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1. Experimentation preceding innovation in a MIS5 Pre-Still Bay layer from Diepkloof Rock Shelter (South Africa): emerging technologies and symbols

Author

John Parkington, Patrick Schmidt, Pierre-Jean Texier, Marina Igreja, Guillaume Porraz, Laure Dayet, Jean-Philippe Brugal, Chantal Tribolo, Christopher E. Miller, Aurore Val, Christine Verna, Gérald Bereiziat, Viola Schmid, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire méditerranéen de préhistoire Europe-Afrique (LAMPEA), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), University of Cape Town, University of Tübingen, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Travaux et recherches archéologiques sur les cultures, les espaces et les sociétés (TRACES), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ministry of Culture, Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Context (archaeology), [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, 060102 archaeology, Howiesons Poort, Lithic reduction, Silcrete, 06 humanities and the arts, Archaeology, 01 natural sciences, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Geography, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences, Bladelets, 0601 history and archaeology, Middle Stone Age, Bay, Rock shelter, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; In southern Africa, key technologies and symbolic behaviors develop as early as the later Middle Stone Age in MIS5. These innovations arise independently in various places, contexts and forms, until their full expression during the Still Bay and the Howiesons Poort. The Middle Stone Age sequence from Diepkloof Rock Shelter, on the West Coast of the region, preserves archaeological proxies that help unravelling the cultural processes at work. This unit yields one of the oldest abstract engraving so far discovered in Africa, in the form of a rhomboid marking on the cortical surface of an ungulate long bone shaft. The comprehensive analysis of the lithic artefacts and ochre pieces found in association with the engraved bone documents the transport of rocks over long distance (>20km), the heat treatment of silcrete, the coexistence of seven lithic reduction strategies (including the production of bladelets and the manufacture of unifacial and bifacial points), the use of adhesives and the processing of ochre. At Diepkloof, the appearance of engraving practices take place in a context that demonstrates a shift in rock procurement and a diversification in lithic reduction strategies, suggesting that these behavioral practices acted as a cultural answer to cope with new environmental and/or socioeconomic circumstances. We argue that the innovations later found during the Still Bay and the Howiesons Poort were already in the making during the MIS5 pre-Still Bay, though not all the benefits were yet taken advantage of by the populations.

Published
2020
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2. Ochre Resources, Behavioural Complexity and Regional Patterns in the Howiesons Poort

Author

Laure Dayet Bouillot, Floréal Daniel, Sarah Wurz, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Iziko Museum of Cape Town, South African Museum, IRAMAT-Centre de recherche en physique appliquée à l’archéologie (IRAMAT-CRP2A), Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)

