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165 results on '"Penn State System"'

1. Strategies to mitigate enteric methane emissions by ruminants - a way to approach the 2.0°C target

Author

Claudia Arndt, Alexander N. Hristov, William J. Price, Shelby C. McClelland, Amalia M. Pelaez, Sergio F. Cueva, Joonpyo Oh, André Bannink, Ali R. Bayat, Les A. Crompton, Jan Dijkstra, Maguy A. Eugène, Ermias Kebreab, Michael Kreuzer, Mark McGee, Cécile Martin, Charles J. Newbold, Christopher K. Reynolds, Angela Schwarm, Kevin J. Shingfield, Jolien B. Veneman, David R. Yáñez-Ruiz, Zhong-tang Yu, Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Enseñanza (CATIE), Colorado State University [Pueblo] (CSUPueblo), Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Wageningen Livestock Research, Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), University of Reading (UOR), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement

Subjects
2. Zero hunger, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 13. Climate action, 0402 animal and dairy science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 040201 dairy & animal science, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Ruminant livestock enteric fermentation contributes approximately one-third of the global anthropogenic methane (CH 4 ) emissions and is projected to increase significantly to meet the increasing demand for animal-sourced protein. Methane, a short-lived greenhouse gas, needs to be reduced -24 to -47% by 2050 relative to 2010 to meet the 2.0°C target. This study describes the results of a comprehensive meta-analysis to determine effective mitigation strategies. The database included findings from 425 peer-reviewed studies (1963 to 2018). Mitigation strategies were classified into three main categories [animal and feed management, diet formulation, and rumen manipulation (additives and methods used to modify the rumen)] and up to five subcategories (98 total mitigation strategy combinations). A random-effects meta-analysis weighted by inverse variance was carried out (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, V3.3.070). Five feeding strategies, namely CH 4 inhibitors, oils and fats, oilseeds, electron sinks, and tanniferous forages, decreased absolute CH 4 emissions by on average -21% (range -12 to -35%) and CH 4 emissions per unit of product (CH 4 I; meat or milk) by on average -17% (range -12 to -32%) without negatively affecting animal production (weight gain or milk yield). Furthermore, three strategies, namely decreasing dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio, increasing feeding level, and decreasing grass maturity, decreased CH 4 I by on average -12% (range -9 to -17%) and increased animal production by on average 45% (range 9 to 162%). The latter strategies are central to meeting the increasing demand for animal-sourced food. All strategies, but CH 4 inhibitors, can be implemented now and offer immediate approaches for combating global warming.

Published
2021

2. Early Paleocene Paleoceanography and Export Productivity in the Chicxulub Crater

Author

Lowery C.M., Jones H.L., Bralower T.J., Cruz L.P., Gebhardt C., Whalen M.T., Chenot E., Smit J., Phillips M.P., Choumiline K., Arenillas I., Arz J.A., Garcia F., Ferrand M., Gulick S.P.S., Christeson G., Claeys P., Cockell C., Coolen M., Ferrière L., Goto K., Green S., Grice K., Kring D., Lofi J., Mellett C., Morgan J., Ocampo-Torres R., Pickersgill A., Poelchau M., Rae A., Rasmussen C., Rebolledo-Vieyra M., Riller U., Sato H., Schaefer B., Tikoo S., Tomioka N., Urrutia-Fucugauchi J., Wittmann A., Xiao L., Yamaguchi K., Zylberman W., Expedition 364 Science Party, Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Department of Geosciences [PennState], College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System-Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences [Bremen] (MARUM), Universität Bremen, Instituto de Geofisica [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Department of Geosciences, University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Polytechnique LaSalle Beauvais, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Department of Earth Sciences [Riverside], University of California [Riverside] (UCR), University of California-University of California, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Instituto Universitario en investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón (IUCA), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geological Sciences [Austin], Jackson School of Geosciences (JSG), University of Texas at Austin [Austin]-University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Center for Planetary Systems Habitability, University of Texas at Austin [Austin]-Jackson School of Geosciences, and Geology and Geochemistry

Subjects
bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Paleontology, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Sedimentology, 010506 paleontology, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Foraminifera, Water column, Impact crater, Paleoceanography, Phytoplankton, Photic zone, 14. Life underwater, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Sedimentology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, biology, Terrigenous sediment, Paleontology, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Geochemistry, 15. Life on land, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Paleontology, biology.organism_classification, humanities, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Productivity (ecology), 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.ST]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Stratigraphy, Environmental science, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Geochemistry
Abstract

The Chicxulub impact caused a crash in productivity in the world''s oceans which contributed to the extinction of ~75% of marine species. In the immediate aftermath of the extinction, export productivity was locally highly variable, with some sites, including the Chicxulub crater, recording elevated export production. The long-term transition back to more stable export productivity regimes has been poorly documented. Here, we present elemental abundances, foraminifer and calcareous nannoplankton assemblage counts, total organic carbon, and bulk carbonate carbon isotope data from the Chicxulub crater to reconstruct changes in export productivity during the first 3 Myr of the Paleocene. We show that export production was elevated for the first 320 kyr of the Paleocene, declined from 320 kyr to 1.2 Myr, and then remained low thereafter. A key interval in this long decline occurred 900 kyr to 1.2 Myr post impact, as calcareous nannoplankton assemblages began to diversify. This interval is associated with fluctuations in water column stratification and terrigenous flux, but these variables are uncorrelated to export productivity. Instead, we postulate that the turnover in the phytoplankton community from a post-extinction assemblage dominated by picoplankton (which promoted nutrient recycling in the euphotic zone) to a Paleocene pelagic community dominated by relatively larger primary producers like calcareous nannoplankton (which more efficiently removed nutrients from surface waters, leading to oligotrophy) is responsible for the decline in export production in the southern Gulf of Mexico. © 2021. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

Published
2021

3. HaloSat Observations of Heliospheric Solar Wind Charge Exchange

Author

P. Kaaret, M. Kounkel, D. M. LaRocca, A. Zajczyk, J. Richardson, J. Bluem, K. D. Kuntz, Dimitra Koutroumpa, R. Ringuette, Keith Jahoda, ADNET Systems, Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), HELIOS - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Iowa City], University of Iowa [Iowa City], Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics [PennState], Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Department of Physics and Astronomy [Bellingham], Western Washington University (WWU), Center for Space Sciences and Technology (CSST), University of Maryland [Baltimore County] (UMBC), and University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System

Subjects
Physics, Line-of-sight, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Ecliptic, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Ecliptic pole, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, Galactic halo, Solar wind, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Space Physics, Emission spectrum, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Line (formation)
Abstract

International audience; X-ray emission from solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) produced in interplanetary space contaminates every astrophysical observation, regardless of the line of sight. Unfortunately, the primary SWCX emission lines also happen to be important diagnostics of astrophysical plasmas. Models of SWCX emission are limited by two main uncertainties: the local solar wind fluxes along the line of sight and the charge exchange cross sections. The He cone, a localized density enhancement of helium neutrals, is the only heliospheric SWCX emission feature that is small enough and bright enough to be observationally isolated from the X-ray background and the broader SWCX emission. HaloSat, an X-ray CubeSat mission, has recently completed two series of specialized observations, near and far from the ecliptic plane, during two Earth transits of the He cone. These observations were used to test the predictions of an SWCX emission model against the emission observed at low ecliptic latitude, where the solar wind data are monitored, and at high ecliptic latitude, where the solar wind data are extrapolated. The measured SWCX emission for the set of observations near the ecliptic plane was consistent with the line intensities predicted by the model but underpredicted for the set of observations at high ecliptic latitude near the south ecliptic pole. Additionally, high-temperature Galactic halo emission components are reported for both spectral sets.

Published
2021

4. Urban-focused satellite CO2 observations from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3: A first look at the Los Angeles megacity

Author

Coleen M. Roehl, Sha Feng, Laura T. Iraci, Tomohiro Oda, Thomas Lauvaux, Matthäus Kiel, John C. Lin, Ruixue Lei, Dustin D. Roten, J.-F. Blavier, Annmarie Eldering, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Salt Lake City], University of Utah, Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science [PennState], Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Universities Space Research Association (USRA), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences [Pasadena], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch [Moffett Field], NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), ANR-17-MPGA-0008,CIUDAD,Quantification of urban greenhouse gas emissions(2017), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Soil Science, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Observatory, Computers in Earth Sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, business.industry, Fossil fuel, Mode (statistics), Geology, 020801 environmental engineering, Megacity, Volcano, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental science, Satellite, Spatial maps, business, Carbon
Abstract

International audience; NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3) was designed to support the quantification and monitoring of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. Its Snapshot Area Map (SAM) and target mode measurements provide an innovative dataset for carbon studies on sub-city scales. Unlike any other current space-based instrument, OCO-3 has the ability to scan large contiguous areas of emission hot spots like cities, power plants, and volcanoes. These measurements result in dense, fine-scale spatial maps of column averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (X CO 2). For the first time, we present and analyze X CO 2 distributions over the Los Angeles megacity (LA) derived from OCO-3 SAM and target mode observations. Urban X CO 2 enhancements range from 0 − 6 ppm (median enhancements ≃ 2 ppm) relative to a clean background and show excellent agreement with nearby ground-based TCCON measurements of X CO 2. OCO-3's dense observations reveal intra-urban variations of X CO 2 over the city that have never been observed from space before. The spatial variations are mainly driven by the complex fossil fuel emission patterns and meteorological conditions in the LA Basin and are in good agreement with those from co-located TROPOMI measurements of co-emitted NO 2. Differences between measured and simulated X CO 2 enhancements from two models (WRF-Chem and X-STILT) are typically below 1 ppm with larger differences for some sub regions. Both models capture the observed intra-urban X CO 2 gradients. Further, OCO-3's multi-swath measurements capture about three times as much of the city emissions compared to single-swath overpasses. OCO-3's frequent target and SAM mode observations will pave the way to constrain urban emissions at finer, sub-city scales.

Published
2021

5. Pyrolysis of Oxalate, Acetate, and Perchlorate Mixtures and the Implications for Organic Salts on Mars

Author

Melissa Guzman, Paul R. Mahaffy, A. Das, R. Williams, Cherie N. Achilles, C. A. Knudson, Slavka Andrejkovičová, Amy McAdam, J. M. T. Lewis, Brad Sutter, E. B. Rampe, Heather B. Franz, Maeva Millan, J. L. Eigenbrode, G. M. Wong, P. D. Archer, Department of Physics and Astronomy [Washington], Howard University, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology [GSFC] (CRESST), Department of Geosciences [PennState], College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System-Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Jacobs Technology ESCG, Department of Biology [Washington], Georgetown University [Washington] (GU), Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology [College Park] (CRESST), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), International Space University (ISU), NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), NASA, Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Center for GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering (GEOBIOTEC), and Universidade de Aveiro

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Evolved gas analysis, Inorganic chemistry, Salt (chemistry), 01 natural sciences, Oxalate, chemistry.chemical_compound, Acetic acid, Perchlorate, Geophysics, chemistry, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Acetone, Organic matter, Pyrolysis, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Organic salts, such as Fe, Ca, and Mg oxalates and acetates, may be widespread radiolysis and oxidation products of organic matter in Martian surface sediments. Such organic salts are challenging to identify by evolved gas analysis but the ubiquitous CO2 and CO in pyrolysis data from the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Curiosity rover indirectly points to their presence. Here, we examined laboratory results from SAM‐like analyses of organic salts as pure phases, as trace phases mixed with silica, and in mixtures with Ca and Mg perchlorates. Pure oxalates evolved CO2 and CO, while pure acetates evolved CO2 and a diverse range of organic products dominated by acetone and acetic acid. Dispersal within silica caused minor peak shifting, decreased the amounts of CO2 evolved by the acetate standards, and altered the relative abundances of the organic products of acetate pyrolysis. The perchlorate salts scrubbed Fe oxalate CO releases and shifted the CO2 peaks to lower temperatures, whereas with Ca and Mg oxalate, a weaker CO release was observed but the initial CO2 evolutions were largely unchanged. The perchlorates induced a stronger CO2 release from acetates at the expense of other products. Oxalates evolved ∼47% more CO2 and acetates yielded ∼69% more CO2 when the perchlorates were abundant. The most compelling fits between our organic salt data and SAM CO2 and CO data included Martian samples acquired from modern eolian deposits and sedimentary rocks with evidence for low‐temperature alteration.

Published
2021

6. The Atmospheric Carbon and Transport (ACT) -America Mission

Author

Caroline P. Normile, Anke Roiger, Colm Sweeney, Joshua P. DiGangi, Christopher W. O'Dell, A. Scott Denning, Christopher B. Williams, Bianca C. Baier, Amin R. Nehrir, Kevin W. Bowman, Sha Feng, Brad Weir, Sandip Pal, Andrew Schuh, Ian Baker, Yaxing Wei, Tobias Gerken, Bing Lin, Alan Fried, Michael D. Obland, Jeremy Dobler, David Baker, Klaus Keller, Thomas Lauvaux, Lesley Ott, Ming Xue, Y. Cui, Kenneth J. Davis, Z. Barkley, Edward V. Browell, Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science [PennState], Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Planetary boundary layer, Atmospheric carbon cycle, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Trace gas, Troposphere, Altitude, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Middle latitudes, Environmental science, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 020701 environmental engineering, Air mass, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The Atmospheric Carbon and Transport (ACT)-America NASA Earth Venture Suborbital Mission set out to improve regional atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) inversions by exploring the intersection of the strong GHG fluxes and vigorous atmospheric transport that occurs within the midlatitudes. Two research aircraft instrumented with remote and in situ sensors to measure GHG mole fractions, associated trace gases, and atmospheric state variables collected 1,140.7 flight hours of research data, distributed across 305 individual aircraft sorties, coordinated within 121 research flight days, and spanning five 6-week seasonal flight campaigns in the central and eastern United States. Flights sampled 31 synoptic sequences, including fair-weather and frontal conditions, at altitudes ranging from the atmospheric boundary layer to the upper free troposphere. The observations were complemented with global and regional GHG flux and transport model ensembles. We found that midlatitude weather systems contain large spatial gradients in GHG mole fractions, in patterns that were consistent as a function of season and altitude. We attribute these patterns to a combination of regional terrestrial fluxes and inflow from the continental boundaries. These observations, when segregated according to altitude and air mass, provide a variety of quantitative insights into the realism of regional CO2 and CH4 fluxes and atmospheric GHG transport realizations. The ACT-America dataset and ensemble modeling methods provide benchmarks for the development of atmospheric inversion systems. As global and regional atmospheric inversions incorporate ACT-America’s findings and methods, we anticipate these systems will produce increasingly accurate and precise subcontinental GHG flux estimates.

Published
2021

7. Fossil fuel CO$_2$ emissions over metropolitan areas from space: A multi-model analysis of OCO-2 data over Lahore, Pakistan

Author

Grégoire Broquet, Dien Wu, Sha Feng, Thomas Lauvaux, Ruixue Lei, J. C. Lin, Christopher W. O'Dell, Alexandre Danjou, Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science [PennState], Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), University of Utah School of Medicine [Salt Lake City], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), 05783-01, 80HQTR21T0070, 80NSSC19k0093, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA: 80NSSC18K1313, Battelle: DE-AC06-76RLO 1830, Ames Research Center, ARC, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, JPL, California Institute of Technology, CIT, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PNNL, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, CNES: 8 0NSSC19K0196, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, CEA, R. Lei and S. Feng have been funded jointly by the NASA grants # 80NSSC18K1313 (subcontracted from the Universities Space Research Association #05783-01 to Penn State) and # 80NSSC19k0093 . S. Feng is also supported by NASA grant # 80HQTR21T0070 at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). PNNL is operated for DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830. T. Lauvaux has been supported by the French research program Make Our Planet Great Again (project CIUDAD). A. Danjou has been supported by the PhD fellowship program of Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives. G. Broquet has been supported by the French National Space Agency (CNES) as part of the TOSCA program (OCO-3 City project). D. Wu and J. Lin have been funded by the NASA grants #8 0NSSC19K0196 . C. O'Dell was funded by a subcontract with the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Computing resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Quality flags, GHGs, Soil Science, Flux cross-sectional integration, Bayesian inversion, 010501 environmental sciences, X-STILT, 01 natural sciences, Computers in Earth Sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, business.industry, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Global warming, Fossil fuel, Geology, Inversion (meteorology), ODIAC, Metropolitan area, Aerosol, Trend analysis, Carbon neutrality, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental science, Satellite, WRF-Chem, business
Abstract

International audience; Urban areas, where more than 55% of the global population gathers, contribute more than 70% of anthropogenic fossil fuel carbon dioxide (CO2ff) emissions. Accurate quantification of CO2ff emissions from urban areas is of great importance for formulating global warming mitigation policies to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Satellite-based inversion techniques are unique among “top-down” approaches, potentially allowing us to track CO2ff emission changes over cities globally. However, their accuracy is still limited by incomplete background information, cloud blockages, aerosol contamination, and uncertainties in models and priori emission inventories. To evaluate the current potential of space-based quantification techniques, we present the first attempt to monitor long-term changes in CO2ff emissions based on the OCO-2 satellite measurements of column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) over a fast-growing Asian metropolitan area: Lahore, Pakistan. We first examined the OCO-2 data availability at global scale. About 17% of OCO-2 soundings over the global 70 most populated cities from 2014 to 2019 are marked as high-quality. Cloud blockage and aerosol contamination are the two main causes of data loss. As an attempt to recover additional soundings, we evaluated the effectiveness of OCO-2 quality flags at the city level by comparing three flux quantification methods (WRF-Chem, X-STILT, and the flux cross-sectional integration method). The satellite/bottom-up emissions (OCO-2/ODIAC) ratios of the high-quality tracks with reduced uncertainties in emissions are better agreed across the three methods compared to the all-data tracks. This demonstrates that OCO-2 quality flags are useful filters of low-quality OCO-2 retrievals at local scales. All three methods consistently suggested that the ratio medians are greater than 1, implying that the ODIAC slightly underestimated CO2ff emissions over Lahore. Additionally, our estimation of the a posteriori CO2ff emission trend was about 734 kt C/year (i.e., an annual 6.7% increase). 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations of the Mann-Kendall upward trend test showed that less than 10% prior uncertainty for 8 tracks (or less than 20% prior uncertainty for 25 tracks) is required to achieve a greater-than-50% trend significant possibility at a 95% confidence level. It implies that the trend is driven by the prior and not due to the assimilation of OCO-2 retrievals. The key to improving the role of satellite data in CO2 emission trend detection lies in collecting more frequent high-quality tracks near metropolitan areas to achieve significant constraints from XCO2 retrievals.

