Search

International audience; After a new and ambitious reform, referred to as the 'Territorial Big Bang', France was confronted, from the end of 2018, with the revolt of the yellow vests, often originating from the country's most peripheral or troubled territories. These oppositions and contestations from the territories may seem all the more astonishing since the ambitious territorial reform initiated in 2015 and which took shape with the NOTRE and MAPTAM laws aimed precisely at repositioning the role of the territories at each scale. How and why have we arrived at the current result, which seems to revive the historical territorial divide between Paris and the provinces, transforming it into an opposition between the major cities and the rest of France? In this article, we show how the territorial reform of 2015 was a failure and we take stock of the fact that far from affirming a new stage of decentralization, it has consisted above all in favouring large structures and the search for economies of scale, and has left behind territories that don't matter anymore for the public policies.

Au Chili comme ailleurs, les luttes menees pour la justice spatiale et le droit a la ville s’etendent bien souvent au-dela du cœur des villes et fleurissent en particulier dans les zones periurbaines ou d’etalement urbain. Nous etudions le cas de Til Til, « zone de sacrifice » situee dans la peripherie de la region metropolitaine de Santiago, ou se sont developpees un grand nombre d’activites polluantes, et ou les habitants se mobilisent depuis une dizaine d’annees pour manifester leur opposition a ce processus. L’analyse des termes constitutifs et de la genealogie du Plan strategique pour le developpement de Til Til 2015-2018, mis en place par le gouvernement regional dans le but de repondre a la situation de conflit sur ce territoire, ainsi que des entretiens semi-directifs realises aupres des principales parties prenantes du sujet, nous permettent d’etudier le processus d’apparition d’une nouvelle prise de parole des acteurs, a travers la structuration de leur discours critique autour du droit a vivre dans un environnement sain et de leurs actions pour participer aux decisions concernant l’avenir de leur territoire. Dans un premier temps nous presentons le cas de Til Til et les conflits provoques par l’installation controversee d’infrastructures polluantes dans la commune. Nous analysons ensuite le plan Til Til, sa methode et ses resultats contestes, avant de montrer comment la mise en place de cet outil, qui a servi la strategie de legitimation de l’action publique, s’est revelee inadaptee a la gestion du conflit socio-environnemental et a au contraire participe au renforcement de la resistance des populations locales, reinterrogeant ainsi les conditions d’emergence d’un droit a la ville dans le contexte neoliberal chilien.

International audience; This thought-provoking book questions the framework of the Horizon 2020 strategy and the policies of smart development. It aims to answer the following question: Is there any possibility for a policy of smart development and smart specialization in rural and peri-urban areas? Based on detailed analytical studies, empirical and econometric methods, as well as various European case studies, several conclusions are drawn.Smart development policies are well adapted to the developed or intermediate regions containing at the same time rural and urban areas, but do not really function for the more rural or more peripheral regions. The development policies of rural areas must be adapted to their particular characteristics, to the structure of their economies (agriculture, small firms), as well as in their diversity (distant regions, intermediate regions, rural areas near the urban areas). It appears interesting to exploit natural and cultural amenities, to develop the multifunctional character of the agriculture, to promote territorial innovation under all its forms, to favor the synergies between the various uses of land and space, and to develop the knowledge on the ecological, socioeconomic processes, as well as on the mechanisms of territorial governance.These results are very important because they question the validity of the H2020 policy and the smart development and smart specialization policies and their applicability to the whole European area, and not only for the most urban and rich areas. It will be valuable reading for students, researchers and policy-makers in regional development, rural studies, spatial planning and economic geography.

International audience; The objective of this paper is to assess the French-speaking countries contributions to regional science since its creation in the 1950s. France, and other French-speaking countries, very quickly adhered to the approach of the founding fathers of regional science. French-language research developed for several years without maintaining major relations with the main streams that flow through regional science. However, the years 2000 and 2010 saw the emergence of streams of thought that strongly irrigate at the international level. The authors of this paper are part of this movement. Here we trace the origins and development of the French-speaking contribution to regional sciences, while highlighting the originality of the French-language approach. First, the question of academic and institutional contexts is discussed, with the role of the founders and the peculiar place of Journals and public institutions. Further sections analyse the main contributions coming from economics (local systems of production and innovation, innovative milieus and proximity analysis) and geography (regional development at a global scale, and urban systems and complexity). We conclude with cross-disciplinary contributions including intra-urban organization and mobility, territorial governance and territorial development, as well as other approaches to the social sciences, in the contemporary issues of city and territorial governance.

Cet article a pour objet d’analyser et d’etablir le lien entre processus de developpement des territoires et relations de proximite, en depassant l’etude des seules modalites de production et des systemes localises par une approche elargie de l’innovation et une prise en compte des processus de gouvernance. Dans un premier temps nous donnons une definition argumentee du developpement territorial, ainsi que des relations de proximite. Puis nous analysons et presentons les deux moteurs du developpement territorial - relations de production et modes de gouvernance - en explorant leurs posterites theoriques et en les reliant aux travaux en termes de proximite portant sur ces questions. Nous terminons par une analyse detaillee du lien entre relations de proximites et processus de developpement territorial, d’abord en statique, avec une extension du tripode hirschmanien aux situations territoriales, qu’elles soient productives ou en termes de gouvernance, puis en dynamique par une etude des chemins de developpement des territoires et de leurs liens aux situations de proximite.