Subjects
Cultural Studies, 010506 paleontology, Archeology, History, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, 060102 archaeology, Visual Arts and Performing Arts, Rayons x, Howiesons Poort, 06 humanities and the arts, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, Archaeology, Geography, 0601 history and archaeology, Middle Stone Age, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The widespread use of ochre during Oxygen Isotope Stage 5 and 4 in South Africa has often been interpreted as reflecting complex behaviours amongst modern human populations. The Howiesons Poort is one of the most documented techno-complexes identified within this timeframe. It is associated with an intensification of a combination of innovative technical and symbolic behaviours. Despite the notable focus on ochre use, detailed analyses of Howiesons Poort assemblages in this respect are rare. New data on ochre exploitation from the Howiesons Poort of Klasies River main site are presented in this paper. We used non-destructive microscopic, colorimetric and chemical analyses ( SEM - EDS , XRD ) in order to describe the raw materials and the transformation of a selected sample from the Singer and Wymer ochre collection. This sample is composed of red and yellow ferruginous rocks (shale, ferricrete, siltstone and sandstone), along with whitish lumps (calcium phosphates). These lumps may have an anthropogenic origin and may be considered as pigments. Some of the red ochre pieces were probably deliberately heated. Our results enhance the impression of complexity emerging from the technical processes mastered by Howiesons Poort populations. Comparison with other Howiesons Poort ochre assemblages allows a discussion of regional variability and ‘connections’ between the sites. The scale and organization of social interactions in the Howiesons Poort are questioned.L’usage recurrent d’ocre rouge au cours des stades isotopiques 4 et 5 en Afrique du Sud a souvent ete interprete comme un temoin de comportements complexes chez les populations d’Homme moderne. L’Howiesons Poort est l’un des technocomplexes associes a ce territoire et cette periode parmi les mieux documentes. Malgre l’interet croissant porte aux vestiges d’ocre rouge dans ce contexte, l’analyse detaillee d’assemblages Howiesons Poort reste marginale. Nous presentons ici de nouvelles donnees sur l’exploitation de l’ocre rouge dans les niveaux Howiesons Poort de Klasies River main site. Les modalites de selection et de transformation des matieres premieres ont ete determinees a partir de l’analyse technologique (marques de percussion, traces d’usure), colorimetrique, et physico-chimique ( MEB-EDS , Difffraction de rayons X), d’un echantillon de la collection Singer et Wymer. Ce corpus est compose de roches ferrugineuses rouges et jaunes, ainsi que de fragments ou « boulettes » blanchâtres de phosphate de calcium. Ces objets pourraient avoir une origine anthropique et avoir ete utilises comme pigments. Plusieurs des objets rouges presentent des indices de chauffe, qui pourrait etre intentionnelle. Nos resultats renforcent l’idee de complexite dans les procedes techniques maitrises par les populations Howiesons Poort. Une comparaison avec d’autres collections d’ocre Howiesons Poort permet de discuter de l’existence de variations regionales mais egalement de « connexions » entre sites. Cette comparaison ouvre de nouvelles questions sur l’echelle et la nature des interactions sociales entre groupes Howiesons Poort.This article is in English.

Published
2017
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3. Manganese and iron oxide use at Combe-Grenal (Dordogne, France): A proxy for cultural change in Neanderthal communities

Author

Nadia Cantin, Alain Turq, Émilie Claud, Brad Gravina, Alain Queffelec, Emmanuel Discamps, Laure Dayet, Francesco d'Errico, Jean-Philippe Faivre, François-Xavier Le Bourdonnec, Aurélien Royer, Elise Tartar, Christelle Lahaye, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Travaux et recherches archéologiques sur les cultures, les espaces et les sociétés (TRACES), Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IRAMAT-Centre de recherche en physique appliquée à l’archéologie (IRAMAT-CRP2A), Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap), Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité (ArScAn), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Musée National de Préhistoire, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), SFF Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour (SapienCE), University of Bergen (UiB), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), and Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Archeology, Provenance, Neanderthal, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, Iron oxide, chemistry.chemical_element, Manganese, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Lithic technology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, biology.animal, 0601 history and archaeology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 060102 archaeology, biology, Flake, Cultural group selection, 06 humanities and the arts, Manganese oxide, Archaeology, Geography, chemistry, sense organs, [SDU.STU.MI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Mineralogy
Abstract

International audience; Neanderthal material culture patterning in Western Europe has been primarily approached from retouched stone tools and associated flake production methods. While considerable effort has been devoted over the past decade to better characterize Middle Palaeolithic lithic techno-complexes (LTCs) in this region, the extent to which they reflect cultural groups still remains unclear. In this respect, integrating other forms of archaeological evidence could provide valuable insights on the cultural significance of late Middle Palaeolithic industrial variability. The site of Combe-Grenal (Dordogne, France) has yielded consistent evidence of mineral pigment use throughout the upper part of the sequence. Here we explore whether mineral pigments might be embedded with an indexical meaning and if changes in pigment exploitation potentially reflect cultural changes. We combined a microscopic use-wear approach with SEM-EDS, pXRF, and XRD analyses of 73 pigment fragments from layers 26 to 11 in order to reconstruct the different stages of their acquisition and use (provenance, selection, processing, function). Our results show manganese oxides to have been used in the lower layers of the Quina LTC, while red and/or yellow iron oxide pieces were employed during the Discoid and Discoid/Levallois LTCs. This decrease in manganese oxide use correlates with a change in lithic technology and may represent some form of cultural change.

