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1. Chemical characterization of fine particles (PM2.5) at a coastal site in the South Western Mediterranean during the ChArMex experiment

Author

Hamza Merabet, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Jean Sciare, Riad Ladji, Noureddine Yassaa, Abdelkader Lemou, Mohamed Abou Mustapha, Nicolas Bonnaire, Lyes Rabhi, José Nicolas, Redha Dilmi, Laboratoire d'Analyse Organique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Chimie, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene [Alger] (USTHB), Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables (CDER), Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique [Algérie] (MESRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Cyprus Institute (CyI), Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development (IERSD), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene = University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene [Alger] (USTHB), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, food.ingredient, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, food, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Chemical composition, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Total organic carbon, Maximum level, Sea salt, General Medicine, Pollution, Aerosol, 13. Climate action, ChArMEx, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science
Abstract

As part of the ChArMEx project (Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment, http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr ), one year of continuous filter sampling was conducted from August 2012 to August 2013 at a rural (coastal) site in Algeria aiming to better document fine aerosol seasonal variability and chemical composition in the Southern part of the Mediterranean. Over 350 filters have been collected, weighted, and analyzed for the main ions and organic and elemental carbon. The obtained mass concentrations varied between 2.5 and 50.6 μg/m3 for PM2.5. The annual modulations of PM2.5 showed higher concentrations in the end summer 2012 and the early summer 2013 (28.50 μg/m3 in August 2012, 20.23 μg/m3 in September 2012, 20.19 μg/m3 in July 2013, and 17.88 μg/m3in August 2013). The particulate organic matter (POM) presented the greatest contribution (50%), followed by the secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA, 27%). The average organic carbon OC concentrations ranged from 1.66 to 6.05 μgC/m3. The average elemental carbon EC concentrations ranged from 0.92 to 3.49 μgC/m3 and contributed 7% of the PM2.5 mass to Bou-Ismail. The average value of the OC /EC ratio was close to 5.1 in Bou-Ismail, and was close to that found in Finokalia 4 (Greece 2004, 2006) but was lower than that of Montseny 11 (Spain 2002–2007) Western Mediterranean Basin (WMB). The concentrations of water-soluble organic carbon WSOC in the PM2.5 ranging from 0.66 to 3.70 μg/m3 recorded the minimum level in March 2013, and the maximum level in August 2012, with an average of 2.02 μg/m3.

Published
2020

2. Personal Exposure to Black Carbon, Particulate Matter and Nitrogen Dioxide in the Paris Region Measured by Portable Sensors Worn by Volunteers

Author

Languille, Baptiste, Gros, Valérie, Nicolas, Bonnaire, Honoré, Cécile, Kaufmann, Anne, Zeitouni, Karine, Department of Chemistry [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AIRPARIF - Surveillance de la qualité de l'air en Île-de-France, Mairie de Paris, Données et algorithmes pour une ville intelligente et durable - DAVID (DAVID), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ANR-15-CE22-0018,POLLUSCOPE,Observatoire participatif pour la surveillance de l'exposition individuelle à la pollution de l'air en lien avec la santé(2015), and European Project: 654109,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,ACTRIS-2(2015)

Subjects
Nicolas, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, mobile measurements, ambient monitoring, urban pollution, microenvironments, air quality, Île-de-France, TP1-1185, 010501 environmental sciences, Toxicology, Gros, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, Article, C, A, Zeitouni, 11. Sustainability, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Chemical Health and Safety, V, Chemical technology, Honoré, B, K. Personal Exposure to mobile measurements, Languille, 13. Climate action, Kaufmann
Abstract

Portable sensors have emerged as a promising solution for personal exposure (PE) measurement. For the first time in Île-de-France, PE to black carbon (BC), particulate matter (PM), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was quantified based on three field campaigns involving 37 volunteers from the general public wearing the sensors all day long for a week. This successful deployment demonstrated its ability to quantify PE on a large scale, in various environments (from dense urban to suburban, indoor and outdoor) and in all seasons. The impact of the visited environments was investigated. The proximity to road traffic (for BC and NO2), as well as cooking activities and tobacco smoke (for PM), made significant contributions to total exposure (up to 34%, 26%, and 44%, respectively), even though the time spent in these environments was short. Finally, even if ambient outdoor levels played a role in PE, the prominent impact of the different environments suggests that traditional ambient monitoring stations is not a proper surrogate for PE quantification.

Published
2022

3. Analysis and determination of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers (markers) in particulate matter standard reference material (SRM 1649b, urban dust)

Author

Stephen A. Wise, Grazia Maria Lanzafame, Alexandre Albinet, Deepchandra Srivastava, Federica Nalin, Nicolas Bonnaire, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), National Institute of Standards and Technology [Gaithersburg] (NIST), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Air pollution, 02 engineering and technology, Quechers, medicine.disease_cause, Mass spectrometry, behavioral disciplines and activities, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, 11. Sustainability, medicine, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010401 analytical chemistry, Extraction (chemistry), Repeatability, Particulates, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Aerosol, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Gas chromatography, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) accounts for a significant fraction of particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere. Source identification, including the SOA fraction, is critical for the effective management of air pollution. Molecular SOA markers (tracers) are key compounds allowing the source apportionment of SOA using different methodologies. Therefore, accurate SOA marker measurements in ambient air PM are important. This study determined the concentrations of 12 key SOA markers (biogenic and anthropogenic) in the urban dust standard reference material available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (SRM 1649b). Two extraction procedures, sonication and QuEChERS-like (quick easy cheap effective rugged and safe), have been compared. Three research laboratories/institutes using two analytical techniques (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS-MS)) carried out the analyses. The results obtained were all in good agreement, except for 2-methylerythritol. The analysis of this compound still seems to be challenging by both GC/MS (large injection repeatability) and HPLC/MS-MS (separation issues of both 2-methyltetrols: 2-methylthreitol and 2-methylerythritol). Possible inhomogeneity in the SRM for this compound could also explain the large discrepancies observed. Sonication and QuEChERS-like procedures gave comparable results for the extraction of the SOA markers showing that QuEChERS-like extraction is suitable for the analysis of SOA markers in ambient air PM. As this study provides, for the first time, indicative values in a reference material for typical SOA markers, the analysis of SRM 1649b (urban dust) could be used for quality control/assurance purposes. Graphical abstract.

