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This article looks at so-called “deviant” functioning in terminology. The notion of deviancy seems to be situated in relation to a “neutral” functioning of the language, which does not take any particular communication situation into account. The article aims to show that this supposed deviancy has to be related to the communication situation itself, which, in the present case, implies specialised knowledge. Rather than just being deviancies, it is argued that these linguistic formulations are a tangible manifestation of the specificity of the communication situation. Three types of explanation are put forward for their use: linguistic (linguistic prolixity and linguistic economy), sociolinguistic, and cognitive. Each type is exemplified by various studies.

Propositional frame-based modeling is one of the most effective methods of cognitive linguistics. This method considers the interaction between the semantic and cognitive aspects of units of two typologically different languages, e.g. Russian and Chinese, in order to study the way language structures and reflects human knowledge and experience. Propositional structures are the same for all languages, but they are implemented differently in every language. The authors used the propositional frame-based analysis to identify universal and specific aspects in the semantics of proverbs based on frame father – son, which is an important fragment of the Russian and Chinese linguistic world view. The cognitive potential of paroemiological units is enormous: proverbs reflect historical, cultural, linguistic, and extralinguistic cognitive experience. Cognitivists define experience as one’s knowledge about stereotypical situations, stored in one’s mind as frames. A frame is a collection of vertex ("top") and terminal ("low") components. Vertex components are formed by concepts that are valid in relation to the stereotypical situation of the frame. As a result, they are clearly structured and constant. The "low level" is not constant, and its terminals are variable. The semantics of the proverbs in question were represented by frames. The meanings of their components formed a common and complex situation. Knowledge about this situation made it possible to perceive the meaning of each proverb in a holistic way. The proverbs could be interpreted as units that activate a certain cognitive context about the content and structure of the concepts father and son in Russian and Chinese.

Purpose of research. The aim of the research is to form modules of organizational and technical systems (OTS) using a cognitive approach to solve problems of adaptation of cyberphysical systems. Currently, there is a rapid development of elements of the Internet of things. New tasks related to self-organization and adaptation in a rapidly changing external environment are brought to the fore. These tasks occur when new elements appear in the telecommunications computer network, they fail, change the mode, new tasks occur, etc. To work out these tasks, the possibilities of approaches to support and decision-making such as situational, cognitive, and semiotic are considered. The authors consider the cognitive approach in more detail. Within the framework of the cognitive paradigm, the article describes the use of the cognitive approach for solving problems of adaptation of cyberphysical systems. To solve this problem on the basis of an agent-based approach, the structure of a cyberphysical system with the possibility of adaptation is presented and the functions of its agents are described. The main stages of solving problems of adaptation of cyberphysical systems are presented. An adaptation algorithm using the planning mechanism is presented. The demo example shows a knowledge base for solving the problem of adapting cyberphysical systems using a cognitive planning mechanism.Materials and methods of research. New approaches and methods are required to address adaptation issues in planning. The cognitive approach is one of the developing directions in solving many problems of the Internet of things. One of these tasks is the ability to adapt OTS modules in a rapidly changing external environment based on the planning mechanism. To solve the planning problem, we use the algorithm described by Aristotle more than 2,350 years ago and implemented in the GPS program. This algorithm can be considered the first description of the cognitive mechanism that a person uses. The knowledge base uses an integrated approach to knowledge representation. When developing OTS modules, an agent-based approach was used to solve the problem of adaptation.Results. The existing and developing approaches and methods for decision support and decision-making are considered for decisionmaking in newly emerging situations in OTS modules. The main provisions of such significant approaches as situational, cognitive and semiotic are presented. A cognitive approach to the adaptation of intelligent systems is proposed. The solution of the problem of adaptation of cyberphysical systems is considered within the framework of the cognitive paradigm. The structure of a cyberphysical system capable of solving adaptation problems is shown. The functions of OTS modules based on agent-oriented technology are described. A description of the adaptation algorithm using the cognitive planning mechanism is given. The main stages of solving problems of adaptation of cyberphysical systems are presented. A demo example of solving the problem of adaptation by a cyberphysical system-a cooking robot – is shown.Conclusion. Using the modular architecture of an intelligent system allows you to solve many problems. One of these tasks is to configure elements of the Internet of things when they deviate from their main function. The planning mechanisms proposed for parametric adaptation can be repeatedly applied in OTS modules as separate agents. This approach is relevant for elements of the Internet of things. In the case of expanding the functionality of the OTS modules of Internet of things, it is advisable to apply machine learning with fixing the results in the knowledge base of planning agents.

