral properties and tree physiology and to develop models to predict photosynthetic parameters from hyperspectral data. In accordance with obvious discolouration on the first day after treatment, values of net photosynthesis rate (A), electron transport rate (ETR), stomatal conductance (G) and optimal quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) declined rapidly for plants treated with diquat. Discolouration following application of triclopyr was not evident before the second week, and values of A, ETR, G and Fv/Fm declined slower than those of diquat. Of the tested narrow-band spectral indices calculated from needle spectra photochemical reflectance index (PRI) exhibited the strongest correlation with the four photosynthetic parameters and R2 values between PRI and A, Fv/Fm, ETR and G were, respectively, 0.53, 0.46, 0.68 and 0.29. Models that used raw spectra as inputs showed that sparse partial least squares (SPLS) outperformed the three other approaches tested (PLS, Support Vector Machines, Elastic Net) and R2 values using this approach for A, Fv/Fm, ETR and G were, respectively, 0.64, 0.62, 0.65 and 0.42.
Published: 2019
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39. Truly sedentary? The multi-range tactic as a response to resource heterogeneity and unpredictability in a large herbivore

Author: Benedikt Gehr, Atle Mysterud, Francesca Cagnacci, Marco Heurich, Petter Kjellander, A. J. Mark Hewison, Max Kroeschel, Pavel Sustr, Sandro Nicoloso, Ferdinando Urbano, Leif Soennichsen, John D. C. Linnell, Wibke Peters, Anne Berger, Simon Chamaillé-Jammes, Robin Sandfort, Nicolas Morellet, Ophélie Couriot, Sonia Saïd, Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS), Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), LWF BAVARIAN STATE INSTITUTE OF FORESTRY FREISING DEU, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Independent Consultant, Bavarian Forest National Park, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)-Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Research, Ecology and Environment Dimension ((D.R.E.Am. Italia)), Research, Ecology and Environment Dimension, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Leibniz Association, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), National Park Sumava, Department of Soil and Environment, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), CNERA Cervidés Sanglier (ONCFS), Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Centre d'études biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Science, Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Dipartimento delle Arti e del Disegno Industriale [Venice], IUAV University Venice, Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald, Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), Service d'oncologie médicale [CHU HEGP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), Laboratoire de Comportement et d'Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, INRA, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France, University of Zurich, and Couriot, Ophélie
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Resource (biology), Range (biology), Resource distribution, migration, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Homing Behavior, Capreolus, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, biology.animal, Animals, roe deer, Herbivory, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 2. Zero hunger, Herbivore, biology, Ecology, Deer, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, sub-seasonal functional home range, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Europe, Roe deer, 1105 Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, plasticity, 570 Life sciences, 590 Animals (Zoology), Local environment, Seasons, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, residency
Abstract: Much research on large herbivore movement has focused on the annual scale to distinguish between resident and migratory tactics, commonly assuming that individuals are sedentary at the within-season scale. However, apparently sedentary animals may occupy a number of sub-seasonal functional home ranges (sfHR), particularly when the environment is spatially heterogeneous and/or temporally unpredictable. The roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) experiences sharply contrasting environmental conditions due to its widespread distribution, but appears markedly sedentary over much of its range. Using GPS monitoring from 15 populations across Europe, we evaluated the propensity of this large herbivore to be truly sedentary at the seasonal scale in relation to variation in environmental conditions. We studied movement using net square displacement to identify the possible use of sfHR. We expected that roe deer should be less sedentary within seasons in heterogeneous and unpredictable environments, while migratory individuals should be seasonally more sedentary than residents. Our analyses revealed that, across the 15 populations, all individuals adopted a multi-range tactic, occupying between two and nine sfHR during a given season. In addition, we showed that (i) the number of sfHR was only marginally influenced by variation in resource distribution, but decreased with increasing sfHR size; and (ii) the distance between sfHR increased with increasing heterogeneity and predictability in resource distribution, as well as with increasing sfHR size. We suggest that the multirange tactic is likely widespread among large herbivores, allowing animals to track spatio-temporal variation in resource distribution and, thereby, to cope with changes in their local environment. Migration · Residency · Sub-seasonal functional home range · Plasticity · Roe deer
Published: 2018
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40. Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools

Author: Stephanie L. Rorke, Shyama Pagad, Giuseppe Brundu, Tim M. Blackburn, Wayne Dawson, Alain Roques, Michael Ansong, Laura Celesti-Grapow, Silvia Rossinelli, Heinke Jäger, Alexander Mosena, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Franz Essl, Kateřina Štajerová, Helen E. Roy, Jonathan M. Jeschke, Hanno Seebens, John Kartesz, David Pearman, Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Marc Kenis, Mark van Kleunen, Sven Bacher, Dietmar Moser, Riccardo Scalera, Margarita Arianoutsou, Eckehard G. Brockerhoff, Ingolf Kühn, Andrew M. Liebhold, Ellie E. Dyer, Bernd Lenzner, Piero Genovesi, Nicol Fuentes, Jan Pergl, Philip E. Hulme, Bernd Blasius, Kevin J. Walker, Evan P. Economo, Marten Winter, Stefan Dullinger, Darren F. Ward, Misako Nishino, Petr Pyšek, César Capinha, Stefan Schindler, Barbara Tokarska-Guzik, Benoit Guénard, Wolfgang Nentwig, Charlotte E. Causton, Takehiko Yamanaka, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, University of Vienna [Vienna], Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Centre for Biodiversity and Environment, Research, University College of London [London] (UCL), Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), International Union for Conservation of Nature, Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Biology and Inland Fisheries, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), University of Auckland [Auckland], Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University [Prague] (CU), University of Konstanz, Taizhou University, Halle Jena Leipzig, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology [GHANA] (KNUST), Department of Ecology and Systematics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, SCION, Department of Agriculture, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Universidade do Porto, Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Charles Darwin Foundation, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Universidad de Concepción, University of Hong Kong, Biota of North America Program (BONAP), CABI Europe Switzerland, Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Northern Research Station, Forest Research [Great Britain], Universität Bielefeld = Bielefeld University, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland (BSBI), Environment Agency Austria, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Unité de recherche Zoologie Forestière (URZF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), University of Silesia, School of Biological Sciences, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, and National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, source species pools, Multidisciplinary, Environmental change, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Biosecurity, Alien, drivers, 15. Life on land, globalization, invasive species, time series, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Species pool, Taxon, Geography, 13. Climate action, ddc:570, source species pools, invasive species, drivers, time series, globalization, Alien species
Abstract: International audience; Our ability to predict the identity of future invasive alien species is largely based upon knowledge of prior invasion history. Emerging alien species-those never encountered as aliens before-therefore pose a significant challenge to biosecurity interventions worldwide. Understanding their temporal trends, origins, and the drivers of their spread is pivotal to improving prevention and risk assessment tools. Here, we use a database of 45,984 first records of 16,019 established alien species to investigate the temporal dynamics of occurrences of emerging alien species worldwide. Even after many centuries of invasions the rate of emergence of new alien species is still high: Onequarter of first records during 2000-2005 were of species that had not been previously recorded anywhere as alien, though with large variation across taxa. Model results show that the high proportion of emerging alien species cannot be solely explained by increases in well-known drivers such as the amount of imported commodities from historically important source regions. Instead, these dynamics reflect the incorporation of new regions into the pool of potential alien species, likely as a consequence of expanding trade networks and environmental change. This process compensates for the depletion of the historically important source species pool through successive invasions. We estimate that 1-16% of all species on Earth, depending on the taxonomic group, qualify as potential alien species. These results suggest that there remains a high proportion of emerging alien species we have yet to encounter, with future impacts that are difficult to predict.