Published
2019

4. Response of atmospheric composition to COVID-19 lockdown measures during Spring in the Paris region (France)

Author

Nicolas Bonnaire, Valérie Gros, Yunjiang Zhang, Jean-Charles Dupont, François Truong, Martial Haeffelin, Jean-Eudes Petit, Olivier Favez, Robert Vautard, Leila Simon, Tanguy Amodeo, Jean Sciare, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), H2020 Research Infrastructures, INFRA: 654109, European Commission, EC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Seventh Framework Programme, FP7, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, CEA, Financial support. This research has been supported by the Eu, European Project: 262254,EC:FP7:INFRA,FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2010-1,ACTRIS(2011), European Project: 654109,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,ACTRIS-2(2015), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Pollutant, Pollution, Ozone, media_common.quotation_subject, Particulates, Atmospheric sciences, Aerosol, chemistry.chemical_compound, Megacity, chemistry, 13. Climate action, 11. Sustainability, Environmental science, Air quality index, NOx, media_common
Abstract

Since early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to lockdowns at national scales. These lockdowns resulted in large cuts of atmospheric pollutant emissions, notably related to the vehicular traffic source where daily commuting of light-duty vehicles was almost completely stopped in numerous urban areas worldwide, especially during Spring 2020. As a result, air quality changed in manners that are still currently under investigation. Long-term in-situ monitoring of atmospheric composition provides, to this perspective, essential information. However, a robust quantitative assessment of the impact of lockdown measures on ambient concentrations is hindered by weather variability. Basic comparisons with previous years may thus be flawed, especially regarding secondary pollutants, whose concentrations strongly depends on meteorological conditions. In order to circumvent this difficulty, an innovative methodology has been developed. The Analog Application for Air Quality (A3Q) method is based on the comparison of each day of lockdown to a group of analog days having similar meteorological conditions. The A3Q method has been successfully evaluated and applied to a comprehensive in-situ dataset of primary and secondary pollutants obtained at the SIRTA observatory, a suburban background site of the Paris megacity (France). The overall slight decrease of PM1 concentrations (−14 %) compared to business-as-usual conditions conceals contrasting behaviours. Primary traffic tracers (NOx and traffic-related carbonaceous aerosols) dropped by 42–66 % during the lockdown period. Further, the A3Q method enabled us to characterize of changes triggered by NOx decreases. Particulate nitrate and secondary organic aerosols (SOA), two of the main springtime aerosol components in North-Western Europe, decreased by −45 % and −25 %, respectively. A NOx-relationship emphasizes the interest of NOx mitigation policies at the regional (i.e. city) scale, although long-range pollution advection sporadically overcompensated regional decreases. Variations of the oxidation state of SOA suggests discrepancies in SOA formation processes. At the same time, the expected ozone increase (+20 %) underlines the negative feedback of NO titration. These results provide a quasi-comprehensive observation-based insight on mitigation policies regarding air quality in future low-carbon urban areas.

Published
2021

5. First year of real-time VOC measurements at the SIRTA facility (Paris region, France): diurnal and seasonal variabilities, impact of lockdowns on air quality

Author

Jean-Charles Dupont, Roland Sarda-Esteve, Leila Simon, Olivier Favez, Dominique Baisnée, Martial Haeffelin, Jean-Eudes Petit, Valérie Gros, Caroline Marchand, Nicolas Bonnaire, François Truong, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), European Geosciences Union (EGU), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)

Subjects
13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Atmospheric sciences, Air quality index
Abstract

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) have direct influences on air quality and climate. They also play a key role in atmospheric chemistry, as they are precursors of secondary pollutants, such as ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA).Long-term datasets of in-situ atmospheric measurements are crucial to characterize the variability of atmospheric chemical composition. Online and continuous measurements of O3, NOx and aerosols have been achieved at the SIRTA-ACTRIS facility (Paris region, France), since 2012. Regarding VOCs, they have been measured there for several years thanks to bi-weekly samplings followed by offline Gas Chromatography analysis. However, this method doesn’t provide a good representation of the temporal variability of VOC concentrations. To tackle this issue, online VOC measurements using a Proton-Transfer-Reaction Quadrupole Mass-Spectrometer (PTR-Q-MS) have been started in January 2020.The dataset acquired during the first year of online VOC measurements is analyzed, which gives insights on VOC seasonal variability. The additional long-term datasets obtained from co-located measurements (O3, NOx, aerosol physical and chemical properties, meteorological parameters) are also used for the sake of this study.Due to Covid-19 pandemic, the year 2020 notably comprised a total lockdown in France in Spring, and a lighter one in Autumn. Therefore, a focus can be made on the impact of these lockdowns on the VOC variability and sources. To this end, the diurnal cycles of VOCs considered markers for anthropogenic sources are carefully investigated. Results notably indicate that markers for traffic and wood burning sources behave quite differently during the Spring lockdown in comparison to the other periods. A source apportionment analysis using positive matrix factorization allows to further document the seasonal variability of VOC sources and the impacts on air quality associated with the lockdown measures.

Published
2021

6. One-year measurements of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) markers in the Paris region (France): Concentrations, gas/particle partitioning and SOA source apportionment

Author

Nicolas Bonnaire, Gerhard Lammel, Laurent Y. Alleman, Deepchandra Srivastava, Pourya Shahpoury, Grazia Maria Lanzafame, Benjamin A. Musa Bandowe, Bertrand Bessagnet, F. Couvidat, Alexandre Albinet, Olivier Favez, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), European Project: 262254,EC:FP7:INFRA,FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2010-1,ACTRIS(2011), European Project: 654109,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,ACTRIS-2(2015), INERIS, Parc Technologique, ALATA BP 2 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Air Quality Research Division [Toronto], Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Nord Europe), Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche en Environnement Atmosphérique (CEREA), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF)-EDF (EDF), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
Pollution, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, 010501 environmental sciences, behavioral disciplines and activities, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, TRACER, Environmental Chemistry, Waste Management and Disposal, Isoprene, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Total organic carbon, Pinene, Particulates, Aerosol, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Particle
Abstract

Twenty-five biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) markers have been measured over a one-year period in both gaseous and PM10 phases in the Paris region (France). Seasonal and chemical patterns were similar to those previously observed in Europe, but significantly different from the ones observed in America and Asia due to dissimilarities in source precursor emissions. Nitroaromatic compounds showed higher concentrations in winter due to larger emissions of their precursors originating from biomass combustion used for residential heating purposes. Among the biogenic markers, only isoprene SOA marker concentrations increased in summer while pinene SOA markers did not display any clear seasonal trend. The measured SOA markers, usually considered as semi-volatiles, were mainly associated to the particulate phase, except for the nitrophenols and nitroguaiacols, and their gas/particle partitioning (GPP) showed a low temperature and OM concentrations dependency. An evaluation of their GPP with thermodynamic model predictions suggested that apart from equilibrium partitioning between organic phase and air, the GPP of the markers is affected by processes suppressing volatility from a mixed organic and inorganic phase, such as enhanced dissolution in aerosol aqueous phase and non-equilibrium conditions. SOA marker concentrations were used to apportion secondary organic carbon (SOC) sources applying both, an improved version of the SOA-tracer method and positive matrix factorization (PMF) Total SOC estimations agreed very well between both models, except in summer and during a highly processed Springtime PM pollution event in which systematic underestimation by the SOA tracer method was evidenced. As a first approach, the SOA-tracer method could provide a reliable estimation of the average SOC concentrations, but it is limited due to the lack of markers for aged SOA together with missing SOA/SOC conversion fractions for several sources.