A new cognitive approach is proposed for understanding the texts of planimetric tasks and for visualizing the task conditions to complement the syntactic-semantical sentence parsing. Two main difficulties in understanding texts of plane geometry tasks are observed: the ellipticity and vagueness of texts. To overcome the difficulties in understanding the task conditions it is proposed constructing cognitive models of objects and relations between them. The proposed cognitive approach is incorporated in an integrated system for automatic solving planimetric tasks with the natural language interface. The interactive visualization has been developed in the system. It depicts the syntactic and semantic structures as a result of natural language text analysis and searching for task solution. This visualization allows the users to obtain explanations associated with any elements of the images and to correct the tasks’ texts in dialog with the system. The destiny of the system is to serve for training schoolchildren in the domain of Euclidean geometry. The cognitive approach proposed can be a first step to automated analyzing plane geometry texts, in perspective, as a cognitively controlled parsing.

Purpose of research. The aim of the study is the use of cognitive technologies for the formation of speech dialogue management models. At present, for the development of the Internet of things, the expansion of communicative opportunities for their interaction, it is important to improve speech dialogue management models in many areas. The need for dialogue can arise between cyber-physical systems, between a person and cyber-physical systems, between users, developers, and administrators. The speech dialogue management models covers many issues related to processing a speech signal, semantic analysis, understanding the meaning of speech, using cognitive mechanisms for interaction, and some others. A special place among them is occupied by the problem of building a speech dialogue between users, developers, and cyberphysical systems. This article is devoted to the consideration of the use of speech dialogue management models of intelligent systems, as well as users, developers, administrators.Materials and methods of research. New approaches and methods are required to solve the problems within the framework of the Industry 4.0. The industry 4.0 concept represents a variety of technologies, including the creation of cyber-physical systems, a variety of different protocols for their interaction. One of its main directions is the Internet of things. Cognitive mechanisms associated with the formation and application of concrete sensory images, concepts-representations, concepts-frames are used to solve the problems of model formation. To form the abilities and speech skills for the communicative activities of the participants of the interaction within the framework of the Industry 4.0 concept, the methods associated with mastering foreign language technologies were used. The ultimate goal of their use is to achieve the ability to master spontaneous speech in both everyday and professional situations. Mastering a foreign language involves the use of cognitive technologies, which allows you to develop the structure of mental operations.Results. Some features of the formation of a voice dialogue management model for intelligent systems and the preparation of interaction participants in the framework of the concept — users, developers, and industrial system administrators – are considered. The application of cognitive mechanisms for organizing and using the model of speech dialogue management is shown. The use of conceptual representations and scripting concepts in intelligent systems allows us to develop the structure of the world model. The application of cognitive mechanisms for training interaction participants, within the framework of the Industry 4.0 concept, improves their training by improving understanding of the material being studied by building logical connections and a mental model of the material. Using concepts allows you to build mental models of your own thoughts. At the end of all mental operations, participants in the interaction acquire the ability to form speech dialogue management models.Conclusion. The use of cognitive technologies makes it possible, both for intelligent systems and for interaction participants, to use generalized static structures of concepts, situations, and dynamic structures for real and mental operations. The active use of such structures makes it possible to better understand the current situation and successfully formulate and use voice dialogue management models for solving problems arising during the development of the Industry 4.0 concept.

Diagnosis of primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is essentially based on the identification of progressive impairment of language abilities while other cognitive functions are preserved. The three variants of PPA are characterized by core and supportive clinical features related to the presence or absence of language impairment in different linguistic domains. In this article, we review the cognitive neuropsychological approach to the assessment of PPA and its contribution to the differential diagnosis of the three variants. The main advantage of this assessment approach is that it goes beyond the mere description and classification of clinical syndromes and identifies impaired and preserved cognitive and linguistic components and processes. The article is structured according to the main language domains: spoken production, language comprehension, and written language. Each section includes a brief description of the cognitive processes involved in the assessment tasks, followed by a discussion of typical characteristics for each PPA variant and common pitfalls in the interpretation of the results. In addition, the clinical benefit of the cognitive neuropsychological approach for the behavioral management of PPA is briefly sketched out in the conclusion.

