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El sexting es una de las prácticas a través de la que los jóvenes exploran su sexualidad. Aunque se recomienda responder educativamente a todas las formas en las que se puede expresar este fenómeno, en España, se ha publicado poca investigación que analice su prevalencia diferenciando los distintos tipos de comportamientos de sexting: envío, recepción, reenvío y recepción de reenvíos. El presente estudio aborda esta brecha en la investigación explorando: 1) La prevalencia de sexting, diferenciando entre comportamientos; 2) Las relaciones entre los comportamientos de sexting y el género, la edad, la orientación sexual, tener pareja romántica/sexual, las redes sociales utilizadas, el grado de normalización de sexting y la predisposición para participar en él; 3) Las diferencias de género. En total, participaron 3.314 adolescentes de 12 a 16 años. Los comportamientos de sexting más frecuentes fueron la recepción y la recepción de reenvíos, seguidos del reenvío y el envío. La importancia relativa de cada una de las variables analizadas dependió del comportamiento analizado y del género de los adolescentes. Los resultados destacan la importancia de analizar la diversidad de los comportamientos de sexting y abordar cada uno de ellos desde la educación. Este punto de vista más detallado sobre los diferentes comportamientos podría utilizarse como base para la toma de decisiones educativas y de sensibilización, Sexting is among the practices used by young people to explore their sexuality. Although an educational response to all facets of this phenomenon is recommended, little research has been published to date in Spain that analyses its prevalence by differentiating between the different types of sexting behaviours: sending, receiving, third-party forwarding, and receiving via an intermediary. This gap in the research is addressed by exploring: 1) Sexting prevalence, differentiating between behaviours; 2) Relationships between sexting behaviours and gender, age, sexual orientation, having a romantic/sexual partner, social networking sites used, and the degree of normalisation and willingness to sext; 3) Gender-based differences. In total, 3,314 adolescents aged 12 to 16 years participated in the study. The most frequent sexting behaviours were identified as receiving and receiving via an intermediary, followed by third-party forwarding and the sending of sexual content. The relative importance of each analysed variable depended on the specific sexting behaviour and the participants’ gender. The results highlight the need to analyse the diversity behind sexting behaviours and to address each one in an educational setting. This more detailed look at the different behaviours can be used as the basis for raising awareness and decision-making in education

Purpose Waste recycling is one of the essential tools for the European Union’s transition towards a circular economy. One of the possibilities for recycling wood and plastic waste is to utilise it to produce composite product. This study analyses the environmental impacts of producing composite pallets made of wood and plastic waste from construction and demolition activities in Finland. It also compares these impacts with conventional wooden and plastic pallets made of virgin materials. Methods Two different life cycle assessment methods were used: attributional life cycle assessment and consequential life cycle assessment. In both of the life cycle assessment studies, 1000 trips were considered as the functional unit. Furthermore, end-of-life allocation formula such as 0:100 with a credit system had been used in this study. This study also used sensitivity analysis and normalisation calculation to determine the best performing pallet. Result and discussion In the attributional cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment, wood-polymer composite pallets had the lowest environmental impact in abiotic depletion potential (fossil), acidification potential, eutrophication potential, global warming potential (including biogenic carbon), global warming potential (including biogenic carbon) with indirect land-use change, and ozone depletion potential. In contrast, wooden pallets showed the lowest impact on global warming potential (excluding biogenic carbon). In the consequential life cycle assessment, wood-polymer composite pallets showed the best environmental impact in all impact categories. In both attributional and consequential life cycle assessments, plastic pallet had the maximum impact. The sensitivity analysis and normalisation calculation showed that wood-polymer composite pallets can be a better choice over plastic and wooden pallet. Conclusions The overall results of the pallets depends on the methodological approach of the LCA. However, it can be concluded that the wood-polymer composite pallet can be a better choice over the plastic pallet and, in most cases, over the wooden pallet. This study will be of use to the pallet industry and relevant stakeholders.

Les auteures veulent comprendre les expériences de violences sexuelles ordinaires vécues par des étudiantes universitaires, cette forme de violence s’insérant dans les interactions sociales de la vie quotidienne. Pour saisir l’expérience d’étudiantes, elles ont réalisé 27 entretiens semi-directifs. L’analyse de leurs discours permet de rendre visibles les formes de violence ordinaire vécue : regards déplacés, commentaires inappropriés, interpellations verbales dérangeantes et autres. Elle met également en lumière les processus de banalisation et de normalisation qui, bien qu’ils permettent de donner sens à leurs expériences, rendent aussi cette violence invisible., The authors aim to understand experiences of ordinary sexual violence lived by female university students. This form of everyday violence occurs in their daily social interactions. To apprehend female students’ experiences of sexual violence, they conducted 27 semi-structured interviews. Analysis of their discourse allows the authors to identify forms of sexual violence experience in their everyday life such as: inappropriate looks, verbal harassment, sexual assault and so on. Results highlight the processes of normalization and trivialization of ordinary sexual violence used by female students although giving meaning to their experiences also renders that violence invisible., Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender las experiencias de violencia sexual ordinaria que experimentan las estudiantes universitarias, una forma de violencia que encaja en las interacciones sociales de la vida cotidiana. Para captar la experiencia de las alumnas, se realizaron 27 entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis de sus discursos hace visibles las formas de violencia ordinaria experimentadas : miradas inapropiadas, comentarios inadecuados, interpelaciones verbales perturbadoras y otros. También destaca los procesos de banalización y de normalización que, aún dando sentido a sus experiencias, hacen que esta violencia sea invisible.

Cet article propose d’étudier comment le processus d’externalisation d’une activité de production d’une usine nucléaire en « train de se faire » affecte le travail et les temps associés. On observe dans l’industrie, et le secteur nucléaire ne fait pas exception, un recours croissant à la sous-traitance, qui s’accompagne d’un accroissement de la fragmentation du travail. Si la sous-traitance des activités de maintenance ou de certaines activités spécifiques (démantèlement, assainissement) a fait l’objet de recherches, l’externalisation d’une activité de production reste peu documentée. Notre enquête, située au plus près de l’activité de production d’un atelier d’une usine nucléaire, permet de mettre en lumière trois résultats principaux. Premièrement, nous montrons que le processus d’externalisation s’accompagne d’une mise en visibilité de l’activité productive, source de tensions entre donneur d’ordre et sous-traitant. Deuxièmement, l’externalisation génère des conflits intertemporels entre temps continu et discret, mais également entre le temps court de la réalisation de l’activité et le temps long de l’apprentissage. Troisièmement, l’étude révèle que l’externalisation engage les acteurs dans un processus de normalisation de l’activité comme voie de résolution partielle des tensions intertemporelles. This article focuses on the ongoing outsourcing process of a production activity in a nuclear plant and aims to study how this affects work and associated temporalities. The industry, and the nuclear sector is no exception, is witnessing a growing use of outsourcing, accompanied by an increased fragmentation of work. While the outsourcing of maintenance activities or of certain specific activities (decommissioning, clean-up) has been the subject of research, the outsourcing of a production activity remains poorly documented. Our study, situated close to the production activity in a nuclear plant workshop, enables to highlight three main findings. Firstly, we show that the outsourcing process leads to an increased visibility of the production activity, which is a source of tensions between client and contractor. Secondly, outsourcing generates inter-temporal conflicts between continuous and discrete times, but also between the short time of carrying out the activity and the long time of learning. Thirdly, the study reveals that outsourcing engages actors in a normalization process of the activity as a way of partially resolving inter-temporal tensions. El texto analiza los efectos que comporta el proceso de externalización de una actividad productiva nuclear en el trabajo y en los tiempos asociados. En el sector nuclear civil, así como en la industria en general, se recurre de modo creciente a la subcontratación, acompañada por una mayor fragmentación del trabajo. Si bien la subcontratación de actividades de mantenimiento o de otras más específicas (desmantelamiento, rehabilitación) ha sido objeto de investigación, la que concierne actividades productivas no está lo suficientemente documentada. Nuestra investigación, realizada desde el interior de un taller de planta, arroja luz sobre al menos tres resultados. En primer lugar, el proceso de externalización conlleva una visibilidad de la actividad productiva, lo cual es fuente de tensiones entre el comitente y el (sub)contratista. En segundo lugar, la subcontratación genera conflictos inter-temporales entre tiempos continuo y discreto, pero también entre el corto plazo de la realización de la actividad y el largo plazo del aprendizaje. Por último, la subcontratación supone que los actores desplieguen un proceso de estandarización de la actividad como instrumento de resolución parcial de las tensiones inter-temporales.

Hot-dip galvanisation (HDG) is the method most commonly used to protect steel surfaces from corrosion. However, HDG involves very intensive consumption of energy and resources. This paper aims to evaluate the environmental performance and hotspots in the Spanish HDG sector using cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA). Two Spanish HDG industrial plants, with different galvanisation capacities and manufacturing processes, were selected for the case study. The LCA revealed that the consumption of energy, fuels and nonrenewable resources were the most relevant environmental burdens at both plants. Steel was the main contributor, as it had the greatest influence on the plants? environmental profiles. The consumption of primary zinc and natural gas, used to dry and heat the molten zinc bath, also contributed to the impact of the HDG plants. This work proposes a normalisation to compare the Spanish sector against a European reference based on the average of 66 companies in 14 countries. The impacts of the Spanish HDG plants being studied were generally below the EGGA values, although the results are strongly influenced by the type of steel and the degree of material reuse implemented in the steel manufacturing process. The study lays the foundations for improvements in the resource efficiency and productivity of galvanisation plants. We propose alternatives such as the use of secondary zinc or modifications that will extend the lifespan of pickling baths, which would contribute to a more sustainable use of resources in the galvanising industry. The authors are grateful for the funding of project LIFE2ACID. Towards a sustainable use of metal resources in the galvanic industry (LIFE 16 ENV/ES/000242), co-financed by the European LIFE programme.