Published: 2018
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41. Effects of crown architecture and stand structure on light absorption in mixed and monospecific Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris forests along a productivity and climate gradient through Europe

Author: Maciej Pach, Ignacio Barbeito, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Jan den Ouden, Christian Ammer, Mário Pereira, Miroslav Svoboda, Benjamin N. E. Plaga, Peter Annighöfer, Quentin Ponette, Michael Heym, Andrés Bravo-Oviedo, Hans Pretzsch, Kamil Bielak, Jerzy Skrzyszewski, David I. Forrester, Magnus Löf, Lluís Coll, Hubert Sterba, Miren del Río, Václav Hurt, Lars Drössler, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Laboratoire d'Etudes des Ressources Forêt-Bois (LERFoB), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Universidad de Valladolid [Valladolid] (UVa), Universitat de Lleida, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Mendel University in Brno (MENDELU), Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Université d’Agriculture de Chine, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Czech University of Life Science, Forest Research Institute, Czech Republic Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (COST CZ - LD14063), COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) COST Action EuMIXFOR, and German Research Foundation (FO 791/4-1)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Canopy, Range (biology), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Plant Science, Complementarity, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Resource availability, Maestra model|Plant–plant interactions, Fagus sylvatica, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Mixing (physics), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, education.field_of_study, Maestra model, Ecology, biology, Phenology, Crown (botany), Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, Tree height, biology.organism_classification, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Allometric equation, Plant-plant interactions, Plant–plant interactions, Allometry, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: 1. When tree‐species mixtures are more productive than monocultures, higher light absorption is often suggested as a cause. However, few studies have quantified this effect and even fewer have examined which light‐related interactions are most important, such as the effects of species interactions on tree allometric relationships and crown architecture, differences in vertical or horizontal canopy structure, phenology of deciduous species or the mixing effects on tree size and stand density. 2. In this study, measurements of tree sizes and stand structures were combined with a detailed tree‐level light model (Maestra) to examine the contribution of each light‐related interaction on tree‐ and stand‐level light absorption at 21 sites, each of which contained a triplet of plots including a mixture and monocultures of Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris (63 plots). These sites were distributed across the current distribution of these species within Europe. 3. Averaged across all sites, the light absorption of mixtures was 14% higher than the mean of the monocultures. At the whole community level, this positive effect of mixing on light absorption increased as canopy volume or site productivity increased, but was unrelated to climate. At the species population or individual tree levels, the mixing effect on light absorption resulted from light‐related interactions involving vertical canopy structure, stand density, the presence of a deciduous species (F. sylvatica), as well as the effects of mixing on tree size and allometric relationships between diameter and height, crown diameter and crown length. 4. The mixing effects on light absorption were only correlated with the mixing effects on growth for P. sylvestris, suggesting that the mixing effects on this species were driven by the light‐related interactions, whereas mixing effects on F. sylvatica or whole community growth were probably driven by non‐light‐related interactions. 5. Synthesis. The overall positive effect of mixing on light absorption was the result of a range of light‐related interactions. However, the relative importance of these interactions varied between sites and is likely to vary between other species combinations and as stands develop. Czech Republic Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. Grant Number: COST CZ ‐ LD14063 and and LD14074; COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). Grant Number: COST Action EuMIXFOR; German Research Foundation. Grant Number: FO 791/4‐1
Published: 2018
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42. The global distribution of leaf chlorophyll content

Author: Jason Beringer, Liming He, Zbyněk Malenovský, Yuhong He, Damien Bonal, Gang Mo, Xiangzhong Luo, Alemu Gonsamo, Lucie Homolová, Reza Amiri, Q. Yi, Holly Croft, Clément Stahl, Shuangxiao Luo, Lindsay B. Hutley, Yongqin Zhang, Thomas L. Noland, A. Simic-Milas, J. Arabian, Jing M. Chen, Rong Wang, Paul Arellano, University of Toronto, University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], WWF-Canada, Delta State University, Bowling Green State University (BGSU), Ontario Forest Research Institute, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Global Change Research Institute CAS, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography [Urumqi] (XIEG), The University of Western Australia (UWA), Monash University [Clayton], Charles Darwin University, Yachay Tech University, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SILVA (SILVA), and AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Canopy, PROSPECT, SAIL, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Ecosystem modelling, Soil Science, 4-Scale, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Atmospheric radiative transfer codes, Radiative transfer, Computers in Earth Sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Leaf biochemistry, Biosphere, Geology, Vegetation, Carbon cycle, 15. Life on land, 020801 environmental engineering, MERIS, chemistry, Phenology, 13. Climate action, Satellite, Chlorophyll, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, Leaf physiology
Abstract: International audience; Leaf chlorophyll is central to the exchange of carbon, water and energy between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and to the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. This paper presents the first spatially-continuous view of terrestrial leaf chlorophyll content (Chl(Leaf)) at the global scale. Weekly maps of Chl(Leaf) were produced from ENVISAT MERIS full resolution (300 m) satellite data using a two-stage physically-based radiative transfer modelling approach. Firstly, leaf-level reflectance was derived from top-of-canopy satellite reflectance observations using 4-Scale and SAIL canopy radiative transfer models for woody and non-woody vegetation, respectively. Secondly, the modelled leaf-level reflectance was input into the PROSPECT leaf-level radiative transfer model to derive Chl(Leaf). The Chl(Leaf) retrieval algorithm was validated using measured Chi(Leaf) data from 248 sample measurements at 28 field locations, and covering six plant functional types (PFTs). Modelled results show strong relationships with field measurements, particularly for deciduous broadleaf forests (R-2 = 0.67; RMSE = 9.25 mu g cm(-2); p < 0.001), croplands (R-2 = 0.41; RMSE = 13.18 mu g cm(-2); p < 0.001) and evergreen needleleaf forests (R-2 = 0.47; RMSE = 10.63 mu g cm(-2); p < 0.001). When the modelled results from all PFTs were considered together, the overall relationship with measured Chl(Leaf )remained good (R-2 = 0.47, RMSE = 10.79 mu g cm(-2); p < 0.001). This result is an improvement on the relationship between measured Chl(Leaf) and a commonly used chlorophyll-sensitive spectral vegetation index; the MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI; R-2 = 0.27, p < 0.001). The global maps show large temporal and spatial variability in Chl(Leaf), with evergreen broadleaf forests presenting the highest leaf chlorophyll values, with global annual median values of 54.4 mu g cm(-2). Distinct seasonal Chl(Leaf) phenologies are also visible, particularly in deciduous plant forms, associated with budburst and crop growth, and leaf senescence. It is anticipated that this global Chl(Leaf) product will make an important step towards the explicit consideration of leaf-level biochemistry in terrestrial water, energy and carbon cycle modelling.
Published: 2020
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43. Growth parameters and resistance to Sphaerulina musiva-induced canker are more important than wood density for increasing genetic gain from selection of Populus spp. hybrids for northern climates

Author: Barb R. Thomas, Marzena Niemczyk, Forest Research Institute, and University of Alberta
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Age-age genetic correlation, 020209 energy, 02 engineering and technology, Plant disease resistance, Tree breeding, 01 natural sciences, Heritability, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, medicine, Populus balsamifera, Selection (genetic algorithm), Hybrid, Canker, Mean annual increment, Ecology, biology, fungi, Diameter at breast height, Forestry, 15. Life on land, Sphaerulina musiva-induced canker, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.BV.PEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy, Horticulture, [SDV.BV.AP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Plant breeding, Genetic gain, Poplars, Wood density, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Key message New genotypes of hybrid poplars from theAigeirosandTacamahacasections have great potential for increasing genetic gain from selection. The most promising traits are associated with productivity and resistance toSphaerulina musiva-induced canker while wood density can be selected for secondarily. A minimum age of 8 years is reliable to select fast-growing resistant clones in northern climates. Context Productivity, wood density, and disease resistance of hybrid poplar clones are important traits when selecting for cultivation at an industrial scale. Aims We studied 1978 hybrid poplar clones from 63 families, bred from poplars native (Populus balsamifera and Populus deltoides) and non-native to Canada from the Aigeiros and Tacamahaca sections, to improve economically important traits for plantations in northern Alberta. Methods Genetic parameters for diameter at breast height (DBH), height, resistance to Sphaerulina musiva-induced canker, and wood density were determined up to age 10. Results A mean annual increment of 16.5 m3 ha−1 year−1 was achieved at age 10 in the best-performing clones. The potential genetic gain for DBH, height, and canker resistance, 37%, 26%, and ~ 13%, respectively, was achieved when selecting the top 10% of the tested clones. The genetic effect for wood density was weak. The age-age genetic correlations identified age eight as a reliable selection age. Conclusion The new hybrid poplar clones tested exhibited great potential for tree improvement. The next phase of selection should test a reduced number of clones on different site types, identifying stable clones for productivity and resistance, while wood density can be selected for secondarily. In northern regions, a minimum age of 8 years is reliable to select fast-growing resistant clones for commercial deployment.