Published
2021

7. Overview of the French Operational Network for In Situ Observation of PM Chemical Composition and Sources in Urban Environments (CARA Program)

Author

Joel Savarino, Jean-Eudes Petit, Gilles Levigoureux, Shouwen Zhang, Sabrina Pontet, Laurent Y. Alleman, Florie Chevrier, Carole Boullanger, Raphaële Falhun, Gaëlle Uzu, Jean-Luc Besombes, Nicolas Bonnaire, Samuël Weber, Deepchandra Srivastava, Abdoulaye Samaké, Dalia Salameh, Arnaud Papin, Valérie Gros, Véronique Riffault, Yunjiang Zhang, Anais Detournay, Caroline Marchand, Alexandre Albinet, Nicolas Marchand, Marta Dominik-Sègue, Céline Garbin, Mélodie Chatain, Eva Leoz-Garziandia, Véronique Ghersi, Sébastien Conil, Jérôme Rangognio, Tanguy Amodeo, Guillaume Grignion, Robin Aujay-Plouzeau, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Benjamin Chazeau, Olivier Favez, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), LCSQA - Laboratoire Central de Surveillance de la Qualité de l’Air, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE - IMT Nord Europe), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Nord Europe), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Laboratoire Chimie de l'environnement (LCE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AtmoSud, Madininair, Atmo Grand Est, Atmo Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Atmo Bourgogne Franche-Comté (ATMO BFC), Atmo Normandie, Air Breizh, Gwad'air, AIRPARIF - Surveillance de la qualité de l'air en Île-de-France, Qualitair Corse, Air Pays de la Loire, ATMO Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (ATMO-AURA), LIG'AIR- Surveillance de la Qualité de l'Air en Région Centre, ATMO Hauts de France [Lille], Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire Pérenne de l'Environnement, Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), French Ministry of Environment, ADEME, CNRS, CEA, ACTRIS-France (CLAP national observation service), ANDRA, ENS Paris, CARA program (LCSQA), CPER CLIMIBIO, SOURCES project (1462C0064), DECOMBIO project (1362C0028), PM-DRIVE project (1162C0002), CAMERA project (1062c0008), INACS project (1262c0011), QAMECS project (1262c0011), ANR-11-LABX-0005,Cappa,Physiques et Chimie de l'Environnement Atmosphérique(2011), ANR-10-LABX-0056,OSUG@2020,Innovative strategies for observing and modelling natural systems(2010), European Project: 262254,EC:FP7:INFRA,FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2010-1,ACTRIS(2011), European Project: 654109,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,ACTRIS-2(2015), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Atmo Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])

Subjects
In situ, Atmospheric Science, source, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Aerosol chemical composition, lcsh:QC851-999, 010501 environmental sciences, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Mineral dust, Reference laboratory, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, apportionment, Apportionment, 11. Sustainability, Air quality index, Chemical composition, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, aerosol chemical composition, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Quality control, source apportionment, Particulates, atmospheric_science, Aerosol, monitoring strategies, 13. Climate action, urban air quality, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, France, business, Quality assurance
Abstract

The CARA program has been developed since 2008 by the French reference laboratory for air quality monitoring (LCSQA) and the regional monitoring networks to gain a better knowledge at the national level on the particulate matter (PM) chemistry and its diverse origins in urban environments. It results of strong collaborations with international-level academic partners, allowing to bring state-of-the-art, straightforward and robust results and methodologies within operational air quality stakeholders (and subsequently, decision makers). Here, we illustrate some of the main outputs obtained over the last decade thanks to this program, regarding methodological aspects (both in terms of measurement techniques and data treatment procedures) as well as acquired knowledge on the predominant PM sources. Offline and online methods are used following well-suited quality assurance and quality control procedures, notably including inter-laboratory comparison exercises. Source apportionment studies are conducted using various receptor modeling approaches. Overall, the results presented herewith underline the major influences of residential wood burning (during the cold period) and road transport emissions (exhaust and non-exhaust ones, all along the year), as well as substantial contributions of mineral dust and primary biogenic particles (mostly during the warm period). Long-range transport phenomena, e.g., advection of secondary inorganic aerosols from the European continental sector and of Saharan dust into the French West Indies, are also discussed in this paper. Finally, we briefly address the use of stable isotope measurements (δ15N) and of various organic molecular markers for a better understanding of the origins of ammonium and of the different organic aerosol fractions, respectively.

Published
2021

8. Characterization of particulate and gaseous pollutants from a French dairy and sheep farm

Author

Benjamin Loubet, Florence Lafouge, Brigitte Durand, Varunesh Chandra, Rachid Benabdallah, Julien Kammer, Oliver Fanucci, Céline Decuq, Nicolas Bonnaire, Pauline Buysse, Dominique Baisnée, Simona M. Cristescu, Jean-Eudes Petit, Raluca Ciuraru, François Truong, Ben Henderson, Sandy Bsaibes, Valérie Gros, Roland Sarda-Esteve, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Molecular and Laser Physics [Nijmegen], Institute for Molecules and Materials [Nijmegen], Radboud university [Nijmegen]-Radboud university [Nijmegen], ANAEE-France for the PTR-Qi-TOF-MS funding. The French Environment and Energy Management Agency ADEME for the funding through the AgriMultiPol program (17-03 C0012)., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Radboud University [Nijmegen]-Radboud University [Nijmegen]

Subjects
VOC emissions, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, Residence time (fluid dynamics), 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ammonia, Environmental Chemistry, Waste Management and Disposal, Air quality index, Chemical composition, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, PTR-Qi-TOF-MS, Gaseous pollutants, Agriculture, Particulates, Pollution, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Air quality, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Carbon dioxide, Environmental science, Molecular and Laser Physics
Abstract

International audience; Agricultural activities highly contribute to atmospheric pollution, but the diversity and the magnitude of their emissions are still subject to large uncertainties. A field measurement campaign was conducted to characterize gaseous and particulate emissions from an experimental farm in France containing a sheep pen and a dairy stable. During the campaign, more than four hundred volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were characterized using an original combination of online and off-line measurements. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and ammonia (NH3) were the most concentrated compounds inside the buildings, followed by methanol, acetic acid and acetaldehyde. A CO2 mass balance model was used to estimate NH3 and VOC emission rates. To our knowledge, this study constitutes the first evaluation of emission rates for most of the identified VOCs. The measurements show that the dairy stable emitted more VOCs than the sheep pen. Despite strong VOC and NH3 emissions, the chemical composition of particles indicates that gaseous farm emissions do not affect the loading of fine particles inside the farm and is mainly explained by the low residence time inside the buildings. The experimental dataset obtained in this work will help to improve emissions inventories for agricultural activities.