La question de la coexistence de modèles agricoles différents se pose lorsqu'ils se rencontrent au sein d'un même territoire ou d'une même filière. Cet article contribue à l'évaluation des effets de cette coexistence sur les systèmes sociotechniques et sur le développement territorial. L'étude a été conduite en Amazonie brésilienne dans la commune de Paragominas où le premier pacte territorial de lutte contre la déforestation, à l'origine du programme municipalité verte de l'État fédéré du Pará, fut scellé entre les acteurs. Des données primaires ont été collectées sur les interactions entre producteurs dans une filière laitière émergente de deux villages puis traitées par des analyses de réseaux sociaux. L'article montre qu'au-delà de l'adoption ponctuelle de pratiques considérées comme éco-efficientes par des producteurs spécialisés, la durabilité des systèmes de production au niveau territorial dépend avant tout de la gestion de la coexistence des modèles et des rapports de domination qui la sous-tendent.

Using social network and proximity-based approaches, this paper analyses the effect of two territorial governance arrangements implemented in the Amazonian region in the framework of ‘The Territories of Citizenship’ programme, which aims to promote interaction and collaboration between the various actors of rural development. In the Amazon region, the great distances between actors made their interactions difficult. Our study reveals, however, that those distances are not insurmountable obstacles to collaboration. Indeed, the measures implemented in the framework of territorial policies promote communication between the different actors of the territories, thus allowing for the development and reinforcement of organized proximity.

Rural development policies have existed for decades, especially in OECD countries, and their impact has always been acknowledged by local actors. Our survey puts the emphasis on the diversity of policy instruments and public authorities, but also on the plurality of objectives, supporting and promoting economic activities (including agriculture), land planning, residential attractiveness and maintaining the quality of life of populations, conservation and preservation of local resources. We show that these policies have been subject to many shifts in vision and strategy – shifts which echo the changing perceptions of what rural development means and of what its objectives should be. Both the policies and the concept of rural development have evolved with economic circumstances, been discussed in the same debates, and have undergone the same reversals. They have changed in parallel with the recognition of the multifunctionality of agriculture, or with transitions from centralized decision-making to greater inclusion of the various users of rural areas and even greater consideration for social criteria and ecological and environmental variables. Following a long period in which rural development policies were essentially top-down decisions imposed by state and central governments, the policy-making process has since been decentralized (or “regionalized”) and localized and has in more recent years sought to include the views of the populations

Interpersonal and inter-groups relationships based on social capital are a very critical and variable factor and could be a cause of cooperation or conflict among different actors. Conflicts related to land-use, especially infrastructure projects, happen in different forms over the world depending upon their intensity and have severe impacts on affected people in different ways regarding their position and their social inclusion. The article deals with the conflicts arising among different actors due to Diamer Bhasha Dam project in Pakistan. In order to assess these conflicts, we use different sources of data, mainly national and regional dailies, as well as interviews with experts and stakeholders. We examine different conflicts between affected people and governing bodies and also among different groups of local affected people over land and property rights. We show that a part of them is linked with the structure of social capital, be there a lack of communication between groups of bonding links within groups of people. The article further goes into compensation, resettlement and livelihood issues, poor planning, corruption and mismanagement of governing bodies and their impact on affected people. Finally, it provides policy measures and recommendations in the form of capacity building of affected people in different areas, more developmental projects in local area and public participation in different project activities.

L’influence des proximités sur la construction des réseaux socio-économiques suscite de nombreux débats dans la littérature. La présente contribution vise à étudier le fonctionnement des coordinations entre acteurs dans des dispositifs d’appui aux filières agricoles et à mettre en évidence l’impact d’une politique publique de développement territorial sur ces dispositifs, à l’aide d’une approche en termes de réseaux et de proximités. Dans cet esprit, à partir de données relationnelles collectée entre avril 2012 et mars 2013, nous analysons un Arrangement Productif Local (APL) d’une filière agricole en Amazonie brésilienne, soutenus par un dispositif de gouvernance territoriale. Le cadre d’analyse mobilisé nous permet d’étudier et de comparer des APL, de caractériser les types de réseaux selon les types de proximités et de mettre en avant l’importance du dispositif de gouvernance territoriale pour le renforcement et la pérennisation des APL., A influência das proximidades na construção das redes socioeconômicas suscita inúmeros debates na literatura. A presente contribuição visa estudar o funcionamento das coordenações entre atores em dispositivos de apoio às cadeias produtivas agrícolas e evidenciar o impacto de uma política pública de desenvolvimento territorial sobre esses dispositivos, com a ajuda de uma abordagem em termos de redes e de proximidades. Com esse intuito, a partir de dados relacionais primários coletados entre abril de 2012 e março de 2013, analisamos um Arranjo Produtivo Local (APL) de uma cadeia produtiva agrícola na Amazônia brasileira, apoiados por um dispositivo de governança territorial. O quadro de análise mobilizado, nos permite estudar e comparar os APLs, caracterizar os tipos de redes segundo os tipos de proximidades e destacar a importância do dispositivo de governança territorial para o fortalecimento e a perenização dos APLs., Governance of Local Productive Arrangements (LPAs), territorial networks and proximities in the Brazilian Amazon: The Case of the Goiaba LPA in Northeastern Pará : Proximities’ influence on the construction of socio-economic networks provokes many debates in the literature. The present contribution aims to study the functioning of coordination between actors in support systems for agricultural sectors and to highlight the impact of a public policy of territorial development on these devices, with the help of an approach in terms of networks and proximities. For that, we analyze the Local Productive Arrangements (LPAs) of an agricultural sector in the Brazilian Amazon, supported by a territorial governance mechanism. The mobilized analysis framework allows us to study and compare LPAs, to characterize the types of networks according to the types of proximities and to highlight the importance of the territorial governance mechanism for strengthening and sustaining LPAs.