Published: 2020
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44. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author: Eddy Moors, Uwe Eichelmann, Christian Brümmer, Stefano Minerbi, Barbara Marcolla, Gil Bohrer, Leonardo Montagnani, Üllar Rannik, Han Dolman, Janina Klatt, Samuli Launiainen, Elizabeth A. Walter-Shea, Nina Buchmann, Hank A. Margolis, Beniamino Gioli, Peter S. Curtis, Margaret S. Torn, Gabriela Posse, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Gianluca Filippa, Kenneth J. Davis, Leiming Zhang, Alexander Graf, Ray Leuning, Andrew Feitz, Simone Sabbatini, Harry McCaughey, Werner Eugster, Juha Pekka Tuovinen, Timothy J. Arkebauer, N. N. Vygodskaya, Adam J. Liska, Rosvel Bracho, Sebastian Wolf, Marc Aubinet, Jiří Dušek, Eugénie Paul-Limoges, Christof Ammann, Daniel Berveiller, Zoran Nesic, Giacomo Nicolini, Jaclyn Hatala Matthes, Russell L. Scott, David E. Reed, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Changliang Shao, Penélope Serrano-Ortiz, Yingnian Li, Jason Beringer, Marc Fischer, Deb Agarwal, Rasmus Fensholt, Russell K. Monson, Agnès de Grandcourt, Stefan K. Arndt, Timo Vesala, Uta Moderow, Joseph Verfaillie, Mika Aurela, Bev Law, Nina Hinko-Najera, Taro Nakai, Richard P. Phillips, Lindsay B. Hutley, Benjamin Loubet, Michele Tomassucci, Ayumi Kotani, Hans Peter Schmid, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira, Anatoly A. Gitelson, Domenico Vitale, Regine Maier, Caitlin E. Moore, Xiaoqin Dai, Damien Bonal, John M. Frank, Yuelin Li, Christopher M. Gough, Shijie Han, Shirley A. Papuga, Edoardo Cremonese, Shawn Urbanski, Sébastien C. Biraud, Scott D. Miller, Mana Gharun, Annalea Lohila, Ian McHugh, Giovanni Manca, Bert Gielen, Wayne S. Meyer, Pierpaolo Duce, Bruce D. Cook, Carsten Gruening, Hiroki Ikawa, B.R. Reverter, Marian Pavelka, Andrew M. S. McMillan, Gang Dong, Isaac Chini, Kimberly A. Novick, Dalibor Janouš, Anne De Ligne, E. Beamesderfer, Marty Humphrey, Virginie Moreaux, Christian Wille, Markus Hehn, Hideki Kobayashi, Allen H. Goldstein, Walter C. Oechel, Richard Silberstein, Francisco Domingo, Francesco Mazzenga, Elise Pendall, Juha Hatakka, Lutz Merbold, Xingguo Han, Daniela Famulari, Carlo Trotta, Naama Raz-Yaseef, Dario Papale, Jean Marc Ourcival, Benoit Burban, Pavel Sedlák, Diego Polidori, Asko Noormets, Huimin Wang, Birger Ulf Hansen, Thomas Grünwald, Caroline Vincke, Robert M. Stevens, Carole Coursolle, D. P. Billesbach, Karl Schneider, Guoyi Zhou, Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski, Paul V. Bolstad, Iris Feigenwinter, Shiping Chen, Julia Boike, Ivan Schroder, D. S. Christianson, Junhui Zhang, Pierre Cellier, Catharine van Ingen, Andrej Varlagin, A. Ribeca, Claudia Consalvo, Derek Eamus, Jason Brodeur, Alan G. Barr, Denis Loustau, Andreas Ibrom, Ankur R. Desai, Andrew E. Suyker, Efrén López-Blanco, Peter Cale, Nicola Arriga, William J. Massman, Abdelrahman Elbashandy, Yoshiko Kosugi, Pauline Buysse, Cove Sturtevant, T. A. Black, Housen Chu, David R. Bowling, Sabina Dore, Albin Hammerle, Tilden P. Meyers, M. Altaf Arain, Hatim Abdalla M. ElKhidir, Ignacio Goded, Roberto Zampedri, Alessio Collalti, Torsten Sachs, Tuomas Laurila, Cristina Poindexter, E. Canfora, Alexander Knohl, Donatella Spano, Silvano Fares, Scott R. Saleska, Michiel K. van der Molen, Suzanne M. Prober, Marryanna Lion, Steven C. Wofsy, Michael L. Goulden, Matthew Northwood, Antje Lucas-Moffat, Christine Moureaux, Jean-Marc Limousin, Sara H. Knox, Damiano Gianelle, Olaf Kolle, Jørgen E. Olesen, Mikhail Mastepanov, Bernard Heinesch, Christian Bernhofer, Peter D. Blanken, Hyojung Kwon, Georg Wohlfahrt, Peili Shi, Yann Nouvellon, Allison L. Dunn, Onil Bergeron, Mauro Cavagna, Heiko Prasse, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Yanhong Tang, Donatella Zona, Andrew S. Kowalski, Eric Dufrêne, Kim Pilegaard, Serena Marras, Yongtao He, Brent E. Ewers, Siyan Ma, Jean Marc Bonnefond, Jonas Ardö, Ko van Huissteden, Roser Matamala, Robin Weber, Nigel J. Tapper, Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha, Eva van Gorsel, Torbern Tagesson, Frederik Schrader, Frank Tiedemann, Myroslava Khomik, Torben R. Christensen, Jonathan E. Thom, James Cleverly, Víctor Resco de Dios, Ivan Shironya, Jeffrey P. Walker, You Wei Cheah, Ana López-Ballesteros, Georgia R. Koerber, J. William Munger, Shicheng Jiang, Johannes Lüers, Bruno De Cinti, Gilberto Pastorello, David R. Cook, Werner L. Kutsch, Paul Di Tommasi, Nicolas Delpierre, Peter Isaac, Carlos Marcelo Di Bella, Jiquan Chen, Craig Macfarlane, Dennis D. Baldocchi, William Woodgate, Riccardo Valentini, Marilyn Roland, Ladislav Šigut, Tomomichi Kato, Sebastian Westermann, Ivan Mammarella, Bart Kruijt, Marta Galvagno, Marius Schmidt, Serge Rambal, J. Kurbatova, Sean P. Burns, Ettore D'Andrea, Chad Hanson, Vincenzo Magliulo, Anne Griebel, Brian D. Amiro, M. Goeckede, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete, Thomas L. Powell, Marcelo D. Nosetto, Cacilia Ewenz, Michael J. Liddell, Satoru Takanashi, Lukas Hörtnagl, Zulia Mayari Sanchez-Mejia, W.W.P. Jans, N. Pirk, Johan Neirynck, Rainer Steinbrecher, Lukas Siebicke, Matthias Peichl, Rachhpal S. Jassal, Costantino Sirca, Earth and Climate, Earth Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), INAR Physics, Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], California State University [Sacramento], Michigan State University System, University of Virginia, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), University of Manitoba [Winnipeg], Agroscope, McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], Lund University [Lund], University of Nebraska–Lincoln, University of Nebraska System, University of Melbourne, University of Antwerp (UA), Université de Liège, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Peoples Friendship University of Russia [RUDN University] (RUDN), The University of Western Australia (UWA), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of British Columbia (UBC), University of Colorado [Colorado Springs] (UCCS), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Humboldt University Of Berlin, University of Minnesota System, SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Utah, University of Central Florida [Orlando] (UCF), Thunen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), Aarhus University [Aarhus], University of Technology Sydney (UTS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Argonne National Laboratory [Lemont] (ANL), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Shanxi University (SXU), Worcester State University [Worcester], Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, GILBERTO PASTORELLO, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, THOMAS ANDREW BLACK, University of British Columbia, PETER D. BLANKEN, University of Colorado, GIL BOHRER, Ohio State University, JULIA BOIKE, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research / Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, PAUL V. BOLSTAD, University of Minnesota, JEAN-MARC BONNEFOND, ISPA Bordeaux Sciences Agro, DAVID R. BOWLING, University of Utah, ROSVEL BRACHO, University of Florida, JASON BRODEUR, McMaster University, CHRISTIAN BRÜMMER, Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, NINA BUCHMANN, ETH Zurich, BENOIT BURBAN, INRAE UMR ECOFOG, AGNES DE GRANDCOURT, UMR Eco&Sols, CIRAD, ANNE DE LIGNE, University of Liege, RAIMUNDO COSME DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, CPATU, HAN DOLMAN, Universiteit Amsterdam, FRANCISCO DOMINGO, CSIC, GANG DONG, Shanxi University, SABINA DORE, HydroFocus, PIERPAOLO DUCE, National Research Council of Italy, MARTA GALVAGNO, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, MANA GHARUN, ETH Zurich, DAMIANO GIANELLE, Fondazione Edmund Mach, MARCIN JACKOWICZ-KORCZYNSKI, Lund University / Aarhus University, DALIBOR JANOUS, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, WILMA JANS, Wageningen University and Research, RACHHPAL JASSAL, University of British Columbia, SHICHENG JIANG, Northeast Normal University, ANA LÓPEZ-BALLESTEROS, Trinity College Dublin, EFRÉN LÓPEZ-BLANCO, Aarhus University, BENJAMIN LOUBET, Université Paris-Saclay, DENIS LOUSTAU, ISPA - INRA, JOHANNES LÜERS, University of Bayreuth, JOHAN NEIRYNCK, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, ZORAN NESIC, University of British Columbia, GIACOMO NICOLINI, University of Tuscia / CMCC, ASKO NOORMETS, Texas A&M University, MATTHEW NORTHWOOD, Charles Darwin University, KIMBERLY NOVICK, Indiana University Bloomington, MARILYN ROLAND, University of Antwerp, SIMONE SABBATINI, University of Tuscia, TORSTEN SACHS, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, SCOTT R. SALESKA, University of Arizona, ENRIQUE P. SÁNCHEZ-CAÑETE, University of Granada / CEAMA-IISTA, ZULIA M. SANCHEZ-MEJIA, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, RAINER STEINBRECHER, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, ROBERT M. STEVENS, Sentek Pty Ltd, COVE STURTEVANT, National Ecological Observatory Network Program, ANDY SUYKER, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, TORBERN TAGESSON, Lund University / University of Copenhagen, SATORU TAKANASHI, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, DOMENICO VITALE, University of Tuscia / CMCC, NATALIA VYGODSKAYA, Russian Academy of Sciences, JEFFREY P. WALKER, Monash University, ELIZABETH WALTER-SHEA, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, HUIMIN WANG, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ROBIN WEBER, University of California Berkeley, SEBASTIAN WESTERMANN, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), CHRISTIAN WILLE, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, STEVEN WOFSY, Harvard University, GEORG