Published
2021

8. Acoustic Manipulation of Dense Nanorods in Microgravity

Author

Mauricio Hoyos, Nathan Jeger-Madiot, Jean-Luc Aider, Thomas E. Mallouk, Gabriel Dumy, Xavier Benoit-Gonin, Physique et mécanique des milieux hétérogenes (UMR 7636) (PMMH), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut Langevin - Ondes et Images (UMR7587) (IL), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Paris (UP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), and Penn State System-Penn State System

Subjects
[SPI.ACOU]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Acoustics [physics.class-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-FLU-DYN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Fluid Dynamics [physics.flu-dyn], Hypergravity, Materials science, Mechanical equilibrium, Plane (geometry), Applied Mathematics, General Engineering, General Physics and Astronomy, Mechanics, Propulsion, Acoustic levitation, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Transverse plane, 13. Climate action, law, Modeling and Simulation, 0103 physical sciences, Levitation, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, 010306 general physics, Acoustic radiation force, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Because the absence of sedimentation in zero-gravity makes the culture and the manipulation of cells or particles challenging, an attractive alternative is to use the Acoustic Radiation Force (ARF) as an artificial “acoustic gravity.” To evaluate the potential of this approach we studied the behavior of dense gold nanorods under ARF during a parabolic flight campaign. Using dense objects enhances the effect of gravity on the axial position of the so-called “levitation plane,” which is the equilibrium position at which ARF balances gravity in the laboratory. Further, using elongated objects, instead of spherical particles provides information about their spatial orientations in addition to their propulsion observed in standard gravity conditions. Our experiments clearly show a different collective organization and individual behavior of the rods in micro-gravity conditions. First, the axial location of the levitation plane is different in microgravity than in hypergravity: it matches the nodal pressure plane in microgravity while it is much lower than the nodal plane in hypergravity. Our experiments also show a sharp transition from horizontal to axial orientation of the rods axis. The propulsion of the rods also stops when transitioning to micro-gravity. A possible explanation for the sudden change of orientation and stopping of propulsion is the modification of the equilibrium between the axial and transverse components of the ARF. While these experiments show that some phenomena, like the propulsion of nanorods by ARF, may not be applicable in microgravity, they do confirm that acoustic manipulation of particles or cells in microgravity is possible, which paves for the development of many useful techniques for particles or cells manipulation, like cell cultures, during long-term space travel.

Published
2020

9. The Completed SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Large-scale structure catalogs for cosmological analysis

Author

Axel de la Macorra, Eric Jullo, Jeremy L. Tinker, J. N. McLane, Faizan G. Mohammad, Aurelio Carnero Rosell, Sylvain de la Torre, Hélion du Mas des Bourboux, Arnaud de Mattia, Peter Doohyun Choi, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider, Stephanie Escoffier, Hui Kong, S. Fromenteau, Stephen Bailey, Hee-Jong Seo, Solène Chabanier, Eva-Maria Mueller, Alex Smith, Jean-Paul Kneib, Joel R. Brownstein, Gong-Bo Zhao, Richard Neveux, Jonathan Brinkmann, Irene Cruz-González, Alexandra N. Higley, Kyle S. Dawson, Yucheng Zhang, Chia-Hsun Chuang, Andrea Muñoz-Gutiérrez, John Moustakas, Etienne Burtin, Johan Comparat, Will J. Percival, Christian Nitschelm, Shadab Alam, Donald P. Schneider, Graziano Rossi, Julian E. Bautista, Nathalie Palanque-Delabrouille, Anthony R. Pullen, Cheng Zhao, Adam D. Myers, Pauline Zarrouk, Jiamin Hou, Romain Paviot, Mehdi Rezaie, Jeffrey A. Newman, Ashley J. Ross, M. Vivek, Rita Tojeiro, Mariana Vargas Magaña, Brad W. Lyke, Anand Raichoor, Héctor Gil-Marín, Dmitry Bizyaev, Center for Cosmology & AstroParticle Physics, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation [Portsmouth] (ICG), University of Portsmouth, University of St Andrews [Scotland], Institute for Astronomy [Edinburgh] (IfA), University of Edinburgh, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Utah, Institut de Ciencies del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Institute for Space Studies of Catalonia [Barcelona] (IEEC-CSIC), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Laramie], University of Wyoming (UW), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Siena College [Loudonville], Department of Physics [Oxford], University of Oxford, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics [Waterloo], Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Ohio University - Athens (OU), Physics & Astronomy Department [Ohio University], Department of Physics [New York], New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), National Astronomical Observatories [Beijing] (NAOC), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), New Mexico State University, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), Sejong University, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (KIPAC), Stanford University, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Department of Physics and Astronomy [Pittsburgh], University of Pittsburgh (PITT), Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE)-Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE), Centro de Astronomia [Antofagasta] (CITEVA), Universidad de Antofagasta, Center for Computational Astrophysics [New York], Flatiron Institute, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics [PennState], Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), ANR-16-CE31-0021,eBOSS,Sondes cosmologiques de la gravitation et de l'énergie noire(2016), ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), European Project: 670193,H2020,ERC-2014-ADG,COSFORM(2015), University of Oxford [Oxford], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Department of Energy (US), European Commission, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), and National Research Foundation of Korea

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), reconstruction, [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], media_common.quotation_subject, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, spiders, galaxies, emission, 0103 physical sciences, QB Astronomy, observations [Cosmology], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QC, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, catalogues, power-spectrum analysis, QB, media_common, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Oscillation, Null (mathematics), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Sampling (statistics), DAS, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Quasar, acoustic-oscillations, calibration, Catalogues, Galaxy, Redshift, Baryon, QC Physics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, cosmology: observations, digital sky survey, Cosmology Observations, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We present large-scale structure catalogs from the completed extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS). Derived from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) -IV Data Release 16 (DR16), these catalogs provide the data samples, corrected for observational systematics, and random positions sampling the survey selection function. Combined, they allow large-scale clustering measurements suitable for testing cosmological models. We describe the methods used to create these catalogs for the eBOSS DR16 Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) and Quasar samples. The quasar catalog contains 343,708 redshifts with $0.8 < z < 2.2$ over 4,808\,deg$^2$. We combine 174,816 eBOSS LRG redshifts over 4,242\,deg$^2$ in the redshift interval $0.6 < z < 1.0$ with SDSS-III BOSS LRGs in the same redshift range to produce a combined sample of 377,458 galaxy redshifts distributed over 9,493\,deg$^2$. Improved algorithms for estimating redshifts allow that 98 per cent of LRG observations result in a successful redshift, with less than one per cent catastrophic failures ($��z > 1000$ ${\rm km~s}^{-1}$). For quasars, these rates are 95 and 2 per cent (with $��z > 3000$ ${\rm km~s}^{-1}$). We apply corrections for trends between the number densities of our samples and the properties of the imaging and spectroscopic data. For example, the quasar catalog obtains a $��^2$/DoF$= 776/10$ for a null test against imaging depth before corrections and a $��^2$/DoF$=6/8$ after. The catalogs, combined with careful consideration of the details of their construction found here-in, allow companion papers to present cosmological results with negligible impact from observational systematic uncertainties., Matches version accepted by MNRAS, very minor changes. A summary of all SDSS BAO and RSD measurements with accompanying legacy figures can be found here: https://www.sdss.org/science/final-bao-and-rsd-measurements/ . The full cosmological interpretation of these measurements can be found here: https://sdss.org/science/cosmology-results-from-eboss/

Published
2020

10. Spectral evidence for substrate availability rather than environmental control of methane emissions from a coastal forested wetland

Author

Jean-Christophe Domec, Asko Noormets, Kevan J. Minick, Ge Sun, Prajaya Prajapati, John S. King, Steve McNulty, Guofang Miao, Bhaskar Mitra, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources (North Carolina State University), North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC), Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Texas A&M University [College Station], Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], and University of Michigan System

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Water table, Cross-scale analysis, Growing season, Wetland, Wavelet analysis, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Swamp, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Transpiration, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Forestry, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Substrate (marine biology), Water table depth, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Plant transportation, Environmental science, Agronomy and Crop Science, Methane, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Knowledge of the dynamics of methane (CH4) fluxes across coastal freshwater forested wetlands, such as those found in the southeastern US remains limited. In the current study, we look at the spectral properties of ecosystem net CH4 exchange (NEECH4) time series, and its cospectral behavior with key environmental conditions (temperature (Ts5), water table (WTD) and atmospheric pressure (Pa)) and physiological fluxes (photosynthesis (GPP), transpiration (LE), sap flux (Js)) using data from a natural bottomland hardwood swamp in eastern North Carolina. NEECH4 fluxes were measured over five years (2012 – 2016) that included both wet and dry years. During the growing season, strong cospectral peaks at diurnal scale were detected between CH4 efflux and GPP, LE and Js. This suggests that the well understood diurnal cycles in the latter processes may affect CH4 production through substrate availability (GPP) and transport (sap flow and LE). The causality between different time series was established by the magnitude and consistency of phase shifts. The causal effect of Ts5 and Pa were ruled out because despite cospectral peaks with CH4, their phase relationships were inconsistent. The effect of fluctuations in WTD on CH4 efflux at synoptic scale lacked clear indications of causality, possibly due to time lags and hysteresis. The stronger cospectral peak with ecosystem scale LE rather than Js suggested that the evaporative component of LE contributed equally with plant transpiration. Hence, we conclude that while the emission of dissolved gases through plants likely takes place, it may not contribute to higher CH4 emissions as has been proposed by aerenchymatous gas transport in sedge wetlands. These findings can inform future model development by (i) highlighting the coupling between vegetation processes and CH4 emissions, and (ii) identifying specific and non-overlapping timescales for different driving factors.

Published
2020

11. Policy-Relevant Assessment of Urban CO 2 Emissions

Author

Jonathan A. Wang, Brian J. Nathan, Kevin R. Gurney, Natasha L. Miles, Kenneth J. Davis, Thomas Lauvaux, Aijun Deng, Jocelyn Turnbull, Scott J. Richardson, Tomohiro Oda, Lucy R. Hutyra, PennState Meteorology Department, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC), Boston University [Boston] (BU), GNS Science, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), and University of California

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, business.industry, Fossil fuel, General Chemistry, 010501 environmental sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Degree (temperature), chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental protection, 11. Sustainability, Carbon dioxide, Trajectory, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, business, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Global fossil fuel carbon dioxide (FFCO 2) emissions will be dictated to a great degree by the trajectory of emissions from urban areas. Conventional methods to quantify urban FFCO 2 emissions typically rely on self-reported economic/energy activity data transformed into emissions via standard emission factors. However, uncertainties in these traditional methods pose a roadblock to implementation of effective mitigation strategies, independently monitor long-term trends, and assess policy outcomes. Here, we demonstrate the applicability of the integration of a dense network of greenhouse gas sensors with a science-driven building and street-scale FFCO 2 emissions estimation through the atmospheric CO 2 inversion process. Whole-city FFCO 2 emissions agree within 3% annually. Current self-reported inventory emissions for the city of Indianapolis are 35% lower than our optimal estimate, with significant differences across activity sectors. Differences remain, however, regarding the spatial distribution of sectoral FFCO 2 emissions, underconstrained despite the inclusion of coemitted species information.

Published
2020

12. Probing the hydrothermal system of the Chicxulub impact crater

Author

Catalina Gebhardt, Kosei E. Yamaguchi, Jérôme Gattacceca, Christopher M. Lowery, Martin Schmieder, Michael H. Poelchau, Johanna Lofi, Ludovic Ferrière, Axel Wittmann, S. Green, M. Rebolledo-Vieyra, Auriol S. P. Rae, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Honami Sato, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, Fred J. Longstaffe, David A. Kring, Jan Smit, Rubén Ocampo-Torres, Joanna Morgan, Gail L. Christeson, Christina M. Verhagen, Sean P. S. Gulick, Timothy J. Bralower, Charles S. Cockell, Elise Chenot, Kazuhisa Goto, Ulrich Riller, Long Xiao, Sonia M. Tikoo, Michael T. Whalen, Naotaka Tomioka, Heather L. Jones, S. L. Simpson, Gordon R. Osinski, Marco J. L. Coolen, Cornelia Rasmussen, Philippe Claeys, Analytical, Environmental & Geo-Chemistry, Earth System Sciences, Chemistry, Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] (LPI), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Piscataway], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation (Fraunhofer IOSB), Fraunhofer (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft), Universität Hamburg (UHH), Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration [London, ON] (CPSX), University of Western Ontario (UWO), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, DGS, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Imperial College London, Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, GeoRessources, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre de recherches sur la géologie des matières premières minérales et énergétiques (CREGU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institute of Geophysics [Austin] (IG), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Natural History Museum [Vienna] (NHM), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University [Sendai], British Geological Survey [Edinburgh], British Geological Survey (BGS), Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Department of Chemistry, Toho University, Penn State Department of Geosciences, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre de recherches sur la géologie des matières premières minérales et énergétiques (CREGU)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Geology and Geochemistry, and gattacceca, jerome

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES, BOREHOLE YAXCOPOIL-1, Geochemistry, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, HIGH-PRESSURE POLYMORPH, 01 natural sciences, Hydrothermal circulation, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Impact crater, Caldera, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, Seabed, Research Articles, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Science & Technology, RUTILE, hydrothermal system, Scientific drilling, DRILL CORE, SciAdv r-articles, MELT ROCK, Crust, Geology, YUCATAN, International Ocean Discovery Program, impact crater, Cretaceous, EAST PACIFIC RISE, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Chicxulub, 13. Climate action, Science & Technology - Other Topics, CRUST, [SDU.STU.PL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Planetary Science, SEDIMENTS, Research Article
Abstract

The Chicxulub impact event generated a long-duration hydrothermal system suitable for microbial life., The ~180-km-diameter Chicxulub peak-ring crater and ~240-km multiring basin, produced by the impact that terminated the Cretaceous, is the largest remaining intact impact basin on Earth. International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) and International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) Expedition 364 drilled to a depth of 1335 m below the sea floor into the peak ring, providing a unique opportunity to study the thermal and chemical modification of Earth’s crust caused by the impact. The recovered core shows the crater hosted a spatially extensive hydrothermal system that chemically and mineralogically modified ~1.4 × 105 km3 of Earth’s crust, a volume more than nine times that of the Yellowstone Caldera system. Initially, high temperatures of 300° to 400°C and an independent geomagnetic polarity clock indicate the hydrothermal system was long lived, in excess of 106 years.

Published
2020

13. Relaunching the African Pollen Database: Abrupt change in climate and ecosystems

Author

Ivory, Sarah J., Lézine, Anne-Marie, Grimm, Eric, Williams, Jack, Department of Geosciences [PennState], College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System-Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Variabilité à long terme du climat de l'océan (VALCO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and ANR-18-BELM-0001,ACCEDE,Abrupt Change in Climate and Ecosystems: Where are the Tipping Points?(2018)

Subjects
Ecology, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 15. Life on land, medicine.disease_cause, Palynology, Database, Geography, 13. Climate action, Pollen, Africa, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, medicine, Ecosystem, MESH: Palynologie, Afrique, Base de Donées
Abstract

International audience; Quaternary palynology in AfricaAfrican Pollen Database scientific network

Published
2020

14. Background heterogeneity and other uncertainties in estimating urban methane flux: results from the Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX)

Author

N. V. Balashov, K. J. Davis, N. L. Miles, T. Lauvaux, S. J. Richardson, Z. R. Barkley, T. A. Bonin, Universities Space Research Association (USRA), PennState Meteorology Department, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, Daytime, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, Mesoscale meteorology, Flux, Atmospheric model, 010501 environmental sciences, Wind direction, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Diurnal cycle, Natural gas, Greenhouse gas, 11. Sustainability, Environmental science, business, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

As natural gas extraction and use continues to increase, the need to quantify emissions of methane (CH4), a powerful greenhouse gas, has grown. Large discrepancies in Indianapolis CH4 emissions have been observed when comparing inventory, aircraft mass balance, and tower inverse modeling estimates. Four years of continuous CH4 mole fraction observations from a network of nine towers as a part of the Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX) are utilized to investigate four possible reasons for the abovementioned inconsistencies: (1) differences in definition of the city domain, (2) a highly temporally variable and spatially non-uniform CH4 background, (3) temporal variability in CH4 emissions, and (4) CH4 sources that are not accounted for in the inventory. Reducing the Indianapolis urban domain size to be consistent with the inventory domain size decreases the CH4 emission estimation of the inverse modeling methodology by about 35 %, thereby lessening the discrepancy and bringing total city flux within the error range of one of the two inventories. Nevertheless, the inverse modeling estimate still remains about 91 % higher than inventory estimates. Hourly urban background CH4 mole fractions are shown to be spatially heterogeneous and temporally variable. Variability in background mole fractions observed at any given moment and a single location could be up to about 50 ppb depending on a wind direction but decreases substantially when averaged over multiple days. Statistically significant, long-term biases in background mole fractions of 2–5 ppb are found from single-point observations for most wind directions. Boundary layer budget estimates suggest that Indianapolis CH4 emissions did not change significantly when comparing 2014 to 2016. However, it appears that CH4 emissions may follow a diurnal cycle, with daytime emissions (12:00–16:00 LST) approximately twice as large as nighttime emissions (20:00–05:00 LST). We found no evidence for large CH4 point sources that are otherwise missing from the inventories. The data from the towers confirm that the strongest CH4 source in Indianapolis is South Side landfill. Leaks from the natural gas distribution system that were detected with the tower network appeared localized and non-permanent. Our simple atmospheric budget analyses estimate the magnitude of the diffuse natural gas source to be 70 % higher than inventory estimates, but more comprehensive analyses are needed. Long-term averaging, spatially extensive upwind mole fraction observations, mesoscale atmospheric modeling of the regional emissions environment, and careful treatment of the times of day are recommended for precise and accurate quantification of urban CH4 emissions.

Published
2020

15. Indigenous and exogenous organics and surface–atmosphere cycling inferred from carbon and oxygen isotopes at Gale crater

Author

Heather B. Franz, D. W. Ming, Charles Malespin, Daniel P. Glavin, Andrew Steele, J. L. Eigenbrode, P. D. Archer, C. A. Knudson, Paul R. Mahaffy, Sushil K. Atreya, Roger E. Summons, G. Flesch, J. C. Stern, Christopher H. House, E. Raaen, Brad Sutter, Rafael Navarro-González, Christopher R. Webster, Caroline Freissinet, Amy McAdam, J. M. T. Lewis, Maeva Millan, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux (LGPM), CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Department of Geosciences [PennState], College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System-Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Department of Astronomy [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Jacobs Technology ESCG, NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), NASA, Geophysical Laboratory [Carnegie Institution], Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Department of Biology [Washington], Georgetown University [Washington] (GU), Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [MIT, Cambridge] (EAPS), and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, δ18O, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mars Exploration Program, 01 natural sciences, Isotopes of oxygen, Astrobiology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Interplanetary dust cloud, Meteorite, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Martian surface, 0103 physical sciences, Sample Analysis at Mars, Environmental science, Carbonate, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Since landing at Gale crater, Mars, in August 2012, the Curiosity rover has searched for evidence of past habitability, such as organic compounds, which have proved elusive to previous missions. We report results from pyrolysis experiments by Curiosity’s Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument, focusing on the isotopic compositions of evolved CO2 and O2, which provide clues to the identities and origins of carbon- and oxygen-bearing phases in surface materials. We find that O2 is enriched in 18O (δ18O about 40‰). Its behaviour reflects the presence of oxychlorine compounds at the Martian surface, common to aeolian and sedimentary deposits. Peak temperatures and isotope ratios (δ18O from −61 ± 4‰ to 64 ± 7‰; δ13C from –25 ± 20‰ to 56 ± 11‰) of evolved CO2 indicate the presence of carbon in multiple phases. We suggest that some organic compounds reflect exogenous input from meteorites and interplanetary dust, while others could derive from in situ formation processes on Mars, such as abiotic photosynthesis or electrochemical reduction of CO2. The observed carbonate abundances could reflect a sink for about 425–640 millibar of atmospheric CO2, while an additional 100–170 millibar could be stored in oxalates formed at the surface. In addition, oxygen isotope ratios of putative carbonates suggest the possibility of widespread cryogenic carbonate formation during a previous era. The pyrolysis experiments of the SAM instrument on board the Curiosity rover reconstruct the origin of organics at Gale crater. Some of them come from meteorites, but others have been formed in situ, with widespread past formation of carbonates via cryogenesis. More than 0.5 bar of CO2 might have precipitated from the atmosphere.