Purpose of the study.The aim of the study is the formation of the modular architecture of an intelligent system for solving the problems of the Internet of things. For this, modern trends in the development of technologies are considered, among which the most significant, promising areas and events in the field of information technologies are highlighted. Among these areas, events highlighted: the introduction of Industry 4.0 technologies; use of cloud, fog computing; machine learning; cognitive approach in the field of artificial intelligence; development of cognitive computing. The main content of these areas is disclosed. In the context of the Internet of things, the modular architecture of an intelligent system is considered and its modules for solving tasks of purposeful behavior are described. As part of the development of the Internet of things, approaches to the management of innovative processes are considered. Emphasis is placed on the use of cognitive maps. With an increase in the volume of information, problems arise in making effective decisions. For this, intelligent systems focused on the use of conceptual representations and scripting concepts are considered.Materials and research methods.When solving problems within the framework of the Industry 4.0 concept (the Internet of things), new approaches and methods are required. System Industry 4.0 represents many technologies, including the creation of devices, sensors, and many protocols for their interaction. One of its main directions is the Internet of things, which represents a new step in improving the Internet. For the development of the Internet of things, fog computing is used that extends and complements cloud computing. One of the central places on the Internet of things is machine learning. A brief description of the basic methods of machine learning is given. The use of a cognitive approach in the context of understanding and using mechanisms that allow a person to decipher information about reality and organize it for comparisons, decision making and many new tasks that arise in everyday life is shown. The developing directions of cognitive computing are presented.Results.The modular architecture of an intelligent system for solving the problems of the Internet of things is proposed: modules of an intelligent system for solving the problems of the Internet of things using sensory images; intelligent system modules for solving the problems of the Internet of things using conceptual representations; intelligent system modules for solving the problems of the Internet of things using concept scenarios. Significant, promising areas and events in the field of information technology are presented and their main content is disclosed. Approaches to the management of innovative processes are considered. The use of a fuzzy cognitive map is described, which reflects the stages and factors of creating a robot vacuum cleaner that affect the life cycle.Conclusion.Using the modular architecture of an intelligent system allows you to solve the problem of targeted behavior using sensual images of the world. Such systems can be used to solve the problems of the Internet of things. Using an integrated approach to the description of reality, the intelligent system of modular architecture allows the formation of conceptual representations and conceptual scenarios. They can reduce the flow of information, which is important for the Internet of things and the Internet of everything. Description of significant, promising areas in the field of information technology, approaches to managing innovative processes gives an understanding of the development of cognitive computing.

Due to its affiliation with formalism, ludology, the scientific perspective prioritized in game studies, considers the rule–mechanic binomial to be an essential principle of any scholarly approach to video games. Nevertheless, the limitation of the game system order implies that, as a fundamental part of this epistemological approach, the empirical validity of its methodology is already being rejected. As such, this article attempts to shift the focus away from the rule–mechanic relation, and from a cybersemiotic perspective, to refocus it on a conceptualization of the human–machine relationship. In order to do so, the concept of convolution regarding said relation is defined, including both parts of the video game system in terms of signal processing. Likewise, this model is contrasted with a randomized total sample of 1,200 games ( N = 1,200, n = 300) in order to arrive at a set of conclusions about the behavior of the distinct video game genres in the indicated terms.

Many studies investigated metaphors in news; however, few of them focused specifically on headlines. By investigating metaphors in 133 collected NBA news headlines written in Chinese, this paper analyzes the creativity in them. Conceptual Metaphor Theory, including conceptual metonymy, is adopted to discuss creative linguistic metaphors and their corresponding conceptual mappings based on diverse translated names of NBA teams and on specific verbs associated with them. Blending Theory is exploited to further account for the process of metaphorical creativity with the names of the teams being involved. As a whole, the findings show that the concept of defeat is creatively utilized as it is physically and/or socially constructed with the co-use of translated NBA team names and the associated verbs in Chinese. As for the process of the metaphorical creativity, three ways of achieving novelty is revealed, involving the names of the winner, the loser, or both of them respectively. Furthermore, because the data transcends the boundaries of countries, creativity is afforded and extended by reporting in Chinese a sport event taking place in an English-speaking country.