Published
2019
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4. Invasive and Non-Invasive Analyses of Ochre and Iron-Based Pigment Raw Materials: A Methodological Perspective

Author

Laure Dayet

Subjects
010506 paleontology, lcsh:QE351-399.2, Future studies, Earth science, provenance, Raw material, 01 natural sciences, Quality research, characterization, 0601 history and archaeology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:Mineralogy, 060102 archaeology, heat treatment, ochre, Non invasive, Geology, 06 humanities and the arts, Element composition, non-invasive methods, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, post-depositional alterations, Characterization (materials science), Cultural dynamics, Iron based, iron-bearing pigments
Abstract

Naturally occurring and deeply coloured iron-bearing materials were exploited very early on by human populations. The characterization of these materials has proven useful for addressing several archaeological issues, such as the study of technical behaviors, group mobility, and the reconstruction of cultural dynamics. However, this work poses some critical methodological questions. In this paper, we will review ochre studies by focusing on the analytical methods employed, the limits of non-invasive methods, as well as examples of some quality research addressing specific issues (raw material selection and provenience, heat treatment). We will then present a methodological approach that aims to identify the instrumental limits and the post-depositional alterations that significantly impact the results of the non-invasive analysis of cohesive ochre fragments from Diepkloof rock Shelter, South Africa. We used ochre materials recuperated in both archaeological and geological contexts, and we compared non-invasive surface analyses by XRD, scanning electron microscopy coupled with dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDXS), and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) with invasive analysis of powder pellets and sections from the same samples. We conclude that non-invasive SEM-EDXS and PIXE analyses provide non-representative results when the number of measurements is too low and that post-depositional alterations cause significant changes in the mineralogical and major element composition at the surface of archaeological pieces. Such biases, now identified, must be taken into account in future studies in order to propose a rigorous framework for developing archaeological inferences.

Published
2021
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5. Characterising pigments on 30 000-year-old portable art from Apollo 11 Cave, Karas Region, southern Namibia

Author

Magnus M. Haaland, Stanley Moyo, Enrique Lozano Diz, Christopher S. Henshilwood, Fousy Kambombo, Laure Dayet, Riaan F. Rifkin, Ralf Vogelsang, and Linda C. Prinsloo

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Archeology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 060102 archaeology, Pleistocene, biology, Apollo, 06 humanities and the arts, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Archaeology, law.invention, Cave, law, Portable art, 0601 history and archaeology, Radiocarbon dating, Middle Stone Age, Prehistoric art, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Accelerator mass spectrometry
Abstract

As an unambiguous indication of complex cognitive capacity, representational art presents explicit evidence for modern and symbolic human behaviour. The only examples of African figurative art dating to the Late Pleistocene comprise seven stone plaques recovered from Apollo 11 Cave in the Huns Mountains, southern Namibia. The plaques derive from a single anthropogenic layer dated by radiocarbon ( 14 C) accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and optically simulated luminescence (OSL) methods to c. 30 000 years ago. We present the results of digital (CIE) L*a*b* colourimetric and portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), Raman spectroscopic and Fourier transform infrared reflectance (FT-IR) analyses of the pigments present on the plaques. These results provide the earliest direct evidence, in Africa, for the preparation of pigment-based paint-like mixtures and their application to create prehistoric art. Our research shows that in the creation of the depictions on the plaques, the artists used black pigments derived from manganese and charcoal, red pigments likely derived from ocherous shale and white pigments possibly derived from ostrich eggshell. Additionally, these plaques provide unique evidence for the combined use of mineral- and carbon-based pigment ‘crayons’ during the African Middle Stone Age.

Published
2016
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6. Ochre Provenance and Procurement Strategies During The Middle Stone Age at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa

Author

F.-X. Le Bourdonnec, Floréal Daniel, Pierre-Jean Texier, Laure Dayet, and Guillaume Porraz