L’Angola est un pays sortant d’un contexte historique douloureux marqué par la guerre, au sortir de laquelle son système d’enseignement supérieur était quasiment inexistant. Depuis 2002, date de signature des Accords de Paix, ce système est en mutation et en structuration. En 2009, l’apparition d’une politique de l’enseignement supérieur est devenue un leitmotiv face à une volonté de réduction des inégalités socio-économiques. Extension (décentralisation), internationalisation (mobilité estudiantine) et privatisation (développement de l’enseignement supérieur privé) caractérisent les mesures prises par le gouvernement ces dix dernières années. A travers une étude exploratoire, nous peignons les trajectoires politiques angolaises dans le domaine de l’enseignement supérieur en perspective des influences de la diplomatie française. Angola is in the wake of a tough historical past under war during which the higher education system was almost nonexistent. Since 2002, year of the peace accord signature, this system is structuring and on mutation. In 2009, the arrival of a higher education politics became a leitmotif for answering socioeconomic inequality. Extension (decentralization), internationalization (student mobility) and privatization (rising of a private higher education) characterize the measure took by the government over the last ten years. Through an exploratory research of the mutation of Angola higher education system, we will showcase the political trajectories in Angola in the field of higher education through the influence of the French diplomacy.

The paper is meant as a timely intervention into current debates on the impact of the global pandemic on the rise of global far-right populism and contributes to scholarly thinking about the normalisation of the global far-right. While approaching the tension between national political elites and (far-right) populist narratives of representing &ldquo, the people&rdquo, the paper focuses on the populist effects of the &ldquo, new normal&rdquo, in spatial national governance. Though some aspects of public normality of our 21st century urban, cosmopolitan and consumer lifestyle have been disrupted with the pandemic curfew, the underlying gendered, racialised and classed structural inequalities and violence have been kept in place: they are not contested by the so-called &ldquo, hygienic demonstrations&rdquo, A digital pandemic populism during lockdown might have pushed further the mobilisation of the far right, also on the streets.

Dans leur ouvrage de référence paru en 1995, Divorce Lawyers and Their Clients, Austin Sarat et William Felstiner ont mis l’accent sur le travail de normalisation juridique réalisé par les avocats en droit de la famille sur la vie privée de leur clientèle. Cet article enrichit cette analyse aveugle au genre et à la classe, à partir d’une enquête collective menée dans une cinquantaine de cabinets de conseil en droit de la famille, dans la région parisienne et l’ouest de la France, entre 2013 et 2016. En fonction de leurs propriétés sociales, les clientes et clients n’ont pas affaire aux mêmes cabinets, ni aux mêmes avocates et avocats, et y reçoivent un conseil plus ou moins approfondi et personnalisé, différencié selon les problèmes juridiques rencontrés. La normalisation juridique est le résultat d’une coproduction entre ces professions libérales du droit et leur clientèle, qui dépend de la confiance qui s’établit entre elles, mais aussi de la capacité de négociation ou de résistance de la clientèle face à son conseil. Dans ce processus, les avocates et avocats sont confrontés à un entrelacs de questions juridiques et morales. Nous montrons ainsi que la normalisation juridique s’accompagne souvent d’une normalisation morale et qu’elle prend des formes très différentes selon la proximité ou la distance sociale entre les avocat·es et leurs client·es. Cette proximité ou distance sociale est appréhendée principalement à l’intersection de rapports sociaux de classe, de genre et d’âge. In Divorce Lawyers and Their Clients, a book published in 1995, Austin Sarat and William Felstiner examine how a lawyer and a client discuss what aspects of the client’s experience are to be the subject of legal inquiry. They put emphasis on how the law normalises clients’ private lives. This article furthers this analysis using research conducted in the offices of fifty family law firms in the Paris region and western France between 2013 and 2016. Depending on their social situation, clients receive legal advice that is more or less detailed and personalised, and which varies according to the legal issues with which the clients are confronted. Legal normalization is the result of a co-production between lawyers and clients. It depends on the level of trust that the clients place in their lawyers, and on their capacity to negotiate or resist their lawyers’ strategy. During these processes, lawyers are confronted with a mesh of legal and moral issues. In this article, we show that the legal normalisation of clients’ private lives is often also a moral normalisation. It varies according to the social proximity or distance between lawyers and their clients. This proximity/distance is grasped at the intersection of class, gender and age.

International audience; Professional career paths are nowadays marked by multiple transitions. Job loss is one of the most frequent causes of professional transitions. Given this emphasis, recent studies questioned a possible evolution of the “work” norm, the emergence of an “unemployment norm” and its effects on job seekers. This paper proposes to contribute to the discussion on the current evolution of the relation to work and unemployment. At first, the results of a study with 500 unemployed people, who completed a questionnaire on work centrality and on the perception of work, will be presented. Then, a discourse analysis on the meaning and meaningfulness of work of 15 working people will be discussed. The results show the central function of work and the relative normalization of unemployment.; Les parcours professionnels sont aujourd’hui marqués par de multiples transitions, de natures diverses. Le chômage est l’une des fréquentes causes de transition contrainte de carrière. Face à ce constat, de récentes études ont soulevé un questionnement sur la possible évolution de la norme « travail » perçue, l’émergence d’une norme « chômage » et ses effets sur les personnes en recherche d’emploi. Le présent papier propose de contribuer à la réflexion sur l’actuelle évolution du rapport au travail et au chômage. Les résultats d’une première étude menée auprès de 500 demandeurs d’emploi questionnés à l’aide d’une échelle de centralité du travail et de perception du chômage seront d’abord présentés. Une analyse du discours de 15 salariés amenés à s’exprimer sur le sens et la place du travail dans leur trajectoire de vie sera ensuite détaillée. Les résultats de ces deux études seront enfin discutés et confrontés, mettant en évidence le rôle central que tient encore aujourd’hui le travail, et la normalisation toute relative de la situation de chômage.

Background: The manner in which disability is understood influences how individuals within a society, its institutions, policies and structures are able to accommodate and support people with disabilities (PWD) (Kaplan 2000). Understanding how students with disabilities (SWD) within a higher education context perceive and experience disability as well as how key players, namely, lecturers and disability unit (DU) staff, who influence that experience, is important in further shaping policy and providing a truly inclusive environment for all within HEIs. Objectives: The study aimed to examine the narratives of disability among SWD, lecturers and the DU within a tertiary institution, with a view to better understand their experiences and required initiatives to address the challenges of disability within a higher tertiary institution. Method: The study drew on three theoretical frameworks: social constructionism, feminist disability theory and the Foucauldian perspective. Data for the study were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 12 SWD, seven members of staff from the institution’s DU and five lecturers from within the School of Applied Human Sciences. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: The findings suggested that in spite of both facilitating and positive representations of disability, the dominant representation of disability was perceived as challenging and as a result, disempowering. Students with disabilities were found to adapt, and consequently modify their behaviour by disassociating from their disability in order to fit in. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for creating spaces and engagement within an HEI context that both challenge negative discourses of disability, and at the same time, promote positive representations of disability.

Bus rapid transit on dedicated right-of-way and branded bus services with a distinct visual identity have been implemented in various forms around Australia over the past three decades. A major public policy debate has surrounded the relative success of these bus priority and branding measures as compared with generic route services in attracting patronage. In this paper, we devise a metric known as a (gross) patronage performance ratio to quantify the success for each of seven bus rapid transit systems and 20 branded bus services as compared with regular route buses across six Australian capitals. A regression analysis is conducted to determine the statistical significance of various bus priority and brand identity initiatives which are used as inputs into a normalisation procedure to determine the net patronage performance ratio of each service offering. This allows an informed comparison between systems and cities, controlling for operating environment and other service characteristics. The results reinforce the patronage merits of upgraded bus services in contrast to standard bus services. Measures like network legibility and brand identity all help upgrade the image of the bus.

This paper is a hermeneutic analysis of selected academic publications. This paper examines a number of issues related to undertaking social roles by adults with disabilities and the problem of their postponed transition to adulthood, restricting or delaying developmental tasks typical of adulthood, which has negative implications and may exacerbate disability. Support provided by various entities and institutions may reduce existing barriers and enhance their social integration. Both positive and negative effects of using social support by people with disabilities have been pointed out. Sources of social support have been listed along with their specifics. The analysis included the disabled person’s gender, as it determines the nature of support and its reception. Finally, the need for personalised support was emphasised along with risks resulting from institutional discrimination. The role of local community was highlighted as it corresponds to the concept of community-based support and the need to promote various initiatives aimed at integration and normalisation of life for people with disabilities.

International audience; Environmental performance assessment of products is necessary to improve sustainability in supply chains. Life-cycle assessment and its optional normalisation step may be used for this purpose. Based on an illustration, this paper studies the most recent International reference Life-Cycle Data system (ILCD) normalisation factors and compares them with the most commonly used normalisation factors given by CML and ReCiPe H methods. Normalisation with ILCD shows differences in the results, compared to normalisation with older methods, which may have consequences on business decisions. Indeed, some impact categories are undervalued with old methods because their factors are not up to date. We conclude on the importance of using the latest methods to assess environmental impacts, and on the need to link these approaches or metrics with supply-chain performance evaluation models.