The aim of the study is electronic learning systems. They refer to organizational and technical systems and use different approaches and technologies to solve learning problems. In modern conditions, education is becoming one of the main factors for the successful development of countries with the developed economies. Knowledge is beginning to occupy key positions in the life of these countries. Specialists, who have received professional education and want to improve their level of knowledge, are the key resource of the economy. Lifelong education has become a necessary and increasingly dominant element of modern educational systems. Modern distance learning systems are used to solve these problems. The paper deals with electronic distance learning systems and explores the possibility of using cognitive mechanisms for the development of educational technologies.Materials and methods. Ongoing education requires new approaches and technologies that fit well into distance learning systems. These systems use the following approaches and technologies: service-oriented architectures, cloud technologies and virtualization, intelligent dynamic systems, multi-agent systems, ontologies, evolving knowledge. The authors use machine learning technologies and agent-oriented approach to apply cognitive mechanisms. Integrated methods of knowledge representation are used to describe the reality. Using these approaches and methods, the authors consider the development and construction of modules of intelligent learning systems with the integration of computer paradigm and cognitive mechanisms.Results.The article presents an example of the development and use of educational resources for learning a foreign language in a technical University. The electronic course is created in the distance learning system Moodle. The result of testing students after studying the definite topic is shown. The article considers the structure of hardware and software modules for the formation of concepts from the sensual images of objects and phenomena of reality. Hardware-software modules are presented, which are necessary for the formation of concepts-representations from a variety of sensory mappings of control actions. A demo example of the formation of the concept scenarios and a fragment of the knowledge base containing the generated concept scenario are given.Conclusion.The use of distance learning system Moodle allows students to work out the current material of the course. This material can be worked out by students independently and repeatedly, till their full understanding and achievements of skill. Testing after each studied topic allows assessing the level of knowledge and the success of the current training of the definite course units. The considered approaches for the formation of concepts-representations and concepts-scenarios open up opportunities for the use of cognitive mechanisms. These approaches make it possible to use generalized knowledge in intelligent systems for the formation of new solutions for targeted behavior. Such approaches can be used both in training systems for the assimilation of new knowledge and in simulators of advanced systems for the formation of skills. Cognitive technologies can be used in social communities of agents.

Because of the nature of their work, engineers are often asked to be innovative. This implies that they must possess and demonstrate creative abilities However, building an effective and valid course to develop participants’ creativity is not without challenges. Not aiming at educating specialists with a degree in creativity, we nonetheless believe future engineers could benefit from a deliberate development of their creative abilities. The goals of this paper are to (1) describe an innovative cognitive/metacognitive approach to enhance creativity as well as the pedagogical strategies underlining a creativity course for engineering students, (2) present the pre-post results measured with a revised version of the CEDA (Creative Engineering Design Assessment). We evaluated the creative performance of 59 students before and after a 45-hour creativity course. The students’ scores on four variables measured by CEDA—fluidity, flexibility, originality and usefulness—were statistically higher after the course than before. Students’ written comments provided further evidence of the course’s relevance and effectiveness. We concluded that students’ creativity was increased and that the course enabled a better understanding of creativity and how to foster it.

The aim of the study is to develop innovative intelligent technology and information systems of distance education for people with impaired vision (PIV). To solve this problem a comprehensive approach has been proposed, which consists in the aggregate of the application of artificial intelligence methods and statistical analysis. Creating an accessible learning environment, identifying the intellectual, physiological, psychophysiological characteristics of perception and information awareness by this category of people is based on cognitive approach. On the basis of fuzzy logic the individually-oriented learning path of PIV is con- structed with the aim of obtaining high-quality engineering education with modern equipment in the joint use laboratories.