This article copes with the two engines of territorial development – namely the production and governance processes. It examines their characteristics, their functioning, and the role they play in the implementation of territorial development mechanisms. Their link with territorial innovations of various natures (technological, organizational, social and institutional) is also examined. The text starts with a survey of literature and experiences on the notions of governance and production at the territorial level, followed by an analysis of the black box of fabrication of territorial innovation. To finish, the mechanisms of territorial development are described, based on three possible options of (non) development: loyalty or cooperation, voice or competition, spatial exit or relocation., Cet article propose une analyse des deux moteurs du développement territorial : les processus de production et de gouvernance. Il examine leurs caractéristiques, leur fonctionnement et le rôle qu’ils jouent dans la mise en place des mécanismes de développement. Les modalités de création des innovations territoriales de différentes natures (technologiques, organisationnelles, sociales et institutionnelles) sont également étudiées. Le texte commence par un bilan de littérature et d’expériences sur les notions de gouvernance et de production au niveau territorial, suivi par une analyse de leurs modalités de fabrication des innovations territoriales. Pour finir, les mécanismes du développement territorial sont décrits sous forme de schémas, en s’appuyant sur trois options possibles : la loyauté ou la coopération, la prise de parole ou la concurrence, l’exit spatial ou la délocalisation.

El artículo analiza la gobernanza y sus nuevos mecanismos desde la perspectiva de la economía política espacial, en el caso de Chile, abordando tres dimensiones clave: los contextos y proyectos socio-políticos, los dispositivos de territorialización y re-escalamiento, y las técnicas, prácticas e instrumentos de intervención territorial. Después de una revisión teórica y contextual, el articulo presenta dos casos de mecanismos de gobernanza territorial: la Mesa del Salmón (región de Los Lagos) y CREO Antofagasta (región de Antofagasta), demostrando que estos mecanismos no nacen para resolver problemas de fondo del proyecto neoliberal o repensar los territorios de forma colectiva, sino para dar continuidad al modelo de producción imperante y restaurar la legitimidad de sectores y empresas extractivistas, en situación de crisis. Concluye sobre la necesidad de dejar una mirada neutra y avanzar hacia una lectura crítica de la gobernanza que considere, en el análisis, el contexto y las relaciones de poder., The paper analizes governance and its new mechanisms from the perspective of the spa-tial political economy for the case of Chile, examining three key dimensions» the context and its socio-political projects, the dispositifs (devices) of territorialization and re-scaling, and, the techniques, practices and tools of territorial intervention. After a theoretical and contextual review, the paper discusses two cases of territorial governance : the Salmon Task Force (Los Lagos Region) and CREO Antofagasta (Antofagasta Region), showing that these mechanisms are not created to solve the core problems of the neoliberal project, or to rethink in a collective manner the territories, but, to give continuity to the prevailing more of production and to restore legitimacy to extractive sectors and firms in times of crises. The paper concludes arguing the need to move away from a neutral understand-ing of governance toward a critical understanding that considers the context and power relations.

Publié en ligne le 14 juin 2019; Although the efficiency of social-protection programmes depends on their coverage and the accurate targeting of those in need, the identification of beneficiaries can result from interpersonal relationships and political favouritism. This paper explores the impact of political favouritism on the identification of beneficiaries of Pakistan’s Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) in Sargodha district of Punjab in Pakistan. A comparison of beneficiaries identified by parliamentary representatives with those identified by a Poverty Score Card survey method reveals that the former were not the poorest and did not satisfy the stated selection criteria, while the existence of these two methods was a cause of conflict whose probability increased with the degree of political favouritism, lack of education and rural–urban disparities, but decreased with increases in the level of income.

La question territoriale prend aujourd’hui une dimension cruciale, au cœur d’une actualité politique brûlante ; le mouvement que connaît la France depuis la fin de 2018 est ancré dans notre géographie, dans nos régions, dans l’aménagement de nos villes et de nos zones rurales, et interroge la place des territoires et leur diversité, ainsi que leur prise en compte dans la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques. Le processus de débat national en cours associe maintenant les acteurs locaux, la parole des parties prenantes est écoutée, et ces échanges mettent en avant le caractère indispensable des processus de délibération et de développement au niveau local. Dans un tel contexte, réfléchir aux modalités de financement des territoires, c’est-à-dire aux moyens de soutenir les actions de développement, les projets des acteurs, les politiques locales, constitue un enjeu fondamental.