Certain practices are excluded from markets, even though they may contribute to more sustainable systems. Other practices are integral to markets despite their highly detrimental impacts. This study investigates how alternative practices in the food sector became integrated into the market through normalization processes. Using a qualitative approach it examines the processes by which practices, including the recovery, distribution and consumption of food waste, went from being excluded from a mainstream food market to becoming normalized within it. Normalization occurs as a result of a community’s efforts and sacrifices in the construction of object biographies, and in the ritual transformation of objects and the meanings associated with them. Keywords: Alternative practices, Normalization, Food Waste, Qualitative Research

Citation distributions vary across the board among academic disciplines, which is the reason why field-oriented normalisation is necessary to compensate for this. In this vein, the aim of this study is three-fold. Firstly, to find out which document type is cited the most in translation studies (TS). Secondly, to determine the time distribution for citations and aging patterns in TS scientific literature. Thirdly, to define a discipline-weighted citation window or cited half-life, in order to establish the optimal citation window to be used in TS. Data enabling the present research will be retrieved from BITRA, which includes over 70,000 items covering the diversity of document types and languages used in TS research for all times and the citing information of over 10% of its entries. This database will thus allow us to carry out a study on citation and aging patterns in TS academic literature covering the 1960-2015 period. Both, global results, as well as a more detailed analysis focusing on different document types, will be provided. This bibliometric study aims to offer a discipline-focused approach in order to develop specific and realistic impact criteria for our discipline, while taking into account its actual research and communication practices. This article has been partially funded by the Department of Translation, Interpreting and East Asian Studies of the Autonomous University of Barcelona.

The article aims at understanding how the users of the underground quarries of Paris appropriated a piece of historical heritage, clandestine yet dynamic. Faced with anomie, the normalisation of good practices and of good values promotes the tacit transmission of a culture — including the restoration and creation of rooms — which ensures the durability of the place against various forms of degradation (vandalism, tags, garbage) and by deterring visitors to come in numbers., L’enjeu de cet article est de comprendre la manière dont les usagers des carrières souterraines de Paris habitent un patrimoine historique clandestin et néanmoins dynamique. Face à l’anomie, la normalisation des bonnes pratiques et des bonnes valeurs favorise la transmission tacite d’une culture – incluant la restauration et la création de salles –, assurant la pérennité du lieu contre les différentes formes de dégradations (vandalisme, tags, déchets) et contre une massification des visiteurs., El objetivo de este artículo es comprender cómo los usuarios de las catacumbas subterráneas en París viven en un patrimonio histórico, clandestino y dinámico. Ante la anomia, la normalización de buenas prácticas y buenos valores promueve la transmisión tácita de una cultura, incluyendo la restauración y creación de salas, asegurando la perennidad del lugar frente a las diversas formas de degradación (vandalismo, graffitis, basura) y frente a una masificación de visitantes., Dauphin Florian. Habiter clandestinement les carrières souterraines de Paris : normalisation et conflits au sein d’un patrimoine. In: Communications, 105, 2019. Vivants sous terre. pp. 131-148.

Cet article présente une partie des résultats d’une recherche franco-québécoise portant sur les effets de la Nouvelle gestion publique (NGP) pour le travail social dans les deux pays. Il montre comment les acteurs impliqués évoquent une dynamique de contrôle des pratiques professionnelles par la mise en œuvre de nouvelles normes et outils de gestion au sein des institutions et par un management de proximité en évolution. Les effets sont différenciés selon le type d’organisation. Les collectifs de travail présentent une plus grande cohérence mais sont également plus contraints et plus contrôlés. La normalisation est vécue à la fois comme une nécessité et comme un empêchement au travail. Les acteurs sont ambivalents face aux hybridations qu’ils sont conduits à développer. La NGP contribue ainsi à la pluralisation des logiques dans les institutions du travail social. This article presents a part of the results of a Franco-Quebec research on the effects of the New Public Management (NPM) for social work in the two countries. It shows how the actors involved evoke a dynamic of control of professional practices through the implementation of new managerial standards within institutions in evolution. The effects are differentiated according to the type of organization. Collective work is more coherent but is also more constrained and controlled. Standardization is experienced both as a necessity and as a hindrance to work. The actors are ambivalent about the hybridizations they are led to develop. The NPM thus contributes to the pluralization of logics in social work institutions. Reformas gerenciales de los servicios sociales en Francía y Quebec: cambios institucionales a autonomía profesionalEste artículo presenta resultados de una investigación en Francia y Québec sobre los efectos de la Nueva Gestión Pública en el trabajo social en los dos países. El articulo muestra cómo los actores involucrados evocan una dinámica de control de las prácticas profesionales a través de la implementación de nuevos estándares de gestión dentro de las instituciones y por una gestión de equipos en evolución. Los efectos se diferencian según el tipo de organización. El trabajo colectivo es más coherente pero también está más limitado y controlado. La estandarización se experimenta tanto como una necesidad y como un obstáculo para el trabajo. Los actores son ambivalentes acerca de las hibridaciones que deben desarrollar. La Nueva Gestión Publica contribuye así a la pluralización de las lógicas en las instituciones de trabajo social.

À la différence d’accidents nucléaires du passé, comme celui de Tchernobyl, Fukushima a suscité une remise en cause très courte et limitée de l’énergie nucléaire. Six ans à peine après l’accident de mars 2011, les gouvernements européens poursuivent l’exploitation des réacteurs nucléaires, sûrs d’après eux et ce, en dépit des conséquences observées à Fukushima. Considéré comme une catastrophe exceptionnelle en 2011, l’accident nucléaire est rapidement devenu un événement ordinaire pour le secteur nucléaire européen. En nous appuyant sur une enquête ethnographique réalisée au sein des organisations européennes et internationales de sûreté nucléaire, nous proposons de comprendre cette transformation comme le résultat d’un travail de normalisation qui fait rentrer la catastrophe nucléaire dans les cadres et procédures préexistants de la sécurité nucléaire et la transforme ainsi en un incident que le secteur est capable de surmonter, tout en travaillant de manière incessante les frontières entre les conséquences tolérables et intolérables de l’énergie nucléaire. La normalisation de Fukushima s’inscrit alors dans les transformations de long terme du gouvernement européen du nucléaire, qui contribuent à pérenniser le secteur en véhiculant des cadrages qui rendent la survenue des accidents nucléaires acceptable. By contrast with past nuclear accidents, such as Chernobyl, the questioning of nuclear energy that followed Fukushima was very brief and limited. Six years after the accident in March 2011, European governments continue to operate nuclear power plants, which they believe to be safe, despite the consequences observed in Fukushima. Considered a major disaster in 2011, the nuclear accident has quickly become an ordinary event for the nuclear sector. Based on an ethnographic study of the work of European and international nuclear safety organisations on the accident, this article sheds light on the reasons and mechanisms behind the transformation of Fukushima. We argue that this shift should be understood as the result of a normalisation process whereby the nuclear disaster is integrated into the pre-existing nuclear safety framework and procedures and hence transformed into an incident that the sector is able to get beyond, while constantly adjusting the boundaries between the tolerable and intolerable consequences of nuclear energy. The normalisation of Fukushima is part of the long-term changes in the government of nuclear energy in Europe, which help to perpetuate nuclear energy by rendering nuclear hazards acceptable.

Highlights • COVID-19 has forced organisations into rapid ‘big bang’ adoption of ‘tech-driven’ practices under severe time pressure. • More reflection and considered approaches are needed for long-term sustained use of practices. • This paper introduces a selection of concepts from normalisation process theory. • This paper critiques current approaches and develop a set of recommendations for research and practice., The COVID-19 pandemic has had massive implications for the nature of work and the role technology plays in the workplace. Organisations have been forced into rapid ‘big bang’ introduction of technology and ‘tech-driven’ practices in an unprecedented and time pressured manner. In many cases there has been little training or reflection on how the practices and associated technology should be introduced and integrated or adapted to suit the new workplace context. We argue that there is a need for a more reflective ‘normalisation’ of work practices and the role technology plays. The paper draws on normalisation process theory (NPT) and its underlying components of cohesion, cognitive participation, collective action and reflexive monitoring. As an exemplar, we focus on the changing nature of work and adoption of remote working practices. The paper uses NPT to examine current thinking and approaches and offering some guidelines to inform research and practice.