Published
2020

16. Effects of microtopography on absorptive and transport fine root biomass, necromass, production, mortality and decomposition in a coastal freshwater forested wetland, southeastern USA

Author

Ge Sun, Jean-Christophe Domec, Kevan J. Minick, Jordan Luff, Asko Noormets, Bhaskar Mitra, Steven G. McNulty, John S. King, Xuefeng Li, Guofang Miao, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC), Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont [Burlington], Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign (UIUC), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, and US Forest Service

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Peat, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Coastal plain, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], microtopography, necromass, Wetland, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, fine root, Sink (geography), Root mass, Environmental Chemistry, Muck, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, decomposition, Ecology, biomass, 15. Life on land, mortality, 6. Clean water, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, production, Cycling, forested wetland
Abstract

International audience; Forested wetlands are an important carbon (C) sink. Fine roots (diameter

Published
2020

17. Life and death in the Chicxulub impact crater: a record of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

Author

V. Smith, S. Warny, K. Grice, B. Schaefer, M. T. Whalen, J. Vellekoop, E. Chenot, S. P. S. Gulick, I. Arenillas, J. A. Arz, T. Bauersachs, T. Bralower, F. Demory, J. Gattacceca, H. Jones, J. Lofi, C. M. Lowery, J. Morgan, N. B. Nuñez Otaño, J. M. K. O'Keefe, K. O'Malley, F. J. Rodríguez-Tovar, L. Schwark, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, Louisiana State University (LSU), Museum of Natural Science, WA-Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre (WA-OIGC), The Institute for Geoscience Research [Perth] (TIGeR), School of Earth and Planetary Science [Perth - Curtin university], Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-School of Earth and Planetary Science [Perth - Curtin university], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Leuven-Heverlee], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), GeoRessources, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre de recherches sur la géologie des matières premières minérales et énergétiques (CREGU)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bassins - Réservoirs - Ressources - U2R UPJV-UNIL 7511 (B2R), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-UniLaSalle, Department of Geological Sciences [Austin], Jackson School of Geosciences (JSG), University of Texas at Austin [Austin]-University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Department of Organic Geochemistry, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Department of Geosciences [Pennsylvania], Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Paraná, Earth Science, and Space Systems Engineering [Morehead], Morehead State University (MSU), Departamento de Estratigrafia y Paleontologia, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DGS, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], University of Kiel, Department of Geosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Geophysics [Austin] (IG), Chemistry, Analytical, Environmental & Geo-Chemistry, UniLaSalle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), and Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR)

Subjects
PETM, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Stratigraphy, lcsh:Environmental protection, Stratification (water), Biostratigraphy, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Bottom water, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5 [https], Impact crater, lcsh:Environmental pollution, Paleoclimatology, Photic zone, lcsh:TD169-171.8, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, fungi, Paleontology, Biota, 15. Life on land, Fossil record, Paleoenvironment, Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximun, Oceanography, Benthic zone, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, lcsh:TD172-193.5, 0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Geology
Abstract

Thermal stress on the biosphere during the extreme warmth of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was most severe at low latitudes, with sea surface temperatures at some localities exceeding the 35 ◦C at which marine organisms experience heat stress. Relatively few equivalent terrestrial sections have been identified, and the response of land plants to this extreme heat is still poorly understood. Here, we present a new record of the PETM from the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater that has been identified based on nannofossil biostratigraphy, an acme of the dinoflagellate genus Apectodinium, and a negative carbon isotope excursion. Geochemical and microfossil proxies show that the PETM is marked by elevated TEXH 86-based sea surface temperatures (SSTs) averaging ∼ 37.8 ◦C, an in crease in terrestrial input and surface productivity, salinity stratification, and bottom water anoxia, with biomarkers for green and purple sulfur bacteria indicative of photic zone euxinia in the early part of the event. Pollen and plants spores in this core provide the first PETM floral assemblage described from Mexico, Central America, and the northern Caribbean. The source area was a diverse coastal shrubby tropical forest with a remarkably high abundance of fungal spores, indicating humid conditions. Thus, while seafloor anoxia devastated the benthic marine biota and dinoflagellate assemblages were heat-stressed, the terrestrial plant ecosystem thrived., CENEX (Center for Excellence in Palynology) Endowed Chair Fund, Louisiana State University, Paleontological Society, Australian Research Council DP180100982, Curtin University, IODP-France, FWO 12Z6618N, NERC Natural Environment Research Council NE/P005217/1, National Science Foundation (NSF) 14-50528 1737199 1736951 1737351

Published
2020

18. The nature of Earth’s first crust

Author

Richard W. Carlson, Marion Garçon, Jonathan O'Neil, J. R. Reimink, Hanika Rizo, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism [Carnegie Institution], Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM), Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, University of Ottawa [Ottawa], Department of Geosciences [PennState], College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System-Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Carnegie Institution for Science, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
crust-mantle differentiation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hadean, Archean, Geochemistry, short-lived isotopes, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, planet formation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Terrane, geography, Felsic, geography.geographical_feature_category, Continental crust, Earth's first crust, Geology, Crust, 15. Life on land, Craton, 13. Climate action, Archean geology
Abstract

International audience; Recycling of crust into the mantle has left only small remnants at Earth’s surface of crust produced within a billion years of Earth formation. Few, if any, of these ancient crustal rocks represent the first crust that existed on Earth. Understanding the nature of the source materials of these ancient rocks and the mechanism of their formation has been the target of decades of geological and geochemical study. This traditional approach has been expanded recently through the ability to simultaneously obtain U-Pb age and initial Hf isotope data for zircons from many of these ancient, generally polymetamorphic, rocks. The addition of information from the short-lived radiometric systems 146Sm-142Nd and 182Hf-182W allows resolution of some of the ambiguities that have clouded the conclusions derived from the long-lived systems. The most apparent of these is clear documentation that Earth experienced major chemical differentiation events within the first tens to hundreds of millions of years of its formation, and that Earth’s most ancient crustal rocks were derived from these differentiated sources, not from primitive undifferentiated mantle. Eoarchean rocks from the North Atlantic Craton and the Anshan Complex of the North China Craton have sources in an incompatible-element-depleted mantle that dates to 4.4-4.5 Ga. Hadean/Eoarchean rocks from two localities in Canada show the importance of remelting of Hadean mafic crust to produce Eoarchean felsic crust. The mafic supracrustal rocks of the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt are a possible example of the Hadean mafic basement that is often called upon to serve as the source for the high-silica rocks that define continental crust. Many, but not all, ancient terranes show a shift in the nature of the sources for crustal rocks, and possibly the physical mechanism of crust production, between 3.0-3.6 Ga. This transition may reflect the initiation of modern plate tectonics. Eoarchean/Hadean rocks from some terranes, however, also display compositional characteristics expected for convergent margin volcanism suggesting that at least some convergent margin related magmatism began in the Hadean. The persistence of isotopic variability in 142Nd/144Nd into the mid-Archean, and the eventual reduction in that variability by the end of the Archean, provides new information on the efficiency by which mantle convection recombined the products of Hadean silicate-Earth differentiation. The rate of crust production and recycling in the Hadean/Archean, however, is not resolved by these data beyond the observation that extreme isotopic compositions, such as expected for Hadean evolved, continent-like, crust are not observed in the preserved Eoarchean rock record. The lack of correlation between 142Nd/144Nd and 182W/184W variation in Archean rocks suggests that these two systems track different processes; the Sm-Nd system mantle-crust differentiation while Hf-W is dominated by core formation. The major silicate differentiation controlling Sm/Nd fractionation occurred at ∼4.4 Ga, possibly as a result of the Moon-forming impact, after the extinction of 182Hf.

Published
2019

19. Hydrology and microtopography control carbon dynamics in wetlands: Implications in partitioning ecosystem respiration in a coastal plain forested wetland

Author

Carl C. Trettin, John S. King, Steve McNulty, Asko Noormets, Ge Sun, Jean-Christophe Domec, Montserrat Fuentes, Guofang Miao, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC), Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois System, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University [Durham], North Carolina State University, Center for High Performance Simulation and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Coastal plain, Water table, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], microtopography, Eddy covariance, hydrology, Wetland, 01 natural sciences, Hydrology (agriculture), eddy covariance flux, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, chamber flux, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Forestry, 15. Life on land, Water level, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Ecosystem respiration, forested wetland, Agronomy and Crop Science, respiration, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Wetlands store a disproportionately large fraction of organic carbon relative to their areal coverage, and thus play an important role in global climate mitigation. As destabilization of these stores through land use or environmental change represents a significant climate feedback, it is important to understand the functional regulation of respiratory processes that catabolize them. In this study, we established an eddy covariance flux tower project in a coastal plain forested wetland in North Carolina, USA, and measured total ecosystem respiration (R-e) over three years (2009-2011). We evaluated the magnitude and variability of three respiration components-belowground (R-s), coarse woody debris (R-CWD), and aboveground plant (R-asp) respiration at the ecosystem scale, by accounting microtopographic variation for upscaling and constraining the mass balance with R-e. Strong hydrologic control was detected for 12, and R-CWD,, whereas R-asp and R-e were relatively insensitive to water table fluctuations. In a relatively dry year (2010), this forested wetland respired a total of about 2000 g CO2-C m(-2)y(-1) annually, 51% as R-s, 37% as R-agp, and 12% as R-CWD. During non-flooded periods R-s contributed up to 57% of R-e and during flooded periods R-asp contributed up to 69%. The contribution of R-e to R-e increased by 2.4% for every cm of decrease in water level at intermediate water table level, and was nearly constant when flooded or when the water level more than 15 cm below ground. The contrasting sensitivity of different respiration components highlights the need for explicit consideration of this dynamic in ecosystem and Earth System Models.

Published
2017

20. Effects of land-use change and drought on decadal evapotranspiration and water balance of natural and managed forested wetlands along the southeastern US lower coastal plain

Author

Ge Sun, Kevan J. Minick, John S. King, Steve McNulty, Asko Noormets, Maricar Aguilos, Bhaskar Mitra, Michael Gavazzi, Yun Yang, Jean-Christophe Domec, Prajaya Prajapati, North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Texas A&M University System, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Forest Service, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, and Texas A&M University [College Station]

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Canopy, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Coastal plain, Chronosequence, Coastal plain forest, Eddy covariance, Wetland, 01 natural sciences, Water balance, Hydrology (agriculture), Evapotranspiration, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Forested wetlands, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Managed forests, Drought, Forestry, 15. Life on land, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Forested wetlands are important in regulating regional hydrology and climate. However, long-term studies on the hydrologic impacts of converting natural forested wetlands to pine plantations are rare for the southern US. From 2005-2018, we quantified water cycling in two post-harvest and newly-planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations (YP2-7, 2-7 yrs old; YP2-8, 2-8 yrs old), a rotation-age loblolly pine plantation (MP, 15-28 yrs old), and a natural bottomland hardwood forest (BHF, > 100 yrs old) along the lower coastal plain of North Carolina. We quantified the differences in inter-annual and seasonal water balance and trends of evapotranspiration (ET) using eddy covariance over 37 site-years and assessed key climatic and biological drivers of ET. We found that the rotation-age plantation (MP) had higher annual ET (933 +/- 63 mm) than the younger plantations (776 +/- 74 mm for YP2-7 and 638 +/- 190 mm for YP2-8), and the BHF (743 +/- 172 mm), owing to differences in stand age, canopy cover, and micrometeorology. Chronosequence analysis of the pine sites showed that ET increased with stand age up to 10 years, then gradually stabilized for the remainder of the rotation of 28 - 30 years. YP2-8 was sensitive to water availability, decreasing ET by 30 - 43 % during the extreme 2007 - 2008 drought, but reductions in ET at MP were only 8 - 11 %. Comparing to BHF, ditching with management enhanced drainage at YP2-7 and YP2-8, while drainage was lower at the mature pine site. This study provides insight into land use-hydrology-climate interactions that have important implications for forested wetland management in a time of rapidly changing environmental conditions of the LCP of the southern US.

Published
2021

21. A novel type of transient luminous event produced by terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes

Author

Wei Xu, Sebastien Celestin, Victor P. Pasko, Robert A. Marshall, Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado [Boulder], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Communications and Space Sciences Laboratory [PennState] (CSSL), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), and Penn State System-Penn State System

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Physics, Brightness, Photon, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Gamma ray, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Lightning, Atmosphere, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Observatory, Ionization, Thunderstorm, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs), discovered in 1994 by the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, are high-energy photon bursts originating in the Earth's atmosphere in association with thunderstorms. In this paper, we demonstrate theoretically that, while TGFs pass through the atmosphere, the large quantities of energetic electrons knocked out by collisions between photons and air molecules generate excited species of neutral and ionized molecules, leading to a significant amount of optical emissions. These emissions represent a novel type of transient luminous events in the vicinity of the cloud tops. We show that this predicted phenomenon illuminates a region with a size notably larger than the TGF source and has detectable levels of brightness. Since the spectroscopic, morphological, and temporal features of this luminous event are closely related with TGFs, corresponding measurements would provide a novel perspective for investigation of TGFs, as well as lightning discharges that produce them.

Published
2017

22. The first day of the Cenozoic

Author

Gulick, Sean, Bralower, Timothy, Ormö, Jens, Hall, Brendon, Grice, Kliti, Schaefer, Bettina, Lyons, Shelby, Freeman, Katherine, Morgan, Joanna, Artemieva, Natalia, Kaskes, Pim, De Graaff, Sietze, Whalen, Michael, Collins, Gareth, Tikoo, Sonia, Verhagen, Christina, Christeson, Gail, Claeys, Philippe, Coolen, Marco, Goderis, Steven, Goto, Kazuhisa, Grieve, Richard, McCall, Naoma, Osinski, Gordon, Rae, Auriol, Riller, Ulrich, Smit, Jan, Vajda, Vivi, Wittmann, Axel, Chenot, Elise, Cockell, Charles S., Ferrière, Ludovic, Gebhardt, Catalina, Green, Sophie L., Jones, Heather, Kring, David A., LeBer, Erwan, LOFI, Johanna, Lowery, Christopher M., OCAMPO-TORRES, Ruben, Perez-Cruz, Ligia, Pickersgill, Annemarie E., Poelchau, Michael H., Rasmussen, Cornelia, Rebolledo-Vieyra, Mario, Schmitt, D, Tomioka, Naotaka, Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Jaimie, Long, Xiao, Yamaguchi, Kosei E., Geology and Geochemistry, Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Imperial College London, Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Piscataway], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Institute of Geophysics [Austin] (IG), International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University [Sendai], Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration [London, ON] (CPSX), University of Western Ontario (UWO), Department of Earth Science and Technology [Imperial College London], Universität Hamburg (UHH), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Department of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Chemistry, Analytical, Environmental & Geo-Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Earth System Sciences, and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)

Subjects
ONAPING FORMATION, Cretaceous-Paleogene, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, GULF-OF-MEXICO, Annan geovetenskap och miljövetenskap, Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, Window (geology), ASTEROID IMPACT, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS, Paleontology, suevite, SUEVITE REVISITED-OBSERVATIONS, CRETACEOUS-PALEOGENE BOUNDARY, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, 14. Life underwater, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, RIES CRATER, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Science & Technology, Multidisciplinary, Expedition 364 Scientists, Tsunami, TERTIARY BOUNDARY, Scientific drilling, CHICXULUB IMPACT EVENT, International Ocean Discovery Program, peak ring, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Peak ring, EXTINCTION, PNAS Plus, 13. Climate action, Cretaceous–Paleogene, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Chicxulub impact crater, Science & Technology - Other Topics, tsunami, Suevite, Cenozoic, Geology, Other Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Abstract

Highly expanded Cretaceous–Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary section from the Chicxulub peak ring, recovered by International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) –International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) Expedition 364, provides an unprecedented window into the immediate aftermath of the impact. Site M0077 includes ∼130 m of impact melt rock and suevite deposited the first day of the Cenozoic covered by Additional funding from:The European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD) implemented Expedition 364 with funding from the IODP and the ICDP. US participants were supported by the US Science Support Program and National Science Foundation Grants OCE 1737351, OCE 1736826, OCE 1737087, OCE 1737037, OCE 1736951, and OCE 1737199. J.O. was partially supported by Grants ESP2015-65712-C5-1-R and ESP2017-87676-C5-1-R from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional. B.S. thanks Curtin University for an Australian Postgraduate Award. J.V.M. was funded by Natural Environment Research Council Grant NE/P005217/1. K. Grice thanks Australia Research Council for Grant DP180100982 and Australia New Zealand IODP Consortium for funding. The Vrije Universiteit Brussel group is supported by Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) and BELSPO; P.K. is an FWO PhD fellow.

Published
2019

23. Using δ13C and δ18O to analyze loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) response to experimental drought and fertilization

Author

Ge Sun, Asko Noormets, Jean-Christophe Domec, Wen Lin, John D. Marshall, Jason B. West, John S. King, Steve McNulty, Eric J. Ward, Thomas R. Fox, Marshall A. Laviner, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC), Shenzhen University Medical School, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), US Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Partenaires INRAE, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Rayonier Inc., Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, US Forest Service, and Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation

Subjects
alpha-cellulose, 0106 biological sciences, Physiology, δ18O, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Delta C-13, Delta O-18, Plant Science, Oxygen Isotopes, Photosynthesis, 01 natural sciences, Trees, 03 medical and health sciences, Dendrochronology, α-cellulose, 030304 developmental biology, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Biomass (ecology), δ13C, iWUE, fungi, food and beverages, Pinus taeda, 15. Life on land, Pinus, Throughfall, Canopy conductance, carbon isotope discrimination, Droughts, Plant Leaves, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Δ18Oc, Environmental science, Allometry, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Drought frequency and intensity are projected to increase throughout the southeastern USA, the natural range of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), and are expected to have major ecological and economic implications. We analyzed the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions in tree ring cellulose of loblolly pine in a factorial drought (similar to 30% throughfall reduction) and fertilization experiment, supplemented with trunk sap flow, allometry and microclimate data. We then simulated leaf temperature and applied a multi-dimensional sensitivity analysis to interpret the changes in the oxygen isotope data. This analysis found that the observed changes in tree ring cellulose could only be accounted for by inferring a change in the isotopic composition of the source water, indicating that the drought treatment increased the uptake of stored moisture from earlier precipitation events. The drought treatment also increased intrinsic water-use efficiency, but had no effect on growth, indicating that photosynthesis remained relatively unaffected despite 19% decrease in canopy conductance. In contrast, fertilization increased growth, but had no effect on the isotopic composition of tree ring cellulose, indicating that the fertilizer gains in biomass were attributable to greater leaf area and not to changes in leaf-level gas exchange. The multi-dimensional sensitivity analysis explored model behavior under different scenarios, highlighting the importance of explicit consideration of leaf temperature in the oxygen isotope discrimination (Delta O-18(c)) simulation and is expected to expand the inference space of the Delta O-18(c) models for plant ecophysiological studies. Pine Integrated Network: Education, Mitigation, and Adaptation project (PINEMAP); Coordinated Agricultural Project (USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture award) [2011-68002-30185]; National Science Foundation (NSF)National Science Foundation (NSF) [EAR-1344703, IOS-1754893]; French Agence Nationale de la rechercheFrench National Research Agency (ANR) [ANR-17-ASIE-0007-02, ANR-18-PRIM-0006-09] This research was funded by The Pine Integrated Network: Education, Mitigation, and Adaptation project (PINEMAP), a Coordinated Agricultural Project (USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture award 2011-68002-30185), the National Science Foundation (NSF-EAR-1344703 and NSF-IOS-1754893 to J.-C.D.) and the French Agence Nationale de la recherche (ANR-17-ASIE-0007-02 and ANR-18-PRIM-0006-09 to J.-C.D.). Public domain – authored by a U.S. government employee