WOHLFAHRT, University of Innsbruck, SEBASTIAN WOLF, ETH Zurich, WILLIAM WOODGATE, CSIRO Land and Water, YUELIN LI, Chinese Academy of Sciences, DONATELLA ZONA, San Diego State University / University of Sheffield, DEB AGARWAL, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, SEBASTIEN BIRAUD, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MARGARET TORN, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, DARIO PAPALE, University of Tuscia / CMCC., ALLISON DUNN, Worcester State University, JIRÍ DUSEK, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, DEREK EAMUS, University of Technology Sydney, UWE EICHELMANN, Technische Universität Dresden, HOUSEN CHU, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, DANIELLE CHRISTIANSON, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, YOU-WEI CHEAH, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CRISTINA POINDEXTER, California State University, JIQUAN CHEN, Michigan State University, ABDELRAHMAN ELBASHANDY, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MARTY HUMPHREY, University of Virginia, PETER ISAAC, TERN Ecosystrem Processes, DIEGO POLIDORI, University of Tuscia / CMCC, ALESSIO RIBECA, University of Tuscia / CMCC, CATHARINE VAN INGEN, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LEIMINGZ HANG, Chinese Academy of Sciences, BRIAN AMIRO, University of Manitoba, CHRISTOF AMMANN, Agroscope Research Institute, M. ALTAF ARAIN, McMaster University, JONAS ARDÖ, Lund University, TIMOTHY ARKEBAUER, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, STEFAN K. ARNDT, The University of Melbourne, NICOLA ARRIGA, University of Antwerp / Joint Research Centre, MARC AUBINET, University of Liege, MIKA AURELA, Finnish Meteorological Institute, DENNIS BALDOCCHI, University of California Berkeley, ALAN BARR, University of Saskatchewan / Environment and Climate Change Canada, DAMIEN BONAL, Université de Lorraine, SEAN P. BURNS, University of Colorado / National Center for Atmospheric Research, PAULINE BUYSSE, Université Paris-Saclay, PETER CALE, Australian Landscape Trust, MAURO CAVAGNA, Fondazione Edmund Mach, PIERRE CELLIER, Université Paris-Saclay, SHIPING CHEN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISAAC CHINI, Fondazione Edmund Mach, TORBEN R . CHRISTENSEN, Aarhus University, JAMES CLEVERLY, University of Technology Sydney, ALESSIO COLLALTI, University of Tuscia / National Research Council of Italy, CLAUDIA CONSALVO, University of Tuscia / National Research Council of Italy, BRUCE D. COOK, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, DAVID COOK, Argonne National Laboratory, CAROLE COURSOLLE, Natural Resources Canada / Université Laval, EDOARDO CREMONESE, Climate Change Unit, PETER S. CURTIS, Ohio State University, ETTORE DANDREA, National Research Council of Italy, HUMBERTO DA ROCHA, USP, XIAOQIN DAI, Chinese Academy of Sciences, KENNETH J. DAVIS, The Pennsylvania State University, BRUNO DE CINTI, National Research Council of Italy, NICOLAS DELPIERRE, Université Paris-Saclay, ANKUR R . DESAI, University of Wisconsin-Madison, CARLOS MARCELO DI BELLA, Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, Buenos Aires., PAUL DI TOMMASI, National Research Council of Italy, ERIC DUFRÊNE, Université Paris-Saclay, MARIUS SCHMIDT, Agrosphere (IBG3), HATIM ABDALLA M. ELKHIDIR, ElObeid Research Station, WERNER EUGSTER, ETH Zurich, CACILIA M. EWENZ, TERN Ecosystem Processes Central Node, BRENT EWERS, University of Wyoming, DANIELA FAMULARI, National Research Council of Italy, SILVANO FARES, National Research Council of Italy / Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, IRIS FEIGENWINTER, ETH Zurich, ANDREW FEITZ, Geoscience Australia, RASMUS FENSHOLT, University of Copenhagen, GIANLUCA FILIPPA, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, MARC FISCHER, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, JOHN FRANK, USDA Forest Service, BERT GIELEN, University of Antwerp, BENIAMINO GIOLI, National Research Council of Italy, ANATOLY GITELSON, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, IGNACIO BALLARIN GODED, Joint Research Centre, MATHIAS GOECKEDE, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, ALLEN H. GOLDSTEIN, University of California Berkeley, CHRISTOPHER M. GOUGH, Virginia Commonwealth University, MICHAEL L. GOULDEN, University of California, ALEXANDER GRAF, Forschungszentrum Jülich, ANNE GRIEBEL, The University of Melbourne, CARSTEN GRUENING, Joint Research Centre, THOMAS GRÜNWALD, Technische Universität Dresden, ALBIN HAMMERLE, University of Innsbruck, SHIJIE HAN, Henan University / Chinese Academy of Sciences, XINGGUO HAN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, BIRGER ULF HANSEN, University of Copenhagen, CHAD HANSON, Oregon State University, JUHA HATAKKA, Finnish Meteorological Institute, YONGTAO HE, Chinese Academy of Sciences / University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, MARKUS HEHN, Technische Universität Dresden, BERNARD HEINESCH, University of Liege, NINA HINKO-NAJERA, The University of Melbourne, LUKAS HÖRTNAGL, ETH Zurich, LINDSAY HUTLEY, Charles Darwin University, ANDREAS IBROM, Technical University of Denmark, HIROKI IKAWA, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, TOMOMICHI KATO, Hokkaido University, MYROSLAVA KHOMIK, McMaster University / Geography and Environmental Management, JANINA KLATT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, ALEXANDER KNOHL, University of Goettingen, SARA KNOX, The University of British Columbia, HIDEKI KOBAYASHI, Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, GEORGIA KOERBER, University of Adelaide, OLAF KOLLE, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, YOSHIKO KOSUGI, Kyoto University, AYUMI KOTANI, Nagoya University, ANDREW KOWALSKI, University of Granada, BART KRUIJT, Wageningen University, JULIA KURBATOVA, Russian Academy of Sciences, WERNER L. KUTSCH, ICOS ERIC, HYOJUNG KWON, Oregon State University, SAMULI LAUNIAINEN, Natural Resources Institute Finland, TUOMAS LAURILA, Finnish Meteorological Institute, BEV LAW, Oregon State University, RAY LEUNING, In memoriam, YINGNIAN LI, Chinese Academy of Sciences, MICHAEL LIDDELL, James Cook University, JEAN-MARC LIMOUSIN, Univ Montpellier, KARL SCHNEIDER, University of Cologne, MARRYANNA LION, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, ADAM J. LISKA, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, ANNALEA LOHILA, Finnish Meteorological Institute / University of Helsinki, ANTJE LUCAS-MOFFAT, Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture / Centre for Agrometeorological Research, SIYAN MA, University of California Berkeley, CRAIG MACFARLANE, CSIRO Land and Water, VINCENZO MAGLIULO, National Research Council of Italy, REGINE MAIER, ETH Zurich, IVAN MAMMARELLA, University of Helsinki, GIOVANNI MANCA, Joint Research Centre, BARBARA MARCOLLA, Fondazione Edmund Mach, HANK A . MARGOLIS, Université Laval, SERENA MARRAS, CMCC / University of Sassari, WILLIAM MASSMAN, USDA Forest Service, MIKHAIL MASTEPANOV, Aarhus University / University of Oulu, ROSER MATAMALA, Argonne National Laboratory, JACLYN HATALA MATTHES, Wellesley College, FRANCESCO MAZZENGA, National Research Council of Italy, HARRY MCCAUGHEY, Queen’s University, IAN MCHUGH, The University of Melbourne, ANDREW M. S. MCMILLAN, Environmental Analytics NZ, LUTZ MERBOLD, International Livestock Research Institute, WAYNE MEYER, University of Adelaide, TILDEN MEYERS, NOAA/OAR/Air Resources Laboratory, SCOTT D. MILLER, State University of New York at Albany, STEFANO MINERBI, Forest Department of South Tyrol, UTA MODEROW, Technische Universität Dresden, RUSSELL K. MONSON, University of Arizona, LEONARDO MONTAGNANI, Forest Department of South Tyrol / Free University of Bolzano, CAITLIN E. MOORE, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, EDDY MOORS, IHE Delft / VU Amsterdam, VIRGINIE MOREAUX, ISPA / University Grenoble Alpes, CHRISTINE MOUREAUX, University of Liege, J. WILLIAM MUNGER, Harvard University, TARO NAKAI, National Taiwan University / University of Alaska Fairbanks, MARCELO NOSETTO, Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis / UNER, YANN NOUVELLON, Univ Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-IRD-Montpellier SupAgro, WALTER OECHEL, San Diego State University / University of Exeter, JORGEN EIVIND OLESEN, Aarhus University, JEAN-MARC OURCIVAL, Univ Montpellier, SHIRLEY A. PAPUGA, Wayne State University, FRANS-JAN PARMENTIER, Lund University / University of Oslo, EUGENIE PAUL-LIMOGES, University of Zurich, MARIAN PAVELKA, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, MATTHIAS PEICHL, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, ELISE PENDALL, Western Sydney University, RICHARD P. PHILLIPS, Indiana University Bloomington, KIM PILEGAARD, Technical University of Denmark, NORBERT PIRK, Lund University / CSIRO Land and Water, GABRIELA POSSE, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), THOMAS POWELL, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, HEIKO PRASSE, Technische Universität Dresden, SUZANNE M. PROBER, CSIRO Land and Water, SERGE RAMBAL, Univ Montpellier, ÜLLAR RANNIK, University of Helsinki, DAVID REED, Michigan State University, VICTOR RESCO DE DIOS, Western Sydney University / Southwest University of Science and Technology, NATALIA RESTREPO-COUPE, University of Arizona, BORJA R. REVERTER, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, HANS PETER SCHMID, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, FREDERIK SCHRADER, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, IVAN SCHRODER, Geoscience Australia, RUSSELL L. SCOTT, Southwest Watershed Research Center, PAVEL SEDLÁK, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences / Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, PENÉLOPE SERRANO-ORTÍZ, CEAMA-IISTA / University of Granada, CHANGLIANG SHAO, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PEILI SHI, Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVAN SHIRONYA, Russian Academy of Sciences, LUKAS SIEBICKE, Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, LADISLAV SIGUT, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, RICHARD SILBERSTEIN, University of Western Australia / Edith Cowan University, COSTANTINO SIRCA, CMCC / University of Sassari, DONATELLA SPANO, CMCC / University of Sassari, YANHONG TANG, Peking University, NIGEL TAPPER, Monash University, JONATHAN THOM, University of Wisconsin-Madison, FRANK TIEDEMANN, University of Goettingen, MICHELE TOMASSUCCI, University of Tuscia / Terrasystem srl, JUHA-PEKKA TUOVINEN, Finnish Meteorological Institute, SHAWN URBANSKI, Rocky Mountain Research Station, RICCARDO VALENTINI, University of Tuscia / CMCC, MICHIEL VAN DER MOLEN, Wageningen University, EVA VAN GORSEL, Australian National University Canberra, KO VAN HUISSTEDEN, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, ANDREJ VARLAGIN, Russian Academy of Sciences, JOSEPH VERFAILLIE, University of California Berkeley, TIMO VESALA, University of Helsinki, CAROLINE VINCKE, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ROBERTO ZAMPEDRI, Fondazione Edmund Mach, JUNHUI ZHANG, Chinese Academy of Sciences, GUOYI ZHOU, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, NAAMA RAZ-YASEEF, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, ERIC BEAMESDERFER, McMaster University, CARLO TROTTA, University of Tuscia, ELEONORA CANFORA, University of Tuscia / CMCC, LUCA BELELLI MARCHESINI, Fondazione Edmund Mach / RUDN University, ONIL BERGERON, Ministère du Développement durable de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, JASON BERINGER, University of Western Australia, CHRISTIAN BERNHOFER, Technische Universität Dresden, DANIEL BERVEILLER, Université Paris-Saclay, and DAVE BILLESBACH, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Subjects: Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, Data Descriptor, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Settore AGR/05 - ASSESTAMENTO FORESTALE E SELVICOLTURA, dataset provides ecosystem, UNCERTAINTY, Eddy covariance, Observation météorologique, 01 natural sciences, ecosystem-scale data, lcsh:Science, SITES, Energy, Respiration, Statistics, Uncertainty, Carbon cycle, Biological measurements, Terrestrial biome, RESPIRATION, gapfilling, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Assimilation, Anhídrid carbònic, ddc:500, Net ecosystem exchange, Écosystème, STORAGE, Information Systems, Statistics and Probability, ecosystem approaches [EN], Meteorology and Air Quality, ASSIMILATION, Library and Information Sciences, Education, collection [EN], Donnée climatique, Data collection, Water, 15. Life on land, Earth system science, Climate Resilience, Klimaatbestendigheid, lcsh:Q, processing, Climate sciences, Ecophysiology, Storage, Oceanography, Hydrology, Water Resources, 010501 environmental sciences, CARBON-DIOXIDE, ENERGY-BALANCE CLOSURE, ddc:550, Échange d'énergie, FLUXNET2015, Biosphere, Energy balance closure, fluxnet, Computer Science Applications, Collecte de données, Energia, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY, Eddy Covariance, SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation, Engineering sciences. Technology, Sensoriamento Remoto, FLUX, 1171 Geosciences, Consistency (database systems), eau, Life Science, Time series, Remote sensing studies, Measurement device, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic, WIMEK, NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE, Pipeline (software), Environmental sciences, Metadata, Earth sciences, Carbon dioxide, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Probability and Uncertainty, Water Systems and Global Change, Dioxyde de carbone
Abstract: The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-flled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the frst time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the frst time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible., European Union (EU), United States Department of Energy (DOE)
Published: 2020
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45. Wave-like patterns of plant phenology determine ungulate movement tactics

Author: A. J. Mark Hewison, Ellen O. Aikens, Benedikt Gehr, Scott Bergen, Max Kröschel, Kevin L. Monteith, Samantha P. H. Dwinnell, Anders Jarnemo, Atle Mysterud, Mark Hebblewhite, Luca Pedrotti, Pavel Sustr, Brandon M. Scurlock, Johannes De Groeve, Petter Kjellander, Tara Szkorupa, Hall Sawyer, Sonia Saïd, John D. C. Linnell, Mark A. Hurley, Johannes Signer, Marco Heurich, Kelly M. Proffitt, Inger Maren Rivrud, Evelyn H. Merrill, A Licoppe, Jerod A. Merkle, Nicolas Morellet, Wibke Peters, Arthur D. Middleton, Patrick Stent, Francesca Cagnacci, Lalenia Neufeld, Anna C. Ortega, Katherine L. Parker, Matthew J. Kauffman, University of Wyoming (UW), University of Oslo (UiO), Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), University of Montana, Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDFG), Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft - Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (LWF), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Bavarian Forest National Park, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Zone Atelier Pyrénées-Garonne (ZA PYGAR), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Halmstad University, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Service Public de Wallonie, University of Alberta, University of California [Berkeley], University of California, Parks Canada Agency, Partenaires INRAE, University of Northern British Columbia [Prince George] (UNBC), Parco Nazionale dello Stelvio, Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, Bozeman (FWP), Office français de la biodiversité (OFB), Western Ecosystems Technology (WET), Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGF), Forest Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Global Change Research Institute CAS, National Park Sumava, National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program, Wyoming NASA Space Grant Consortium (NASA grant #NNX15AI08H), Wild Sheep Foundation of Alberta, Alberta Conservation Association (grants in biodiversity), Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, National Geographic Society (grant award number: WW-100C-17), Research Council of Norway (grant 251112, NINA west roe deer), program Ziel ETZ Free State of Bavaria – Czech Republic 2014-2020 (INTERREG V), Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation (Bitterroot elk), Safari Club International Foundation, Alberta Fish and Game Association (MSL), Alberta Conservation Association Research program, and ANR-16-CE02-0010,Mov-It,Le mouvement des ongulés au sein de paysages hétérogènes: identification des processus comportementaux reliant les changements globaux aux performances démographiques et à la gestion spatialement explicite(2016)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Resource (biology), Ungulate, Climate Change, resource landscape, Odocoileus hemionus, Foraging, Plant Development, Cervus elaphus, Climate change, Ungulates, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Movement ecology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, Animals, Herbivory, Set (psychology), Ecosystem, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Migration, green wave, biology, Cervus canadensis Cervus elaphus, Phenology, Ecology, Deer, Plants, 15. Life on land, resource tracking, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Disturbance (ecology), Habitat, 13. Climate action, Geographic Information Systems, Capreolus capreolus, Animal Migration, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, residency, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Summary Animals exhibit a diversity of movement tactics [ 1 ]. Tracking resources that change across space and time is predicted to be a fundamental driver of animal movement [ 2 ]. For example, some migratory ungulates (i.e., hooved mammals) closely track the progression of highly nutritious plant green-up, a phenomenon called “green-wave surfing” [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Yet general principles describing how the dynamic nature of resources determine movement tactics are lacking [ 6 ]. We tested an emerging theory that predicts surfing and the existence of migratory behavior will be favored in environments where green-up is fleeting and moves sequentially across large landscapes (i.e., wave-like green-up) [ 7 ]. Landscapes exhibiting wave-like patterns of green-up facilitated surfing and explained the existence of migratory behavior across 61 populations of four ungulate species on two continents (n = 1,696 individuals). At the species level, foraging benefits were equivalent between tactics, suggesting that each movement tactic is fine-tuned to local patterns of plant phenology. For decades, ecologists have sought to understand how animals move to select habitat, commonly defining habitat as a set of static patches [ 8 , 9 ]. Our findings indicate that animal movement tactics emerge as a function of the flux of resources across space and time, underscoring the need to redefine habitat to include its dynamic attributes. As global habitats continue to be modified by anthropogenic disturbance and climate change [ 10 ], our synthesis provides a generalizable framework to understand how animal movement will be influenced by altered patterns of resource phenology.