Ideology constitutes an important site of struggle for disabled people and for Deaf communities. In recent decades two ideologies - normalisation and rights - have offered different answers to the question of what it means to be disabled or Deaf. Both ideologies emerged in the post World War II period; both challenged long-established institutional structures and professional practices; and both appealed to notions of human and civil rights. However, normalisation is fundamentally paternalistic where reform is seen to be a matter for professional expertise and to be negotiated in academic circles and in the domains of professional practice. In contrast, a rights ideology is based on a social model of disability and a socio-cultural model of deafness that oppose the exclusion of disabled and Deaf people from strategic and participative roles in defining the issues, in policy making, and in decision taking. Where normalisation seeks to eradicate or attenuate difference, a rights' perspective advocates recognition and respect for difference; where normalising ideology looks to expertise and organisational change for solutions, disability movements and Deaf communities argue that the most satisfactory answers are to be found in the fields of politics and power. Resumo: A ideologia constitui um importante campo de luta para pessoas com deficiência e para as comunidades Surdas. Nas últimas décadas, duas ideologias - a da normalização e a dos direitos - têm oferecido diferentes respostas à questão do que significa ser deficiente ou Surdo. Ambas as ideologias emergiram no período após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, desafiaram práticas profissionais e estruturas institucionais há muito estabelecidas e recorreram às noções de direitos civis e humanos. Contudo, a da normalização é fundamentalmente paternalista na medida em que a correção é vista como uma questão de competência profissional, negociada em círculos acadêmicos e domínios de prática profissional. Em comparação, uma ideologia dos direitos é baseada em um modelo social de deficiência e em um modelo sociocultural de surdez que se opõem à exclusão dos Surdos e das pessoas com deficiência de funções estratégicas e participativas na definição de problemas, na formulação de políticas e na tomada de decisões. Enquanto a normalização procura erradicar ou atenuar a diferença, uma perspectiva dos direitos defende o reconhecimento e o respeito à diferença; enquanto a ideologia normalizadora busca soluções na competência e nas mudanças organizacionais, os movimentos de pessoas com deficiência e das comunidades Surdas defendem que respostas mais satisfatórias podem ser encontradas no campo da política e do poder.

Introduction The social influence on drunk driving has been previously observed in several countries. It is noteworthy, however, that the prevalence of alcohol in road fatalities is not the same in all countries. The present study aimed to explore whether cultural values and the number of roadside breath tests moderate the link between the perceived drunk driving of one's peers and self-reported behavior. Methods Based on the European survey SARTRE 4, the responses of 10,023 car drivers from 15 countries were analyzed. Two cultural values, “tradition” and “conformism,” were identified as possibly being linked to social influence. Country scores for these values were taken from the European Social Survey. The number of random roadside breath tests per inhabitant was used as an indicator of drunk-driving enforcement in each country. Results A hierarchical multilevel modeling analysis confirmed the link between friends' drunk driving and one's own drunk driving in all countries, but the strength of the link was much stronger in some countries (e.g., Italy, Cyprus, and Israel) than in others (e.g., Finland, Estonia, and Sweden). Both the measured value of “tradition” and the number of alcohol breath tests were found to moderate the link between friends' and one's own drunk driving. Practical Applications European stakeholders should take into account cultural specificities of target countries when designing campaigns against drunk driving.

This paper answers a call for contributions ‘dedicated to revealing how markets and marketing make violence culturally acceptable and socially normalised’. Such an investigation has to involve some in-depth conceptualisation with respect to the meanings of both marketing and violence. The market is an institution related to other institutions which altogether are – as in all societies – trying to cope with violence. Today our societies are based on both markets and democracy, but those institutions tend to be mutually contradictory. When marketing tends to replace politics and to almost religiously convert citizens into consumers it is social cohesion that is at stake. This paper aims at contributing to a deeper understanding of social/historical trends. As it highlights the importance of ideas (representations and motivations) and their links with changing institutions, it might help researchers and marketers to a broader understanding of their role and towards a more conscious social behaviour.

Plusieurs questions s’entrecroisent quand on veut évoquer la question des valeurs en éducation. Il s’agit d’abord de se demander si lesdites valeurs sont des savoirs, et le cas échéant de quelle nature seraient ces savoirs, et de quelle manière ceux-ci peuvent être construits et/ou transmis. On peut même aller jusqu’à se demander si le savoir est une valeur en soi, notamment en tant qu’il lèverait une condition d’ignorance et/ou de croyances erronées, bref, en ce qu’il serait émancipateur. Cette dernière hypothèse suppose par ailleurs qu’on définisse ce que peut être l’enfance dans son rapport au savoir, et de quelle aliénation spécifique il s’agit de l’émanciper. La condition enfantine renvoie à une incontournable dépendance, qui donne une forme relationnelle au rapport au savoir. Nous nous demanderons : 1. Les valeurs sont-elles des savoirs comme les autres ? 2. Quelle est la valeur de l’émancipation du point de vue éducatif ? 3. De quelle façon spécifique les valeurs peuvent se transmettre ? 4. Quelle différence peut-on faire entre normalisation éducative et normativisation ? 5. Quelle émancipation, enfin, peut être soutenue spécifiquement par l’école ? Several queries interlace when evoking the values question in education. First of all, it is about asking ourselves if those values are knowledges, and if so, what is their nature, and how can they be built and/or delivered. We can even go so far as to ask ourselves if knowledge is a value as such, especially as lifting an ignorance condition and/or false believes, in brief, as being emancipator. This last hypothesis assumes furthermore that we define what childhood can be in its report to knowledge, and what specific alienation it is about emancipating it from. Childish condition refer to a staple dependency, which gives a relational dimension to the relationship to knowledge. We will wonder about: 1. Are values knowledges like others? 2. What is the value of emancipation, in terms of education? 3. How can values be specifically transmitted? 4. What difference can we make between educational standardisation and normativization? 5. What emancipation, finally, can be specifically supported by school?

Highly securitized sites, such as airports, are increasingly using screening methods designed to purge racial profiling from their practices. In these contexts, not only are profiling methods seen as unlawful, but are also perceived as ineffective from a security perspective. Instead of basing security screenings on a perceived ‘dangerousness’ of social categories, these new screening methods aim to rely on automatic and objective criteria. This paper examines the shaping and effects of these security procedures, claiming that this redesigning of security technologies in accordance with practices which are presumably scientific, measurable and objective, has resulted in the creation of new categories of ‘threatening’ persons. Specifically, we show how the category of ‘normal’ has become central to security sorting and how, therefore – unintentionally yet necessarily – these procedures and technologies have become apparatuses of social normalization. People who deviate from given norms are thus singled out as potential security threats and are subjected to extended security probing, if not to outright violence. Tracing the effects of the increasing centrality of normalization processes to the management of securitized sites, this paper examines this reconfiguration of (ab)normality and explores the consequences of the securitization of social deviance.

Background The normalisation movement calls for more recognition of the sexual rights of people with intellectual disabilities to challenge classically paradoxical cultural beliefs: ‘hypersexual’ versus ‘asexual’. Aims This meta-ethnographic qualitative synthesis aimed to explore the voices of people with intellectual disabilities in regards to their experiences and perceptions of sexuality using a Coordinated Management of Meaning framework to derive new conceptual understandings of how their sexuality exists within multiple contexts. Methods and procedures A systematic literature search and quality assessment yielded 16 studies that met the inclusion criteria and were synthesised following the method of meta-ethnography. Outcomes and results Four core themes were identified; ‘Sociocultural Norms’; ‘Under Others Power’; ‘Sexual Identity’ and ‘Sexual Experience’. Conclusions and implications Application of the hierarchical Coordinated Management of Meaning model suggested caregivers contextual beliefs about people with intellectual disabilities’ sexuality inhibited or facilitated positive expressions of sexuality over and above individual needs and desires. Rights-based cultural messages provided the only context that led to positive sexuality outcomes and research that explores sexuality within this context is much needed. The Coordinated Management of Meaning model identified by this research may act as a framework to support the reflective-practice of caregivers.

The United States and Cuba made important strides after the re-launch of diplomatic relations between the two countries under Presidents Barack Obama and Raul Castro in 2015-2016. These changes were both psychological and symbolic as key themes of mutual respect, sovereignty and reconciliation gained ground. They were also pragmatic, cutting across a wide range of issues from travel and hospitality, which has helped catalyze a major increase in U.S. travelers to the island, to telecommunications and migration. These measures reflected the emergence of an effective coalition of U.S. constituencies that organized individual and joint efforts to regain the advantage over the traditional pro-embargo approach of the Cuban diaspora. With the inauguration of Donald Trump in January 2017, however, forward momentum in bilateral relations has nearly ground to a halt as the hardline Cuban exile community has reasserted primacy in shaping U.S. policy toward the island. Nonetheless, the Republican Party is divided over how far to roll back the changes made by Obama as specific constituencies with the most to gain from normalization defend their interests in continued normalization. The author analyzes the various U.S. stakeholders pushing for relaxation of the embargo and how the Obama administration’s policies benefited them. It will also look at the role of the U.S. Congress and the prospects for rapprochement in the years ahead. Les Etats-Unis et Cuba ont réalisé de grandes avancées dans leur relation après que les présidents Barack Obama et Raul Castro ont renoué les relations diplomatiques en 2015-2016. Ces changements étaient à la fois d'ordre psychologique et symbolique alors que progressaient des aspects aussi fondamentaux que le respect mutuel, la souveraineté et la réconciliation. Ils étaient également d'ordre pragmatique, couvrant un large éventail de questions, telles que les voyages ou l'hébergement — contribuant ainsi à catalyser une hausse significative du nombre de voyageurs américains sur l'île— ou bien encore les télécommunications et la question migratoire. Ces mesures ont reflété l'émergence d'une coalition de groupes d'intérêts américains qui ont réussi à organiser les efforts individuels et collectifs pour prendre l'ascendant sur l'approche traditionnellement favorable à l'embargo défendue par la diaspora cubaine. Toutefois, avec l'entrée en focntions de Donald Trump en janvier 2017, toute avancée dans les relations bilatérales est au point mort puisque la ligne dure de la communauté cubaine en exil est redevenue prépondérante dans la politique des Etats-Unis envers l'île. Cependant, le parti républicain reste divisé sur ce qui doit être maintenu ou supprimé dans les changements opérés par Obama car plusieurs groupes d'intérêts qui ont tout à gagner à la normalisation des relations défendent âprement la poursuite du processus de normalisation. L'auteur analyse les différents secteurs américains favorables à un assouplissement de l'embargo et comment les mesures prises par l'Administration Obama ont pu leur bénéficier. Il analyse également le rôle du Congrès américain et les perspectives de rapprochement dans les années à venir. Durante 2015-2016, Cuba y los Estados Unidos hicieron zancadas muy importantes tras de la re-lanza de las relaciones diplomáticos entre los dos países bajo Presidentes Barak Obama y Raul Castro. Estos cambios fueron psicológicos y simbólicos a medida que avanzaban los temas claves de respecto mutual, soberanía, y reconciliación. También eran pragmáticos, atravesando una amplia gama de temas de viajes y hospitalidad, lo que ha ayudado a catalizar un importante aumento en los viajeros estadounidenses a la isla, a las telecomunicaciones ya la migración. Estas medidas reflejaban la aparición de una coalición efectiva entre unos grupos interesados estadounidenses que organizaban fuerzas juntas e individuales para recuperar la ventaja sobre la propuesta tradicional de la diáspora cubana que era pro embargo. Sin embargo, tras de la toma de posesión de Donald Trump el enero de 2017, la comunidad de exilios cubanos ha retomado el poder de influir las políticas estadounidenses con respecto a la isla, y el impulso hacia adelante para con las relaciones bilaterales ha parado. Al mismo tiempo, el partido republicano está dividido en sus opiniones en cuánto debería revertir la normalización cuando grupos específicos con lo más para ganar continúan a defender sus intereses en la normalización. El autor analiza los varias partes interesadas quienes están empujando por una relajación del embargo y como las políticas de la administración de Obama les beneficiaron. El artículo también analiza el papel del congreso estadounidense y las posibilidades para rapprochement en los años que vienen.