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Archeology, History, Provenance, 060102 archaeology, Subsistence agriculture, 06 humanities and the arts, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, Archaeology, Geography, Procurement, 0601 history and archaeology, Middle Stone Age, Rock shelter, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Usually referred to in archaeological contexts simply as ‘ochre’, ferruginous rocks were commonly used during the Middle Stone Age (MSA) in South Africa. While ochre use by early modern humans has often been interpreted as reflecting complex behaviours, related procurement strategies and selection criteria remain poorly documented. Eight ochre sources from the surroundings of Diepkloof rock shelter in South Africa and 28 ochre pieces from the site's MSA levels were studied by XRD, ICP–OES and ICP–MS. Mineralogical and geochemical data demonstrate that ochre was both locally procured and transported to the site from more distant sources. Here, we investigate the reasons underlying the choice of particular local and non-local ochre sources exploited at Diepkloof, emphasizing differences in their physico-chemical properties. Regardless of the motivations behind ochre selection, our data shed new light on the behavioural complexity of MSA societies and suggest that ochre procurement strategies may be independent of subsistence concerns.

Published
2015
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7. An abstract drawing from the 73,000-year-old levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa

Author

Christopher S. Henshilwood, Luca Pollarolo, Francesco d'Errico, Alain Queffelec, Karen L. van Niekerk, Laure Dayet, SFF Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour (SapienCE), University of Bergen (UiB), University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Travaux et recherches archéologiques sur les cultures, les espaces et les sociétés (TRACES), Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Genève (UNIGE)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, Prehistory, Homo Sapiens, Drawing, Silcrete, Modern Cognitions, 01 natural sciences, Southeast asia, ddc:590, Cave, 0601 history and archaeology, Middle Stone Age, Palaeolithic, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Modern Human, 060102 archaeology, Flake, 06 humanities and the arts, Archaeology, Pigment, Homo sapiens, Africa, Innovative technology
Abstract

International audience; Abstract and depictive representations produced by drawing—known from Europe, Africa and Southeast Asia after 40,000 years ago—are a prime indicator of modern cognition and behaviour1. Here we report a cross-hatched pattern drawn with an ochre crayon on a ground silcrete flake recovered from approximately 73,000-year-old Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Our microscopic and chemical analyses of the pattern confirm that red ochre pigment was intentionally applied to the flake with an ochre crayon. The object comes from a level associated with stone tools of the Still Bay techno-complex that has previously yielded shell beads, cross-hatched engravings on ochre pieces and a variety of innovative technologies2,3,4,5. This notable discovery pre-dates the earliest previously known abstract and figurative drawings by at least 30,000 years. This drawing demonstrates the ability of early Homo sapiens in southern Africa to produce graphic designs on various media using different techniques.

Published
2018
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8. Beads, pigments and early Holocene ornamental traditions at Bushman Rock Shelter, South Africa

Author

Guillaume Porraz, Laure Dayet, Rudolph M. Erasmus, Aurore Val, Léa Feyfant, IRAMAT-Centre de recherche en physique appliquée à l’archéologie (IRAMAT-CRP2A), Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Atomic Molecular Physics and Quantum Optic [Douala] (CEPAMOQ), Université de Douala, Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, Travaux et recherches archéologiques sur les cultures, les espaces et les sociétés (TRACES), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité (ArScAn), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Centre for Atomic Molecular Physics and Quantum Optic (CEPAMOC), and Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Archeology, 060102 archaeology, Later Stone Age, biology, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, Ecology, Manufacturing process, Land snail, 06 humanities and the arts, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Archaeology, Nassarius kraussianus, Geography, Ornamental plant, Ostrich eggshell, 0601 history and archaeology, Holocene, Rock shelter, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Beads and pigments represent compelling evidence that humans decorated their bodies and used them to convey complex social messages. While the manufacturing process of ostrich eggshell and marine shell beads is firmly established, their common association with pigment residues still remains poorly understood. Here, we focus on various types of beads from the early Holocene of Bushman Rock Shelter (Limpopo, South Africa), namely ostrich eggshell, giant land snail ( Achatina sp.) shell and marine shell ( Nassarius kraussianus ) beads. We propose a new approach combining a technological and use-wear study of the beads with chemical analyses (SEM-EDS and Raman analyses) of the coloured residues they bear. Together with the discovery of marine beads, of particular interest since they originate more than 240 km away from the site, our detailed study of the beads and associated pigment residues demonstrates a complex system of ornamental representation. We identified a minimum of two types of red compound ‘recipes’, with evidence that one was employed as adhesive while the other one might be consistent with the production of a pigment. Non-local minerals were recognised in adhesive recipes, namely chromite and ilmenite in one case, and graphite in the other. We further discuss ornamental traditions, their social implications and their increasing importance at the onset of the Holocene in southern Africa.