Published
2019

24. Invited review: Nitrogen in ruminant nutrition: A review of measurement techniques

Author

Michael Kreuzer, David R. Yáñez-Ruiz, Angela Schwarm, Pierre Noziere, Alexander N. Hristov, Ali R. Bayat, Jan Dijkstra, Pekka Huhtanen, Mark McGee, André Bannink, Ermias Kebreab, K. J. Shingfield, Christopher K. Reynolds, Zhongtang Yu, Les A. Crompton, Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University of Reading (UOR), Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Zurich, Teagasc Agriculture and Food Development Authority (Teagasc), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Animal Nutrition Group, University of California, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 2014-67003-21979 NH00616-R, Department of Animal Science and College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Swiss Federal Office of Agriculture, INIA (Spain) MIT01-GLOBALNET-EEZ, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (the Netherlands), GRA project BO-43-003.02.004, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Natural Resources Institute Finland, Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (The Netherlands), CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), National Institute of Food and Agriculture (US), Pennsylvania State University, Federal Office for Agriculture (Switzerland), USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Swiss Federal Office of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, The Netherlands, INIA, 2014-67003-21979, NH00616-R, MIT01-GLOBALNET-EEZ, and BO-43-003.02.004

Subjects
Nitrogen balance, Animal Nutrition, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Context (language use), Biology, nitrogen, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Rumen, Nutrient, Animal science, Ruminant, Genetics, Animals, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Animal nutrition, Animal Husbandry, 030304 developmental biology, 2. Zero hunger, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, Animal Nutrition Sciences, ruminant animal, 0402 animal and dairy science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Ruminants, technique, biology.organism_classification, 040201 dairy & animal science, Manure, Animal Feed, Diervoeding, 6. Clean water, chemistry, 13. Climate action, manure, WIAS, Animal Science and Zoology, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Essential nutrient, environment, metabolism, Food Science
Abstract

Nitrogen is a component of essential nutrients critical for the productivity of ruminants. If excreted in excess, N is also an important environmental pollutant contributing to acid deposition, eutrophication, human respiratory problems, and climate change. The complex microbial metabolic activity in the rumen and the effect on subsequent processes in the intestines and body tissues make the study of N metabolism in ruminants challenging compared with nonruminants. Therefore, using accurate and precise measurement techniques is imperative for obtaining reliable experimental results on N utilization by ruminants and evaluating the environmental impacts of N emission mitigation techniques. Changeover design experiments are as suitable as continuous ones for studying protein metabolism in ruminant animals, except when changes in body weight or carryover effects due to treatment are expected. Adaptation following a dietary change should be allowed for at least 2 (preferably 3) wk, and extended adaptation periods may be required if body pools can temporarily supply the nutrients studied. Dietary protein degradability in the rumen and intestines are feed characteristics determining the primary AA available to the host animal. They can be estimated using in situ, in vitro, or in vivo techniques with each having inherent advantages and disadvantages. Accurate, precise, and inexpensive laboratory assays for feed protein availability are still needed. Techniques used for direct determination of rumen microbial protein synthesis are laborious and expensive, and data variability can be unacceptably large; indirect approaches have not shown the level of accuracy required for widespread adoption. Techniques for studying postruminal digestion and absorption of nitrogenous compounds, urea recycling, and mammary AA metabolism are also laborious, expensive (especially the methods that use isotopes), and results can be variable, especially the methods based on measurements of digesta or blood flow. Volatile loss of N from feces and particularly urine can be substantial during collection, processing, and analysis of excreta, compromising the accuracy of measurements of total-tract N digestion and body N balance. In studying ruminant N metabolism, nutritionists should consider the longer term fate of manure N as well. Various techniques used to determine the effects of animal nutrition on total N, ammonia- or nitrous oxide-emitting potentials, as well as plant fertilizer value, of manure are available. Overall, methods to study ruminant N metabolism have been developed over 150 yr of animal nutrition research, but many of them are laborious and impractical for application on a large number of animals. The increasing environmental concerns associated with livestock production systems necessitate more accurate and reliable methods to determine manure N emissions in the context of feed composition and ruminant N metabolism., The authors acknowledge support for preparation of this manuscript by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, grant/award number: 2014-67003-21979, NH00616-R, the Department of Animal Science and College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University; the Swiss Federal Office of Agriculture, INIA (Spain, project MIT01-GLOBALNETEEZ); Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke); and Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (the Netherlands), GRA project BO-43-003.02.004

Published
2019

25. Quantifying the effect of forest age in annual net forest carbon balance

Author

Bart Kruijt, Martin Herold, Christopher M Gough, Andrej Varlagin, Katerina Havrankova, Rainer Steinbrecher, Jan G. P. W. Clevers, Simon Besnard, Lukas Hörtnagl, Martin Jung, Alexander Knohl, Alessandro Cescatti, Asko Noormets, Anders Lindroth, Jiquan Chen, Markus Reichstein, Nina Buchmann, Olivier Roupsard, Caroline Vincke, Beverly E. Law, Sytze de Bruin, Nuno Carvalhais, M. Altaf Arain, Lenka Krupkova, Andrew Black, Ankur R. Desai, Max Planck Society, Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), McMaster University, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia (UBC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), European Commission, Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Madison], University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (UA), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Bioclimatology, Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), College of Forestry, Oregon State University (OSU), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University [Lund], Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC), Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Earth and Life Institute‐Environmental Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic within the National Sustainability Programme I (NPU I), grant number LO1415, BACI project and the Independent Monitoring Project, NOVA grant UID/AMB/04085/2013, GlobBiomass project., Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Lund University, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, Eddy covariance, 01 natural sciences, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, ddc:550, Net ecosystem production, carbon cycle, eddy covariance, net ecosystem production, empirical modelling, forest age, climate, soil properties, General Environmental Science, Abiotic component, Vegetal Biology, Biosphere, Carbon cycle, PE&RC, Agricultural sciences, Physiologie végétale, Forêt, accroissement forestier, modèle empirique, Empirical modelling, ecosystem approaches [EN], F40 - Écologie végétale, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Aménagement forestier, Forest management, 010603 evolutionary biology, Fertilité du sol, production primaire nette, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing, Ecosystem, Modélisation environnementale, écosystème forestier, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, empirical modeling, WIMEK, Forest age, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, 15. Life on land, Soil properties, eddy covariance, net ecosystem production, Earth sciences, Disturbance (ecology), 13. Climate action, Environmental science, age de la foret, Water Systems and Global Change, Spatial variability, Physical geography, Cycle du carbone, Sciences agricoles, Biologie végétale
Abstract

Forests dominate carbon (C) exchanges between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere on land. In the long term, the net carbon flux between forests and the atmosphere has been significantly impacted by changes in forest cover area and structure due to ecological disturbances and management activities. Current empirical approaches for estimating net ecosystem productivity (NEP) rarely consider forest age as a predictor, which represents variation in physiological processes that can respond differently to environmental drivers, and regrowth following disturbance. Here, we conduct an observational synthesis to empirically determine to what extent climate, soil properties, nitrogen deposition, forest age and management influence the spatial and interannual variability of forest NEP across 126 forest eddy-covariance flux sites worldwide. The empirical models explained up to 62% and 71% of spatio-temporal and across-site variability of annual NEP, respectively. An investigation of model structures revealed that forest age was a dominant factor of NEP spatio-temporal variability in both space and time at the global scale as compared to abiotic factors, such as nutrient availability, soil characteristics and climate. These findings emphasize the importance of forest age in quantifying spatio-temporal variation in NEP using empirical approaches. ISSN:1748-9326 ISSN:1748-9318

Published
2018

26. Toward Better Understanding of Terrestrial Processes through Long-Term Hydrological Observatories

Author

Timothy S. White, Xin Li, Olivier Bour, Karsten Høgh Jensen, Heye Bogena, Agrosphere Institute, IBG-3, Institute of Bio-geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuang Qing Road Beijing 100085, China (J.L.-Z.) (INSTITUTE OF TIBETAN PLATEAU RESEARCH), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)

Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, business.industry, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Environmental resource management, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Drainage basin, Soil Science, 02 engineering and technology, 020801 environmental engineering, Term (time), Earth surface, lcsh:Geology, Hydrology (agriculture), 13. Climate action, Multidisciplinary approach, ddc:550, Special section, Environmental science, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, business, Groundwater, lcsh:Environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Observation of hydrological processes has a long-standing tradition covering various climatic, hydrologic, geologic, and geomorphologic conditions. Hydrological observations are either organized in dedicated observatories focused on hydrology or within larger environmental observatories that address processes from the atmosphere to the groundwater. In this special section, we document hydrological observations currently conducted in long-term hydrological observatories and other multidisciplinary observatories across the world. Besides monitoring basic climatic and hydrological variables, dedicated experiments are performed in many of these observatories. Hydrological observatories have proven to be crucial for the advance of the hydrological and greater Earth surface and environmental sciences. The accrued benefits include the development of integrated hydrological models that consider complex feedbacks between hydrological compartments. It is of utmost importance to increase awareness and knowledge of these infrastructures to optimize exploration of new hypotheses in hydrology and neighboring and allied disciplines. This special section consists of 23 papers documenting hydrological observatories on four continents covering diverse environmental conditions and research aspects of catchment science. We expect that the use of worldwide long-term hydrological observatories across multiple compartments will help to solve important relevant scientific and societal questions.

Published
2018

27. Overfishing and nutrient pollution interact with temperature to disrupt coral reefs down to microbial scales

Author

Stephanie M. Rosales, Rory M. Welsh, Jesse R. Zaneveld, Andrew A. Shantz, Ryan McMinds, Catharine E. Pritchard, Deron E. Burkepile, Corinne Fuchs, Rebecca Vega Thurber, Nathan P. Lemoine, Adrienne M. S. Correa, Jérôme P. Payet, Jeffrey Maynard, Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University (OSU), Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology [Santa Barbara] (EEMB), University of California [Santa Barbara] (UCSB), University of California-University of California, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Department of Ecosystem Sciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Department of BioSciences, Rice University [Houston], Department of Biology [Gainesville] (UF|Biology), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL (LabEX CORAIL), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC)-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Université des Antilles (UA), Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Santa Barbara] (UC Santa Barbara), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Coral, Science, Fisheries, General Physics and Astronomy, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, natural sciences, 14. Life underwater, Parrotfish, Herbivory, Reef, Trophic level, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Overfishing, Resilience of coral reefs, Ecology, Coral Reefs, Microbiota, fungi, Temperature, technology, industry, and agriculture, General Chemistry, Coral reef, Biodiversity, Eutrophication, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, biology.organism_classification, Anthozoa, Fishery, 030104 developmental biology, 13. Climate action, Nutrient pollution, Predatory Behavior, Seasons, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Environmental Pollution, geographic locations
Abstract

Losses of corals worldwide emphasize the need to understand what drives reef decline. Stressors such as overfishing and nutrient pollution may reduce resilience of coral reefs by increasing coral–algal competition and reducing coral recruitment, growth and survivorship. Such effects may themselves develop via several mechanisms, including disruption of coral microbiomes. Here we report the results of a 3-year field experiment simulating overfishing and nutrient pollution. These stressors increase turf and macroalgal cover, destabilizing microbiomes, elevating putative pathogen loads, increasing disease more than twofold and increasing mortality up to eightfold. Above-average temperatures exacerbate these effects, further disrupting microbiomes of unhealthy corals and concentrating 80% of mortality in the warmest seasons. Surprisingly, nutrients also increase bacterial opportunism and mortality in corals bitten by parrotfish, turning normal trophic interactions deadly for corals. Thus, overfishing and nutrient pollution impact reefs down to microbial scales, killing corals by sensitizing them to predation, above-average temperatures and bacterial opportunism., Overfishing and nutrient pollution can damage coral reefs in part by increasing coral-algal competition. Here the authors simulate these stressors in a three year field experiment, and show that they interact to enhance sensitivity to temperature, predation and bacterial opportunism.

Published
2016

28. The diversity of population responses to environmental change

Author

Susan C. Alberts, Benedikt R. Schmidt, Colin O'Donnell, Chris J. Reading, David Miller, Aurelio F. Malo, Jean-François Lemaître, David J. Hodgson, Geoffrey M. While, Thomas Flatt, Becky E. Raboy, Sam M. Larson, Kristel M. De Vleeschouwer, Tim Coulson, Richard J. Delahay, John Frisenvænge, Eduardo Fernandez-Duque, Peter H. Becker, Anne M. Bronikowski, Martin Hesselsøe, Fernando Colchero, Annette Baudisch, Felix Zajitschek, Stefan Dummermuth, Sandra Bouwhuis, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Craig Packer, Henri Weimerskirch, Owen R. Jones, Dalia Amor Conde, Erik Wapstra, Jennifer McDonald, Interdisciplinary Center on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), University of Leeds, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological [Australia], University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies [Zurich, Switzerland], University of Zurich, Department of Zoology [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], Departments of Biology and Evolutionary Anthropology [Duke Univ., USA], Duke University, Institut of Avian Research An der Vogelwarte [Germany], Institute of Avian Research, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University (ISU), Centre for Research and Conservation [Belgium], Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, National Wildlife Management Centre [UK], Info Fauna Karch 2000, Department of Anthropology [New Haven, USA], Yale University [New Haven], Amphi Consult [Denmark], Department of Anthropology [University of Pennsylvania], University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Falmouth, United Kingdom, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management [USA], Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Department of Conservation [Christchurch, New Zealand], Te Papa Atawhai, College of Biological Sciences [USA], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology [University of Toronto] (EEB), University of Toronto, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Oxfordhire, UK], CEH Wallingford, School of Biological Sciences [Australia], University of Tasmania (UTAS), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science [Denmark], Department of Ecology and Evolution, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Department of Zoology, Auburn University (AU), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), University of Oxford, University of Pennsylvania, University of Exeter, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Male, Letter, Environmental change, Age-structured population models, Climate Change, fecundity, Population, Population Dynamics, Bayesian inference, Climate change, Biology, Extinction, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Models, Biological, survival, Ecology and Environment, Birds, Population growth, Animals, Letters, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Demography, education.field_of_study, Stochastic Processes, Extinction, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Variance (accounting), Biodiversity, Fecundity, Age‐structured population models, mortality, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Female, Diversity (business)
Abstract

The current extinction and climate change crises pressure us to predict population dynamics with ever‐greater accuracy. Although predictions rest on the well‐advanced theory of age‐structured populations, two key issues remain poorly explored. Specifically, how the age‐dependency in demographic rates and the year‐to‐year interactions between survival and fecundity affect stochastic population growth rates. We use inference, simulations and mathematical derivations to explore how environmental perturbations determine population growth rates for populations with different age‐specific demographic rates and when ages are reduced to stages. We find that stage‐ vs. age‐based models can produce markedly divergent stochastic population growth rates. The differences are most pronounced when there are survival‐fecundity‐trade‐offs, which reduce the variance in the population growth rate. Finally, the expected value and variance of the stochastic growth rates of populations with different age‐specific demographic rates can diverge to the extent that, while some populations may thrive, others will inevitably go extinct.