International audience; Mechanisms to standardize sustainable agricultural practices first emerged in the early 2000s with the goal of establishing responsible rules of corporate behaviour. Based on voluntary commitments by firms, these mechanisms are usually structured around a particular agricultural product and bring together the global value chain’s various actors (producers, buyers, processors, retailers), as well as NGOs, banks, and sometimes governments, to define and monitor sustainable production practices. They aim to regulate the environmental and social impacts of agriculture, especially large-scale industrial agriculture. And yet, some authors have noted the difficulty of ‘internalizing’ the negative effects and costs that international trade makes invisible, due to a ‘distance’ effect. By basing itself on the work of Thomas Princen (1997), this chapter explores the ability of standardization mechanisms to make visible again the effects that are ‘obscured’ by distance and the strategic action of firms and governments. Distance is understood here in terms of different dimensions: geographical, but also (and particularly) pertaining to contractual asymmetries; a limited cognitive ability of interpretation in an exchange between ‘foreign’ people and places; or a large number of intermediaries. From an empirical analysis of standardization mechanisms and a literature review, we show that sustainability standards have brushed aside part of the social and environmental criticism raised in a wider public debate, much like they exclude certain concerns raised by the affected people themselves. Characterized as a form of ‘government by the stakeholders’, such mechanisms in fact lead to the depoliticization of the debate and therefore to the exclusion of certain political perspectives and expressions of the common good. Moreover, they deliberately ignore some relationships that people have with their environment, thus making invisible part of the damage. Thus, these sustainability standards simply do not take some of negative impacts of the exports of biomass by industrial agriculture into account. These mechanisms have so far excluded or dismissed the constructions of sustainability whose aim was precisely to reduce the various dimensions of distance.

Health Policy Research Unit This is a post-peer-review, pre-copy edited version of an article published in Families, Relationships & Societies. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available online at: [insert URL here This paper engages with current debates on the potential of contemporary family formations, particularly those created by lesbian women and gay men, to challenge hegemonic family models. Drawing on in-depth interviews with lesbian and gay individuals living in Belgium, it explores parental ideals and family practices amongst people actively choosing ‘co-parenting arrangements’ which include more than two adults raising a child. It examines how this route to parenthood was justified by co-parents’ desire for a biological child, to experience pregnancy, to know the child’s background and most importantly, to provide the child with a mother and a father. These motivations not only aimed at normalising their family situation but reflected deeply anchored family values. The paper demonstrates how innovative and reflexive family forms can arise from conventionally-based assumptions regarding gender roles and kinship, and calls therefore for a more nuanced consideration of individual values and intentions in parenting which potentially destabilise the hegemonic family model.

The study investigates online Deviant Customer Behaviour (DCB). Multidisciplinary research on neutralisation techniques justifying DCB was reviewed and expanded for considering the Internet context. Data collected from a convenience sample revealed four clusters of people exhibiting distinct behaviour engagement patterns of online DCB that they do not perceive them as ‘wrong’. Respondents did not claim to be ‘bad online users’ despite their engagement in online DCB. Instead of the number and level of engagement in online DCB, it was the level of perceived wrongness of online DCB that was found to statistically significantly relate to the respondents’ self-assessment level of being a ‘bad online user’. Findings about respondents’ perceptions of various neutralisation techniques revealed that respondents use different neutralisation techniques for justifying and adopting different online DCB. Findings provide useful implications for developing tailored deterrence management strategies for addressing the neutralisation techniques enforcing the enactment of different online DCB. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

New forms of private governance are being implemented to mitigate the negative consequences of large-scale agricultural investments. These strategies encompass corporate social and environmental responsibility (CSR) and responsible investment, voluntary standards and sustainability certifications, moratoriums, and 'zero deforestation' agreements. What is the real effectiveness of these mechanisms that are based on environmental and social commitments by global value chains? Can these strategies enable a transition from an economy based on agricultural frontiers to one that is more sustainable and integrated territorially? How do these private-sector strategies fit into governmental regulatory frameworks? To answer these questions, this chapter analyzes two of these mechanisms. In Gabon, we study the implementation of the Olam company's CSR policy on a rubber plantation. In Brazil, we analyze the impacts of environmental commitments made by the soya bean and beef global value chains. For each of these case studies, we present the context, the features of the standardization mechanisms, and the limitations of these mechanisms, and propose a few alternative paths to follow to overcome the problems identified. Voluntary mechanisms – whether CSR strategies or arrangements negotiated between a productive sector and NGOs – can only have a limited role in managing the social and environmental impacts of agro-industrial development. The State therefore has a clear regulatory role to play. Even more than the governance of global value chains, it is a matter of inventing new models of sustainable territorial development, along with the accompanying arrangements between the State, global value chains, and other stakeholders. Sustainable Development and Tropical Agri-chains Sustainable Development and Tropical Agri-chains Look Inside Chapter Metrics Downloads 48 Provided by Bookmetrix Reference tools Export citation Add to Papers Other actions About this Book Reprints and Permissions Share Share this content on Facebook Share this content on Twitter Share this content on LinkedIn.

This book links tropical agri-chain dynamics – with which CIRAD and AFD have been involved for decades – to that of sustainable development. Increased environmental and social concerns urge agri-chain actors and development practitioners to design innovations, and public and private actors to invent regulations in connection with agri-chains to improve sustainability.With a view to contributing towards implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this book examines the different roles of agri-chains: as vectors of development, as spaces of innovation, as objects of evaluation, and as arenas of regulation. It builds upon the findings and experiences of CIRAD and its researchers together with their Southern partners, and of AFD and its officers.Linking agricultural production with the other economic sectors, agri-chains are key spaces where local and global challenges to sustainability meet and where local and global actors experiment interlinked or common solutions. (Resume d'auteur)

This work involves researching normative family discourses which are mediated through post-primary settings. The traditional family, consisting of father, mother and children all living together in one house (nuclear) is no longer reflective of the home situation of many Irish students [Lunn, P., and T. Fahey. 2012. Households and Family Structures in Ireland: A Detailed Statistical Analysis of Census 2006. Dublin: ESRI]. My study problematises micro practices involving families as reported by students in three post-primary schools, to report how family differences are managed and (mis)recognised from their lens. The influence of the dominant educational discourses (contextual and textual), are also considered. A framework using Foucauldian post-structural critical analysis traces family profiling through normalising discourses such as notes home which presume two parents together. Teacher assumptions about heterosexual two-parent families make it difficult for students to be open about a family set-up that is constructed as ‘different’ to the rest of the schools. My findings will be of interest to educational research and policy-makers because they highlight how changing demographics such as family compositions are mis-conceptualised in schools, leading to issues of injustice such as bullying and isolation for the students involved.

International audience; This paper analyzes from an axiomatic point of view a recent proposal for counting citations: the value of a citation given by a paper is inversely proportional to the total number of papers it cites. This way of fractionally counting citations was suggested as a possible way to normalize citation counts between fields of research having different citation cultures. It belongs to the “citing-side” approach to normalization. We focus on the properties characterizing this way of counting citations when it comes to ranking authors. Our analysis is conducted within a formal framework that is more complex but also more realistic than the one usually adopted in most axiomatic analyses of this kind.

International audience; L’utilisation du concept de Business Model (BM) dans la littérature académique et dans les échanges professionnels et institutionnels s’est sensiblement accrue au cours des dernières années. Partant du constat qu’il existe dans la littérature plusieurs niveaux de caractérisation du concept de Business Model, cet article se propose d’analyser dans quelle mesure le référentiel IFRS prend en compte ce concept dans son acception la plus sophistiquée. L’analyse approfondie des textes composant le référentiel IFRS nous permet de montrer qu’une grande partie des composantes du Business Model est peu intégrée dans les normes. Considérant que la prise en compte du Business Model par les IFRS pourrait se traduire soit par une divulgation obligatoire d’informations complémentaires sur le BM soit par une comptabilisation conditionnée par le BM, l’article s’interroge alors sur les voies d’intégration potentielles de ce concept par les normes IFRS.