Published
2017
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9. The MSA sequence of Diepkloof and the history of southern African Late Pleistocene populations

Author

Chantal Tribolo, Guillaume Porraz, Pierre-Jean Texier, Marina Igreja, Jean-Philippe Rigaud, Christine Verna, Cedric Poggenpoel, Laure Dayet, Armelle Charrié-Duhaut, Christopher E. Miller, Will Archer, Patrick Schmidt, John Parkington, Caroline R. Cartwright, Norbert Mercier, Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité (ArScAn), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), departement of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Archaeological Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Department of Archaeology, Institut de recherche sur les archéomatériaux (IRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Department of Human Evolution [Leipzig], Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Scientific Research Laboratory, British Museum, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IRAMAT-Centre de recherche en physique appliquée à l’archéologie (IRAMAT-CRP2A), Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire méditerranéen de préhistoire Europe-Afrique (LAMPEA), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), UNIARQ, Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dynamique de l'évolution humaine : individus, populations, espèces [Paris] (DEHIPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen = Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology [Leipzig], Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)

Subjects
Regionalization, 010506 paleontology, Archeology, Pleistocene, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, Population, Howiesons Poort, Context (language use), 01 natural sciences, Diffusion of innovations, Late Pleistocene, 0601 history and archaeology, Innovations, education, Middle Stone Age, Still Bay, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, education.field_of_study, 060102 archaeology, 06 humanities and the arts, Archaeology, Anatomically Modern Humans, Modern hunter-gatherers, Geography, Period (geology), Ethnology, Southern Africa, Rock shelter
Abstract

International audience; This paper presents the first multidisciplinary synthesis of the Middle Stone Age sequence of Diepkloof Rock Shelter (South Africa). We explore the main cultural changes that characterized southern African hunter-gatherer societies from OIS 5 to the beginning of OIS 3. We discuss the tempo of these changes, test the current interpretative hypotheses and explore an empirical model to explain the early appearance of symbolic marking within the Pleistocene hunter-gather societies of southern Africa. Major technological and cultural innovations appear in one form or another during OIS 5 in southern Africa, a period characterized by the coexistence of multiple, distinct technological traditions. We argue that the formation of regional identities in southern Africa would have favoured and increased cultural interactions between groups at a local scale, providing a favourable context for the development and diffusion of innovations. In the West Coast of South Africa, the main cultural innovations appear within the Howiesons Poort. It is within this context that we postulate a change in regional networks and population dynamics, leading to the success of the HP technology across southern Africa. The southern African data suggest that the history of modern humans has been characterized by multiple and independent evolutionary trajectories and that different paths and scenarios existed towards the adoption of 'modern' hunter-gatherer lifestyles.

Published
2013
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10. The technology of the earliest European cave paintings : El Castillo Cave, Spain

Author

Daniel Garrido Pimentel, Africa Pitarch Martí, Laure Dayet Bouillot, Marcos García-Diez, João Zilhão, Francesco d'Errico, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IRAMAT-Centre de recherche en physique appliquée à l’archéologie (IRAMAT-CRP2A), Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Universidad de Burgos, Universidad de Salamanca, University of Barcelona, and Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa

Subjects
Symbolism, 010506 paleontology, Archeology, Experimental Replication, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, Ochre, 01 natural sciences, Paleontology, Cave painting, Cave, préhistoire, 0601 history and archaeology, u-Raman spectroscopy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 060102 archaeology, Upper Palaeolithic, 06 humanities and the arts, Archaeology, Cave art, SEM-EDS microscopy, Pigment, u-XRD, EDXRF
Abstract

The red disks from El Castillo Cave are among the earliest known cave paintings. Here, we combine the morphometric and technological study of red disks from two areas located at the end of the cave with the microscopic, elemental, and mineralogical analysis of the pigment and compare the results obtained with observations derived from experimental replication. Ergonomic constraints imply that a number of disks were made by adults, and the differences in pigment texture and composition suggest that they correspond to an accumulation through time of panels made by different persons who shared neither the same technical know-how nor, very possibly, the same symbolic system.