Published
2020

9. Sources and Geographical Origins of PM10 in Metz (France) Using Oxalate as a Marker of Secondary Organic Aerosols by Positive Matrix Factorization Analysis

Author

Cyril Pallares, Olivier Favez, Laurent Y. Alleman, Nicolas Bonnaire, Jean-Eudes Petit, Emmanuel Rivière, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Atmo Grand Est, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), LCSQA - Laboratoire Central de Surveillance de la Qualité de l’Air, Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE - IMT Nord Europe), and Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Nord Europe)

Subjects
Pollution, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, lcsh:QC851-999, 010501 environmental sciences, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, receptor modelling, Nitrate, Dominance (ecology), Nonnegative matrix, secondary organic aerosols, Sulfate, Biomass burning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, oxalate, Secondary organic aerosols, Aerosol, chemistry, 13. Climate action, positive matrix factorization, Environmental science, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, trajectory analysis
Abstract

International audience; An original source apportionment study was conducted on atmospheric particles (PM 10) collected in Metz, one of the largest cities of Eastern France. A Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis was applied to a sampling filter-based chemical dataset obtained for the April 2015 to January 2017 period. Nine factors were clearly identified, showing mainly contributions from anthropogenic sources of primary PM (19.2% and 16.1% for traffic and biomass burning, respectively) as well as secondary aerosols (12.3%, 14.5%, 21.8% for sulfate-, nitrate-, and oxalate-rich factors, respectively). Wood-burning aerosols exhibited strong temporal variations and contributed up to 30% of the PM mass fraction during winter, while primary traffic concentrations remained relatively constant throughout the year. These two sources are also the main contributors during observed PM 10 pollution episodes. Furthermore, the dominance of the oxalate-rich factor among other secondary aerosol factors underlines the role of atmospheric processing to secondary organic aerosol loadings which are still poorly characterized in this region. Finally, Concentration-Weighted Trajectory (CWT) analysis were performed to investigate the geographical origins of the apportioned sources, notably illustrating a significant transport of both nitrate-rich and sulfate-rich factors from Northeastern Europe but also from the Balkan region.

Published
2019
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10. The second ACTRIS inter-comparison (2016) for Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitors (ACSM): Calibration protocols and instrument performance evaluations

Author

David C. Green, Jean Sciare, Evelyn Freney, François Truong, Jean-Eudes Petit, Roland Sarda-Esteve, Olivier Favez, Harald Flentje, Philip Croteau, Vincent Crenn, Nicola Zanca, Minna Aurela, C. Carbone, André S. H. Prévôt, Iasonas Stavroulas, Yunjiang Zhang, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Max Priestman, Marek Maasikmets, Valérie Gros, Tarvo Arumae, Esther Coz, Leah R. Williams, Alfred Wiedensohler, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Tanguy Amodeo, Jeni Vasilescu, Thomas Elste, Anna Tobler, Manjula R. Canagaratna, María Cruz Minguillón, Begoña Artíñano, Hartmut Herrmann, Andrés Alastuey, Nicolas Bonnaire, Laurent Poulain, Liine Heikkinen, Luminita Marmureanu, John T. Jayne, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Alastuey, Andrés [0000-0002-5453-5495], Minguillón, María Cruz [0000-0002-5464-0391], Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Aerodyne Research Inc., Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development (IERSD), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), King‘s College London, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Cyprus Institute (CyI), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics (INOE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Bologna] (CNR), Estonian Environmental Research Center, Tallinn, Estonia, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Alastuey, Andrés, Minguillón, María Cruz, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, and INAR Physics

Subjects
Research program, SUBMICRON AEROSOLS, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, EFFICIENCIES, 116 Chemical sciences, Library science, 010501 environmental sciences, 114 Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Data treatment, Air quality monitoring, CHEMISTRY, Political science, Environmental Chemistry, media_common.cataloged_instance, General Materials Science, Cost action, Environmental impact assessment, AMS, FIELD, European union, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Aerosols, Chemical speciation, Water-soluble ions, Pollution, 13. Climate action, ORIGINS, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Jim Smith, Christian ministry, Haze, Particulate matter
Abstract

This work describes results obtained from the 2016 Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) intercomparison exercise performed at the Aerosol Chemical Monitor Calibration Center (ACMCC, France). Fifteen quadrupole ACSMs (Q_ACSM) from the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosols, Clouds and Trace gases (ACTRIS) network were calibrated using a new procedure that acquires calibration data under the same operating conditions as those used during sampling and hence gets information representative of instrument performance. The new calibration procedure notably resulted in a decrease in the spread of the measured sulfate mass concentrations, improving the reproducibility of inorganic species measurements between ACSMs as well as the consistency with co-located independent instruments. Tested calibration procedures also allowed for the investigation of artifacts in individual instruments, such as the overestimation of m/z 44 from organic aerosol. This effect was quantified by the m/z (mass-to-charge) 44 to nitrate ratio measured during ammonium nitrate calibrations, with values ranging from 0.03 to 0.26, showing that it can be significant for some instruments. The fragmentation table correction previously proposed to account for this artifact was applied to the measurements acquired during this study. For some instruments (those with high artifacts), this fragmentation table adjustment led to an “overcorrection” of the f44 (m/z 44/Org) signal. This correction based on measurements made with pure NH4NO3, assumes that the magnitude of the artifact is independent of chemical composition. Using data acquired at different NH4NO3 mixing ratios (from solutions of NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4) we observe that the magnitude of the artifact varies as a function of composition. Here we applied an updated correction, dependent on the ambient NO3 mass fraction, which resulted in an improved agreement in organic signal among instruments. This work illustrates the benefits of integrating new calibration procedures and artifact corrections, but also highlights the benefits of these intercomparison exercises to continue to improve our knowledge of how these instruments operate, and assist us in interpreting atmospheric chemistry. © 2019, © 2019 Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC., Funding text #1 aLaboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Aubiere, France; bInstitut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; cLaboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; dAerodyne Research, Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA; eEnvironment Energy and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus; fEstonian Environmental Research Center (EERC), Tallinn, Estonia; gFinnish meteorological institute (FMI), Helsinki, Finland; hIERSD, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece; iDepartment of the Environment, Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology Research (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; jDeutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg, Hohenpeißenberg, Germany; kInstitute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; lLeibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany; mEnvironmental Research Group, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; nInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; oLaboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland; pNational Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics (INOE), Ilfov, Romania; qProambiente S.c.r.l CNR Research Area, Bologna, Italy Funding text #2 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 654109. The US Department of Energy Small Business Innovative Research program (award number DE-SC0017041) provided support for development of ACSM calibration procedures. CNRS, CEA, and INERIS are acknowledged for financial support of the ACMCC. The intercomparison campaign and the following data treatment have been conducted in collaboration with the French reference laboratory for air quality monitoring (LCSQA), funded by the French Ministry of Environment. COST action CA16109 Chemical On-Line cOmpoSition and Source Apportionment of fine aerosoLs COLOSSAL grant is gratefully acknowledged for the support of data workshops. M.C. Minguillón acknowledges the Ramón y Cajal fellowship awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness. The CIEMAT participation has been partially funded by MINECO/AEI/FEDER, UE (CGL2017-85344-R and CGL2017-90884-REDT) and TIGAS-CM (Y2018/EMT- 5177) Project. PSI is grateful for financial support by the Federal Office for the Environment in Switzerland.