Quelle est la place prise par les territoires dans les stratégies de financement et de redistribution de l’Union européenne (UE) ? Les politiques de cette dernière n’ont pas seulement vocation à définir et promouvoir de grands équilibres macro-économiques, comme la monnaie unique ou la PAC, qui s’appliquent à l’ensemble du périmètre européen, mais elles présentent également des déclinaisons beaucoup plus territoriales. C’est le cas de la Politique de Cohésion, qui cible les régions et les villes et vise à favoriser la compétitivité des entreprises, la création d’emplois, la croissance économique, le développement durable et l’amélioration de la qualité de vie des citoyens. Aujourd'hui, un peu plus d’un tiers du budget total de l'UE est réservé à cette politique, pourtant relativement récente, fondée dans la seconde moitié des années 1980, et dont les objectifs et ressources ont été périodiquement modifiés. Bien que la plupart des études démontrent que la Politique de Cohésion a eu des impacts positifs sur la croissance régionale, elle reste encore menacée à bien des égards.

online 9 February 2017; International audience; The capacity for a suburban or a rural community to maintain retail activities in its town centre have often been considered as an indicator of its viability. But, since the 1970s, the expansion of new forms of retail, such as hypermarkets, shopping malls or retail parks has created a highly competitive environment for the small town centre retail units. Consequently, several central and local governments have developed rules in order to prevent an excessive development of large decentralized stores. In this paper, our goal is to assess the efficiency of land use regulation aiming at protecting existing retail units and its broader impacts on the size and localization of the retail stores in the Île-de-France region, the most populated area in France. The data we use over the 1975–2013 period include the evolution of small retail units, large retail stores and total retail floor space built at a local level. Using spatial statistics and econometric models we study the effects of land use regulation on retail patterns and local restrictiveness towards new large stores in the municipalities of the region over the last 40 years. We conclude that land use policies have impacted retail patterns in the region and that suburban and rural authorities, where town centre activities are crucial to their quality of life, are more restrictive towards large retail stores than urban ones.

L�objectif de cet article est d�analyser et de caracteriser la diversite des relations de proximite entretenues par les entreprises innovantes au sein d�un cluster. Nous mettons en evidence les principales caracteristiques des relations de proximite organisee et de proximite geographique et les differentes categories de relations proches et a distance entretenues par les entreprises d�un cluster, en particulier en termes de collaborations de recherche et de developpement. Cette grille de lecture est appliquee aux entreprises du cluster de l�optique en Ile-de-France. Les resultats revelent l�existence de quatre groupes d�entreprises innovantes, qui entretiennent des relations specifiques a l�espace et mobilisent de maniere differente les relations locales et a distance.

Partie V - chapitre 26; International audience; This chapter argues that new approaches to the geographical dimension of innovation and its role in localized systems are necessary today, because existing ones either suffer from analytical shortcomings or have failed to take into account changes in the conception of innovation and in the organization of contemporary societies. The first section is devoted to the cluster-oriented approach, which highlights the systemic nature of innovation processes – seen as less and less technology-based – moving closer to a definition of industrial ecosystems. Then, we discuss the coordination-based approach, highlighting shortcomings in the analysis of the concepts of proximity and their coordination-related dimension. Finally, we discuss the need for a broader conception of innovation, and the necessity to look beyond its technological dimension by considering new forms and new sources of innovation, linked to social and organizational issues as well as environmental questions and the relation with local populations’ desire to express themselves.

publié en ligne : 05 Jan 2017; This article examines the conflicts arising from the Diamer Bhasha Damproject in northern Pakistan. Conflicts arising from the impacts of the dam on the local population and territory and steps to resolve some of them are identified. These impacts relate to unfair land acquisition, improper displacement, inadequate compensation, resettlement and future livelihoods. The completion of the project depends on the arrangement of project finance, resolution of conflicts among different actors and the consent of all stakeholders. In the light of this case, strategies for improved infrastructure project governance are identified.

Le processus de decision publique, qui touche a l’ensemble des activites industrielles, doit faire face a deux problemes : les methodes de calcul economique et les analyses du choix public peinent a integrer les dimensions sociales et politiques dans les procedures de choix et se revelent impuissantes a dessiner un cadre coherent de prise de decision conforme aux attentes du public ; les conflits d’usage de l’espace se multiplient et marquent la difficulte croissante a mettre en œuvre de nouveaux projets, en particulier en matiere d’infrastructures. Cet article defend l’idee que c’est par l’incorporation des dimensions conflictuelles dans le processus de decision publique que l’on parviendra a construire des projets partages et a tester la recevabilite ou le refus des decisions publiques. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons comment le mecanisme de la decision publique est conduit a incorporer toujours davantage des variables sociales et politiques, et nous revenons sur les problemes poses par les outils de la decision, au regard des theories du choix. Dans la deuxieme partie, nous presentons un cadre d’analyse de l’integration des conflits a la decision publique, en commencant par les analyses de l’exit et de la prise de parole, de Tiebout a Hirschman, puis en insistant sur le role joue par les conflits dans le processus d’essais et d’erreurs qui caracterise maintenant la decision publique.