Published
2016

11. Non-destructive analysis of archaeological ochre: a preliminary application to the Middle Stone Age site of Diepkloof Rock Shelter (South Africa)

Author

Pierre-Jean Texier, Pierre Guibert, Floréal Daniel, Laure Dayet, IRAMAT-Centre de recherche en physique appliquée à l’archéologie (IRAMAT-CRP2A), Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, 060101 anthropology, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, media_common.quotation_subject, 06 humanities and the arts, Art, 01 natural sciences, Archaeology, Non destructive, 0601 history and archaeology, Middle Stone Age, Ocre en Afrique du Sud, Rock shelter, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, archeologie
Abstract

A number of ochre pieces were found from the Middle Stone Age (MSA) in southern Africa, leading to recent debates about the use of this material. The relevant question behind such a debate lies in the role of ochre in early modern human societies. Technical, socio-economical and symbolic aspects might be associated with ochre processing and use. Ochre pieces showing signs of use-wear found on MSA sites are the main witnesses of such activities. That is why our work has focused on the study of ochre pieces, especially on the issue of the raw material selection. The relevance of non-destructive methods in order to determine the mineralogical nature of ochre is discussed here. Scanning electron microscopyenergy- dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were used. Based on careful considerations of the association of different features, such as the elementary composition or the fabric, we showed that under certain conditions surface analyses are very useful to assign samples into mineralogical categories.

Published
2010

12. Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals

Author

Carmen Pérez-Sirvent, Josefina Zapata, Marian Vanhaeren, Sonia Murcia-Mascarós, Ricardo Montes-Bernardez, João Zilhão, Thomas Higham, Floréal Daniel, Laure Dayet, Francesco d'Errico, Diego E. Angelucci, Clodoaldo Roldan-Garcia, Rachel Wood, Ernestina Badal-Garcia, Katerina Douka, María José Martínez-Sánchez, Valentín Villaverde, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol [Bristol], Università degli Studi di Trento, Laboratorio di Preistoria B. Bagolini, Universidad de Valencia, Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Department of Archaeology, University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), IRAMAT-Centre de recherche en physique appliquée à l’archéologie (IRAMAT-CRP2A), Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford [Oxford], Universidad de Murcia, Departamento de Química Agrícola, Geología y Edafología, Fundación de Estudios Murcianos Marqués de Corvera, 30566 Las Torres de Cotillas, INSTITUTO DE CIENCIA DE LOS MATERIALES, Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité (ArScAn), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Área de Antropología Física, Università degli Studi di Trento (UNITN), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Behavioral modernity, Neanderthal, Middle Paleolithic, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, Mineralogy, Social Sciences, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Acanthocardia, biology.animal, Animals, 0601 history and archaeology, shell ornaments, Coloring Agents, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Minerals, Multidisciplinary, Glycymeris, 060102 archaeology, biology, 06 humanities and the arts, Hematite, biology.organism_classification, Archaeology, Spondylus, symbolism, Mollusca, Spain, visual_art, Anthropology, visual_art.visual_art_medium, engineering, Pyrite, Iberia, behavioral modernity
Abstract

Two sites of the Neandertal-associated Middle Paleolithic of Iberia, dated to as early as approximately 50,000 years ago, yielded perforated and pigment-stained marine shells. At Cueva de los Aviones, three umbo-perforated valves of Acanthocardia and Glycymeris were found alongside lumps of yellow and red colorants, and residues preserved inside a Spondylus shell consist of a red lepidocrocite base mixed with ground, dark red-to-black fragments of hematite and pyrite. A perforated Pecten shell, painted on its external, white side with an orange mix of goethite and hematite, was abandoned after breakage at Cueva Antón, 60 km inland. Comparable early modern human-associated material from Africa and the Near East is widely accepted as evidence for body ornamentation, implying behavioral modernity. The Iberian finds show that European Neandertals were no different from coeval Africans in this regard, countering genetic/cognitive explanations for the emergence of symbolism and strengthening demographic/social ones.

Published
2010
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