International audience; La cité ouvrière de l’Arsenal, dans le département de la Loire, est située entre les deux communes de Roanne et de Mably. Or, les deux municipalités n’ont pas la même attitude face aux processus socio-spatiaux que subit aujourd’hui cette cité ouvrière. À partir de ce cas d’étude, cet article souhaite montrer comment les municipalités peuvent s’emparer du concept de patrimonialisation afin de valoriser leur territoire, dans une logique de « marketing territorial ». Il aborde les tentatives de création d’une « volonté patrimoniale » qu’une municipalité peut tenter d’impulser sur sa commune et analyse les limites de la notion de « participation habitante » dans l’élaboration d’un processus de patrimonialisation de ces « isolats urbains ». Enfin, il questionne le devenir de ces formes urbaines situées dans les villes moyennes françaises.

International audience; Dans une perspective néo-institutionnaliste, nous cherchons à mettre au jour l’impact des restructurations actuelles sur le paysage associatif, en particulier sur les formes de gouvernance, nouvelles ou renouvelées, adoptées par ces coopérations. Nous caractérisons les conséquences du mouvement de concentration des associations sur leur structure de gouvernance et sur leur dimension sociopolitique. Alors que la réduction des marges de manœuvre associatives est souvent mise en avant par les acteurs et travaux universitaires, nous montrons que paradoxalement, le processus de coopération peut contribuer à redynamiser et réaffirmer la dimension socio-politique des associations à travers laquelle les associations contribuent au changement institutionnel. Nous nous appuyons sur des études de cas menées en PACA et en Languedoc-Roussillon.

Turning Texts into Variables, Myth or Reality?: The statistical analysis of responses to open questions is the subject of many controversies between supporters and critics, but also among supporters concerning the choice of methods of analysis and of data construction. With an example, we focus our attention on two controversies: the interest of using open questions; the use of techniques for transforming corpora of texts (normalization and lemmatization). The pertinence of open questions is established, but turning texts into variables remains a delicate task in text analysis and requires reflexive considerations necessary particularly in the interpretation of results. L'analyse statistique des réponses aux questions ouvertes est le sujet de nombreuses controverses entre partisans et détracteurs, mais aussi au sein même des partisans sur le choix des méthodes d'analyse et de constructions des données. Au travers d'un exemple, nous nous focalisons sur deux controverses : l'intérêt des questions ouvertes ; l'utilisation de techniques de transformation du corpus textuel (la normalisation et la lemmatisation). Si la pertinence des questions ouvertes ne semble plus discuter, la "mise en variables" des textes reste une phase délicate de l'analyse textuelle sur laquelle un travail réflexif est nécessaire, en particulier dans la phase d'interprétation des résultats.

International audience; Accounting standards as an institution of capitalism. An analysis of the transition to IFRS in Europe from 2005. In 2002, the European Union changed direction from its past efforts to harmonise European accounting systems and turned instead to a subcontractor, requiring listed European companies to adopt accounting standards drawn up by a private London-based organisation, the IASB (International Accounting Standards Board), which had until then had no public mandate. This decision was all the more significant because the EU has no institutional means of control over the IASB, although it was the first geographical group to decide to impose these standards on its businesses. IASB standards are rooted in the "anglo-saxon" tradition of standardisation for the financial markets, and the view of the enterprise they promote diverges from the accounting traditions of continental European capitalism. This article shows how the new standards are transforming the concept of enterprise, and examines the span of factors that brought about what is a major institutional change for European capitalism; Tournant le dos à ses efforts antérieurs d'harmonisation des comptabilités européennes, l'Union européenne décidait en 2002 de recourir à la sous-traitance et d'imposer aux sociétés cotées européennes l'adoption d'un référentiel comptable produit par un organisme de droit privé, l'IASB (International Accounting Standards Board), basé à Londres et dénué jusque-là de tout mandat public. La décision est d'autant plus marquante que l'UE ne dispose d'aucun moyen de contrôle institutionnel sur l'IASB alors même qu'elle constitue le premier ensemble géographique à avoir décidé d'imposer à ses entreprises ce jeu de normes. Ce dernier est en outre ancré dans la tradition anglo-saxonne de normalisation pour les marchés financiers et promeut une représentation de la firme qui s'éloigne des traditions comptables du capitalisme continental. Cet article montre en quoi les nouvelles normes transforment la conception de l'entreprise et explicite le faisceau de facteurs qui a abouti à cette transformation institutionnelle majeure pour le capitalisme européen

National audience; In territories where regulations are conflicting or not applied, substantive factors underlying financial performance determine the overall performance of the firm for its stakeholders. In such territories, externalities are becoming highly significant in assessing and making possible the financial performance of a firm. Then, the performance measurement with a financial profit indicator appears unsatisfying for the needs of economic actors. With interviews of executives of Cameroun’s firms, we highlight the importance of an accounting representation of the performance that would encompass several dimensions including sustainable development for the firm’s stakeholders.; Dans des territoires où les réglementations s’avèrent conflictuelles, détournées ou non appliquées, les facteurs annexes au bon fonctionnement d’une économie de marché tendent à devenir prépondérants pour évaluer la performance d’une entreprise vis-à-vis de ses parties prenantes. En effet, les externalités générées par les entreprises sont souvent déterminantes dans la réalisation d’opérations financièrement profitables. Dès lors, la mesure de la performance par le seul profit comptable apparaît manifestement inadaptée aux besoins des acteurs de l’économie. À partir d’entretiens réalisés au Cameroun auprès de dirigeants ou de personnels d’encadrement, nous soulignons l’importance de redéfinir la représentation comptable de la performance comme un ensemble multi-dimensionnel qui doit permettre de rendre compte de la performance de l’entreprise à la totalité des parties prenantes.

International audience; The article presents the DINI certificate, standard recommendations for the certification of document and publishing services, i.e. open archives, institutional repositories and platforms for open access journals, developed by the German Initiative for Networked Information DINI. The article describes the context, purpose and history of this certificate before exposing its structure and content. The eight areas include criteria for the visibility of the site, information security and long-term preservation. The article discusses the object of certification, its impact and the need to adapt some recommendations to the French-speaking context. The French translation of the certificate has been published in 2012.; L'article présente le certificat DINI, un référentiel pour la certification et l'audit des archives ouvertes, des archives institutionnelles et des plateformes de revues en libre accès, développé par l'Initiative Allemande pour l'Information en Réseau DINI. L'article décrit le contexte, l'objectif et l'historique de ce certificat avant d'exposer sa structure et son contenu. Parmi les huit sections du certificat figurent la visibilité du site, la sécurité de l'information et l'archivage pérenne. La discussion porte sur l'objet du référentiel, sur son influence et sur la nécessité d'une adaptation au contexte francophone. La traduction française du certificat a été publiée en 2012.

The «beautiful baby». The construction of bodily deviances by early childhood professionals This article is based on ethnographic research carried out in a Protection Maternelle et Infantile center. It attempts to analyze the way that early childhood professionals define «bad» parental education in order to transform it and shape it according to their own knowledge. The precise observation of children’s bodily signs which cause reactions of disapproval demonstrates three typical «figures déviantes» from which professionals organize their judgments. This observation also shows how these «figures déviantes» are constructed and identified through the perception that one social group (the professionals) has of other social groups. In addition, the study reveals how this observed symbolic imposition is sometimes tempered by certain social characteristics of these particular «moral entrepreneurs»., RÉSUMÉ: À partir d’une enquête ethnographique dans un centre de Protection Maternelle et Infantile, nous avons cherché à comprendre la façon dont les professionnelles de la petite enfance repèrent les «mauvaises» éducations parentales afin de les modifier conformément à leur savoir. En observant précisément les signes corporels (des corps d’enfants) qui suscitent des réactions de désapprobation de la part des professionnelles, nous avons pu reconstituer les trois figures déviantes (l’ «enfant-roi», l’ «enfant replié» et l’ «enfant délaissé») qui organisent leurs jugements, ainsi que les modalités de construction et de repérage de chacun de ces corps déviants; il est ainsi apparu que le repérage est orienté par la perception qu’a un groupe social particulier (celui des professionnelles) d’autres groupes sociaux. L’enquête a aussi permis de voir comment l’imposition symbolique à l’oeuvre est parfois nuancée par certaines caractéristiques sociales de ces «entrepreneurs de morale»., Serre Delphine. Le bébé "superbe" : la construction de la déviance corporelle par les professionnel(le)s de la petite enfance . In: Sociétés contemporaines N°31, 1998. pp. 107-127.

This paper aims at presenting the research work regarding the formalization of dependability-related localization attributes within the framework of the European project QualiSaR. The processing of natural language is used with the aim of creating a structure of dependability and safety-related terms for evaluating automated systems in general and satellite positioning performances more specifically. The attribute hierarchy developed is managed by the help of iglos, an NLP tool (Natural Language Processing). The standardization objective of this research work consists of making a proposal for an international standard, which describes satellite-based system quality criteria that is understandable by transportation communities.