Representation of cognitive area and revealing terminological characteristics of the Russian and English names of building materials (NBMs) determine the topicality of the research and the article’s problematic. The authors of the article analyze the Russian and English NBMs and reveal their main stages with the comparative description, and chооse the definition of the names, in which the basic word-identifier of the leading cognitive features have been highlighted. These features have become the basics for the formation of the thematic groups. The classification of the names of building materials is formed from five groups: organic materials / orgonicheskie materialy; inorganic materials / neorgonicheskie materialy; metals and metal products / metaly i izdelija iz nih; other building materials / prochie stroitel’nye materialy; properties of building materials / svojstva stroitel’nyh materialov. Properties of building materials is subdivided into models according to their structural characteristics: physical properties / fizicheskie svoystva; mechanical properties / mehanicheskie svojstva; defects / defekty.

This article reports an empirical study on the composition and socio-economic background of social support networks and their moderating role in explaining digital inequalities. It conceptually draws upon and empirically reaffirms Van Dijk’s multiple access model, acknowledging motivational, material, skill and usage divides, while focussing on the under-researched issue of social support as indispensible source of social learning. Besides a small group of self-reliants, the results indicate a pattern of relatively socially disadvantaged domestic support receivers, characterized by lower digital resources. A second social support pattern points to a relatively socially advantaged non-domestic support receivers (i.e. friends/colleagues), high in digital resources. Drawing upon the concept of homophily in social networks, the results indicate a link between offline and online exclusion, perpetuating digital inequalities.

Since around 2010, important changes occurred in research on the neural bases of dreaming. From the 1960s until the end of the century, most sleep physiologists and some dream researchers continued to adhere to the view that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was the functional state of the brain concomitant to dreaming, in spite of numerous published findings falsifying that view. At the beginning of the 21st century only, the idea that the neural basis of dreaming is not REM sleep was accepted by a new generation of sleep physiologists. The present article firstly presents how the REM sleep hypothesis of dreaming originated in the 1950s and became the received view on the neurophysiological bases of dreaming. Secondly, five categories of counter-evidence published during the following decades are summarized. The next section recalls the long-lasting denial of the body of counter-evidence. The Discussion section starts with two cognitive topics: dream recall and the definition of dreaming. We then discuss the relationships between the neuroscience and the cognitive-psychological approaches to dreaming. The main categories of current experiments on the neural bases of dreaming are then presented. They show that giving up the received view permitted neuroscience research on dreaming to enter a new era. The last part of the article proposes an explanation of the scientific denial by the psycho-physiological reductionism of many sleep specialists of the time. The main drawbacks of a reductionism stance are listed and the article ends on a lesson to draw from this historical episode., International Journal of Dream Research, Vol 11, No 1 (April 2018)

Depuis 2007, dans le cadre du Master DiFLES (didactique du français langue étrangère et seconde) à Bordeaux-Montaigne, nous proposons une offre de cours en ligne (à partir de la plateforme d’apprentissage Moodle) en complément des cours présentiels. Les enjeux s’y sont avérés au moins doubles :- apprendre le cœur du métier d’enseignant de FLE et le rôle d’apprenant-utilisateur de Moodle impliqué dans sa propre formation ;- proposer, en 2e année, une approche pratique du rôle d’administrateur-concepteur de projet pédagogique avec Moodle.Or, un troisième enjeu est apparu : (re)penser l’espace Moodle au-delà d’un cadre traditionnel d’accompagnement de cours présentiels. Nos observations d’ordre technico-pédagogique concernent l’expérience d’un groupe de collaboration exploitant Moodle comme instrument de formation réflexif et support d’expérimentation pour une ingénierie de formation. Since 2007, in the DiFLES Master’s degree program (teaching of French as a Foreign and Second Language) we have been offering access to online courses (thanks to the LMS Moodle) in addition to classroom courses. The issue has proven to be twofold:- learning the core tenets of FFL teaching, and learning about the role of a learner-user of Moodle involved in his/her own training;- in the 2nd year, providing a practical approach to the role of administrator-designer of pedagogical projects with Moodle.Now a third concern has appeared: (re)defining the use of Moodle which, so far, has been a support system for classroom-based courses. We call for technical and pedagogic observations, as we experimented it with a working group and using it both as a training device and a tool for reflection – since Moodle was also a ground for training in the field of pedagogic engineering.