The contributions of proximity economics to environmental issues: Assessment and prospects. Among the new economic approaches to environmental issues, proximity economics is generating growing interest. It was only in the early 2000s that this approach, which until then had mostly served as a tool for analyzing territorial economic relationships, was first used to address environmental issues. Using an innovative analytical framework based on the two-fold concept of geographical proximity/organized proximity, recent work in proximity economics have examined several issues related to the environment and environmental policies. In this article we propose to draw an inventory of the contributions based on this analytical framework and to identify a number of heuristic prospects. By crossing the two types of proximity and the two stages of environmental problems (i.e. the production and regulation phases), four themes emerge. Examining the existing contributions with regards to these themes reveals that the majority of these contributions deal with the e ect of geographical proximity on the production of a problem (including the question of land use conflicts) and with the role of organized proximity in the management of the problem. The other two themes are discussed far less frequently: the possible contribution of geographical proximity in the management of the problem and the negative role of certain types of organized proximity in the creation of problems. For this reason, we believe that these two under-explored themes are research directions that should be pursued in future, possibly by using work from other fields of research.

Back to the concept of Geographical Proximity. The aim of this paper is to shed light on the renewed notions of proximity, and particularly on Geographical Proximity, including the characterization of temporary dimensions which allows a dynamic analysis of relations of proximity. The first part is devoted to deepening the concept of Geographical Proximity and its procedures of activation, as well as the impact of the development of New Information and Communication Technology on the processes of mobility and ubiquity of the actors. The second part is an attempt to understand the dynamics of proximity relations, based particularly on taking into account Temporary Geographical Proximity relations.; L’objectif de cet article est d’apporter un éclairage renouvelé sur les notions de proximité, et tout particulièrement sur la Proximité Géographique, dont la caractérisation des dimensions temporaires permet une analyse dynamique des relations de proximité. La première partie est consacrée à un approfondissement de la notion de Proximité Géographique et de ses modalités d’activation, ainsi que de l’impact du développement des moyens de communication et des Nouvelles Technologies d’Information et de la Communication sur les processus de mobilité et d’ubiquité des acteurs. La deuxième partie consiste en une tentative de dynamisation des relations de Proximité, reposant plus particulièrement sur la prise en compte des relations de Proximité Géographique Temporaire.

This chapter considers the implications of main theoretical frameworks on regional science in terms of regional policy design. First are presented works supporting the hypothesis that economic dynamics will, in the long term, lead to a situation of balanced growth between territories, and thus that public-policy interventions have to stay limited as far as possible. Second we take a look at policies settled in order to respond to the challenges associated with polarization phenomena and the unbalanced nature of growth across territories. Thirdly, we focus on regional policies—today broadly dominant—that seek to stimulate innovation, considered as the primary driver of growth. Then follow an exploration of how the implementation of these policies is organized, initially via observations that show that increasing use is being made of approaches linked to decentralized public intervention, and subsequently with a view to examining the rise of territorial governance processes as means of expressing demands and desires and involving stakeholders and local populations in the definition of local regulations.

This chapter questions the concept of rural development. Pointing the difficulty of reaching a definition generally accepted, it also presents the historical evolution of ideas that underlie this concept. From the technical approach centered on agricultural modernization that prevailed in the 1950s to the current interest in agro-ecological issues, different dominant models of rural development are successively presented and discussed: technicist, local networks, empowerment, capabilities, civil society, and environmentalist approaches are considered. From these successive adjustments of rural development models resulted in the early 1990s, the idea that rural areas are engaged in a new development paradigm, responding to expanded logical, particularly in the sectoral dimension, on the place and role of agriculture, the modalities of public intervention, and types of involved stakeholders. Our purpose here highlights the turning point constituted by the recognition of agriculture’s multifunctional nature.

The effect of proximities on socioeconomic network construction led to numerous debates in the economic geography literature. Our contribution aims to apprehend the local processes of economic development in the rural territories mobilizing in a complementary way the social network analyses and those of the proximity dynamics. With this objective, we study the Local Productive Arrangements (LPA) of two agricultural supply chains, in the Brazilian Amazon. These arrangements are coordinated by the same territorial governance system, representative of the actions led by the Brazilian government to promote territorial development. The analytical framework mobilized allow us to study and compare LPA, to propose a first characterization of network types by proximity types and to highlight the importance of the territorial governance system to strengthen and sustain the LPA.; L’influence des proximités sur la construction des réseaux socio-économiques suscite de nombreux débats dans la littérature. La présente contribution vise à étudier le fonctionnement des coordinations entre acteurs dans des dispositifs d’appui aux filières agricoles et à mettre en évidence l’impact d’une politique publique de développement territorial sur ces dispositifs, à l’aide d’une approche en termes de réseaux et de proximités. Dans cet esprit, nous analysons les Arrangements Productifs Locaux (APL) de deux filières agricoles en Amazonie brésilienne, coordonnés par le même dispositif de gouvernance territoriale. Le cadre d’analyse mobilisé nous permet d’étudier et de comparer ces APL, de proposer une première caractérisation des types de réseaux selon les types de proximités et de mettre en avant l’importance du dispositif de gouvernance territoriale pour le renforcement et la pérennisation des APL.