Published
2019

11. Speciation of organic fractions does matter for aerosol source apportionment. Part 3: Combining off-line and on-line measurements

Author

Yunjiang Zhang, Nicolas Bonnaire, Olivier Favez, Uwayemi Sofowote, Eric Villenave, Philip K. Hopke, Valérie Gros, Alexandre Albinet, Emilie Perraudin, Deepchandra Srivastava, Jean-Eudes Petit, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA, European Project: 654109,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,ACTRIS-2(2015), UMR 5805 Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
Pollution, Aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM), Environmental Engineering, Source apportionment, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, GEOF, Environmental Chemistry, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Biomass burning, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Time synchronization, media_common, Particulate matter (PM), Secondary organic aerosol (SOA), Chemical speciation, Molecular markers, Time resolution, Aerosol, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Mass spectrum, Environmental science, Off line
Abstract

International audience; he present study proposes an advanced methodology to refine the source apportionment of organic aerosol (OA). This methodology is based on the combination of offline and online datasets in a single Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis using the multilinear engine (ME-2) algorithm and a customized time synchronization procedure. It has been applied to data from measurements conducted in the Paris region (France) during a PM pollution event in March 2015. Measurements included OA ACSM (Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor) mass spectra and specific primary and secondary organic molecular markers from PM10 filters on their original time resolution (30 min for ACSM and 4 h for PM10 filters). Comparison with the conventional PMF analysis of the ACSM OA dataset (PMF-ACSM) showed very good agreement for the discrimination between primary and secondary OA fractions with about 75% of the OA mass of secondary origin. Furthermore, the use of the combined datasets allowed the deconvolution of 3 primary OA (POA) factors and 7 secondary OA (SOA) factors. A clear identification of the source/origin of 54% of the total SOA mass could be achieved thanks to specific molecular markers. Specifically, 28% of that fraction was linked to combustion sources (biomass burning and traffic emissions). A clear identification of primary traffic OA was also obtained using the PMF-combined analysis while PMF-ACSM only gave a proxy for this OA source in the form of total hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) mass concentrations. In addition, the primary biomass burning-related OA source was explained by two OA factors, BBOA and OPOA-like BBOA. This new approach has showed undeniable advantages over the conventional approaches by providing valuable insights into the processes involved in SOA formation and their sources. However, the origins of highly oxidized SOA could not be fully identified due to the lack of specific molecular markers for such aged SOA.

Published
2019

12. Speciation of organic fractions does matter for aerosol source apportionment. Part 2 : Intensive short-term campaign in the Paris area (France)

Author

Emilie Perraudin, Nicolas Bonnaire, Martial Haeffelin, Alexandre Albinet, Eric Villenave, Valérie Gros, Franco Lucarelli, Deepchandra Srivastava, Olivier Favez, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Laboratoire de Physico -& Toxico Chimie des systèmes naturels (LPTC), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)

Subjects
Pollution, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, MOLECULAR MARKERS, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, behavioral disciplines and activities, Apportionment, 11. Sustainability, Environmental Chemistry, SOA, Biomass burning, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Total organic carbon, Primary (chemistry), PMF, AEROSOL, Aerosol, Speciation, SOURCE APPORTIONMENT, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science
Abstract

International audience; The present study aimed at performing PM10 source apportionment, using positive matrix factorization (PMF), based on filter samples collected every 4 h at a sub-urban station in the Paris region (France) during a PM pollution event in March 2015 (PM10 > 50 μg m−3 for several consecutive days). The PMF model allowed to deconvolve 11 source factors. The use of specific primary and secondary organic molecular markers favoured the determination of common sources such as biomass burning and primary traffic emissions, as well as 2 specific biogenic SOA (marine + isoprene) and 3 anthropogenic SOA (nitro-PAHs + oxy-PAHs + phenolic compounds oxidation) factors. This study is probably the first one to report the use of methylnitrocatechol isomers as well as 1-nitropyrene to apportion secondary OA linked to biomass burning emissions and primary traffic emissions, respectively. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) fractions were found to account for 47% of the total OC. The use of organic molecular markers allowed the identification of 41% of the total SOC composed of anthropogenic SOA (namely, oxy-PAHs, nitro-PAHs and phenolic compounds oxidation, representing 15%, 9%, 11% of the total OC, respectively) and biogenic SOA (marine + isoprene) (6% in total). Results obtained also showed that 35% of the total SOC originated from anthropogenic sources and especially PAH SOA (oxy-PAHs + nitro-PAHs), accounting for 24% of the total SOC, highlighting its significant contribution in urban influenced environments. Anthropogenic SOA related to nitro-PAHs and phenolic compounds exhibited a clear diurnal pattern with high concentrations during the night indicating the prominent role of night-time chemistry but with different chemical processes involved.

Published
2018

13. Multi-tracer approach to characterize domestic wood burning in Athens (Greece) during wintertime

Author

Pavlos Zarmpas, K. Bairachtari, Th. Maggos, Iasonas Stavroulas, Basil E. Psiloglou, Roland Sarda-Esteve, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Evangelos Gerasopoulos, L. Fourtziou, C. Theodosi, Jean Sciare, Eleni Liakakou, Nicolas Bonnaire, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Chemistry, Levoglucosan, Athens greece, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Deposition (aerosol physics), 13. Climate action, TRACER, 11. Sustainability, Wood burning, Precipitation, Biomass burning, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

During the last years the atmosphere of the Great Athens Area (GAA) and other Greek cities is burdened from extended residential biomass burning for heating purposes. In this work, a series of near real-time and off-line biomass burning tracers are analyzed during intense wood burning events in Athens. The measurements were conducted at an urban background site located in the center of Athens, and in the heart of wood burning activities (winter 2013–2014). The measured tracers include high resolution measurements of non-sea salt potassium (nss-K+), wood burning black carbon (BCwb), the m/z 60 fragment associated with levoglucosan and monosaccharide anhydrides (levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan) determined on selected filter samples. The suitability of these tracers was evaluated when the prevailing meteorological conditions with low dispersion and deposition mechanisms (low wind speed, absence of precipitation) were associated with high biomass burning emissions at nighttime. During the severe smog periods, the levels of K+, BCwb, m/z 60 and levoglucosan were up to 2.2 μg m−3, 12.5 μg m−3, 3.4 μg m−3 and 8.6 μg m−3, respectively, higher by a factor of at least two, relatively to the non smog periods due to biomass burning. Correlations between biomass burning tracers as well as between monosaccharide anhydrides provided information about the type of material and wood being burned.