Published
2018

29. BioTIME: A database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene

Author

Grace E. Frank, Alecia Bellgrove, Flaviana Maluf Souza, Fakhrizal Setiawan, Vladimir G. Onipchenko, Miguel Barbosa, J. Emmett Duffy, Robert A. Davis, Giselda Durigan, Jan Vanaverbeke, Ricardo Rocha, Ana Paula Savassi-Coutinho, Francis Neat, Emily H. Stanley, Erkki Pulliainen, Vinicius Castro Souza, Stephen F. Newton, N. A. Mil'chakova, Annika Hofgaard, James A. Nelson, Elisabeth J. Cooper, Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi, Sonja Wipf, Anders Enemar, Gabriel Barros Gonçalves de Souza, Claire Laguionie-Marchais, Dušan Adam, Robert N. L. Fitt, Christopher P. Bloch, Claus Bässler, Gediminas Vaitkus, Magdalena Błażewicz, Robert R. Twilley, Richard Condit, B.R. Ramesh, Chaolun Allen Chen, Grace E. P. Murphy, Kevin P. Robinson, Gal Badihi, Lars G. Rudstam, J. Jonathan Moore, David M. Paterson, Sarah R. Supp, Claire E. Widdicombe, Suzanne M. Remillard, Hans M. Verheye, Jill F. Johnstone, Claire H. Davies, Shane A. Blowes, Mark E. Harmon, Rick D. Stuart-Smith, Andrew J. Brooks, Gert Van Hoey, José Eduardo Rebelo, Anna Maria Fosaa, Tim S. Doherty, Jasper A. Slingsby, Francesco Pomati, Raphaël Pélissier, Ward Appeltans, José Manuel Arcos, Phaedra Budy, Victor H. Rivera-Monroy, Maria Teresa Zugliani Toniato, Anthony J. Richardson, Luiz Fernando Loureiro Fernandes, Christopher D. Stallings, Rowan Stanforth, David J. Kushner, A. A. Akhmetzhanova, Geraldo Antônio Daher Corrêa Franco, Alessandra Fidelis, Elizabeth Gorgone-Barbosa, Dave Watts, S.A. Tarigan, Timothy C. Bonebrake, Kent P. McFarland, Jonathan Belmaker, Shahar Malamud, Kamil Král, John D. Lloyd, Diane M. McKnight, Alessandra Rocha Kortz, Luise Hermanutz, Tore Johannessen, N. Ayyappan, Brian J. Bett, Haley Arnold, Fernando Rodrigues da Silva, Peter L. Meserve, Francisco Lloret, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, Michael R. Willig, Linda A. Kuhnz, Esther Lévesque, Kwang-Tsao Shao, Sofía Sal, Robert D. Hollister, Andrew Rassweiler, Christoph F. J. Meyer, Jeffrey C. Oliver, Isla H. Myers-Smith, Graham J. Edgar, Jacek Siciński, Beatriz Salgado, Fábio Venturoli, Matt Bradford, Borgþór Magnússon, Edward Castañeda-Moya, Anne D. Bjorkman, Eric Post, Alain Paquette, Or Givan, Jonathan S. Lefcheck, Falk Huettmann, Fábio Lang da Silveira, Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, Thomas J. Valone, Sarah C. Elmendorf, Sinta Pardede, Esben Moland Olsen, Laura Siegwart Collier, Flavio Antonio Maës dos Santos, Andrew H. Baird, Cheol Min Lee, Robert B. Waide, Olivia Mendivil Ramos, David C. Lightfoot, Stefan B. Williams, Ute Jandt, David Janík, Stephen S. Hale, Robin Elahi, Andrew L. Rypel, S. K. Morgan Ernest, Jörg Müller, Gaius R. Shaver, Anna Jażdżewska, José Mauro Sterza, Maarten Stevens, Denise de Cerqueira Rossa-Feres, Dor Edelist, Martha Isabel Vallejo, Michael Paul Nelson, Conor Waldock, Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues, Sally Sherman, Dustin J. Wilgers, Sharon K. Collinge, Kristen T. Holeck, Josep Peñuelas, Douglas A. Kelt, Tiago Egydio Barreto, Faye Moyes, Robert L. Schooley, Peter B. Reich, Jason Meador, Anders Michelsen, J. Paul Richardson, Sara J. Snell, Julio R. Gutiérrez, Chih-hao Hsieh, Gary D. Grossman, Hernando García, Ana Carolina da Silva, Kyle J. A. Zawada, Richard T. Holmes, John C. Priscu, Christine L. Huffard, Christian Rixen, William O. McLarney, Julia A. Jones, Anne Tolvanen, William A. Gould, Maite Louzao, Alejandro Pérez-Matus, Donald L. Henshaw, Kathleen L. Prudic, Herbert H. T. Prins, Helge Bruelheide, Catalina S. Ruz, Rui P. Vieira, Gary P. Thiede, Erin C. Keeley, James H. Brown, William R. Fraser, Pieter Provoost, Andrew S. Hoey, Robert J. Pabst, Kerry D. Woods, Fabiano Turini Farah, Nancy B. Rybicki, Sara E. Scanga, Trevor J. Willis, Daniel J. Metcalfe, Mark Williamson, Joshua S. Madin, Tasrif Kartawijaya, Brian J. McGill, Erica M. Sampaio, Shannan K. Crow, Stephen P. Hubbell, Jochen Schmidt, Daniel C. Reed, Steven Degraer, Laura H. Antão, Krzysztof Pabis, Christopher C. Koenig, Fernando Carvalho, Marcelo Vianna, Anne E. Magurran, Marc Estiarte, Rebecca Kinnear, Tracey Smart, Lesley T. Lancaster, Frank P. Day, Natalia Norden, Unai Cotano, Fábio Z. Farneda, Nelson Valdivia, Corinna Gries, Tomasz Wesołowski, Pedro Higuchi, Jungwon Kang, Randall W. Myster, Itai van Rijn, Oscar Pizarro, Michael L. Zettler, Simon Thorn, Thomas W. Sherry, Timothy E. Dunn, Tung-Yung Fan, Susan Boyd, Adrià López-Baucells, Tomáš Vrška, Tory J. Chase, Ruben Escribano, R. Williams, Carolina Mathias Moreira, John F. Chamblee, Con Quang Vu, Halvor Knutsen, Amanda E. Bates, Maria Dornelas, Kari Klanderud, Jorge Yoshio Tamashiro, Tom Moens, Sara L. Webb, Iain Matthews, Carl Van Colen, Chao-Yang Kuo, Caya Sievers, Faith A. M. Jones, Gary Haskins, Eric J. Woehler, J. Hans C. Cornelissen, Allen H. Hurlbert, Mia O. Hoogenboom, Pamela Hidalgo, Henry A. Ruhl, Brian S. Evans, Ørjan Totland, Lien Van Vu, Yzel Rondon Súarez, Gabriella Damasceno, Even Moland, John Harte, Andrew Naumov, Ethan P. White, Natália Macedo Ivanauskas, Systems Ecology, International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Oostende, Safety science group, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE), Department of Biology [Pisa], University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Management Unit of the Mathematical Model of the North Sea, Royal Belgian Insitute of Natural Sciences, Floresta Estadual Assis, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] (UAB), National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Polar Oceans Research Group [USA], Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), EWHALE Laboratory of Biology and Wildlife Department, Institute of Arctic Biology-University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Laboratory of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, University of Lódź, Dept Ecol Evol Biol, Univ California SC (EEB-UCSC), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, Département de chimie-biologie & Centre d’études nordiques [CANADA], Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Human Communication Technologies Research Laboratory (UBC), University of British Columbia (UBC), Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Department of Biology [Copenhagen], Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, Computer Laboratory [Cambridge], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Forest Research (CFR), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), The Centre for Applied Genomics, Toronto, University of Toronto-The Hospital for Sick Children-Department of Molecular Genetics-McLaughlin Centre, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica en el Pacífico Sur Oriental (COPAS), Universidad de Concepción [Chile], Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Department of Biological Science [Tallahassee], Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Communication Systems Group [Zurich], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Academia Sinica, Facultad Ciencias del Mar, universidad catolica del Norte, Marine Biology Section, Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Department of Avian Ecology, Wrocław University, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Horbat] (IMAS), University of Tasmania (UTAS), European Project: 610028,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-SyG,IMBALANCE-P(2014), Dornelas, Maria, University of St Andrews. School of Biology, University of St Andrews. Fish Behaviour and Biodiversity Research Group, University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland, University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews. Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences, University of St Andrews. St Andrews Sustainability Institute, University of St Andrews. Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews. Sediment Ecology Research Group, University of St Andrews. Centre for Higher Education Research, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Tel Aviv University (TAU), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Flødevigen Research Station (IMR), Institute of Marine Research [Bergen] (IMR), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), The Hospital for sick children [Toronto] (SickKids)-University of Toronto-Department of Molecular Genetics-McLaughlin Centre, Universidad de Concepción - University of Concepcion [Chile], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), University of Wrocław [Poland] (UWr), Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Hobart] (IMAS), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, University of Toronto-The Hospital for sick children [Toronto] (SickKids)-Department of Molecular Genetics-McLaughlin Centre, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Dornelas M., Antao L.H., Moyes F., Bates A.E., Magurran A.E., Adam D., Akhmetzhanova A.A., Appeltans W., Arcos J.M., Arnold H., Ayyappan N., Badihi G., Baird A.H., Barbosa M., Barreto T.E., Bassler C., Bellgrove A., Belmaker J., Benedetti-Cecchi L., Bett B.J., Bjorkman A.D., Blazewicz M., Blowes S.A., Bloch C.P., Bonebrake T.C., Boyd S., Bradford M., Brooks A.J., Brown J.H., Bruelheide H., Budy P., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Moya E., Chen C.A., Chamblee J.F., Chase T.J., Siegwart Collier L., Collinge S.K., Condit R., Cooper E.J., Cornelissen J.H.C., Cotano U., Kyle Crow S., Damasceno G., Davies C.H., Davis R.A., Day F.P., Degraer S., Doherty T.S., Dunn T.E., Durigan G., Duffy J.E., Edelist D., Edgar G.J., Elahi R., Elmendorf S.C., Enemar A., Ernest S.K.M., Escribano R., Estiarte M., Evans B.S., Fan T.-Y., Turini Farah F., Loureiro Fernandes L., Farneda F.Z., Fidelis A., Fitt R., Fosaa A.M., Daher Correa Franco G.A., Frank G.E., Fraser W.R., Garcia H., Cazzolla Gatti R., Givan O., Gorgone-Barbosa E., Gould W.A., Gries C., Grossman G.D., Gutierrez J.R., Hale S., Harmon M.E., Harte J., Haskins G., Henshaw D.L., Hermanutz L., Hidalgo P., Higuchi P., Hoey A., Van Hoey G., Hofgaard A., Holeck K., Hollister R.D., Holmes R., Hoogenboom M., Hsieh C.-H., Hubbell S.P., Huettmann F., Huffard C.L., Hurlbert A.H., Macedo Ivanauskas N., Janik D., Jandt U., Jazdzewska A., Johannessen T., Johnstone J., Jones J., Jones F.A.M., Kang J., Kartawijaya T., Keeley E.C., Kelt D.A., Kinnear R., Klanderud K., Knutsen H., Koenig C.C., Kortz A.R., Kral K., Kuhnz L.A., Kuo C.-Y., Kushner D.J., Laguionie-Marchais C., Lancaster L.T., Min Lee C., Lefcheck J.S., Levesque E., Lightfoot D., Lloret F., Lloyd J.D., Lopez-Baucells A., Louzao M., Madin J.S., Magnusson B., Malamud S., Matthews I., McFarland K.P., McGill B., McKnight D., McLarney W.O., Meador J., Meserve P.L., Metcalfe D.J., Meyer C.F.J., Michelsen A., Milchakova N., Moens T., Moland E., Moore J., Mathias Moreira C., Muller J., Murphy G., Myers-Smith I.H., Myster R.W., Naumov A., Neat F., Nelson J.A., Paul Nelson M., Newton S.F., Norden N., Oliver J.C., Olsen E.M., Onipchenko V.G., Pabis K., Pabst R.J., Paquette A., Pardede S., Paterson D.M., Pelissier R., Penuelas J., Perez-Matus A., Pizarro O., Pomati F., Post E., Prins H.H.T., Priscu J.C., Provoost P., Prudic K.L., Pulliainen E., Ramesh B.R., Mendivil Ramos O., Rassweiler A., Rebelo J.E., Reed D.C., Reich P.B., Remillard S.M., Richardson A.J., Richardson J.P., van Rijn I., Rocha R., Rivera-Monroy V.H., Rixen C., Robinson K.P., Ribeiro Rodrigues R., de Cerqueira Rossa-Feres D., Rudstam L., Ruhl H., Ruz C.S., Sampaio E.M., Rybicki N., Rypel A., Sal S., Salgado B., Santos F.A.M., Savassi-Coutinho A.P., Scanga S., Schmidt J., Schooley R., Setiawan F., Shao K.-T., Shaver G.R., Sherman S., Sherry T.W., Sicinski J., Sievers C., da Silva A.C., Rodrigues da Silva F., Silveira F.L., Slingsby J., Smart T., Snell S.J., Soudzilovskaia N.A., Souza G.B.G., Maluf Souza F., Castro Souza V., Stallings C.D., Stanforth R., Stanley E.H., Mauro Sterza J., Stevens M., Stuart-Smith R., Rondon Suarez Y., Supp S., Yoshio Tamashiro J., Tarigan S., Thiede G.P., Thorn S., Tolvanen A., Teresa Zugliani Toniato M., Totland O., Twilley R.R., Vaitkus G., Valdivia N., Vallejo M.I., Valone T.J., Van Colen C., Vanaverbeke J., Venturoli F., Verheye H.M., Vianna M., Vieira R.P., Vrska T., Quang Vu C., Van Vu L., Waide R.B., Waldock C., Watts D., Webb S., Wesolowski T., White E.P., Widdicombe C.E., Wilgers D., Williams R., Williams S.B., Williamson M., Willig M.R., Willis T.J., Wipf S., Woods K.D., Woehler E.J., Zawada K., Zettler M.L., The Wellcome Trust, European Research Council, and University of St Andrews. Centre for Biological Diversity

Subjects
Data Papers, 0106 biological sciences, Range (biology), QH301 Biology, temporal, NERC, Biodiversity, Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 [VDP], BIALOWIEZA NATIONAL-PARK, special, computer.software_genre, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, species richness, SDG 15 - Life on Land, biodiversity, Global and Planetary Change, B003-ecology, Database, Ecology, Sampling (statistics), SIMULATED HERBIVORY, supporting technologies, LAND-BRIDGE ISLANDS, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, PE&RC, global, PRIMEVAL TEMPERATE FOREST, Geography, POPULATION TRENDS, turnover, Data Paper, SECONDARY FOREST, Evolution, ESTUARINE COASTAL LAGOON, 010603 evolutionary biology, QH301, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Behavior and Systematics, Anthropocene, spatial, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Zoology and botany: 480, species richne, 14. Life underwater, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, NE/L002531/1, ZA4450, Relative species abundance, ZA4450 Databases, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, RCUK, Biology and Life Sciences, DAS, 15. Life on land, DECIDUOUS FOREST, Taxon, Fish, 13. Climate action, MCP, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, LONG-TERM CHANGE, Species richness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, computer, BIRD COMMUNITY DYNAMICS, VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480
Abstract

Motivation The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community-led open-source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Main types of variables included The database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record. Spatial location and grain BioTIME is a global database of 547,161 unique sampling locations spanning the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. Grain size varies across datasets from 0.0000000158 km2 (158 cm2) to 100 km2 (1,000,000,000,000 cm2). Time period and grain BioTIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year. Major taxa and level of measurement BioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates. Software format .csv and .SQL., Global Ecology and Biogeography, 27 (7), ISSN:1466-822X, ISSN:1466-8238

Published
2018

30. Waxing and waning of forests: Late Quaternary biogeography of southeast Africa

Author

Anne-Marie Lézine, Sarah J. Ivory, Andrew S. Cohen, Annie Vincens, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Department of Geosciences [PennState], College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System-Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Variabilité à long terme du climat de l'océan (VALCO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Arizona, US National Science Foundation–Earth System History Program. Grant Number: EAR‐0602350 International Continental Scientific Drilling Program National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. Grant Number: 2009078688, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Steppe, Climate Change, Biogeography, hydrology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Forests, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, palaeoclimate, Trees, Forest ecology, Tropical vegetation, Humans, Environmental Chemistry, biogeography, global change, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, tropical forests, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Gallery forest, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Biological Evolution, Arid, Disturbance (ecology), 13. Climate action, palaeoenvironments, Lake Malawi, Africa
Abstract

International audience; African ecosystems are at great risk. Despite their ecological and economic importance, long‐standing ideas about African forest ecology and biogeography, such as the timing of changes in forest extent and the importance of disturbance, have been unable to be tested due to a lack of sufficiently long records. Here, we present the longest continuous terrestrial record of late Quaternary vegetation from southern Africa collected to date from a drill core from Lake Malawi covering the last ~600,000 years. Pollen analysis permits us to investigate changes in vegetation structure and composition over multiple climatic transitions. We observe nine phases of forest expansion and collapse related to regional hydroclimate change. The development of desert, steppe and grassland vegetation during arid periods is likely dynamically linked to thresholds in regional hydrology associated with lake level and moisture recycling. Species composition of these dryland ecosystems varied greatly and is unlike the vegetation found at Malawi today, with assemblages suggesting strong Somali‐Masai affinities. Furthermore, nearly all semiarid assemblages contain low forest taxa abundances, suggesting that moist lowland gallery forests formed refugia along waterways during arid times. When the region was wet, forests were species‐rich and very high afromontane tree abundances suggest frequent widespread lowland colonization by modern high elevation trees. Furthermore, species composition varied little amongst forest phases until ~80 ka when disturbance tolerant tree taxa characteristic of the modern vegetation increased in abundance. The waxing and waning of forests has important implications for understanding the processes that control modern tropical vegetation biogeography as well as the environments of early humans across Africa. Finally, this work highlights the resilience of montane forests during previous warm intervals, which is relevant for future climate change; however, we point to a fundamental shift in disturbance regimes which are crucial for the structure and composition of modern East African landscapes.

Published
2018

31. Rapid recovery of life at ground zero of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction

Author

Gail L. Christeson, Cornelia Rasmussen, Ludovic Ferrière, Francisco J. Rodríguez-Tovar, Kazuhisa Goto, Rubén Ocampo-Torres, Elise Chenot, Ulrich Riller, Heather L. Jones, Kenneth A. Farley, Timothy J. Bralower, Marco J. L. Coolen, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, Catalina Gebhardt, W. Zylberman, David A. Kring, Johanna Lofi, Jan Smit, Michael T. Whalen, Kosei E. Yamaguchi, Johan Vellekoop, Long Xiao, Michael H. Poelchau, Phillipe Claeys, Naotaka Tomioka, S. Green, Auriol S. P. Rae, Sean P. S. Gulick, Jeremy D. Owens, Charles S. Cockell, Honami Sato, Axel Wittmann, Sonia M. Tikoo, Mario Rebolledo-Vieyra, Christopher M. Lowery, Joanna Morgan, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, Institute of Geophysics [Austin] (IG), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences [Pasadena], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute [Milton Keynes] (PSSRI), Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research [Milton Keynes] (CEPSAR), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Natural History Museum [Vienna] (NHM), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University [Sendai], Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Geology, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Department of Earth Science and Technology [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Institut für Geologie, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Piscataway], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Physical Sciences, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU)-LeRoy Eyring Center for Solid State Science, Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration [London, ON] (CPSX), University of Western Ontario (UWO), Geology and Geochemistry, Analytical, Environmental & Geo-Chemistry, Chemistry, and Earth System Sciences

Subjects
Time Factors, Biodiversity, Plankton/isolation & purification, Foraminifera, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Impact crater, Metal poisoning, Life, Magnesium, History, Ancient, INTERPLANETARY DUST, Gulf of Mexico, Multidisciplinary, biology, Fossils, Plankton, Cretaceous, humanities, IMPACT CRATER, Productivity (ecology), [SDU.STU.PG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology, Geology, 010506 paleontology, Calcium/metabolism, General Science & Technology, GULF-OF-MEXICO, NANNOPLANKTON, Extinction, Biological, Article, Paleontology, Species Specificity, MD Multidisciplinary, 14. Life underwater, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, ACCRETION, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Extinction event, TERTIARY BOUNDARY, EXTRATERRESTRIAL HE-3, 15. Life on land, Oxygen/metabolism, biology.organism_classification, BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA, CHICXULUB CRATER, Oxygen, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Sample Size, Foraminifera/isolation & purification, Calcium, Magnesium/metabolism, Paleogene, PALEOGENE BOUNDARY
Abstract

The Cretaceous/Palaeogene mass extinction eradicated 76% of species on Earth1,2. It was caused by the impact of an asteroid3,4 on the Yucatan carbonate platform in the southern Gulf of Mexico 66 million years ago 5 , forming the Chicxulub impact crater6,7. After the mass extinction, the recovery of the global marine ecosystem—measured as primary productivity—was geographically heterogeneous 8 ; export production in the Gulf of Mexico and North Atlantic–western Tethys was slower than in most other regions8–11, taking 300 thousand years (kyr) to return to levels similar to those of the Late Cretaceous period. Delayed recovery of marine productivity closer to the crater implies an impact-related environmental control, such as toxic metal poisoning 12 , on recovery times. If no such geographic pattern exists, the best explanation for the observed heterogeneity is a combination of ecological factors—trophic interactions 13 , species incumbency and competitive exclusion by opportunists 14 —and ‘chance’8,15,16. The question of whether the post-impact recovery of marine productivity was delayed closer to the crater has a bearing on the predictability of future patterns of recovery in anthropogenically perturbed ecosystems. If there is a relationship between the distance from the impact and the recovery of marine productivity, we would expect recovery rates to be slowest in the crater itself. Here we present a record of foraminifera, calcareous nannoplankton, trace fossils and elemental abundance data from within the Chicxulub crater, dated to approximately the first 200 kyr of the Palaeocene. We show that life reappeared in the basin just years after the impact and a high-productivity ecosystem was established within 30 kyr, which indicates that proximity to the impact did not delay recovery and that there was therefore no impact-related environmental control on recovery. Ecological processes probably controlled the recovery of productivity after the Cretaceous/Palaeogene mass extinction and are therefore likely to be important for the response of the ocean ecosystem to other rapid extinction events.

Published
2018

32. Drought and thinning have limited impacts on evapotranspiration in a managed pine plantation on the southeastern United States coastal plain

Author

Xiaodong Liu, John S. King, Asko Noormets, Bhaskar Mitra, Jean-Christophe Domec, Jiyue Li, Michael Gavazzi, Yuan Fang, Steven G. McNulty, Ge Sun, Dennis W. Hallema, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), and University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC)

Subjects
Canopy, Atmospheric Science, coastal plain, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Coastal plain, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 0208 environmental biotechnology, Forest management, Eddy covariance, forest management, 02 engineering and technology, drought, 01 natural sciences, Evapotranspiration, Forest ecology, evapotranspiration (ET), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Thinning, loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.), Forestry, Understory, 15. Life on land, 020801 environmental engineering, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract

International audience; Managed and natural coastal plain forests in the humid southeastern United States exchange large amounts of water and energy with the atmosphere through the evapotranspiration (ET) process. ET plays an important role in controlling regional hydrology, climate, and ecosystem productivity. However, long-term studies on the impacts of forest management and climatic variability on forest ET are rare, and our understanding of both external and internal drivers on seasonal and interannual ET variability is incomplete. Using techniques centered on an eddy covariance method, the present study measured year-round ET flux and associated hydrometeorological variables in a drained loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation on the lower coastal plain of North Carolina, U.S. We found that annual ET was relatively stable (1076 ± 104 mm) in comparison to precipitation (P) (1168 ± 216 mm) during the 10-year study period when the site experienced extreme climate (2007–2008) and forest thinning (2009). At the seasonal time scale, mean ET/P varied between 0.41 and 1.51, with a mean value of 1.12 ± 0.23 and 0.72 ± 0.16 for the growing and dormant seasons, respectively. The extreme drought during 2007–2008 (mean annual P, 854 mm) only resulted in a slight decrease (∼8%) in annual ET owing to the shallow groundwater common to the study area. Although changes in leaf area index and canopy structure were large after the stand was 50% thinned in the fall of 2009, mean annual ET was similar and averaged 1055 mm and 1104 mm before (2005, 2006 and 2009) and after (2010–2015) thinning, respectively. Data suggested that annual ET recovered within two years of the thinning as a result of rapid canopy closure and growth of understory. Further analysis indicated that available energy was the key driver of ET: approximately 69% and 61% of the monthly variations in ET were explained by net radiation during the dormant and growing seasons, respectively. Overall, we concluded that drought and forest thinning had limited impacts on seasonal and annual ET in this energy limited forest ecosystem with shallow groundwater. The results from this study help to better understand regional ecohydrological processes and projecting potential effects of forest management and extreme climate on water and carbon cycles.