ISBN 978-3-319-02372-4 (eBook) ISSN 2192-0435 (electronic); International audience; Based on the literature Chapter 1 addresses the question of the disputed notions or rural, regional, territorial and development terms. The first issue is about the definition – or the very existence, even – of “the rural”. We isolate two main definitions highlighted the fact that in certain cases “rural” is used to refer to the landscape, while in others it is the population that is of primary interest. We also identify that rural areas have lost their past uniformity and have now become home to a mix of different service activities and agricultural or industrial production; and consist of both remote territories and areas close to cities, of historic and new populations. Then we consider the notion of development, and show that Regional science places considerations of economic and social change in territories at the heart of the debate, together with issues associated with the development process and the distribution of gains and losses resulting from new configurations, as well as the recent integration of well-being in social and economic indexes. Finally we move to the terms “region” and “territories”, and agreed to the idea that regional development refers to the processes that occur within the institutional borders of the region, whereas that of territorial development pertains to a construction of territorialities by local populations.

Three main reasons require to look closely at rural areas and to analyse rural development and policies: they represent the major part of world’s surface area; they are the object of strong competition between and within regions and countries; they contain almost all the resources necessary for human existence. They are therefore central to the public policies and strategies of interest groups and nations and their future is an inescapable issue on the agendas of policymakers, decision-makers and researchers. Nowadays rural areas are facing two fundamental types of change, suggesting that there is no longer a dominant model: they are subject to increasingly strong influence from cities and urban populations; competition for natural resources located in rural areas plays a key role in current development policies. The rural world appears as a mosaic of highly diverse socio-economic configurations and spatial distribution patterns, marked by a diversity of development paths, whereas public policies dedicated to rural development are undergoing important changes. The goal of the book is to provide tools for addressing the question of rural and peri-urban development, whether through analytical thinking or public policy development, on the basis of two distinct but overlapping approaches:—regional development approaches—especially regional science—on the one hand; and studies on rural dimensions and policies, on the other.

International audience; The objective of this paper is to explore the collective organizational forms that prevail in localized systems of production. More precisely, in a study on the governance of groups of small agricultural producers, we found that a club-based organization with a strong internal governance structure presents great advantages. Collective action, contractual relations and organizational trust are important in this governance system. This paper contributes to the discussion on Appellation d'Origine Contrôlées (AOCs, Designation of Controlled Origin) and more particularly provides new elements that help to understand the forms of collective organization that prevail in these systems. The amount of research dedicated to AOCs has increased so much that it is no longer legitimate to claim that they are just an obsolete form of local production with no future, or a harking back to the past. Yet, they are still often considered as curiosities, and few studies in the field of economic organization have focused on the organizational methods that prevail in these localized groups of producers. Basing ourselves on a specific example - that of the Comté AOC - economic arguments are presented in terms of legitimacy. It is shown (1) that it is possible to analyse the methods of internal organization of an AOC, and (2) that this analysis should be centred on a common good - reputation - that justifies and requires this form of co-ordination and brings into play mechanisms of organizational trust.

Paris I, chapitre 3; The article aims to analyse the modalities followed by French coopera-tive groups seeking to implement a territorial embeddedness process. It will at-tempt to clarify issues relating to the significance of this territorial dimension along with cooperative groups‟ strategies and behaviour. The text starts with a brief literature review elucidating the notion of territorial embeddedness and dis-tinguishing it from the territorial circumscription, while presenting the specificities of this concept for cooperatives. It then processes national statistics databases and comes up with a spatial topology of French cooperative groups. The second sec-tion offers a set of indicators that can be used to measure and test territorial em-beddedness, validated by a survey of 15 of France‟s leading agricultural coopera-tive groups. We demonstrate that, along with geographic location and statutory perimeter of action, territorial embeddedness also reflects three other main criteria, to wit: where the agricultural cooperative runs its operations; where its members are located; and where they receive the outputs and services that they are offered. There is no doubt that cooperative groups construct territorial embeddedness on the basis of a joint activation of relationships with their members – but it is just as clear that this construction varies depending on the extent of a group‟s integration into particular branches and markets.

Europe is considered one of the most desirable and healthiest parts of the world according to various indexes of wealth and prosperity as well as being one of the best migration and world-travel de...

The aim of this article is to shed some light on issues of territorial development and of rural development and to identify what links and opposes them. Indeed, everything pushes towards joining these two dimensions, which for a long time seemed disconnected. On the one hand, the policies targeting rural areas explicitly include the territorial dimension, while the distinction between rural and urban is getting blurred. In the meantime, decentralization, subsidiarity, the regionalization of agriculture, short circuits and local foods take place in parallel with the generalization of an urban model. Finally, we find that regional sciences are paying increasing attention to rural and agricultural dimensions, while studies concerning rural questions are starting to consider territorial issues. The first section of the article provides a critical presentation and attempts to define and distinguish the notions of development, territory and the rural. The second section addresses questions of regional and territorial development by presenting the main theories and public policies and concludes with a discussion about the possibilities of reconciling the theories and the policies. The third section follows the same structure, applied to the question of rural development, from analyses to grass-roots policies.