Published: 2020
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46. Seedling development and regeneration success after 10 years following group selection harvesting in a sessile oak (Quercus petraea [Mattuschka] Liebl.) stand

Author: Patrick Pyttel, Ulrich Kohnle, Jürgen Bauhus, Tobias Modrow, Christian Kuehne, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, and Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Canopy, Forest management, Growing season, Biology, Rubus spp, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, Mast (botany), Natural regeneration, Close-to-nature forest management, Canopy opening, Ecology, Forestry, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Seedling density, Agronomy, Interspecific competition, Seedling, Forest gap, Quercus petraea, Rubus, Tree species, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: This study showed that regeneration success (presence of oaks ≥ 150 cm in total height) in artificial canopy openings of a mature mixed sessile oak stand was mainly driven by initial oak seedling density. Small-scale harvesting methods as practiced in close-to-nature forestry may disadvantage the regeneration of more light-demanding tree species including sessile oak (Quercus petraea [Mattuschka] Liebl.) and thus cause regeneration failure. However, owing to the short-term nature of many previous studies, regeneration success of sessile oak could not be properly ascertained. This study examined oak seedling development over a time period of ten growing seasons in canopy openings of 0.05 to 0.2 ha in size created through group selection harvesting in a mature mixed sessile oak forest in southwestern Germany. We tried to answer the following research questions: (i) how do initial stand conditions relate to and interact with oak seedling density and seedling height growth, and (ii) what are the driving factors of regeneration success under the encountered site conditions. We evaluated the influence of solar radiation, Rubus spp. cover, initial oak seedling density, and competition from other tree species on change in density and height of oak seedlings, as well as overall regeneration success (oak seedlings ≥ 150 cm in height). Regeneration success increased with initial oak seedling density and solar radiation levels and decreased with early Rubus spp. cover. Density and maximum height of oak seedlings was negatively related with competition of other woody species. Results of our longer-term study demonstrate that forest management activities to regenerate sessile oak naturally are only successful in stands (i) without advance regeneration of other woody species and without established, recalcitrant ground vegetation, (ii) with a sufficiently high initial oak seedling density in larger patches following mast years, and (iii) where periodic monitoring and control of competing woody individuals can be ensured. Our findings further corroborate the view that natural regeneration of sessile oak in small-scale canopy openings is possible in principle.
Published: 2020
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47. Comparison of forest above-ground biomass from dynamic global vegetation models with spatially explicit remotely sensed observation-based estimates

Author: Michael O'Sullivan, Stephen Sitch, Pierre Friedlingstein, Vanessa Harverd, Peter Anthoni, Ana Bastos, Emilie Joetzjer, Maurizio Santoro, A. Arneth, Yilong Wang, Philippe Ciais, Wei Li, N. Vuichard, Daniel S. Goll, Markus Kautz, Sebastian Lienert, Yuanyuan Huang, Vivek K. Arora, Dan Zhu, Andy Wiltshire, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Hui Yang, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Gamma Remote Sensing Research and Consulting AG, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Department für Geo-und Umweltwissenschaften [München], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Department of Geography, University of Augsburg, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Climate Research Division [Toronto], Environment and Climate Change Canada, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Physics Institute [Bern], University of Bern, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Swiss National Science Foundation, SNSF: 20020_172476 European Space Agency, ESA Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 821003, This study was supported by the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) biomass projects. S.L. has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 821003 (project 4C, Climate-Carbon Interactions in the Coming Century) and SNSF (grant no. 20020_172476)., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, model evaluation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Forests, remote sensing-based biomass, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Population density, Standard deviation, Carbon cycle, Trees, carbon cycle, Forest ecology, Environmental Chemistry, Humans, Precipitation, Biomass, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, forest ecosystems, Tropics, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, South America, 13. Climate action, human disturbances, Africa, Environmental science, AGB density deficits
Abstract: International audience; Gaps in our current understanding and quantification of biomass carbon stocks, particularly in tropics, lead to large uncertainty in future projections of the terrestrial carbon balance. We use the recently published GlobBiomass data set of forest above-ground biomass (AGB) density for the year 2010, obtained from multiple remote sensing and in situ observations at 100 m spatial resolution to evaluate AGB estimated by nine dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). The global total forest AGB of the nine DGVMs is 365 ± 66 Pg C, the spread corresponding to the standard deviation between models, compared to 275 Pg C with an uncertainty of ~13.5% from GlobBiomass. Model-data discrepancy in total forest AGB can be attributed to their discrepancies in the AGB density and/or forest area. While DGVMs represent the global spatial gradients of AGB density reasonably well, they only have modest ability to reproduce the regional spatial gradients of AGB density at scales below 1000 km. The 95th percentile of AGB density (AGB95) in tropics can be considered as the potential maximum of AGB density which can be reached for a given annual precipitation. GlobBiomass data show local deficits of AGB density compared to the AGB95, particularly in transitional and/or wet regions in tropics. We hypothesize that local human disturbances cause more AGB density deficits from GlobBiomass than from DGVMs, which rarely represent human disturbances. We then analyse empirical relationships between AGB density deficits and forest cover changes, population density, burned areas and livestock density. Regression analysis indicated that more than 40% of the spatial variance of AGB density deficits in South America and Africa can be explained; in Southeast Asia, these factors explain only ~25%. This result suggests TRENDY v6 DGVMs tend to underestimate biomass loss from diverse and widespread anthropogenic disturbances, and as a result overestimate turnover time in AGB.
Published: 2019
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48. Global distribution of earthworm diversity

Author: André L.C. Franco, Michiel Rutgers, Miguel Á. Rodríguez, Thomas W. Crowther, Helen Phillips, Tunsisa T. Hurisso, Olaf Schmidt, Matthew W. Warren, Shishir Paudel, Michael B. Wironen, Mónica Gutiérrez López, Basil V. Iannone, Aidan M. Keith, Amy Choi, Esperanza Huerta Lwanga, Boris Schröder, Olga Ferlian, Jaswinder Singh, Javier Rodeiro-Iglesias, Martin Holmstrup, Geoff H. Baker, Yahya Kooch, Rosa Fernández, Konstantin B. Gongalsky, Lindsey Norgrove, Eric Blanchart, Madhav P. Thakur, Felicity Crotty, Steven J. Vanek, Thomas Bolger, Jan Hendrik Moos, Guillaume Xavier Rousseau, Marie Luise Carolina Bartz, Iñigo Virto, Michael Steinwandter, Kelly S. Ramirez, Veikko Huhta, Ulrich Brose, Michel Loreau, Davorka K. Hackenberger, David J. Russell, Loes van Schaik, Salvador Rebollo, Jonatan Klaminder, Gerardo Moreno, Benjamin Schwarz, Julia Seeber, Yvan Capowiez, David A. Wardle, Bernd Blossey, Franciska T. de Vries, Christoph Emmerling, Robert L. Bradley, Courtland Kelly, Liliana B. Falco, Alexander M. Roth, Michael J. Gundale, Radim Matula, Andrea Dávalos, Lorenzo Pérez-Camacho, Johan Neirynck, Monika Joschko, Marta Novo, Dolores Trigo, Jérôme Mathieu, Adrian A. Wackett, Anne W. de Valença, Elizabeth M. Bach, Daniel R. Lammel, Devin Routh, Madalina Iordache, Luis M. Hernández, Johan Pansu, Juan B. Jesús Lidón, Alejandro Morón-Ríos, Maxim Shashkov, Ehsan Sayad, Martine Fugère, Nobuhiro Kaneko, Mark E. Caulfield, Klaus Birkhofer, Wim H. van der Putten, Iurii M. Lebedev, Alberto Orgiazzi, Miwa Arai, H. Lalthanzara, Raphaël Marichal, Andrew R. Holdsworth, Steven J. Fonte, Maria J. I. Briones, Raúl Piñeiro, Jean-François Ponge, Nick van Eekeren, Takuo Hishi, Julia Krebs, Joanne M. Bennett, George G. Brown, Birgitta König-Ries, Carlos Fragoso, Victoria Nuzzo, Anna Rożen, Scott R. Loss, Bart Muys, Bryant C. Scharenbroch, Michael Schirrmann, Radoslava Kanianska, Irina V. Zenkova, Maria Kernecker, Abegail T Fusilero, Sandy M. Smith, Shaieste Gholami, Robin Beauséjour, Mac A. Callaham, Nathaniel H. Wehr, Yiqing Li, Kristine N. Hopfensperger, Mujeeb Rahman P, Andrés Esteban Duhour, Erin K. Cameron, Diana H. Wall, Muhammad Rashid, José Antonio Talavera, Matthias C. Rillig, Armand W. Koné, Johan van den Hoogen, Darío J. Díaz Cosín, Anahí Domínguez, Thibaud Decaëns, Fredrick O. Ayuke, Carlos A. Guerra, Guénola Pérès, Volkmar Wolters, Jiro Tsukamoto, Nico Eisenhauer, José Camilo Bedano, Weixin Zhang, Noa Kekuewa Lincoln, Visa Nuutinen, Joann K. Whalen, Christian Mulder, Sanna T. Kukkonen, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Universidade Positivo, Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidad de Vigo, Crowther Lab, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Department of Biology [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR210, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centro International de Agricultura Tropical, Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Fluides, automatique, systèmes thermiques (FAST), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Universidad de Extremadura (UEX), Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Leuven] (EES), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)-Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Vigo [ Pontevedra], Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Dept Ciencias Vida, Universidad de Alcalá - University of Alcalá (UAH), Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, DS&OR-Lab, University of Paderborn, Laboratoire d'oncogénétique moléculaire, Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, University of Innsbruck, Independent, Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] (UPNA), McGill University, Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Université de Leipzig, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Leipzig University, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Universidade de Vigo, Embrapa Forestry, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institute of Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), Department of Terrestrial Ecology [Wageningen], Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Asian School of the Environment (ASE), Nanyang Technological University [Singapour], Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural technology (LARMAT), College of 80 Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi (LARMAT), CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Département de biologie [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Faculté des sciences [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Geology Department, FCEFQyN, ICBIA-CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), National University of Río Cuarto, Department of Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Cornell University [New York], UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Avignon Université (AU), Farming Systems Ecology, Wageningen University and Research, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Cortland, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution [Madrid], Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Louis Bolk Institute (LBI), Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Regional & Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Ciencias Básicas, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable -INEDES, Universidad Nacional de Lujan, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva [Barcelona] (IBE / UPF - CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF), Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Biodiversity and Systematic Network, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Department of Biological Science and Environmental Studies, University of the Philippines - Mindanao, Natural Resources Department, Razi University, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biology, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Agricultural Engineering, Postgraduate Program in Agroecology, Maranhão State University, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Agricultura Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Soil Physics and Land Management degradation, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen University, Department of Biological and Environmental Science [Jyväskylä Univ] (JYU), University of Jyväskylä (JYU), College of Agriculture, Environmental and Human Sciences, Lincoln University of Missouri, School of Forest Resources and Conservation [Gainesville] (UF|IFAS|FFGS), Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences [Gainesville] (UF|IFAS), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF)-University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Sustainable Development and Environment Engineering, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine 'King Michael the 1st of Romania', Experimental Infrastructure Platform, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Matej Bel University (UMB), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Lancaster] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Land Use and Governance, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Climate Impacts Research Centre (CIRC), Umeå University, UR Gestion Durable des Sols, UFR Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Tarbiat Modares University [Tehran], Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College, Soil Science, ESALQ-USP, Universidade de São Paulo, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resource Management, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Performance des systèmes de culture des plantes pérennes (UPR Système de pérennes), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), Department of Soil and Environment, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Thuenen-Institute of Organic Farming, Forestry School - INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH), Natural Area Consultants, Department of Zoology, Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College, CSIRO Ocean & Atmosphere, CSIRO, Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecology and Forest Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Computing, ESEI, Vigo, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Life Sciences, Sciences Faculty, University of Alcalá, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Friends of the Mississippi River, Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Conservation, Federal University of Maranhão, Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University (UJ), Institute of Ecology, Technical University of Berlin, College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin, Engineering for Crop Production, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Landscape Ecology and Environmental Systems Analysis, Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Universität Innsbruck [Innsbruck], Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, Laboratory of Ecosystem Modelling, Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Sciences, Russian Academy of Science, Laboratory of Computational Ecology, Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology RAS – the Branch of Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Universidad de La Laguna [Tenerife - SP] (ULL), Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Food & Agriculture, WWF-Netherlands, Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, Earth Innovation Institute, Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Management, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], The Nature Conservancy, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU), Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Kola Science Centre, Institute of the North Industrial Ecology Problems, Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Department of Environmental Science, Saint Mary’s University, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, ANR-11-IDEX-0002,UNITI,Université Fédérale de Toulouse(2011), Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Senckenberg Museum for Natural History Görlitz, Department of Soil Zoology, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Production Systems, Horticulture Technologies, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Soil Ecosystems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Departamento de Informática, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Vigo, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Department of Animal Biology (Zoology area), Science Faculty, University of La Laguna, Dpto. Ciencias, IS-FOOD, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Department of Animal Ecology, Justus Liebig University, University of Helsinki, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), University of Nairobi (UoN), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), National University of Río Cuarto = Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Brandenburg University of Technology [Cottbus – Senftenberg] (BTU), Department of Natural Resources & The Environment [CALS], College of Agriculture and Life Sciences [Cornell University] (CALS), Cornell University [New York]-Cornell University [New York], School of Biology and Environmental Sciences (SBES), USDA Forest Service, University of Toronto, Aberystwyth University, Universidad Nacional de Luján [Buenos Aires], Trier University of Applied Sciences, Razi University of Kermanshah, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão = State University of Maranhão (UEMA), Kyushu University, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Northern Kentucky University, Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (ADMM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics (IBED, FNWI), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft - German Research Foundation (DFG), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Department of Biology, University of Minho [Braga], University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Free University of Berlin (FU), Senckenberg Research Institute, European Project: 227161,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2008-2B,BIOBIO(2009), Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, Université de Sherbrooke, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Cornell University, UMR 1114 'EMMAH', INRA, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Performance des systèmes de culture des plantes pérennes (Cirad-Persyst-UPR 34 Système de pérennes), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, UMR7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS-Sorbonne Universite, AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Mécanismes adaptatifs : des organismes aux communautés (MECADEV), Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), European Research Council, Academy of Finland, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Wageningen University and Research Centre, International Atomic Energy Agency, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Irish Government, University of Hawaii, U.S. Navy, Department of Science and Technology (India), Department of Defense (US), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Austrian Science Fund, Welsh Government, Science Foundation Ireland, University of Kentucky, Higher Education Commission (Pakistan), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Grains Research and Development Corporation (Australia), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (France), University of Minho, Università degli Studi di Catania (UniCT), Terrestrial Ecology (TE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, LITTER, Earth, Planet, Climate, Biologie du sol, Biodiversity, Facteur climatique, 01 natural sciences, Ver de terre, Ecosystem services, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Soil, Abundance (ecology), FORESTS, 11. Sustainability, DRIVERS, Biomass, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Biomass (ecology), Multidisciplinary, biology, Ecology, Earth, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, POPULATION-DENSITY, earthworm, distribution, diversity, pattern, PE&RC, MINHOCAS, Habitat, Plant Production Systems, international, L20 - Écologie animale, Biodiversité, Écosystème, Zone tropicale, Soil biology, Biocénose, Invertebrados, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, Ecology and Environment, Zone tempérée, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Life Science, Animals, Ecosystem, PLANT, Oligochaeta, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], 030304 developmental biology, Earthworm, Tropics, P34 - Biologie du sol, Species diversity, SHIFTS, Farm Systems Ecology Group, Bodemfysica en Landbeheer, 15. Life on land, Ecología, biology.organism_classification, Soil Physics and Land Management, SOIL, Agriculture and Soil Science, 13. Climate action, Plantaardige Productiesystemen, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, PATTERNS, Linear Models, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, BIODIVERSITY, Species richness, Planet, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, COMMUNITIES, Zoology, Animal Distribution, Models Biological
Abstract: Soil organisms, including earthworms, are a key component of terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about their diversity, their distribution, and the threats affecting them. We compiled a global dataset of sampled earthworm communities from 6928 sites in 57 countries as a basis for predicting patterns in earthworm diversity, abundance, and biomass. We found that local species richness and abundance typically peaked at higher latitudes, displaying patterns opposite to those observed in aboveground organisms. However, high species dissimilarity across tropical locations may cause diversity across the entirety of the tropics to be higher than elsewhere. Climate variables were found to be more important in shaping earthworm communities than soil properties or habitat cover. These findings suggest that climate change may have serious implications for earthworm communities and for the functions they provide., 677232 to N.E.). K.S.R. and W.H.v.d.P. were supported by ERC-ADV grant 323020 to W.H.v.d.P. Also supported by iDiv (DFG FZT118) Flexpool proposal 34600850 (C.A.G. and N.E.); the Academy of Finland (285882) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (postdoctoral fellowship and RGPIN-2019-05758) (E.K.C.); DOB Ecology (T.W.C., J.v.d.H., and D.R.); ERC-AdG 694368 (M.R.); and the TULIP Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-41) (M.L.). In addition, data collection was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (12-04-01538-a, 12-04-01734-a, 14-44-03666-r_center_a, 15-29-02724-ofi_m, 16-04-01878-a 19-05-00245); Tarbiat Modares University; Aurora Organic Dairy; UGC(NERO) (F. 1-6/Acctt./NERO/2007-08/1485); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (RGPIN-2017-05391); Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-0098-12); Science for Global Development through Wageningen University; Norman Borlaug LEAP Programme and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (12/22510-8); Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station; INIA - Spanish Agency (SUM 2006-00012-00-0); Royal Canadian Geographical Society; Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland) (2005-S-LS-8); University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa (HAW01127H; HAW01123M); European Union FP7 (FunDivEurope, 265171); U.S. Department of the Navy, Commander Pacific Fleet (W9126G-13-2-0047); Science and Engineering Research Board (SB/SO/AS-030/2013) Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India; Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) of the U.S. Department of Defense (RC-1542); Maranhão State Research Foundation (FAPEMA); Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES); Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (LTT17033); Colorado Wheat Research Foundation; Zone Atelier Alpes, French National Research Agency (ANR-11-BSV7-020-01, ANR-09-STRA-02-01, ANR 06 BIODIV 009-01); Austrian Science Fund (P16027, T441); Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank Frankfurt am Main; Welsh Government and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (Project Ref. A AAB 62 03 qA731606); SÉPAQ; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland; Science Foundation Ireland (EEB0061); University of Toronto (Faculty of Forestry); National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Haliburton Forest and Wildlife Reserve; NKU College of Arts and Sciences Grant; Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft (837393 and 837426); Mountain Agriculture Research Unit of the University of Innsbruck; Higher Education Commission of Pakistan; Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala; UNEP/GEF/TSBF-CIAT Project on Conservation and Sustainable Management of Belowground Biodiversity; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland; Complutense University of Madrid/European Union FP7 project BioBio (FPU UCM 613520); GRDC; AWI; LWRRDC; DRDC; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council) and FONCyT (National Agency of Scientific and Technological Promotion) (PICT, PAE, PIP), Universidad Nacional de Luján y FONCyT [PICT 2293 (2006)], Fonds de recherche sur la nature et les technologies du Québec (131894), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [SCHR1000/3-1, SCHR1000/6-1, 6-2 (FOR 1598), WO 670/7-1, WO 670/7-2, and SCHA 1719/1-2], CONACYT (FONDOS MIXTOS TABASCO/PROYECTO11316); NSF (DGE-0549245, DGE-0549245, DEB-BE-0909452, NSF1241932); Institute for Environmental Science and Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago; Dean’s Scholar Program at UIC; Garden Club of America Zone VI Fellowship in Urban Forestry from the Casey Tree Endowment Fund; J. E. Weaver Competitive Grant from the Nebraska Chapter of The Nature Conservancy; the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at DePaul University; Elmore Hadley Award for Research in Ecology and Evolution from the UIC Dept. of Biological Sciences; Spanish CICYT (AMB96-1161; REN2000-0783/GLO; REN2003-05553/GLO; REN2003-03989/GLO; CGL2007-60661/BOS); Yokohama National University; MEXT KAKENHI (25220104); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI (25281053, 17KT0074, 25252026); ADEME (0775C0035); Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain (CGL2017-86926-P); Syngenta Philippines; UPSTREAM; LTSER (Val Mazia/Matschertal); Marie Sklodowska Curie Postdoctoral Fellowship (747607); National Science and Technology Base Resource Survey Project of China (2018FY100306); McKnight Foundation (14-168); Program of Fundamental Researches of Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences (AAAA-A18-118021490070-5); Brazilian National Council of Research CNPq; and French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Author contributions: H.R.P.P. led the analysis, data curation, and writing of the original manuscript draft. C.A.G. assisted in analyses and writing of the original manuscript draft. E.K.C. and N.E. revised subsequent manuscript drafts. J.v.d.H., D.R., and T.W.C. provided additional analyses. E.K.C., N.E., and M.P.T. acquired funding for the project. J.K., K.B.G., B.S., M.L.C.B., M.J.I.B., and G.B. contributed to data curation. H.R.P.P., C.A.G., M.L.C.B., M.J.I.B., G.B., O.F., A.O., E.M.B., J.B., U.B., T.D., F.T.d.V., B.K.-R., M.L., J.M., C.M., W.H.v.d.P., K.S.R., M.C.R., D.R., M.R., M.P.T., D.H.W., D.A.W., E.K.C., and N.E. contributed to the project conceptualization. All authors reviewed and edited the final draft manuscript. The majority of the authors provided data for the analyses. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Data and materials availability: Data and analysis code are available on the iDiv Data repository (DOI: 10.25829/idiv.1804-5-2593) and GitHub (https://github.com/helenphillips/GlobalEWDiversity; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3386456).