Published
2018

33. Symposium review: Uncertainties in enteric methane inventories, measurement techniques, and prediction models

Author

Hristov, Alexander N., Kebreab, Ermias, Niu, Mutian, Oh, Joonpyo, Bannink, André, Bayat, Ali Reza, Boland, Tommy, Brito, André F., Casper, David, Crompton, Les A., Dijkstra, Jan, Eugène, Maguy, Garnsworthy, Philip C., Haque, Najmul, Hellwing, Anne L.F., Huhtanen, Pekka J., Kreuzer, Michael, Kuhla, Björn, Lund, Peter, Madsen, Jørgen, Martin, Cécile, McClelland, Shelby C., Moate, Peter J., Muetzel, Stefan, Muñoz, Camila, O'Kiely, Padraig, Peiren, Nico, Reynolds, Christopher K., Schwarm, Angela, Shingfield, Kevin J., Storlien, Tonje M., Weisbjerg, Martin R., Yáñez Ruiz, David R., Yu, Zhongtang, Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, University of California, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), University College Dublin (UCD), University of New Hampshire (UNH), Independent Researcher, Animal Nutrition Group, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, School of Biosciences [Cardiff], Cardiff University, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), ETH, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Victoria Agriculture, Partenaires INRAE, Agresearch Ltd, INIA Remehue, Research Foundation - Flanders [Brussel] (FWO), Dairy Forage Research Center, University of Reading (UOR), Aberystwyth University, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Ohio State University, Joint Programming Initiative on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change (FACCE-JPI), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Animal Nutrition, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Robust statistics, Sulfur Hexafluoride, Environmental pollution, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, Range (statistics), Production (economics), Animals, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Emission inventory, uncertainty, enteric methane, prediction model, livestock, 0402 animal and dairy science, Empirical modelling, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Ruminants, Diervoeding, 040201 dairy & animal science, Animal Feed, Diet, Data set, 030104 developmental biology, 13. Climate action, WIAS, Environmental science, Animal Science and Zoology, Cattle, Biochemical engineering, Environmental Pollution, Methane, Predictive modelling, Food Science
Abstract

Ruminant production systems are important contributors to anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions, but there are large uncertainties in national and global livestock CH4 inventories. Sources of uncertainty in enteric CH4 emissions include animal inventories, feed dry matter intake (DMI), ingredient and chemical composition of the diets, and CH4 emission factors. There is also significant uncertainty associated with enteric CH4 measurements. The most widely used techniques are respiration chambers, the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique, and the automated head-chamber system (GreenFeed; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD). All 3 methods have been successfully used in a large number of experiments with dairy or beef cattle in various environmental conditions, although studies that compare techniques have reported inconsistent results. Although different types of models have been developed to predict enteric CH4 emissions, relatively simple empirical (statistical) models have been commonly used for inventory purposes because of their broad applicability and ease of use compared with more detailed empirical and process-based mechanistic models. However, extant empirical models used to predict enteric CH4 emissions suffer from narrow spatial focus, limited observations, and limitations of the statistical technique used. Therefore, prediction models must be developed from robust data sets that can only be generated through collaboration of scientists across the world. To achieve high prediction accuracy, these data sets should encompass a wide range of diets and production systems within regions and globally. Overall, enteric CH4 prediction models are based on various animal or feed characteristic inputs but are dominated by DMI in one form or another. As a result, accurate prediction of DMI is essential for accurate prediction of livestock CH4 emissions. Analysis of a large data set of individual dairy cattle data showed that simplified enteric CH4 prediction models based on DMI alone or DMI and limited feed- or animal-related inputs can predict average CH4 emission with a similar accuracy to more complex empirical models. These simplified models can be reliably used for emission inventory purposes.

Published
2018

34. Background levels of methane in Mars’ atmosphere show strong seasonal variations

Author

María Paz Zorzano, Mark T. Lemmon, Lance E. Christensen, Daniel P. Glavin, Álvaro Vicente-Retortillo, Christopher P. McKay, Jennifer L. Eigenbrode, Jorge Pla-Garcia, Brad Sutter, Christopher R. Webster, Henrik Kahanpää, Daniel Viúdez-Moreiras, John C. Pearson, Melissa G. Trainer, Christina L. Smith, Rafael Navarro-González, P. Douglas Archer, Paul R. Mahaffy, Michael H. Wong, Andrew Steele, Patrice Coll, Ashwin R. Vasavada, Christopher H. House, Donald M. Hassler, Richard W. Zurek, G. Flesch, Pierre-Yves Meslin, Javier Gómez-Elvira, John E. Moores, Caroline Freissinet, Susanne P. Schwenzer, German Martinez, Scot Rafkin, Alexander A. Pavlov, Stanley P. Sander, Ari-Matti Harri, Charles Malespin, Sushil K. Atreya, Joy A. Crisp, Didier Keymeulen, Raina V. Gough, Maria Genzer, Javier Martin-Torres, Michael D. Smith, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering [York University - Toronto] (ESSE), York University [Toronto], NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering [Luleå], Luleå University of Technology (LUT), Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (IACT), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de Granada (UGR), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Geophysical Laboratory [Carnegie Institution], Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Jacobs Technology ESCG, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry [Boulder], University of Colorado [Boulder], Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Geosciences [PennState], College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System-Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences [Milton Keynes], Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Space Science Institute [Boulder] (SSI), Department of Space Studies [Boulder], Southwest Research Institute [Boulder] (SwRI), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [College Station], Texas A&M University [College Station], NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Carnegie Institution for Science, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), Canadian Space Agency, UK Space Agency, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Universidad de Granada (UGR)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMPEC - LATMOS, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Spectrometer, Parts-per notation, Atmosphere of Mars, Seasonality, Surface pressure, medicine.disease, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Methane, chemistry.chemical_compound, Forum Articles, chemistry, Volume (thermodynamics), 13. Climate action, Martian surface, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Environmental science, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Variable levels of methane in the martian atmosphere have eluded explanation partly because the measurements are not repeatable in time or location.We report in situ measurements at Gale crater made over a 5-year period by the Tunable Laser Spectrometer on the Curiosity rover.The background levels of methane have a mean value 0.41 ± 0.16 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) (95% confidence interval) and exhibit a strong, repeatable seasonal variation (0.24 to 0.65 ppbv).This variation is greater than that predicted from either ultraviolet degradation of impact-delivered organics on the surface or from the annual surface pressure cycle.The large seasonal variation in the background and occurrences of higher temporary spikes (∼7 ppbv) are consistent with small localized sources of methane released from martian surface or subsurface reservoirs., The authors thank the reviewers for constructive comments that greatly improved the manuscript. The research described here was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Funding: Funding from NASA’s Planetary Science Division is acknowledged by authors C.R.W., P.R.M., S.K.A., G.J.F., C.M., C.P.M., M.H.W., M.G.T., A.S., D.A., C.H.H., R.V.G., A.P., J.L.E., D.P.G., J.C.P., D.K., L.E.C., J.P.-G., S.C.R.R., M.D.S., D.M.H., M.L., J.C., R.W.Z., and A.R.V. R.N.-G. acknowledges funding from the National Autonomous University of Mexico and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. J.E.M. and C.L.S. acknowledge funding from the Canadian Space Agency MSL participating scientist program. S.P.Sc. acknowledges funding from the UK Space Agency. A.-M.H. acknowledges funding from the Finnish Academy under grant 310509. J.P.-G. acknowledges funding from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under contract ESP2016-79612-C3-1-R. Author contributions: C.R.W. and P.R.M. performed TLS-SAM instrument design, build, and testing (IDBT); surface operations (SO); test-bed activities (TBA); data analysis (DA); data correlations (DC); and science interpretation (SI). G.J.F. and C.M. performed IDBT, SO, TBA, and DA. S.K.A., J.E.M., C.P.M., C.L.S., A.S., D.A., B.S., P.J.C., C.F., P.-Y.M., R.V.G., C.H.H., A.P., J.L.E., D.P.G., S.P.Sa., and R.W.Z. performed SI. J.C. and A.R.V. performed SO. J.C.P., D.K., and L.E.C. performed IDBT. G.M., J.M.-T., J.G.-E., M.-P.Z., M.G.T., S.P.Sc., R.N.-G., A.V.-R., H.K., D.V.-M., M.D.S., A.-M.H., M.G., D.M.H., and M.L. performed DC. J.P.-G. and S.C.R.R. performed DC and SI. Competing interests: No potential conflicts of interest exist for any of the listed authors. Data and materials availability: The data described in this paper are publicly available from NASA’s Planetary Data System (PDS) under an arrangement with the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) project at http://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/missions/msl/sam. htm, under the run numbers given in table S2.

Published
2018

35. Asteroseismology and Gaia : Testing Scaling Relations Using 2200 Kepler Stars with TGAS Parallaxes

Author

Christian L. Sahlholdt, Timothy R. Bedding, William J. Chaplin, Lars A. Buchhave, Jamie Tayar, Savita Mathur, Benoit Mosser, Daniel Huber, Keivan G. Stassun, Aldo Serenelli, Fabienne A. Bastien, Guy R. Davies, Marc H. Pinsonneault, David W. Latham, Mathias Bojsen-Hansen, Rafael A. García, Joel C. Zinn, Dennis Stello, Sanjib Sharma, Victor Silva Aguirre, Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA), The University of Sydney, Department of Astronomy (Ohio State University), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Aarhus], Aarhus University [Aarhus], Institute of Space Sciences [Barcelona] (ICE-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council [Madrid] (CSIC), Stellar Astrophysics Centre [Aarhus] (SAC), Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics [PennState], Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Niels Bohr Institute [Copenhagen] (NBI), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Department of Psychology, St John's University, Research institute of Computer Vision and Robotics [Girona] (VICOROB), Universitat de Girona (UdG), Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), SETI Institute, Vanderbilt University [Nashville], Fisk University, School of Physics [UNSW Sydney] (UNSW), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Center for Exoplanets and Habitable World (CEHW), Space Science Institute [Boulder] (SSI), Centre for Star and Planet Formation (STARPLAN), Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy [Birmingham], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)

Subjects
oscillations [stars], Infrared, Metallicity, fundamental parameters [stars], FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Asteroseismology, photometric [techniques], Frequency separation, 0103 physical sciences, distances [stars], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Red-giant branch, Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), parallaxes, Orders of magnitude (length), late-type [stars], Parallax, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We present a comparison of parallaxes and radii from asteroseismology and Gaia DR1 (TGAS) for 2200 Kepler stars spanning from the main sequence to the red giant branch. We show that previously identified offsets between TGAS parallaxes and distances derived from asteroseismology and eclipsing binaries have likely been overestimated for parallaxes, Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ. Electronic versions of Tables 1 & 2 are available as ancillary files (sidebar on the right), and source codes are available at https://github.com/danxhuber/isoclassify

Published
2017

36. The correlation between mixing length and metallicity on the giant branch: implications for ages in the Gaia era

Author

Léo Girardi, Alexey Mints, Matthew Shetrone, Roger Cohen, Alexandre Roman-Lopes, Daniel Huber, Fabienne A. Bastien, Guy S. Stringfellow, Jonathan C. Bird, Victor Silva Aguirre, Claudia Maraston, B. Mosser, D. A. García-Hernández, Katia Cunha, Carlos Allende Prieto, Rafael A. García, Szabolcs Mészáros, Dennis Stello, Yvonne Elsworth, Savita Mathur, Garrett Somers, Marc H. Pinsonneault, Keivan G. Stassun, Aldo Serenelli, Jamie Tayar, Sarbani Basu, Olga Zamora, Gail Zasowski, Jennifer A. Johnson, Saskia Hekker, Jon A. Holtzman, Department of Astronomy (Ohio State University), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Stellar Astrophysics Centre [Aarhus] (SAC), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), European Project: 338251,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-StG,STELLARAGES(2013), J. A. Baker Institute, Cornell University [New York], Institute of cosmology and gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Institute of Space Sciences [Barcelona] (ICE-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council [Madrid] (CSIC), Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics [PennState], Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Department of Astronomy, Yale University [New Haven], School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Research institute of Computer Vision and Robotics [Girona] (VICOROB), Universitat de Girona (UdG), Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA), The University of Sydney, Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Aarhus], RAINOT, Elisabeth, Accurate ages of stars - STELLARAGES - - EC:FP7:ERC2013-10-01 - 2018-09-30 - 338251 - VALID, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Convection, astro-ph.SR, GALACTIC EVOLUTION EXPERIMENT, Metallicity, fundamental parameters [stars], FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, [SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics], Correlation, OF-STATE TABLES, 0103 physical sciences, Convective mixing, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Mass scale, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, SDSS-III/APOGEE SURVEY, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE, KEPLER RED GIANTS, Astronomy and Astrophysics, CHEMICAL ABUNDANCES, ASTROPHYSICAL APPLICATIONS, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, STELLAR POPULATION SYNTHESIS, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], evolution [stars], DIGITAL SKY SURVEY, NUCLEAR-REACTIONS, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

In the updated APOGEE-Kepler catalog, we have asteroseismic and spectroscopic data for over 3000 first ascent red giants. Given the size and accuracy of this sample, these data offer an unprecedented test of the accuracy of stellar models on the post-main-sequence. When we compare these data to theoretical predictions, we find a metallicity dependent temperature offset with a slope of around 100 K per dex in metallicity. We find that this effect is present in all model grids tested and that theoretical uncertainties in the models, correlated spectroscopic errors, and shifts in the asteroseismic mass scale are insufficient to explain this effect. Stellar models can be brought into agreement with the data if a metallicity dependent convective mixing length is used, with $ \Delta\alpha_{\rm ML, YREC} \sim 0.2$ per dex in metallicity, a trend inconsistent with the predictions of three dimensional stellar convection simulations. If this effect is not taken into account, isochrone ages for red giants from the Gaia data will be off by as much as a factor of 2 even at modest deviations from solar metallicity ([Fe/H]=$-$0.5)., Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. For a brief video discussing key results from this paper see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cV_0AhPAIRo . The data and models used in this paper are available at http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~tayar/MixingLength.htm

Published
2017

37. Petrophysical, Geochemical, and Hydrological Evidence for Extensive Fracture-Mediated Fluid and Heat Transport in the Alpine Fault's Hanging-Wall Damage Zone

Author

M Zimmer, T Wiersberg, K Weaver, R Valdez, H Tobin, D Teagle, S Taylor-Offord, N Shigematsu, A Schleicher, Martha Savage, K Sauer, DJ Prior, J Paris, O Nitsch, O Nishikawa, A Niemeijer, H Mori, L Morales, J Moore, C Menzies, B Melosh, L Mathewson, E Mariani, D Mallyon, A Lukacs, T Little, W Lin, R Langridge, Y Kometani, M Kirilova, S Keys, N Kato, K Jacobs, Jamie Howarth, G Henry, A Hartog, A Gulley, J Grochowski, J Grieve, D Faulkner, JD Eccles, L Craw, SC Cox, A Coutts, A Cooper, Calum Chamberlain, B Carpenter, N Broderick, Carolyn Boulton, CM Boese, L Becroft, N Barth, LM Baratin, MJ Allen, J Williams, P Pezard, DR Schmitt, P Upton, L Remaud, L Janku-Capova, T Jeppson, J Coussens, C Massiot, B Célérier, ML Doan, VG Toy, Rupert Sutherland, John Townend, Victoria University of Wellington, University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), GNS Science [Lower Hutt], GNS Science, Université Grenoble Alpes - UFR Langage, lettres et arts du spectacle, information et communication - Dpt Sciences de l'information et de la communication (UGA UFR LLASIC SIC), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides (IMFS), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Mathematical, Physics and Computer Sciences (IMAPCS), Aberystwyth University, Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (IGNS), Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Geosciences [Pennsylvania], Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, GeoForschungsZentrum - Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), and Experimental rock deformation

Subjects
Topography, Damage zone, Fault zone, geophysics, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Hydrogeology, Petrophysics, Geophysics, hydrogeology, topography, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, 13. Climate action, fault zone, Seismogenesis, damage zone, seismogenesis, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology
Abstract

© 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Fault rock assemblages reflect interaction between deformation, stress, temperature, fluid, and chemical regimes on distinct spatial and temporal scales at various positions in the crust. Here we interpret measurements made in the hanging-wall of the Alpine Fault during the second stage of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP-2). We present observational evidence for extensive fracturing and high hanging-wall hydraulic conductivity (∼10−9 to 10−7 m/s, corresponding to permeability of ∼10−16 to 10−14 m2) extending several hundred meters from the fault's principal slip zone. Mud losses, gas chemistry anomalies, and petrophysical data indicate that a subset of fractures intersected by the borehole are capable of transmitting fluid volumes of several cubic meters on time scales of hours. DFDP-2 observations and other data suggest that this hydrogeologically active portion of the fault zone in the hanging-wall is several kilometers wide in the uppermost crust. This finding is consistent with numerical models of earthquake rupture and off-fault damage. We conclude that the mechanically and hydrogeologically active part of the Alpine Fault is a more dynamic and extensive feature than commonly described in models based on exhumed faults. We propose that the hydrogeologically active damage zone of the Alpine Fault and other large active faults in areas of high topographic relief can be subdivided into an inner zone in which damage is controlled principally by earthquake rupture processes and an outer zone in which damage reflects coseismic shaking, strain accumulation and release on interseismic timescales, and inherited fracturing related to exhumation.

Published
2017

38. Priority for the worse-off and the social cost of carbon

Author

David Anthoff, Gregory G. Garner, Klaus Keller, Nicolas Treich, Valentina Bosetti, Matthew D. Adler, Duke University School of Law, Energy & Resources Grp, Dept Econ, Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Earth and Environmental Systems Institute (EESI), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Princeton University, Carnegie Mellon University [Pittsburgh] (CMU), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

Subjects
PRIORITISM, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Distribution (economics), Social Welfare, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 01 natural sciences, PRIORITISM, WELFARE ECONOMICS, stern, Microeconomics, co2 emissions, 0502 economics and business, Economics, 050207 economics, risk-aversion, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, us, business.industry, Ecology, WELFARE ECONOMICS, Corporate governance, Social cost, 05 social sciences, view, 1. No poverty, methodology, economics, Social welfare function, defense, 13. Climate action, climate-change, Well-being, Prioritarianism, Time preference, business, Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract

The social cost of carbon (SCC) is a key tool in climate policy. The SCC expresses in monetary terms the social impact of the emission of a ton of CO2 in a given year. The SCC is calculated using a 'social welfare function' (SWF): a method for assessing social welfare. The dominant SWF in climate policy is the discounted-utilitarian SWF. Individuals' well-being numbers (utilities) are summed, and the values for later generations are reduced ('discounted'). This SWF has been criticized for ignoring the distribution of well-being and including an arbitrary time preference. Here, we use a 'prioritarian' SWF, with no time discount, to calculate the SCC. This SWF gives extra weight ('priority') to worse-off individuals. Prioritarianism is a well-developed concept in ethics and welfare economics, but has been rarely used in climate scholarship. We find substantial differences between the discounted-utilitarian and non-discounted prioritarian SCCs.