Published
2017

14. A top-down approach of surface carbonyl sulfide exchange by a Mediterranean oak forest ecosystem in Southern France

Author

Benjamin Lebegue, Bernard Genty, V. Kazan, Valérie Gros, Michel Ramonet, Catherine Fernandez, Marc Delmotte, Ilja M. Reiter, J. Lathière, Cerise Kalogridis, Thierry Gauquelin, Nicolas Bonnaire, Benjamin Loubet, Sauveur Belviso, David Montagne, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes continentaux et risques environnementaux (ECCOREV), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (ex-IBEB) (BIAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (LEMP), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Protéines de Protection des Végétaux (PPV), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Eddy covariance, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Sunrise, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Carbonyl sulfide, Primary production, 15. Life on land, lcsh:QC1-999, Deposition (aerosol physics), lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Carbon dioxide, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Ecosystem respiration, lcsh:Physics, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

The role that soil, foliage, and atmospheric dynamics have on surface carbonyl sulfide (OCS) exchange in a Mediterranean forest ecosystem in southern France (the Oak Observatory at the Observatoire de Haute Provence, O3HP) was investigated in June of 2012 and 2013 with essentially a top-down approach. Atmospheric data suggest that the site is appropriate for estimating gross primary production (GPP) directly from eddy covariance measurements of OCS fluxes, but it is less adequate for scaling net ecosystem exchange (NEE) to GPP from observations of vertical gradients of OCS relative to CO2 during the daytime. Firstly, OCS and carbon dioxide (CO2) diurnal variations and vertical gradients show no net exchange of OCS at night when the carbon fluxes are dominated by ecosystem respiration. This contrasts with other oak woodland ecosystems of a Mediterranean climate, where nocturnal uptake of OCS by soil and/or vegetation has been observed. Since temperature, water, and organic carbon content of soil at the O3HP should favor the uptake of OCS, the lack of nocturnal net uptake would indicate that its gross consumption in soil is compensated for by emission processes that remain to be characterized. Secondly, the uptake of OCS during the photosynthetic period was characterized in two different ways. We measured ozone (O3) deposition velocities and estimated the partitioning of O3 deposition between stomatal and non-stomatal pathways before the start of a joint survey of OCS and O3 surface concentrations. We observed an increasing trend in the relative importance of the stomatal pathway during the morning hours and synchronous steep drops of mixing ratios of OCS (amplitude in the range of 60–100 ppt) and O3 (amplitude in the range of 15–30 ppb) after sunrise and before the break up of the nocturnal boundary layer. The uptake of OCS by plants was also characterized from vertical profiles. However, the time window for calculation of the ecosystem relative uptake (ERU) of OCS, which is a useful tool for partitioning measured NEE, was limited in June 2012 to a few hours after midday. This was due to the disruption of the vertical distribution of OCS by entrainment of OCS rich tropospheric air in the morning and because the vertical gradient of CO2 reverses when it is still light. Moreover, polluted air masses (up to 700 ppt of OCS) produced dramatic variation in atmospheric OCS ∕ CO2 ratios during the daytime in June 2013, further reducing the time window for ERU calculation.

Published
2016

15. Two years of near real-time chemical composition of submicron aerosols in the region of Paris using an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSm) and a multi-wavelength Aethalometer

Author

Roland Sarda-Esteve, Martial Haeffelin, Olivier Favez, Eva Leoz-Garziandia, Jean Sciare, Nicolas Bonnaire, Vincent Crenn, Jean-Charles Dupont, Jean-Eudes Petit, Griša Močnik, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Aerosol D.O.O, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)

Subjects
Pollution, Atmospheric Science, Ammonium sulfate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Real-time computing, 010501 environmental sciences, Aethalometer, Combustion, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Nitrate, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Sulfate, Chemical composition, lcsh:Physics, media_common, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements have been successfully used towards a better understanding of non-refractory submicron (PM1) aerosol chemical properties based on short-term campaigns. The recently developed Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) has been designed to deliver quite similar artifact-free chemical information but for low cost, and to perform robust monitoring over long-term periods. When deployed in parallel with real-time black carbon (BC) measurements, the combined data set allows for a quasi-comprehensive description of the whole PM1 fraction in near real time. Here we present 2-year long ACSM and BC data sets, between mid-2011 and mid-2013, obtained at the French atmospheric SIRTA supersite that is representative of background PM levels of the region of Paris. This large data set shows intense and time-limited (a few hours) pollution events observed during wintertime in the region of Paris, pointing to local carbonaceous emissions (mainly combustion sources). A non-parametric wind regression analysis was performed on this 2-year data set for the major PM1 constituents (organic matter, nitrate, sulfate and source apportioned BC) and ammonia in order to better refine their geographical origins and assess local/regional/advected contributions whose information is mandatory for efficient mitigation strategies. While ammonium sulfate typically shows a clear advected pattern, ammonium nitrate partially displays a similar feature, but, less expectedly, it also exhibits a significant contribution of regional and local emissions. The contribution of regional background organic aerosols (OA) is significant in spring and summer, while a more pronounced local origin is evidenced during wintertime, whose pattern is also observed for BC originating from domestic wood burning. Using time-resolved ACSM and BC information, seasonally differentiated weekly diurnal profiles of these constituents were investigated and helped to identify the main parameters controlling their temporal variations (sources, meteorological parameters). Finally, a careful investigation of all the major pollution episodes observed over the region of Paris between 2011 and 2013 was performed and classified in terms of chemical composition and the BC-to-sulfate ratio used here as a proxy of the local/regional/advected contribution of PM. In conclusion, these first 2-year quality-controlled measurements of ACSM clearly demonstrate their great potential to monitor on a long-term basis aerosol sources and their geographical origin and provide strategic information in near real time during pollution episodes. They also support the capacity of the ACSM to be proposed as a robust and credible alternative to filter-based sampling techniques for long-term monitoring strategies.