The article examines the localisation effects within biotechnology, concentrating in particular on the French case. The paper has two strands of analysis. The first presents a detailed statistical survey of the French biotechnology sector. Among other things, the survey shows that a) localisation effects within France are strong, b) in terms of dependence on local cluster infrastructures (especially universities and related public research institutes), most firms progress from an entry stage in which they are very dependent on local cluster infrastructures, to a mature phase in which their networks become more national/international in focus and c) French firms can be grouped into four general types of firms, ranging from “type 1” growth oriented product firms, to “type 2” niche market players, “ type 3” subsidiaries of larger firms, and “type 4” firms that have been acquired. Localisation effects differ across these firms, esp. across type 1 (international) and type 2 (very localised) firms. The second strand of analysis consists of a review of the localisation and related cluster literature, with implications drawn out for localisation and knowledge spillovers within biotech clusters. It examines the relative effects of scientific centres proximity and compares them to the public policy of start-up creation.

In the analysis of geographical spillovers, a commonly accepted hypothesis is that the different actors of innovation need to be physically closed to one another because the transfer of tacit knowledge implies frequent face-to-face relations. This hypothesis is put under closer examination in this paper. The first section analyses the need for economic agents to be closely located to develop research and innovative activities, starting with the analysis of their need for co-ordination and using some case studies. Based on the example of three French regions, the second section examines the importance given by the local development policies to geographical proximity in order to support the rapid development of local networks favouring innovation. In both sections, nonlocal relations appear as a key factor to develop innovation. As a conclusion, nonlocal relations should be encouraged by local development policies in the same way as local relations.

International audience

Partie III, chapitre 12; There have been some important developments in the analysis of proximity relations since its origin. First introduced by a group of French economists (Kirat and Lung 1997; Torre and Gilly 1999), during the 1990s this approach was primarily confined to the analysis of industrial production relations and was specifically developed in the context of the study of innovation processes. Industrial relations, innovation, firm mobility, new technology, territorial resources, local productive systems… all have been studied, endlessly explored and brought back under the spotlight again by the confrontation between theoretical analysis and empirical research (Boschma 2005; Carrincazeaux et al. 2008; Rychen and Zimmermann 2008).

International audience; The presence of nearby public facilities has an impact on real-estate values; for this reason, the market may reasonably anticipate that public infrastructure projects will affect house prices. But undesirable and semi-desirable facility location choices may be contested by nearby residents, as they are a source of negative externalities or expectations. In Paris’s suburban zones, opposition to these infrastructures is frequent, and the official announcement of a project does not automatically mean it will be implemented. Through three case studies, we explore the way in which the expectation mechanism is affected by legal conflicts driven by nearby residents. We suppose that expectations depend on the probability that a given project will be realised. The variation is captured by a hedonic model. As conflicts amplify or reduce the certainty of the new facility’s arrival, market perceptions of the infrastructure vary.

The notion of proximity is increasing in popularity in economic and geographic literature, and is now commonly used by scholars in regional science and spatial economics. Few academic works, however, have explored the link between regional development and proximity relations. This comprehensive book redresses the balance with its assessment of the role of, and obstacles caused by, proximity relations in regional development processes.

National audience; The article offers an empirically-based analysis of conflicts over public utility infrastructures in the Paris region. It sheds some light on public decision-making process and on the role conflicts play in the process of land availability. Area tends to be lessened due to economic development and urban sprawling. The need of space for urbanization is undeniable, but the margin for operations is reducing because of growing scarcity of available land. Empirical evidence based on courts records show that conflicts on infrastructures occur mainly in peri-urban spaces, in relatively small and wealthy towns. Being proof of the local inhabitant’s non satisfaction, the conflicts could be seen as an echo of the struggle between needs of urbanization and land preservation. The article also spots on the complexity and the ambiguity of the public decision-making process, by offering a critical lecture of its principles and its application in terms of infrastructure project.; La région Ile-de-France connaît une pression foncière importante due aux besoins d’espaces urbanisables et à la nécessité d’infrastructures à destination de la métropole parisienne. Or, les marges de manœuvre pour la poursuite de l’artificialisation des sols et à la création d’aménagements urbains tendent à se réduire. L’article analyse les conflits d’infrastructures qui traversent la région et éclairer leur lien au processus de décision publique. L’étude empirique menée sur le contentieux montre que les conflits d’infrastructures sont essentiellement localisés dans les espaces périurbains, dans des communes dont la population est relativement aisée. Ils sont l’expression d’une prise de parole de groupes de riverains désireux de faire entendre leur opposition à des projets qui ne leur paraissent pas acceptables en l’état, mais également de la lutte entre intérêts liés à l’urbanisation et volonté de préservation de l’espace. Ces conflits mettent en évidence la complexité et les ambiguïtés du processus de décision publique.

It is often deplored that the role of Geographical Proximity in creativity, innovation and regional development dynamics has been considered of secondary importance in the recent debates on the end of Geography. However the issue of Geographical Proximity comes back into force today, notably in one of the basic functions of our society: food. Based on the literature on short supply food chains and on the works on proximity relations, this paper aims at understanding the roles, contents and meaning of different types of proximities, for creativity, innovation and regional development dynamics.