Published
2017

39. Biogeochemical protocols and diagnostics for the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP)

Author

James C. Orr, Raymond G. Najjar, Olivier Aumount, Laurent Bopp, John L. Bullister, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Scott C. Doney, John P. Dunne, Jean-Claude Dutay, Heather Graven, Stephen M. Griffies, Jasmin G. John, Fortunat Joos, Ingeborg Levin, Keith Lindsay, Richard J. Matear, Galen A. McKinley, Anne Mouchet, Andreas Oschlies, Anastasia Romanou, Reiner Schlitzer, Alessandro Tagliabue, Toste Tanhua, Andrew Yool, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Département d'astrophysique, Géophysique et Océanographie (AGO), Université de Liège, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Columbia University [New York], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Department of Earth Ocean and Ecological Sciences [Liverpool], University of Liverpool, Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), National Oceanographic Centre Southampton (NOCS), European Project: 641816,H2020,H2020-SC5-2014-two-stage,CRESCENDO(2015), European Project: 660893,H2020,H2020-MSCA-IF-2014,OCTANT(2016), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), and Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, STEADY-STATE, Science & Technology, SEA, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS, CO2 FLUXES, 530 Physics, 04 Earth Sciences, Geology, CARBON TRANSPORT, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, VERSION 2, 01 natural sciences, GLOBAL OCEAN, WIND-SPEED, 13. Climate action, Physical Sciences, 14. Life underwater, Geosciences, Multidisciplinary, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, WORLD OCEAN, 550 Earth sciences & geology, GAS-EXCHANGE, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) focuses on the physics and biogeochemistry of the ocean component of Earth system models participating in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). OMIP aims to provide standard protocols and diagnostics for ocean models, while offering a forum to promote their common assessment and improvement. It also offers to compare solutions of the same ocean models when forced with reanalysis data (OMIP simulations) vs. when integrated within fully coupled Earth system models (CMIP6). Here we detail simulation protocols and diagnostics for OMIP's biogeochemical and inert chemical tracers. These passive-tracer simulations will be coupled to ocean circulation models, initialized with observational data or output from a model spin-up, and forced by repeating the 1948–2009 surface fluxes of heat, fresh water, and momentum. These so-called OMIP-BGC simulations include three inert chemical tracers (CFC-11, CFC-12, SF6) and biogeochemical tracers (e.g., dissolved inorganic carbon, carbon isotopes, alkalinity, nutrients, and oxygen). Modelers will use their preferred prognostic BGC model but should follow common guidelines for gas exchange and carbonate chemistry. Simulations include both natural and total carbon tracers. The required forced simulation (omip1) will be initialized with gridded observational climatologies. An optional forced simulation (omip1-spunup) will be initialized instead with BGC fields from a long model spin-up, preferably for 2000 years or more, and forced by repeating the same 62-year meteorological forcing. That optional run will also include abiotic tracers of total dissolved inorganic carbon and radiocarbon, CTabio and 14CTabio, to assess deep-ocean ventilation and distinguish the role of physics vs. biology. These simulations will be forced by observed atmospheric histories of the three inert gases and CO2 as well as carbon isotope ratios of CO2. OMIP-BGC simulation protocols are founded on those from previous phases of the Ocean Carbon-Cycle Model Intercomparison Project. They have been merged and updated to reflect improvements concerning gas exchange, carbonate chemistry, and new data for initial conditions and atmospheric gas histories. Code is provided to facilitate their implementation.

Published
2017

40. The formation of peak rings in large impact craters

Author

Cornelia Rasmussen, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Honami Sato, Timothy J. Bralower, Xiao Long, Sonia M. Tikoo, David A. Kring, Douglas R. Schmitt, Mario Rebolledo-Vieyra, Philippe Claeys, C.L. Mellett, Johanna Lofi, W. Zylberman, Kosei E. Yamaguchi, Michael T. Whalen, Sean P. S. Gulick, Ludovic Ferrière, Elise Chenot, Gail L. Christeson, Gareth S. Collins, Kazuhisa Goto, Ulrich Riller, Rubén Ocampo-Torres, Naotaka Tomioka, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, Charles S. Cockell, Joanna Morgan, Axel Wittmann, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, Heather L. Jones, Erwan Le Ber, Michael H. Poelchau, Gordon R. Osinski, Jan Smit, Catalina Gebhardt, Christopher M. Lowery, Auriol S. P. Rae, Marco J. L. Coolen, Department of Earth Science and Technology [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Institute of Geophysics [Austin] (IG), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit [Brussels] (VUB), SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, WA-Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre (WA-OIGC), Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), Natural History Museum [Vienna] (NHM), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University [Sendai], Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] (LPI), Department of Geology [Leicester], University of Leicester, Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), School of Earth Sciences [Wuham], China University of Geosciences [Wuham] (CUG), The Lyell Centre, British Geological Survey (BGS), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [London, ON], University of Western Ontario (UWO), Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration [London, ON] (CPSX), Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Geology, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Institut für Geologie, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Department of Physics [Edmonton], University of Alberta, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Piscataway], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Physical Sciences, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU)-LeRoy Eyring Center for Solid State Science, Department of Chemistry, Toho University, NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Work funded by the European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD) and the International Continental Scientific Program, with contributions and logistical support from the Yucatan State Government and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)., Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin [Austin]-Jackson School of Geosciences, PennState University [Pennsylvania] ( PSU ), Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit [Brussel] ( VUB ), School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], WA-Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre ( WA-OIGC ), Planning and Transport Research Centre ( PATREC ) -Planning and Transport Research Centre ( PATREC ), Natural History Museum [Vienna] ( NHM ), Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research ( AWI ), Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] ( LPI ), Université des Antilles et de la Guyane ( UAG ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences-Planetary Science Institute, British Geological Survey, Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé ( ICPEES ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar ( Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar ( Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Western Ontario ( UWO ), Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration [London, ON] ( CPSX ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ( UNAM ), Universität Hamburg ( UHH ), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology ( JAMSTEC ), University of Alberta [Edmonton], Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences ( FALW ), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] ( VU ), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] ( RUTGERS ), University of Alaska Fairbanks ( UAF ), Arizona State University [Tempe] ( ASU ) -LeRoy Eyring Center for Solid State Science, NASA Astrobiology Institute ( NAI ), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement de géosciences de l'environnement ( CEREGE ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Collège de France ( CdF ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Analytical, Environmental & Geo-Chemistry, Chemistry, Earth System Sciences, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), The Institute for Geoscience Research [Perth] (TIGeR), School of Earth and Planetary Science [Perth - Curtin university], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-School of Earth and Planetary Science [Perth - Curtin university], China University of Geosciences [Wuhan] (CUG), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), BG International Limited, ConocoPhillips, Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), The Leverhulme Trust, Penn State Department of Geosciences, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Dike, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Science & Technology, BASIN FORMATION, Mineralogy, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, GRAVITY, Impact crater, Planet, impact cratering, Impact structure, Petrology, CRUSTAL STRUCTURE, BASIN, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Science & Technology, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Felsic, Drilling, Crust, [ SDU.STU ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, terrestrial analog, CHICXULUB CRATER, Multidisciplinary Sciences, MODEL, 13. Climate action, DENSITY, ASYMMETRY, Science & Technology - Other Topics, QUARTZ, Shear zone, Geology
Abstract

The Chicxulub impact crater, known for its link to the demise of the dinosaurs, also provides an opportunity to study rocks from a large impact structure. Large impact craters have “peak rings” that define a complex crater morphology. Morgan et al. looked at rocks from a drilling expedition through the peak rings of the Chicxulub impact crater (see the Perspective by Barton). The drill cores have features consistent with a model that postulates that a single over-heightened central peak collapsed into the multiple-peak-ring structure. The validity of this model has implications for far-ranging subjects, from how giant impacts alter the climate on Earth to the morphology of crater-dominated planetary surfaces.Science, this issue p. 878; see also p. 836Large impacts provide a mechanism for resurfacing planets through mixing near-surface rocks with deeper material. Central peaks are formed from the dynamic uplift of rocks during crater formation. As crater size increases, central peaks transition to peak rings. Without samples, debate surrounds the mechanics of peak-ring formation and their depth of origin. Chicxulub is the only known impact structure on Earth with an unequivocal peak ring, but it is buried and only accessible through drilling. Expedition 364 sampled the Chicxulub peak ring, which we found was formed from uplifted, fractured, shocked, felsic basement rocks. The peak-ring rocks are cross-cut by dikes and shear zones and have an unusually low density and seismic velocity. Large impacts therefore generate vertical fluxes and increase porosity in planetary crust.

Published
2016

41. Design, implementation and interpretation of in vitro batch culture experiments to assess enteric methane mitigation in ruminants-a review

Author

Zhongtang Yu, Angela Schwarm, Christopher K. Reynolds, Alexander N. Hristov, Diego P. Morgavi, Padraig O'Kiely, Ermias Kebreab, David R. Yáñez-Ruiz, Jan Dijkstra, K. J. Shingfield, André Bannink, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Department of Animal Science, University of California, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, University of Reading (UOR), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, INIA (Spain) MIT01-GLOBALNET-EEZ, Ministry of Economic Affairs (The Netherlands, project Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouses Gases) BO-20-007-006, USDA-NIFA (USA)French National Research Agency through the program FACCE-JPI program, Agricultural GHG Research Initiative for Ireland (AGRI-I), Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs (UK), BLW (Switzerland), Academy of Finland, Helsinki, Finland 281337, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (UK), CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ministry of Economic Affairs (The Netherlands), and Academy of Finland

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Rumen, In Vitro Techniques, Animal Nutrition, Dairy & Animal Science, Mitigation, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Enteric methane, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Volatile fatty acids, Animal Production, In vivo measurements, Microbial inoculum, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Animal species, 2. Zero hunger, International research, business.industry, Chemistry, 0402 animal and dairy science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 040201 dairy & animal science, Diervoeding, 3. Good health, Biotechnology, 030104 developmental biology, In vitro gas production, 13. Climate action, WIAS, Animal Science and Zoology, business, Feed evaluation, Methane
Abstract

In vitro fermentation techniques (IVFT) have been widely used to evaluate the nutritive value of feeds for ruminants and in the last decade to assess the effect of different nutritional strategies on methane (CH4) production. However, many technical factors may influence the results obtained. The present review has been prepared by the 'Global Network' FACCE-JPI international research consortium to provide a critical evaluation of the main factors that need to be considered when designing, conducting and interpreting IVFT experiments that investigate nutritional strategies to mitigate CH emission from ruminants. Given the increasing and wide-scale use of IVFT, there is a need to critically review reports in the literature and establish what criteria are essential to the establishment and implementation of in vitro techniques. Key aspects considered include: i) donor animal species and number of animal used, ii) diet fed to donor animals, iii) collection and processing of rumen fluid as inoculum, iv) choice of substrate and incubation buffer, v) incubation procedures and CH measurements, vi) headspace gas composition and vii) comparability of in vitro and in vivo measurements. Based on an evaluation of experimental evidence, a set of technical recommendations are presented to harmonize IVFT for feed evaluation, assessment of rumen function and CH production., This review is part of the FACCE-JPI ‘Global Network’ project and the ‘Feeding and Nutrition Network’ of Livestock Research Group, in the Global Research Alliance for Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (www.globalresearchalliance.org). Authors acknowledge national funding from INIA (Spain, project MIT01-GLOBALNET-EEZ), the Ministry of Economic Affairs (The Netherlands; project Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouses Gases, BO-20-007-006), USDA-NIFA (USA), French National Research Agency through the program FACCE-JPI program, the Irish contribution to this JPI-FACCE project was funded by the Agricultural GHG Research Initiative for Ireland (AGRI-I), Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs (UK), BLW (Switzerland) and Academy of Finland, Helsinki, Finland (Project 281337).

Published
2016

42. The WAIS Divide deep ice core WD2014 chronology – Part 2: Annual-layer counting (0–31 ka BP)

Author

Daniel R. Pasteris, Ken C. Taylor, Nelia W. Dunbar, David G. Ferris, Lei Geng, Edward J. Brook, Raimund Muscheler, Lawrence Layman, Joseph R. McConnell, Olivia J. Maselli, M. M. Bisiaux, Thomas E. Woodruff, Jihong Cole-Dai, Todd Sowers, Kees C. Welten, Nels Iverson, Florian Adolphi, Kunihiko Nishiizumi, Tyler J. Fudge, B. G. Koffman, Christo Buizert, Michael Sigl, Marc W. Caffee, Kenneth C. McGwire, Ross Edwards, Mai Winstrup, Rachael H. Rhodes, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Desert Research Institute (DRI), University of Washington [Seattle], Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry [Brookings], South Dakota State University (SDSTATE), Dartmouth College [Hanover], Space Sciences Laboratory [Berkeley] (SSL), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Purdue University [West Lafayette], Department of Geology [Lund], Lund University [Lund], College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Corvallis] (CEOAS), Oregon State University (OSU), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Earth and Environmental Systems Institute (EESI), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Stratigraphy, lcsh:Environmental protection, Antarctic ice sheet, F800, Mineral dust, 01 natural sciences, Ice core, lcsh:Environmental pollution, lcsh:TD169-171.8, Glacial period, Southern Hemisphere, Holocene, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, Global and Planetary Change, Paleontology, 13. Climate action, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, lcsh:TD172-193.5, Abrupt climate change, Geology, Chronology
Abstract

International audience; We present the WD2014 chronology for the upper part (0–2850 m; 31.2 ka BP) of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide (WD) ice core. The chronology is based on counting of annual layers observed in the chemical, dust and electrical conductivity records. These layers are caused by seasonal changes in the source, transport, and deposi-tion of aerosols. The measurements were interpreted manually and with the aid of two automated methods. We validated the chronology by comparing to two high-accuracy, absolutely dated chronologies. For the Holocene, the cos-mogenic isotope records of 10 Be from WAIS Divide and 14 C for IntCal13 demonstrated that WD2014 was consistently accurate to better than 0.5 % of the age. For the glacial period, comparisons to the Hulu Cave chronology demonstrated that WD2014 had an accuracy of better than 1 % of the age at three abrupt climate change events between 27 and 31 ka. WD2014 has consistently younger ages than Green-land ice core chronologies during most of the Holocene. For Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 770 M. Sigl et al.: The WAIS Divide deep ice core WD2014 chronology the Younger Dryas–Preboreal transition (11.595 ka; 24 years younger) and the Bølling–Allerød Warming (14.621 ka; 7 years younger), WD2014 ages are within the combined uncertainties of the timescales. Given its high accuracy, WD2014 can become a reference chronology for the Southern Hemisphere, with synchronization to other chronologies feasible using high-quality proxies of volcanism, solar activity , atmospheric mineral dust, and atmospheric methane concentrations.

Published
2016

43. Carbon science in 2016: Status, challenges and perspectives

Author

Elzbieta Frackowiak, Yern Seung Kim, Yongsheng Chen, Mauricio Terrones, Yuan Chen, Marc Monthioux, Toshiaki Enoki, Nikhil Koratkar, Robert H. Hurt, Jin Zhang, Alberto Bianco, Chong Rae Park, Rahul Mukherjee, Peking University [Beijing], Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Matériaux Multi-fonctionnels et Multi-échelles (CEMES-M3), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Brown University, Poznan University of Technology (PUT), Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), The University of Sydney, Nankai University (NKU), Immunopathologie et chimie thérapeutique (ICT), Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IBMC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IBMC), and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Transparent conductors, 02 engineering and technology, Lightweight materials, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Isomers, Aircraft materials, Alternative energy technologies, Stereochemistry, Energy transformation, Chemical vapor deposition, General Materials Science, Chirality, Fuel cells, Supercapacitor, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Nanotubes, Catalysts, Nanoribbons, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Pollution control, Synthesis (chemical), Thermodynamics, Interface thermodynamics, 0210 nano-technology, Graphene nanoribbons, Materials science, Phase separation, chemistry.chemical_element, Nanotechnology, 010402 general chemistry, Yarn, Carbon dioxide reduction, Fighter aircraft, Transparent conducting film, Hydrogen production, Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, Polymer phase separation, business.industry, General Chemistry, 0104 chemical sciences, Chemical vapor depositions (CVD), chemistry, Carbon dioxide, 13. Climate action, Alternative energy, business, Carbon
Abstract

cited By 66; International audience; Several researchers share their perspective on the status and challenges faced by the carbon science in 2016. In addition to chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and hydrosolvo/thermal processes, alternative innovative growth techniques of these hypothetical 3D solids should now be a focus for carbon researchers. Recently, it has been demonstrated that graphene nanoribbons with specific diameters and nanotubes with desired helicity could be synthesized by careful polymerization of aromatic molecules. New theoretical studies using the nanotube/catalyst interface thermodynamics and the kinetic growth theories have widened the understanding of chirality selectivity towards near-armchair tubes. In 2013, a novel method based on aqueous-two polymer phase separation has emerged as an easily accessible and versatile approach for sorting nanotubes which is promising for low-cost scalable production of high-purity SWCNTs. Gel chromatograph based separation methods have also yielded high-purity single chirality optical isomers. New carbon materials are key components in alternative energy technologies that include electrodes for batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and electrolytic cells for hydrogen production from water. They are also of interest as transparent conductors in solar cells, bipolar plates in fuel cells, lightweight materials that save energy in aircraft and automotive operations, and catalysts or catalyst supports for energy transformations that include carbon dioxide reduction into fuels and commercial chemicals.