The article offers a retrospective look at the study and sociological critique of expertise. The research has focused on its role in society, its legitimacy and its links to academic knowledge. As its legitimacy and credibility have been challenged by controversy and the issue of conflict of interest, the research was interested in its relationship to the functioning of politics and markets, as well as how to become an expert and the practice of expertise in the situation. Expertise is then studied as a social practice that combines know-how, understanding and assembling to reveal a problematic situation. The article gives an account of the constitution of two research orientations: one deals with the joint constitution of the statements and the infrastructures on which their creation is based; the other qualifies the situations in which ordinary knowledge is not sufficient to form a judgment or find a solution. It also deals with the transformations of the places of expertise (the emergence of think tanks in particular) and their practices (in particular the system of check and balance and advocacy), as well as policies (technical democratization) and forms of expertise management. The text aims to decentralise the way in which expertise has been seen to be owned by scientists. Instead, it proposes a reconstitution of relations and transfers of knowledge between the academic and "profane" (non-expert) worlds, between society and its respective authorities. The article advocates a pragmatic, ecological and political approach to expertise. Viewing expertise from a pragmatic approach, the heterogeneity of practices, the transformation of the knowledge-power relationship, in which the generation of knowledge is related to the inclusion of different groups of experts and the generation of new relationships, should be studied. The ecological approach describes the mechanisms of expertise and its governance and the construction of spaces for dialogue, resulting in the consolidation of expert knowledge in different problem situations. Finally, the text gives us a look at the modes of existence of the politics of expertise, its institutional and performative dimension, and its regulation. Therefore, the article suggests studying the devices of expertise and the perspectives that the actors deploy as experts. L'article propose un regard rétrospectif sur l'étude et la critique sociologique de l'expertise. La recherche s'est concentrée sur son rôle dans la société, sa légitimité et ses liens avec les connaissances universitaires. Comme sa légitimité et sa crédibilité ont été remises en cause par la controverse et la question des conflits d'intérêts, la recherche s'est intéressée à ses liens avec le fonctionnement de la politique et des marchés, ainsi qu'à la manière de devenir expert et à la pratique de l'expertise en situation. L'expertise est alors étudiée comme une pratique sociale qui combine savoir-faire, savoir-comprendre et savoir-combiner, pour traiter une situation problématique. L'article rend compte de la constitution de deux orientations de recherche : l'une traite de la constitution conjointe des énoncés et des infrastructures dont dépendent leur création ; l'autre qualifie les situations dans lesquelles les connaissances ordinaires ne suffisent pas pour former un jugement ou trouver une solution. Il traite également des transformations des lieux d'expertise (l'émergence des think tanks notamment) et de leurs pratiques (en particulier le système de Check and balance et l’advocacy), ainsi que des politiques (démocratisation technique) et des formes de gestion de l'expertise. Le texte vise à décentrer la manière dont l'expertise a été considérée comme appartenant aux scientifiques. Il propose plutôt une reconstitution des relations et des transferts de connaissances entre le monde académique et le monde « profane » (non-expert), entre la société et ses autorités respectives. L'article préconise une approche pragmatique, écologique et politique de l'expertise. En considérant l'expertise d'un point de vue pragmatique, il convient d'étudier l'hétérogénéité des pratiques, la transformation de la relation entre la connaissance et le pouvoir, dans laquelle la production de connaissances est liée à l'inclusion de différents groupes d'experts et à la création de nouvelles relations. L'approche écologique décrit les mécanismes de l'expertise et sa gouvernance, ainsi que la construction d'espaces de dialogue, ce qui permet de consolider les connaissances des experts dans différentes situations problématiques. Enfin, le texte donne un aperçu des modes d'existence de la politique d'expertise, de sa dimension institutionnelle et performative, et de sa régulation. L'article propose donc d'étudier les dispositifs d'expertise et les perspectives que les acteurs déploient en tant qu'experts. El artículo ofrece una mirada retrospectiva al estudio y la crítica sociológica de la experticia. La investigación se ha centrado en su función en la sociedad, su legitimidad y sus vínculos con los conocimientos académicos. Como su legitimidad y credibilidad han sido cuestionadas por controversias y por la cuestión del conflicto de intereses, la investigación interesó a sus vínculos con el funcionamiento político y de los mercados, así como la forma de convertirse en un experto y la práctica de la experticia en la situación. La experticia se estudia entonces como una práctica social que combina saber-hacer, el saber-entender y el saber-combinar para develar una situación problemática. El artículo da cuenta de la constitución de dos orientaciones de investigación: una trata sobre la constitución conjunta de las afirmaciones y las infraestructuras en las que se basa su creación; la otra califica las situaciones en las que el conocimiento ordinario no es suficiente para formar un juicio o encontrar una solución. También se trata de las transformaciones de los lugares de la experticia (la aparición de think tank en particular) y sus prácticas (en particular el sistema de Check and balance y la advocacy), así como de las políticas (democratización técnica) y las formas de gestión de la experticia. El texto tiene como objeto descentralizar la manera como la experticia se ha visto propia de los científicos. En su lugar se propone una reconstitución de relaciones y transferencias de conocimiento entre el mundo académico y «profano» (no experto), entre la sociedad y sus respectivas autoridades. El artículo aboga por un enfoque pragmático, ecológico y político de la experticia. Vista la experticia desde un enfoque pragmático, debe estudiarse la heterogeneidad de las prácticas, la transformación de la relación conocimiento-poder, en la cual la generación de conocimiento se relaciona con la inclusión de diferentes grupos de expertos y la generación de nuevas relaciones. El enfoque ecológico describe los dispositivos de experticia y de su gobernanza y la construcción de espacios de diálogo, dando como resultado, la consolidación de conocimiento de expertos en las diferentes situaciones problemáticas. Por último, el texto nos da una mirada de los modos de existencia de la política de la experticia, su dimensión instituyente y performativa, y su regulación. Por lo tanto, el artículo sugiere que se estudie los dispositivos de experticia y las perspectivas que los actores despliegan como expertos.

L'article propose un regard rétrospectif sur l'étude et la critique sociologique de l'expertise. La recherche s'est concentrée sur son rôle dans la société, sa légitimité et ses liens avec les connaissances universitaires. Comme sa légitimité et sa crédibilité ont été remises en cause par la controverse et la question des conflits d'intérêts, la recherche s'est intéressée à ses liens avec le fonctionnement de la politique et des marchés, ainsi qu'à la manière de devenir expert et à la pratique de l'expertise en situation. L'expertise est alors étudiée comme une pratique sociale qui combine savoir-faire, savoir-comprendre et savoir-combiner, pour traiter une situation problématique. L'article rend compte de la constitution de deux orientations de recherche : l'une traite de la constitution conjointe des énoncés et des infrastructures dont dépendent leur création ; l'autre qualifie les situations dans lesquelles les connaissances ordinaires ne suffisent pas pour former un jugement ou trouver une solution. Il traite également des transformations des lieux d'expertise (l'émergence des think tanks notamment) et de leurs pratiques (en particulier le système de Check and balance et l’advocacy), ainsi que des politiques (démocratisation technique) et des formes de gestion de l'expertise. Le texte vise à décentrer la manière dont l'expertise a été considérée comme appartenant aux scientifiques. Il propose plutôt une reconstitution des relations et des transferts de connaissances entre le monde académique et le monde « profane » (non-expert), entre la société et ses autorités respectives. L'article préconise une approche pragmatique, écologique et politique de l'expertise. En considérant l'expertise d'un point de vue pragmatique, il convient d'étudier l'hétérogénéité des pratiques, la transformation de la relation entre la connaissance et le pouvoir, dans laquelle la production de connaissances est liée à l'inclusion de différents groupes d'experts et à la création de nouvelles relations. L'approche écologique décrit les mécanismes de l'expertise et sa gouvernance, ainsi que la construction d'espaces de dialogue, ce qui permet de consolider les connaissances des experts dans différentes situations problématiques. Enfin, le texte donne un aperçu des modes d'existence de la politique d'expertise, de sa dimension institutionnelle et performative, et de sa régulation. L'article propose donc d'étudier les dispositifs d'expertise et les perspectives que les acteurs déploient en tant qu'experts. The article offers a retrospective look at the study and sociological critique of expertise. The research has focused on its role in society, its legitimacy and its links to academic knowledge. As its legitimacy and credibility have been challenged by controversy and the issue of conflict of interest, the research was interested in its relationship to the functioning of politics and markets, as well as how to become an expert and the practice of expertise in the situation. Expertise is then studied as a social practice that combines know-how, understanding and assembling to reveal a problematic situation. The article gives an account of the constitution of two research orientations: one deals with the joint constitution of the statements and the infrastructures on which their creation is based; the other qualifies the situations in which ordinary knowledge is not sufficient to form a judgment or find a solution. It also deals with the transformations of the places of expertise (the emergence of think tanks in particular) and their practices (in particular the system of check and balance and advocacy), as well as policies (technical democratization) and forms of expertise management. The text aims to decentralise the way in which expertise has been seen to be owned by scientists. Instead, it proposes a reconstitution of relations and transfers of knowledge between the academic and "profane" (non-expert) worlds, between society and its respective authorities. The article advocates a pragmatic, ecological and political approach to expertise. Viewing expertise from a pragmatic approach, the heterogeneity of practices, the transformation of the knowledge-power relationship, in which the generation of knowledge is related to the inclusion of different groups of experts and the generation of new relationships, should be studied. The ecological approach describes the mechanisms of expertise and its governance and the construction of spaces for dialogue, resulting in the consolidation of expert knowledge in different problem situations. Finally, the text gives us a look at the modes of existence of the politics of expertise, its institutional and performative dimension, and its regulation. Therefore, the article suggests studying the devices of expertise and the perspectives that the actors deploy as experts. El artículo ofrece una mirada retrospectiva al estudio y la crítica sociológica de la experticia. La investigación se ha centrado en su función en la sociedad, su legitimidad y sus vínculos con los conocimientos académicos. Como su legitimidad y credibilidad han sido cuestionadas por controversias y por la cuestión del conflicto de intereses, la investigación interesó a sus vínculos con el funcionamiento político y de los mercados, así como la forma de convertirse en un experto y la práctica de la experticia en la situación. La experticia se estudia entonces como una práctica social que combina saber-hacer, el saber-entender y el saber-combinar para develar una situación problemática. El artículo da cuenta de la constitución de dos orientaciones de investigación: una trata sobre la constitución conjunta de las afirmaciones y las infraestructuras en las que se basa su creación; la otra califica las situaciones en las que el conocimiento ordinario no es suficiente para formar un juicio o encontrar una solución. También se trata de las transformaciones de los lugares de la experticia (la aparición de think tank en particular) y sus prácticas (en particular el sistema de Check and balance y la advocacy), así como de las políticas (democratización técnica) y las formas de gestión de la experticia. El texto tiene como objeto descentralizar la manera como la experticia se ha visto propia de los científicos. En su lugar se propone una reconstitución de relaciones y transferencias de conocimiento entre el mundo académico y «profano» (no experto), entre la sociedad y sus respectivas autoridades. El artículo aboga por un enfoque pragmático, ecológico y político de la experticia. Vista la experticia desde un enfoque pragmático, debe estudiarse la heterogeneidad de las prácticas, la transformación de la relación conocimiento-poder, en la cual la generación de conocimiento se relaciona con la inclusión de diferentes grupos de expertos y la generación de nuevas relaciones. El enfoque ecológico describe los dispositivos de experticia y de su gobernanza y la construcción de espacios de diálogo, dando como resultado, la consolidación de conocimiento de expertos en las diferentes situaciones problemáticas. Por último, el texto nos da una mirada de los modos de existencia de la política de la experticia, su dimensión instituyente y performativa, y su regulación. Por lo tanto, el artículo sugiere que se estudie los dispositivos de experticia y las perspectivas que los actores despliegan como expertos.