Published
2014

16. Atmospheric measurements of ratios between CO2 and co-emitted species from traffic: a tunnel study in the Paris megacity

Author

Jean-Eudes Petit, Irène Xueref-Remy, Olivier Perrussel, L. Ammoura, Jean Sciare, Bernard Bonsang, Nicolas Bonnaire, Alexia Baudic, Frédéric Chevallier, and Valérie Gros

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, chemistry.chemical_compound, Atmospheric measurements, Megacity, Acetylene, chemistry, Meteorology, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Mole fraction, Atmospheric sciences, Benzene, NOx
Abstract

Measurements of CO2, CO, NOx and selected Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) mole fractions were performed continuously during a 10-day period in the Guy Môquet tunnel in Thiais, a peri-urban area about 15 km south of the centre of Paris, between 28 September and 8 October 2012. This data set is used here to identify the characteristics of traffic-emitted CO2 by evaluating its ratios to co-emitted species for the first time in the Paris region. High coefficients of determination (r2 > 0.7) are observed between CO2 and certain compounds that are characteristic of the traffic source (CO, NOx, benzene, xylenes and acetylene). Weak correlations (r2 < 0.2) are found with species such as propane, n-butane and i-butane that are associated with fuel evaporation, an insignificant source for CO2. To better characterise the traffic signal we focus only on species that are well-correlated with CO2 and on rush-hour periods characterised by the highest traffic-related mole fractions. From those mole fractions we remove the nighttime-average weekday mole fraction obtained for each species that we infer to be the most appropriate background signal for our study. Then we calculate observed Δspecies / ΔCO2 ratios, which we compare with the ones provided by the 2010 bottom–up high-resolved regional emission inventory from Airparif (the association in charge of monitoring the air quality in Île-de-France), focusing on local emission data for the specific road of the tunnel. We find an excellent agreement (2%) between the local inventory emission CO / CO2 ratio and our observed ΔCO / ΔCO2 ratio. Former tunnel experiments carried out elsewhere in the world provided observed ΔCO / ΔCO2 ratios that differ from 49 to 592% to ours. This variability can be related to technological improvement of vehicles, differences in driving conditions, and fleet composition. We also find a satisfactory agreement with the Airparif inventory for n-propylbenzene, n-pentane and xylenes to CO2 ratios. For most of the other species, the ratios obtained from the local emission inventory overestimate the observed ratios to CO2 by 34 to more than 300%. However, the emission ratios of NOx, o-xylene and i-pentane are underestimated by 30 to 79%. One main cause of such high differences between the inventory and our observations is likely the obsolete feature of the VOCs speciation matrix of the inventory that has not been updated since 1998, although law regulations on some VOCs have occurred since that time. Our study bears important consequences, discussed in the conclusion, for the characterisation of the urban CO2 plume and for atmospheric inverse modelling of urban CO2 emissions.

Published
2014

17. Sources and geographical origins of fine aerosols in Paris (France)

Author

Jean Sciare, Sophie Moukhtar, E. Poulakis, Véronique Ghersi, José Nicolas, Nicolas Bonnaire, Jean-Eudes Petit, Nikos Mihalopoulos, M. Bressi, Amandine Rosso, C. Theodosi, Anais Feron, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), AIRPARIF - Surveillance de la qualité de l'air en Île-de-France, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Pollution, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, media_common.quotation_subject, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, Urban background, 11. Sustainability, Potential source, Biomass burning, Road traffic, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Contribution function, Local scale, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Physical geography, lcsh:Physics, Channel (geography)
Abstract

The present study aims at identifying and apportioning fine aerosols to their major sources in Paris (France) – the second most populated "larger urban zone" in Europe – and determining their geographical origins. It is based on the daily chemical composition of PM2.5 examined over 1 year at an urban background site of Paris (Bressi et al., 2013). Positive matrix factorization (EPA PMF3.0) was used to identify and apportion fine aerosols to their sources; bootstrapping was performed to determine the adequate number of PMF factors, and statistics (root mean square error, coefficient of determination, etc.) were examined to better model PM2.5 mass and chemical components. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) and conditional probability function (CPF) allowed the geographical origins of the sources to be assessed; special attention was paid to implement suitable weighting functions. Seven factors, namely ammonium sulfate (A.S.)-rich factor, ammonium nitrate (A.N.)-rich factor, heavy oil combustion, road traffic, biomass burning, marine aerosols and metal industry, were identified; a detailed discussion of their chemical characteristics is reported. They contribute 27, 24, 17, 14, 12, 6 and 1% of PM2.5 mass (14.7 μg m−3) respectively on the annual average; their seasonal variability is discussed. The A.S.- and A.N.-rich factors have undergone mid- or long-range transport from continental Europe; heavy oil combustion mainly stems from northern France and the English Channel, whereas road traffic and biomass burning are primarily locally emitted. Therefore, on average more than half of PM2.5 mass measured in the city of Paris is due to mid- or long-range transport of secondary aerosols stemming from continental Europe, whereas local sources only contribute a quarter of the annual averaged mass. These results imply that fine-aerosol abatement policies conducted at the local scale may not be sufficient to notably reduce PM2.5 levels at urban background sites in Paris, suggesting instead more coordinated strategies amongst neighbouring countries. Similar conclusions might be drawn in other continental urban background sites given the transboundary nature of PM2.5 pollution.

Published
2014

18. A one-year comprehensive chemical characterisation of fine aerosol (PM2.5) at urban, suburban and rural background sites in the region of Paris (France)

Author

Jean-Eudes Petit, Amandine Rosso, Nikos Mihalopoulos, José Nicolas, Sophie Moukhtar, M. Bressi, Jean Sciare, Nicolas Bonnaire, Anais Feron, Véronique Ghersi, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), AIRPARIF - Surveillance de la qualité de l'air en Île-de-France, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), The publication of this article is financed by CNRS-INSU., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Pollution, Atmospheric Science, food.ingredient, Meteorology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Mineral dust, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, food, Nitrate, 11. Sustainability, Organic matter, Chemical composition, media_common, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, chemistry.chemical_classification, Total organic carbon, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Sea salt, Aerosol, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Physical geography
Abstract