Published
2016

44. Towards multicaloric effect with ferroelectrics

Author

Qi Li, Laurent Bellaiche, James F. Scott, Qing Wang, Brahim Dkhil, Yang Liu, Guangzu Zhang, Laboratoire Structures, Propriétés et Modélisation des solides (SPMS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of materials science and engineering, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Institute for nanosciences and engineering and physics departement [University of Arkansas], University of Arkansas [Fayetteville], School of chemistry and school of physics and astronomy, University of St Andrews [Scotland], University of St Andrews. School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, and University of St Andrews. Condensed Matter Physics

Subjects
Materials science, Condensed matter physics, NDAS, 02 engineering and technology, QD Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Ferroelectricity, Stress (mechanics), Entropy (classical thermodynamics), QC Physics, 13. Climate action, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Phenomenological model, Thermal, Electrocaloric effect, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Curie temperature, QD, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, QC
Abstract

This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (Grant No. CMMI-#1361713) and by DOE Ames Laboratory on “The Caloric Materials Consortium”. L.B. acknowledges the support of ARO Grant No. W911NF-16-1-0227. B.D. acknowledges a public grant overseen by the French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of the “Investissements d’Avenir” program (Grant No. ANR-10-LABX-0035, Labex NanoSaclay) and Fonds National de la Recherche du Luxembourg (FNR) through InterMobility Project No. 16/1159210 “MULTICALOR”. Utilizing thermal changes in solid state materials strategically offers caloric-based alternatives to replace current vapor-compression technology. To make full use of multiple forms of the entropy and achieve higher efficiency for designs of cooling devices, the multicaloric effect appears as a cutting-edge concept encouraging researchers to search for multicaloric materials with outstanding caloric properties. Here we report the multicaloric effect in BaTiO3 single crystals driven simultaneously by mechanical and electric fields and described via a thermodynamic phenomenological model. It is found that the multicaloric behavior is mainly dominated by the mechanical field rather than the electric field, since the paraelectric-to-ferroelectric transition is more sensitive to mechanical field than to electric field. The use of uniaxial stress competes favorably with pressure due to its much higher caloric strength and negligible elastic thermal change. It is revealed that multicaloric response can be significantly larger than just the sum of mechanocaloric and electrocaloric effects in temperature regions far above the Curie temperature but cannot exceed this limit near the Curie temperature. Our results also show the advantage of the multicaloric effect over the mechanically-mediated electrocaloric effect or electrically-mediated mechanocaloric effect. Our findings therefore highlight the importance of ferroelectric materials to develop multicaloric cooling. Postprint

Published
2016

45. Upper Mantle Pollution during Afar Plume–Continental Rift Interaction

Author

Janne Blichert-Toft, Barry B. Hanan, Jean-Guy Schilling, David W. Graham, Tyrone O. Rooney, Tanya Furman, Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System-Michigan State University System, Department of Geological Sciences [San Diego State Univ] (Geology SDSU), San Diego State University (SDSU), College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Corvallis] (CEOAS), Oregon State University (OSU), Penn State Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Graduate School of Oceanography [Narragansett], University of Rhode Island (URI), NOAA, National Science Foundation, George H. Deike Jr grant, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU), Department of Geological Sciences [San Diego], Department of Geosciences, Laboratoire de Sciences de la Terre (LST), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), and Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE)

Subjects
He isotopes, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Geochemistry, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Sr, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), Mantle plume, continental lithosphere, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, Asthenosphere, Lithosphere, Hotspot (geology), Ethiopian Rift, Afar mantle plume, Nd, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Pb, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Basalt, Hf, Rift, Plume, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Geology
Abstract

International audience; New Pb, Sr, Nd, Hf, and He isotope data for Quaternary basalts, erupted from Debre Zeyit, Butajira, and the Wonji Fault Belt of the Main Ethiopian Rift, show systematic mixing relationships involving three distinct mantle sources. The Pb, Sr, Nd, and Hf isotopic arrays converge in a specific region of isotopic multi-space where they define the composition of the Afar mantle plume (centered about (206)Pb/(204)Pb = 19 center dot 5, (87)Sr/(86)Sr = 0 center dot 7035, epsilon(Nd) = +4 center dot 6, epsilon(Hf) = +9 center dot 3, (3)He/(4)He > 15 R(A)). This plume end-member has an identical composition to that observed previously in oceanic basalts. The distinct isotopic arrays for the various volcanic areas in the Main Ethiopian Rift vary spatially in a systematic manner, and may be viewed as pseudo-binary mixing arrays. This further suggests that the Afar mantle plume interacts with the local continental lithosphere and upper mantle asthenosphere (mid-ocean ridge basalt-like source) through an ordered sequence of mixing events. Simple mixing models require that the mass proportions of continental lithosphere and upper mantle involved in magma generation must be nearly constant within each volcanic area, but that the proportion of plume material decreases regularly with distance southwestward along the Main Ethiopian Rift, away from the central axis of the plume. This systematic behavior means that continental lithosphere can become detached and mixed into the shallow mantle prior to the flow of upwelling plume material beneath the developing rift system. Detachment and mixing into the asthenosphere during continental rift evolution is an important process for producing the range of ambient upper mantle compositions sampled by mid-ocean ridge volcanism away from island hotspots.

Published
2011

46. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event

Author

Andrey Bekker, Carlos Alberto Rosière, Timothy W. Lyons, Olivier Rouxel, Noah J. Planavsky, Lee R. Kump, Kurt O. Konhauser, Ernesto Pecoits, Mark Barley, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Phillip W. Fralick, Stefan V. Lalonde, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Edmonton], University of Alberta, Domaines Océaniques (LDO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth Sciences [Riverside], University of California [Riverside] (UCR), University of California-University of California, Department of Geological Sciences [Boulder], University of Colorado [Boulder], Unité de recherche Géosciences Marines (Ifremer) (GM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia (UWA), University of Federal Minas Gerais, Department of Geology [Thunder Bay], Lakehead University, Instituto de Geociencias, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Department of Geological Sciences [Winnipeg], and University of Manitoba [Winnipeg]

Subjects
Chromium, Geologic Sediments, Time Factors, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Iron, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Geochemistry, Mineralogy, Weathering, Sulfides, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Paleoatmosphere, Isotope fractionation, Rivers, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Ultramafic rock, Seawater, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Great Oxygenation Event, Authigenic, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, 15. Life on land, Bacteria, Aerobic, 13. Climate action, engineering, Sedimentary rock, Pyrite, Oxidation-Reduction
Abstract

International audience; The enrichment of redox-sensitive trace metals in ancient marine sedimentary rocks has been used to determine the timing of the oxidation of the Earth's land surface1,2. Chromium (Cr) is among the emerging proxies for tracking the effects of atmospheric oxygenation on continental weathering; this is because its supply to the oceans is dominated by terrestrial processes that can be recorded in the Cr isotope composition of Precambrian iron formations3. However, the factors controlling past and present seawater Cr isotope composition are poorly understood. Here we provide an independent and complementary record of marine Cr supply, in the form of Cr concentrations and authigenic enrichment in iron-rich sedimentary rocks. Our data suggest that Cr was largely immobile on land until around 2.48 Gyr ago, but within the 160 Myr that followed--and synchronous with independent evidence for oxygenation associated with the Great Oxidation Event (see, for example, refs 4-6)--marked excursions in Cr content and Cr/Ti ratios indicate that Cr was solubilized at a scale unrivalled in history. As Cr isotope fractionations at that time were muted, Cr must have been mobilized predominantly in reduced, Cr(III), form. We demonstrate that only the oxidation of an abundant and previously stable crustal pyrite reservoir by aerobic-respiring, chemolithoautotrophic bacteria could have generated the degree of acidity required to solubilize Cr(III) from ultramafic source rocks and residual soils7. This profound shift in weathering regimes beginning at 2.48 Gyr ago constitutes the earliest known geochemical evidence for acidophilic aerobes and the resulting acid rock drainage, and accounts for independent evidence of an increased supply of dissolved sulphate8 and sulphide-hosted trace elements to the oceans around that time1,9. Our model adds to amassing evidence that the Archaean-Palaeoproterozoic boundary was marked by a substantial shift in terrestrial geochemistry and biology.

Published
2011

47. Impact of daily temperature fluctuations on dengue virus transmission by Aedes aegypti

Author

Laura D. Kramer, Thomas W. Scott, Krijn P. Paaijmans, Thanyalak Fansiri, Lauren B. Carrington, Louis Lambrechts, Matthew B. Thomas, Département de Virologie - Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Center for Infectious Diseases Dynamics, Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Génétique Moléculaire des Bunyavirus, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences [Bangkok] (AFRIMS), Department of Entomology, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California-University of California, New York State Department of Health [Albany], School of Public Health, State University of New York (SUNY), Forgaty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)

Subjects
Periodicity, Veterinary medicine, viruses, 030231 tropical medicine, Aedes aegypti, vectorial capacity, Biology, Dengue virus, medicine.disease_cause, Arbovirus, law.invention, Dengue fever, Dengue, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Aedes, law, medicine, Animals, Mean radiant temperature, climate, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Diurnal temperature variation, Temperature, virus diseases, Biological Sciences, Dengue Virus, Models, Theoretical, Seasonality, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Survival Analysis, Virology, Insect Vectors, arbovirus, Transmission (mechanics), 13. Climate action, Host-Pathogen Interactions
Abstract

Most studies on the ability of insect populations to transmit pathogens consider only constant temperatures and do not account for realistic daily temperature fluctuations that can impact vector–pathogen interactions. Here, we show that diurnal temperature range (DTR) affects two important parameters underlying dengue virus (DENV) transmission by Aedes aegypti . In two independent experiments using different DENV serotypes, mosquitoes were less susceptible to virus infection and died faster under larger DTR around the same mean temperature. Large DTR (20 °C) decreased the probability of midgut infection, but not duration of the virus extrinsic incubation period (EIP), compared with moderate DTR (10 °C) or constant temperature. A thermodynamic model predicted that at mean temperatures 18 °C, larger DTR reduces DENV transmission. The negative impact of DTR on Ae. aegypti survival indicates that large temperature fluctuations will reduce the probability of vector survival through EIP and expectation of infectious life. Seasonal variation in the amplitude of daily temperature fluctuations helps to explain seasonal forcing of DENV transmission at locations where average temperature does not vary seasonally and mosquito abundance is not associated with dengue incidence. Mosquitoes lived longer and were more likely to become infected under moderate temperature fluctuations, which is typical of the high DENV transmission season than under large temperature fluctuations, which is typical of the low DENV transmission season. Our findings reveal the importance of considering short-term temperature variations when studying DENV transmission dynamics.

Published
2011

48. Time evolution of the mineralogical composition of Mississippi Valley loess over the last 10kyr: Climate and geochemical modeling

Author

Susan L. Brantley, Yves Goddéris, D. Pollard, J. Z. Williams, Jacques Schott, Laboratoire des Mécanismes et Transfert en Géologie (LMTG), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Earth and environmental systems institute, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Dissolved silica, Dolomite, Pedosphere, Geochemistry, mississippi, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Climate change, modeling, Weathering, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, loess, 01 natural sciences, modelling, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, Loess, weathering, climate, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Geochemical modeling, Hydrosphere
Abstract

Anthropogenic and natural climate change affect processes in the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and pedosphere. The impact of climate on soil evolution has not been well-explored, largely due to slow rates and the complexity of coupled processes that must be observed and simulated. The rates of mineral weathering in loess deposited 23 kyr ago and experiencing soil formation for 13 kyr are explored here using the WITCH model for weathering and the GENESIS model for climate simulation. The WITCH model, which uses rigorous kinetic parameters and laws with provision for the effect on rates of deviation from equilibrium, can successfully simulate the depletion profiles in the soil for dolomite and albite if soil CO2 is assumed to rise over the last 10 kyr up to about 30–40× the present atmospheric pressure, and if the solubility product of the Ca-smectite is assumed equal to that of an Fe(III)-rich Ca-montmorillonite. Such simulations document that dissolution behavior for silicates and carbonates are strongly coupled through pH, and for Ca-smectite and feldspars through dissolved silica. Such coupling is not incorporated in simple geometric and analytical models describing mineral dissolution, and therefore probably contributes to the long-standing observation of discrepancies among laboratory and field mineral dissolution rates.

Published
2010

49. Validation of ozone measurements from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)

Author

G. Forbes, Joseph M. Zawodny, C. Piccolo, Jeffrey R. Taylor, David W. Tarasick, Joe W. Waters, J. J. Jin, I. S. Boyd, B. J. Firanski, Sean D. McLeod, Larry W. Thomason, M. P. McCormick, Jonathan Davies, B.T. Marshall, E. Dupuy, H. Küllmann, C. Tétard, Michael Höpfner, F. Nichitiu, I. Kramer, I. S. McDermid, Alan Parrish, Martin McHugh, T. Steck, C. de Clercq, Nicholas B. Jones, M. De Mazière, P. Gerard, James R. Drummond, T. Blumenstock, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath, C. T. McElroy, Emmanuel Mahieu, Greg Bodeker, Ryan Hughes, Chris Roth, T. E. Kerzenmacher, Jacquelyn C. Witte, Andrew R. Klekociuk, Heinrich Bovensmann, Kimberly Strong, David W. T. Griffith, Ashley Jones, Jakub Urban, James W. Hannigan, C. D. Boone, M. A. Wolff, R. Skelton, J. Dodion, Donal P. Murtagh, D. A. Degenstein, Filip Vanhellemont, Nathaniel J. Livesey, Claude Robert, J. C. McConnell, Adam Bourassa, Johan Mellqvist, Ugo Cortesi, J. Kar, P. von der Gathen, Erkki Kyrölä, John P. Burrows, Cora E. Randall, Yasuhiro Murayama, Astrid Bracher, Corinne Vigouroux, Peter F. Bernath, Philippe Baron, T. Christensen, C. von Savigny, Denis Dufour, Florence Goutail, Nicholas D. Lloyd, Matthias Schneider, T. von Clarmann, Anne M. Thompson, S. V. Petelina, Gloria L. Manney, Tobias Borsdorff, M. T. Coffey, Armin Kleinböhl, Simon Chabrillat, Craig S. Haley, José Granville, Valéry Catoire, A. Strandberg, Yasuko Kasai, Jean-Pierre Pommereau, Chris A. McLinden, Simone Ceccherini, Herbert Fischer, D. P. J. Swart, A. Kagawa, Richard M. Bevilacqua, Hermann Oelhaf, Colette Brogniez, P. Demoulin, Kenneth W. Jucks, C. Senten, Lucien Froidevaux, Jean-Christopher Lambert, J. Zou, E. J. Llewellyn, Caroline R. Nowlan, Ralf Sussmann, Didier Fussen, Kohei Mizutani, Kevin Strawbridge, M.B. Tully, Kaley A. Walker, Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science [Halifax], Dalhousie University [Halifax], Picomole Instruments Inc., National Institute of Information and Communications Technology [Tokyo, Japan] (NICT), Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Christchurch] (NIWA), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Environmental Research Institute [Amherst], University of Massachusetts [Amherst] (UMass Amherst), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS)-University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' (IFAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Earth and Sun Systems Laboratory (ESSL), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Centre For Atmospheric Research Experiments, Environment Canada Sable Island, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Chemistry [Wollongong], University of Wollongong [Australia], Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] (CRESS), York University [Toronto], Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering [York University - Toronto] (ESSE), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Fujitsu FIP Corporation, Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), GATS Inc., NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Department of Astronomy [Amherst], Department of Physics, La Trobe University, La Trobe University (Victoria), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford [Oxford], Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), PennState Meteorology Department, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Australian Bureau of Meteorology [Melbourne] (BoM), Australian Government, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Burrows, J. P., Christensen, T., National Institute of Information and Communications Technology ( NICT ), Naval Research Laboratory ( NRL ), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung ( IMK ), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie ( KIT ), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Christchurch], Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung ( IMK-IFU ), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] ( ISAS ), University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] ( U of S ), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] ( IUP ), University of Massachusetts [Amherst] ( UMass Amherst ), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 ( LOA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement ( LPCE ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' ( IFAC ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] ( CNR ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Danish Meteorological Institute ( DMI ), Earth and Sun Systems Laboratory ( ESSL ), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] ( NCAR ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), SHTI - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Wollongong, Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] ( CRESS ), Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering [Toronto] ( ESSE ), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics ( CfA ), Australian Antarctic Division, Finnish Meteorological Institute ( FMI ), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] ( NMT ), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] ( LaRC ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] ( RIVM ), Department of Meteorology [PennState], PennState University [Pennsylvania] ( PSU ), Bureau of Meteorology [Melbourne] ( BoM ), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung ( AWI ), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] ( SSAI ), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, and University of Oxford

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Sunset, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Mesosphere, lcsh:Chemistry, 010309 optics, Troposphere, remote sensing, chemistry.chemical_compound, Altitude, atmospheric composition, 0103 physical sciences, remote-sensing, Atmospheric structrure, ddc:550, Sunrise, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Fourier transform spectroscopy, lcsh:QC1-999, Earth sciences, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric compoistion, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

This paper presents extensive validation analyses of ozone observations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite instruments: the ACE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and the Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation (ACE-MAESTRO) instrument. The ACE satellite instruments operate in the mid-infrared and ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectral regions using the solar occultation technique. In order to continue the long-standing record of solar occultation measurements from space, a detailed quality assessment is required to evaluate the ACE data and validate their use for scientific purposes. Here we compare the latest ozone data products from ACE-FTS and ACE-MAESTRO with coincident observations from satellite-borne, airborne, balloon-borne and ground-based instruments, by analysing volume mixing ratio profiles and partial column densities. The ACE-FTS version 2.2 Ozone Update product reports more ozone than most correlative measurements from the upper troposphere to the lower mesosphere. At altitude levels from 16 to 44 km, the mean differences range generally between 0 and +10% with a slight but systematic positive bias (typically +5%). At higher altitudes (45-60 km), the ACE-FTS ozone amounts are significantly larger than those of the comparison instruments by up to ~40% (typically +20%). For the ACE-MAESTRO version 1.2 ozone data product, agreement within ±10% (generally better than ±5%) is found between 18 and 40 km for the sunrise and sunset measurements. At higher altitudes (45-55 km), systematic biases of opposite sign are found between the ACE-MAESTRO sunrise and sunset observations. While ozone amounts derived from the ACE-MAESTRO sunrise occultation data are often smaller than the coincident observations (by as much as -10%), the sunset occultation profiles for ACE-MAESTRO show results that are qualitatively similar to ACE-FTS and indicate a large positive bias (+10 to +30%) in this altitude range. In contrast, there is no significant difference in bias found for the ACE-FTS sunrise and sunset measurements. These systematic effects in the ozone profiles retrieved from the measurements of ACE-FTS and ACE-MAESTRO are being investigated. This work shows that the ACE instruments provide reliable, high quality measurements from the tropopause to the upper stratosphere and can be used with confidence in this vertical domain

Published
2009

50. Transpacific transport of ozone pollution and the effect of recent Asian emission increases on air quality in North America: an integrated analysis using satellite, aircraft, ozonesonde, and surface observations

Author

L. Zhang, D. J. Jacob, K. F. Boersma, D. A. Jaffe, J. R. Olson, K. W. Bowman, J. R. Worden, A. M. Thompson, M. A. Avery, R. C. Cohen, J. E. Dibb, F. M. Flocke, H. E. Fuelberg, L. G. Huey, W. W. McMillan, H. B. Singh, A. J. Weinheimer, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Cambridge, USA] (EPS), Harvard University [Cambridge], Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), University of Washington [Seattle], Atmospheric Sciences Division [Hampton], NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), PennState Meteorology Department, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Climate Change Research Center [Durham], University of New Hampshire (UNH), Earth Observing Laboratory [Boulder] (EOL), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR)-University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science [Tallahassee] (FSU | EOAS), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta], Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Department of Physics [Baltimore], University of Maryland [Baltimore County] (UMBC), University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), and National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:Chemistry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We use an ensemble of aircraft, satellite, sonde, and surface observations for April–May 2006 (NASA/INTEX-B aircraft campaign) to better understand the mechanisms for transpacific ozone pollution and its implications for North American air quality. The observations are interpreted with a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). OMI NO2 satellite observations constrain Asian anthropogenic NOx emissions and indicate a factor of 2 increase from 2000 to 2006 in China. Satellite observations of CO from AIRS and TES indicate two major events of Asian transpacific pollution during INTEX-B. Correlation between TES CO and ozone observations shows evidence for transpacific ozone pollution. The semi-permanent Pacific High and Aleutian Low cause splitting of transpacific pollution plumes over the Northeast Pacific. The northern branch circulates around the Aleutian Low and has little impact on North America. The southern branch circulates around the Pacific High and some of that air impacts western North America. Both aircraft measurements and model results show sustained ozone production driven by peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) decomposition in the southern branch, roughly doubling the transpacific influence from ozone produced in the Asian boundary layer. Model simulation of ozone observations at Mt. Bachelor Observatory in Oregon (2.7 km altitude) indicates a mean Asian ozone pollution contribution of 9±3 ppbv to the mean observed concentration of 54 ppbv, reflecting mostly an enhancement in background ozone rather than episodic Asian plumes. Asian pollution enhanced surface ozone concentrations by 5–7 ppbv over western North America in spring 2006. The 2000–2006 rise in Asian anthropogenic emissions increased this influence by 1–2 ppbv.

Published
2008

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