Background The aim of this study was to examine longitudinally in the general population (a) whether depressive symptoms co-occur with paranoid ideation from late adolescence to middle age (b) whether depressive subsymptoms are differently linked with paranoid ideation (c) whether depressive symptoms are associated with state-level or trait-level paranoid ideation. Methods Altogether 2109 subjects of the Young Finns study completed the Paranoid Ideation Scale of the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised and a modified version of the Beck Depression Inventory in 1992, 1997, 2001, 2007, and 2012, and the Beck Depression Inventory-II in 2007, 2011, and 2012. Results Higher self-rated depressive symptoms were associated with the course of more severe paranoid ideation over age, especially in late adolescence and early adulthood. Regarding depressive subsymptoms, the associations of negative attitude and performance difficulties with paranoid ideation were evident over age, whereas the influence of somatic symptoms (such as changes in sleep and appetite) was not significant until after early adulthood. Additionally, depressive symptoms were more evidently associated with the development of trait- than state-level paranoid ideation. Limitations Our study mostly captured mild depressive and paranoid symptoms. The results cannot be directly generalized to clinical populations. Conclusions Depressive symptoms were associated with the course of paranoid ideation from late adolescence to middle age. Patients with paranoid ideation might merit from evaluation of potential depressive symptoms, especially in late adolescence and early adulthood. Among patients with co-occurring depressive symptoms and paranoid ideation, there may be a substantial need for neurocognitive rehabilitation and community-based treatments.

This paper suggests a cognitive approach to the Asclepius cult which may throw light on the supplicants’ personal experiences of healing during the ritual of incubation. In particular, the possibility of healing at the Asclepius sanctuaries is presented as a potential result of the patients’ placebo responses. The prerequisites of placebo effect as determined by Nicholas Humphrey are traced in the wider social and conceptual contexts of Greek antiquity and the specific religious context of the Asclepius cult. In this framework, it is argued that personal experiences of people, social information about the Asclepius’ healing powers and the confirmation of this information by human doctors would have influenced how people “lived” an illness or a disease infliction, “appropriated” the religious beliefs in Asclepius, and experienced cures at the asclepieia. These cures could have derived from patients’ self-healing mechanisms, but would have been perceived and conceptualized as “healing miracles” performed by the god. This preliminary study intends to show how cognitive approaches can enrich historical knowledge on the Asclepius cult and on supplicants’ healing experiences, suggesting that such approaches may contribute to a better understanding of “lived religion” and of multiple religious experiences in various religious contexts.

Proceeding from the debate opened by Beck, Giddens and Lash’s Reflexive Modernization (1994), this paper seeks to clear the way for a more consistent and coherent concept of reflexivity in relation to the cultural-symbolic foundations of society. Seeing that Lash in his contribution to the debate inadvertently raises a key problem, i.e., the broad cognitive problem, the paper develops a critique of his hermeneutic culturalism. It focuses on the disparity between the position explicitly put forward in the debate with Beck and Giddens and the cognitive one which more or less implicitly comes into play throughout his relevant essays. The disparity shows up already in his treatment of the problem of mediation, but it comes graphically to a head in his appropriation of Bourdieu. To lend the analysis some profile and depth, the argument is supported by elements of a socio-cognitive theory which has been gaining visibility in both social theory and the philosophy of social science. While the paper is critical of Lash, its overall aim is to strengthen his contribution to the debate.

We investigate the relational dynamics of raising equity finance to support strong growth in a technology venture when different investor types (business angels and venture capitalists) coinvest. Our objective is to ascertain which of two theoretical frameworks, agency theory or the cognitive approach to entrepreneurial finance, is the strongest predictor of the interactions between investors and entrepreneurs. We conducted a prospective case study whose analysis yields overall support for both approaches, while it also indicates that the relevance of agency-related and cognitive concerns clearly depends on the stage of the process and on investor-type. We conclude that first-time entrepreneurs may have an interest in addressing both formal and informal venture capitalists and that the proper timing and combination of investor-profiles may help to lower the cost of capital and contribute to future growth.

This article presents a study designed to relate the way decision makers think about organizing to emerging changes in organizations. The complexity and content of the organizing frameworks of key actors in three cases of introduction of computer aided design were analyzed. This resulted in a typology describing actors as analysts, facilitators, or organizers. A correspondence was found between the way these actors thought about organization and the emerging organizations observed in three cases. The study is used to develop a cognitive actor's approach to organizational change.