Studies describing the chemical composition of fine aerosol (PM2.5) in urban areas are often conducted during few weeks only, and at one sole site, giving thus a narrow view of their temporal and spatial characteristics. This paper presents a one-year (11 September 2009–10 September 2010) survey of the daily chemical composition of PM2.5 in the region of Paris, which is the second most populated "Larger Urban Zone" in Europe. Five sampling sites representative of suburban (SUB), urban (URB), northeast (NER), northwest (NWR) and south (SOR) rural backgrounds were implemented. The major chemical components of PM2.5 were determined including elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and the major ions. OC was converted to organic matter (OM) using the chemical mass closure methodology, which leads to conversion factors of 1.95 for the SUB and URB sites, and 2.05 for the three rural ones. On average, gravimetrically determined PM2.5 annual mass concentrations are 15.2, 14.8, 12.6, 11.7 and 10.8 μg m−3 for SUB, URB, NER, NWR and SOR sites, respectively. The chemical composition of fine aerosol is very homogeneous at the five sites and is composed of OM (38–47%), nitrate (17–22%), non-sea-salt sulfate (13–16%), ammonium (10–12%), EC (4–10%), mineral dust (2–5%) and sea salt (3–4%). This chemical composition is in agreement with those reported in the literature for most European environments. On the annual scale, Paris (URB and SUB sites) exhibits its highest PM2.5 concentrations during late autumn, winter and early spring (higher than 15 μg m−3 on average, from December to April), intermediates during late spring and early autumn (between 10 and 15 μg m−3 during May, June, September, October, and November) and the lowest during summer (below 10 μg m−3 during July and August). PM levels are mostly homogeneous at the regional scale, on the whole duration of the project (e.g. for URB plotted against NER sites: slope = 1.06, r2 = 0.84, n = 330), suggesting the importance of mid- or long-range transport, and regional instead of local scale phenomena. During this one-year project, two third of the days exceeding the PM2.5 2015 EU annual limit value of 25 μg m−3 were due to continental import from countries located northeast, east of France. This result questions the efficiency of local, regional and even national abatement strategies during pollution episodes, pointing the need for a wider collaborative work with the neighbourhood countries on these topics. Nevertheless, emissions of local anthropogenic sources lead to higher levels at the URB and SUB sites compared to the others (e.g. 26% higher on average at the URB than at the NWR site for PM2.5, during the whole campaign), which can even be emphasised by specific meteorological conditions such as low boundary layer heights. OM and secondary inorganic species (nitrate, non-sea-salt sulfate and ammonium, noted SIA) are mainly imported by mid- or long-range transport (e.g. for NWR plotted against URB sites: slope = 0.79, r2 = 0.72, n = 335 for OM, and slope = 0.91, r2 = 0.89, n = 335 for SIA) whereas EC is primarily locally emitted (e.g. for SOR plotted against URB sites: slope = 0.27; r2 = 0.03; n = 335). This database will serve deepest investigations of carbonaceous aerosols, metals as well as the main sources and geographical origins of PM in the region of Paris.

Published
2013

19. Étude des composés organiques volatils biogéniques émis par une forêt méditerranéenne

Author

Christophe Boissard, Athina-Cerise Kalogridis, Dominique Baisnée, Elena Ormeño, Nicolas Bonnaire, Anne-Cyrielle Genard, J. Lathière, Roland Sarda-Esteve, Valérie Gros, Catherine Fernandez, Bernard Bonsang, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), and Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 13. Climate action, 15. Life on land, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key components in atmospheric chemistry. On a global scale, biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) constitute approximately 90 % of global VOC emissions. They participate in photochemical reactions and thus play a major role in the formation of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. However, the impact of BVOCs on air quality is still characterized by large uncertainties, partly because emissions are not well quantified. As part of the Canopee project, a field campaign took place at the Oak Observatory of the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (O3HP), with the aim of quantifying BVOC emissions from a forest representative of the Mediterranean region.Measurements of concentrations and emission fluxes were carried out from the branch to the canopy level. Branch-level measurements enabled a better understanding of the environmental and physiological parameters of the plant that govern emissions. Fluxmeasurements above the top of the canopy enabled us to quantify the outgoing flow of BVOCs from the forest entering the troposphere. The results showed that white oak is a strong emitter of isoprene but a weak emitter ofmethanol andmonoterpenes. Isoprene emission fluxes were estimated at 7.2 mg m-2 h-1 (under standard conditions of temperature and solar radiation), thusmaking theO3HP forest one of the strongest isoprene emitting ecosystems worldwide; Les composés organiques volatils (COV) sont des composants clés en chimie atmosphérique. À l'échelle globale, on estime que 10 % ont une origine anthropique et 90 % une origine biogénique. L'impact des COV biogéniques (COVB), notamment sur la formation d'ozone (polluant et gaz à effet de serre) et d'aérosols organiques secondaires (à impact sanitaire et radiatif) en font un objet d'étude d'actualité. Toutefois, l'importance de l'impact des COVB sur la qualité de l'air est encore marquée par de larges incertitudes, en partie parce que les émissions demeurent mal quantifiées. Dans le cadre du projet Canopee, une campagne de mesure a eu lieu à l'O3HP, Observatoire du chêne pubescent à l'OHP (Observatoire de Haute-Provence), avec pour objectif de quantifier les émissions de COVB issues d'une forêt représentative de la région méditerranéenne. Des mesures de concentrations et de flux d'émission ont été réalisées à plusieurs échelles : de la branche à la canopée. L'étude des émissions à l'échelle du de la plante a permis une meilleure compréhension des paramètres environnementaux et physiologiques qui régissent les émissions. Les flux de COVB sortant de la canopée et exportés vers la troposphère ont pu être quantifiés. Les résultats montrent que le chêne blanc est un fort émetteur d'isoprène, mais un faible émetteur de méthanol et de monoterpènes. À l'échelle de la forêt, les flux d'émissions d'isoprène ont été estimés à 7,2 mg m-2 h-1 en conditions standard, ce qui fait de l'O3HP un des écosystèmes les plus fortement émetteurs d'isoprène à travers le monde.

Published
2016

20. Large contribution of water-insoluble secondary organic aerosols in the region of Paris (France) during wintertime

Author

Olivier Favez, Cécile Gaimoz, Cristina Dolgorouky, Roland Sarda-Esteve, Valérie Gros, Odile d'Argouges, Bernard Bonsang, Nicolas Bonnaire, and Jean Sciare

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Water insoluble, Oceanography, Aethalometer, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Total organic carbon, Ecology, business.industry, Secondary organic aerosols, Levoglucosan, Fossil fuel, Paleontology, Forestry, Aerosol, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Methanol, business
Abstract

Near real-time measurements of carbonaceous aerosols were performed in fine aerosols for a 10-day period during winter at a suburban site of Paris (France). These measurements were performed using an OCEC Sunset Field instrument for elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC); a Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler coupled with a Total Organic Carbon (PILS-TOC) instrument for water-soluble OC (WSOC); and a 7-lambda aethalometer for absorption. A successful comparison was performed with filter sampling performed in parallel for EC, OC, and WSOC, providing further confidence on the results obtained by the online analyzers. A modified version of the aethalometer model was used to derive hourly concentrations of 3 organic aerosol (OA) sources: fossil fuel, wood burning, and secondary. This source apportionment was validated for primary OA (fossil fuel, wood burning) using time-resolved measurements of specific tracers (including levoglucosan, water-soluble potassium and methanol for wood burning) and showed that secondary organic aerosols (SOA) were the most abundant OA species during our study. Water-soluble properties of these different OA sources were investigated from the reconstruction of experimentally determined water-soluble/insoluble OC. About 23% of WSOC was found to be of a secondary (photochemical) origin. A large fraction of SOA was assigned as water-insoluble and could originate from semi-volatile primary OA from wood burning and/or anthropogenic emissions. These results have been obtained at a typical suburban site in France and may be then representative of a larger European area. They bring new light on the commonly accepted idea that SOA is mainly water-soluble.

Published
2011

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