Published: 2019
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49. Marginal Agricultural Land Low-Input Systems for Biomass Production

Author: Ian McCallum, Igor Staritsky, Efthymia Alexopoulou, Moritz von Cossel, Santa Neimane, Federica Zanetti, J.E. Carrasco, Salvatore Luciano Cosentino, Danilo Scordia, Dagnija Lazdina, Giorgio Testa, Ana Luisa Fernando, Eleni G. Papazoglou, Michiel van Eupen, Oksana Maliarenko, Yasir Iqbal, Andrea Monti, Stefan Mantel, Pilar Ciria, Eibertus N. van Loo, Luisa M. Trindade, Lisa Ciadamidaro, Ioannis Eleftheriadis, Isabelle Lamy, Iris Lewandowski, Berien Elbersen, Marina Sanz, Wolter Elbersen, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DCTB - Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Biomassa (ex-GDEH), MEtRICS - Centro de Engenharia Mecânica e Sustentabilidade de Recursos, Cossel M.V., Lewandowski I., Elbersen B., Staritsky I., Van Eupen M., Iqbal Y., Mantel S., Scordia D., Testa G., Cosentino S.L., Maliarenko O., Eleftheriadis I., Zanetti F., Monti A., Lazdina D., Neimane S., Lamy I., Ciadamidaro L., Sanz M., Carrasco J.E., Ciria P., McCallum I., Trindade L.M., Van Loo E.N., Elbersen W., Fernando A.L., Papazoglou E.G., Alexopoulou E., Von Cossel, Moritz, University of Hohenheim, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Hunan Agricultural University, International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Partenaires INRAE, University of Catania [Italy], Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet NAAS, Center for Renewable Energy Sources, Biomass Department, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Latvian State Forest Research Institute 'Silava', Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laboratory of plant breeding, Plant Breeding, Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), and Agricultural University of Athens
Subjects: bioeconomy, bio-based industry, biomass, bioenergy, industrial crop, perennial crop, low-input agriculture, marginal land, MALLIS, sustainable agriculture, Bio-based industry, Applied Spatial Research, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biomass, 02 engineering and technology, lcsh:Technology, 7. Clean energy, Bioma, Laboratorium voor Plantenveredeling, Agricultural land, agriculture, Aardobservatie en omgevingsinformatica, Sustainable agriculture, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Bioenergy, SDG 15 - Life on Land, 2. Zero hunger, Marginal land, biology, Agroforestry, Low-input agriculture, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Miscanthus, Bioeconomy, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, BBP Biorefinery & Sustainable Value Chains, ISRIC - World Soil Information, Earth Observation and Environmental Informatics, Control and Optimization, 020209 energy, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Perennial crop, SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, SDG 2 - Zero Hunger, Engineering (miscellaneous), lcsh:T, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, 15. Life on land, Sorghum, biology.organism_classification, Plant Breeding, Industrial crop, Agriculture, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, EPS, business, Energy (miscellaneous)
Abstract: This study deals with approaches for a social-ecological friendly European bioeconomy based on biomass from industrial crops cultivated on marginal agricultural land. The selected crops to be investigated are: Biomass sorghum, camelina, cardoon, castor, crambe, Ethiopian mustard, giant reed, hemp, lupin, miscanthus, pennycress, poplar, reed canary grass, safflower, Siberian elm, switchgrass, tall wheatgrass, wild sugarcane, and willow. The research question focused on the overall crop growth suitability under low-input management. The study assessed: (i) How the growth suitability of industrial crops can be defined under the given natural constraints of European marginal agricultural lands; and (ii) which agricultural practices are required for marginal agricultural land low-input systems (MALLIS). For the growth-suitability analysis, available thresholds and growth requirements of the selected industrial crops were defined. The marginal agricultural land was categorized according to the agro-ecological zone (AEZ) concept in combination with the marginality constraints, so-called 'marginal agro-ecological zones' (M-AEZ). It was found that both large marginal agricultural areas and numerous agricultural practices are available for industrial crop cultivation on European marginal agricultural lands. These results help to further describe the suitability of industrial crops for the development of social-ecologically friendly MALLIS in Europe. publishersversion published
Published: 2019
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50. Modelling the key drivers of an aerial Phytophthora foliar disease epidemic, from the needles to the whole plant

Author: Ralf Gommers, Mireia Gomez-Gallego, Nari Williams, Martin K.-F. Bader, Scion - New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology (AUT), The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited [Auckland] (Plant & Food Research), and Gomez Gallego, Mireia
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Veterinary medicine, Fungal Structure, Molecular biology, Plant Science, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 01 natural sciences, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Medicine and Health Sciences, Pathogen, Mycelium, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Eukaryota, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 3. Good health, medicine.drug_formulation_ingredient, Oomycetes, Needles, Physical Sciences, Medicine, Phytophthora, Pathogens, Research Article, Genotype, Death Rates, Science, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Population, Mycology, Biology, Biomolecular isolation, Microbiology, Phytophthora pluvialis, Incubation period, Population Metrics, medicine, Epidemics, education, Plant Diseases, 040101 forestry, Population Biology, Sporangia, Inoculation, Host (biology), Organisms, Fungi, Biology and Life Sciences, Plant Pathology, Birth Rates, 15. Life on land, Pinus, Probability Theory, Probability Distribution, biology.organism_classification, DNA isolation, Research and analysis methods, [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Molecular biology techniques, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Mathematics, New Zealand, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Understanding the epidemiology of infectious diseases in a host population is a major challenge in forestry. Radiata pine plantations in New Zealand are impacted by a foliar disease, red needle cast (RNC), caused by Phytophthora pluvialis. This pathogen is dispersed by water splash with polycyclic infection affecting the lower part of the tree canopy. In this study, we extended an SI (Susceptible-Infectious) model presented for RNC to analyse the key epidemiological drivers. We conducted two experiments to empirically fit the extended model: a detached-needle assay and an in vivo inoculation. We used the detached-needle assay data to compare resistant and susceptible genotypes, and the in vivo inoculation data was used to inform sustained infection of the whole plant. We also compared isolations and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) to assess P. pluvialis infection. The primary infection rate and the incubation time were similar for susceptible and resistant genotypes. The pathogen death rate was 2.5 times higher for resistant than susceptible genotypes. Further, external proliferation of mycelium and sporangia were only observed on 28% of the resistant ramets compared to 90% of the susceptible ones. Detection methods were the single most important factor influencing parameter estimates of the model, giving qualitatively different epidemic outputs. In the early stages of infection, qPCR proved to be more efficient than isolations but the reverse was true at later points in time. Isolations were not influenced by the presence of lesions in the needles, while 19% of lesioned needle maximized qPCR detection. A primary infection peak identified via qPCR occurred at 4 days after inoculation (dai) with a secondary peak observed 22 dai. Our results have important implications to the management of RNC, by highlighting the main differences in the response of susceptible and resistant genotypes, and comparing the most common assessment methods to detect RNC epidemics.
Published: 2019
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