Injonctions publiques a consommer « au moins 5 fruits et legumes par jour », developpement des circuits courts, alertes sanitaires sur les residus de pesticides, crises du marche et arrachages des vergers, denonciations des conditions du travail saisonnier dans les exploitations. . ., les fruits et legumes sont porteurs d’enjeux varies, qui touchent aussi bien a la production agricole, aux circuits commerciaux, a la consommation, qu’aux politiques publiques, a la sante ou a l’environnement. Comme toute denree alimentaire produite dans un contexte de division capitaliste du travail, les fruits et legumes circulent parmi des espaces heterogenes, qui les transforment autant qu’ils contribuent a les transformer. Comme tout produit agroalimentaire, ils justifient une analyse de la production a la consommation, en raison de leur caractere transversal (Marsden et al., 2010 ; Lockie et Kitto, 2002). Neanmoins, ils presentent certaines specificites, et nous insisterons particulierement sur trois d’entre elles : la variabilite, la perissabilite et la saisonnalite. L’hypothese faite ici est que la prise en compte de ces specificites permet de mettre en lumiere des aspects souvent negliges du fonctionnement des systemes agroalimentaires, et pour cette raison d’en reveler les ressorts : c’est parce qu’on a affaire a une matiere qui oppose une resistance specifique que l’on va saisir ce qui, implicitement, est constitutif des mondes sociaux etudies.

L’objectif de cet article est de montrer l’existence de coûts irrécupérables au sein des processus d’élaboration des normes ISO, ainsi que de mettre en avant l’influence de ces derniers dans l’orientation (rédaction) et l’aboutissement (vote) de ces processus. Notre terrain d’étude a été l’élaboration de la norme ISO 26000, dont la construction a nécessité dix ans de travail. Cet article apporte un éclairage original sur la normalisation, qui influence de plus en plus les pratiques de management, car il insiste sur un concept développé en économie expérimentale et tente de faire le lien avec d’autres notions de coûts développées en gestion., This paper presents the existence of sunk costs effect in the process of ISO standards development, as well as to highlight their influence in the direction (draft writing) and outcome (vote) of these processes. Our field of study was the ISO 26000 standard development (which required ten years of work to finalize.) This paper sheds new light on standardization, which increasingly influences management practices, because it pays particular attention to a concept developed in experimental economics and tries to link this with other costs concepts developed in management., El objetivo de este articulo esta en mostrar la existencia de los costos hundidos dentro de los procesos de elaboración de las normas ISO, y además de sacar a la luz la influencia de estos en la orientación (redacción) y el resultado (voto) de estos procesos. Nuestro terreno de estudio fue la elaboración de la norma ISO 26000, que para su construcción fueron necesarios diez años de trabajo. Este articulo nos da un punto de vista original sobre la normalización que influencia más y más las practicas de administración, por que este insiste sobre un concepto desarrollado en economía experimental y trata de hacer un vinculo con otras nociones de costos empleados en gestión.

International audience; Il est surprenant de constater qu’en dépit de la centralité du transport maritime dans nos quotidiens, ce secteur reste aujourd’hui si largement méconnu. D’un premier abord, s’intéresser de près au fonctionnement du secteur de la marine marchande, fait l’effet d’un coup de massue. L’organisation du travail, la gestion de la main d’œuvre, les acteurs jouant sur cette scène, donnent l’impression d’une machine de guerre capitaliste que rien ne peut arrêter. Les discours fatalistes à son égard, de la part des acteurs eux-mêmes, sont monnaie courante. Si les marins n’arrivent pas à faire respecter leurs droits fondamentaux, s’il arrive souvent que les salaires ne sont pas versés, s’il est normal que sur un même navire plusieurs statuts et droits du travail différents s’appliquent, c’est que le maritime fonctionne ainsi, un point c’est tout. Recouvrant une certaine réalité, ce discours bien lisse est cependant éloigné d’une réalité beaucoup plus complexe : ici comme ailleurs, les acteurs sont à l’origine de tactiques afin de se détourner d’une organisation qui se veut totalisante.Cet article, sorte de patchwork d’idées en cours, se veut volontairement un texte non problématisé, dont le point de départ sont les entretiens effectués avec des marins de commerce et les éléments de terrain récoltés lors d’embarquements réalisés au cours des deux années passées. Il s’agit donc avant tout de faire connaître un peu plus l’organisation d’un secteur vivant dans une discrétion bien utile, afin d’amorcer des réflexions plus approfondies et généralisables à d’autres secteurs.

Le processus d’identification des continuités écologiques de la TVB donne une place importante à la mobilisation des connaissances. Il s’agit, en effet, d’articuler les dimensions écologiques et territoriales mais aussi différents types de savoirs (scientifiques, gestionnaires, locaux). Partant de l’exemple d’un travail de modélisation commandé par un Parc Naturel Régional à un bureau d’études, nous avons analysé comment les options retenues aboutissaient à se priver de nombreuses sources d’information locales. Réfléchissant plus globalement sur la place accordée aux données quantitatives dans un monde hanté par la performance et la transparence, cet article esquisse des pistes pour favoriser le débat et la prise en compte d’une pluralité de formes de connaissances., The greenways identification process leaves an important place to the use of knowledge. Ecological but also territorial dimensions should be linked up along with different types of knowledge – scientific, managerial or local. Through the case study of a modeling work ordered by a Parc Naturel Regional to a research consultancy we analyzed how the chosen methods keep local sources of information away. Overall we consider the place given to the quantitative data in a world obsessed by performance and transparency. This paper outlines ways to favor discussions and to take into consideration knowledge diversity.

Pour s’assurer de la satisfaction de leurs clients, de la conformite de leur produit ou de l’efficacite de leur organisation, les entreprises, meme de petite taille, ont de plus en plus recours a un systeme de management de la qualite, qui tend a normaliser leur GRH. A l’heure du debat stimulant sur la fin des innovations manageriales (Gary Hamel) et de l’extension des demarches de normalisation, l’article etudie cette problematique dans le contexte des professions liberales reglementees au travers du cas de la mise en place de demarche qualite de type ISO 9001 dans les offices notariaux francais. L’etude s’appuie sur des recherches-interventions realisees aupres de 250 offices de notaires entre 2004 et 2010, soit un echantillon de 420 notaires et plus de 1 700 collaborateurs salaries.

International audience; Because of strong competition and crisis, NGOs need to reassure stakeholders about the effectiveness of their management. Our article deals with the effectiveness of NGOs’ standards (labels, certification, etc.). Interviews were implemented on main French NGOs and on the Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer that suffered of a big crisis in 1996. The aim is to analyze the effectiveness and limits of NGOs’ standards.; Les associations évoluent dans un contexte de crises et de concurrence qui les oblige à prouver la qualité de leur gestion. Notre article questionne l’efficacité des outils de normalisation développés par les ONG pour rassurer leurs parties prenantes. Des entretiens ont été menés auprès d’associations majeures en France et de l’Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer qui a subi une crise en 1996. L’objectif est de détailler les normes déployées par les ONG, leur efficacité et leurs limites.