National audience; The article offers an empirically-founded analysis of conflicts on public utility infrastructures in the region surrounding Paris It sheds some light on public decision-making process and on the role conflicts play in the process of land availability in the Paris region. Empirical evidence based on courts records show that conflicts on infrastructures occur mainly in peri-urban spaces, in relatively small wealthy towns. Being proof of the local inhabitant’s non satisfaction, the conflicts could be seen as an echo of the struggle between need of urbanization and need of land preservation. The article also spots on the complexity and the ambiguity of the public decision-making process in France. It highlights the imperfections of the decision mechanism, which explain the presence of conflicts.; L’article analyse la décision publique et les conflits d’infrastructures en-Île-de France. L’étude du contentieux administratif montre que les conflits d’infrastructures sont avant tout localisés dans le périurbain aisé, qu’ils expriment une prise de parole de riverains organisés face à des projets qui ne leur paraissent pas acceptables en l’état et révèlent une tension entre urbanisation et préservation de l’espace. Ces conflits montrent la complexité et les ambiguïtés de la décision publique. L’article propose une lecture critique du processus décisionnel en amont de projets. Il se centre sur les imperfections dans la prise de décision publique, qui expliquent la survenance et la persistance de conflits.

Little attention has been devoted to the role of social networks and property rights in infrastructural projects. We use the Chotiari water reservoir project data from Pakistan, to explore the social network of actors on land use and property right violation, which create a dissimilar power distribution and significant land use conflicts. Results indicate that public officials with their alien stakeholders have pressurised the local population to displace, where institutional inconsistency towards justice has led them to mistrust and project opposition. In Pakistan, the non-existence of a national resettlement policy is germinating land use conflicts and human and property rights violations since five decades. Therefore, attention to such conflicts, their resolution and prevention are important for research and policy development.

revue en ligne; La gestion des déchets franciliens est un cas d'étude intéressant dans l'analyse des causes et effets des changements d'échelle de gouvernance territoriale, les huit plans de gestion départementaux ayant été refondus en un seul plan de gestion régional. Les raisons de ce changement d'échelle, et les conséquences dans le cas particulièrement sensible du point de vue de la gouvernance territoriale de la mise en décharge des déchets non dangereux, sont présentées et analysées dans cet article. On en déduit que le changement d'échelle ne modifie pas fondamentalement la problématique du stockage des déchets en Île-de-France, mais permet de leur donner un cadre institutionnel adéquat. / The management of the waste of the Ile-de-France region is an interesting case study for analysing causes and effects of a scale change on territorial governance: eight local plans have been recently renewed for a unique regional plan. The reasons of this change and the consequences on the landfilling of non-dangerous waste a typically controversial application of territorial governance) are presented and analyzed in the paper. The change of scale does not modify the fundamentals of regional waste landfilling, but allows for an adequate institutional frame.

classification JEL : O3, R1, R3; The purpose of this article is to set the foundation of a dynamic analysis of proximity relations. The investigations conducted about the latter, as well as the resulting analyses are today detailed enough to help address the question of the inscription of the different types of proximity in time, and that of the progression and combination of the sequences of proximity. In the first section, we propose an adjustment of the notions of Geographical Proximity and of Organized Proximity and, based on this adjustment, we build a typology, which goes to the integration of Temporary Geographical Proximity. In the second section, using an example of a long distance collaboration between two firms, we show how integrating the phenomena of mobility and ubiquity enables us to develop a dynamic approach to Proximity. We then extend this approach to situations such as co-location, divergent trajectories, or bifurcations. This leads to our conclusion in which we make six propositions summarizing what we have achieved and providing the foundation for a dynamic approach to proximity relations. Throughout our paper, we use examples with a “stylized fact” value and, in order to simplify our discussion, we also use graphs to illustrate certain situations.; L’objectif de cet article est de jeter les fondements d’une analyse dynamique des relations de Proximité. Les investigations menées sur ces objets, ainsi que les constructions qui en ont découlé, sont aujourd’hui suffisamment élaborées pour permettre d’aborder la question de l’inscription des Proximités dans le temps, ainsi que de traiter de l’enchainement et de la combinaison des séquences de Proximités. Dans une première partie, nous procédons à un réajustement des deux notions de Proximité Géographique et de Proximité Organisée et nous proposons une typologie provisoire issue de ce réagencement, qui va jusqu’à l’intégration de la Proximité Géographique Temporaire. Dans la deuxième partie, nous montrons, à partir d’un exemple de collaboration à distance, comment l’intégration des phénomènes de mobilité et d’ubiquité permet la prise en compte de certains processus dynamiques, avant d’étendre ce schéma à différentes situations comme la co-localisation, les trajectoires divergentes ou les bifurcations pouvant faire suite à une rencontre temporaire. En conclusion, nous revenons sur les relations de proximité, et établissons six propositions qui doivent fonder leur prise en compte dynamique. Dans l’ensemble du texte, nous nous appuyons sur des exemples qui ont valeur de faits stylisés ; nous avons également, pour simplifier le propos, illustré certaines situations par des graphiques schématiques.

Considéré comme une opportunité de développement local, le patrimoine rural est aujourd’hui l’objet de multiples spéculations socioculturelles et économiques. Pourtant, selon les lieux, la valorisation économique des biens identitaires fait ou non l’unanimité. C’est à la compréhension de ces dynamiques opposées que la présente contribution est consacrée. A cette fin, l’accent est mis sur les aspects socioculturels, organisationnels et spatiaux de deux localités, qui connaissent des dynamiques de développement opposées., Considered as an opportunity for local development, the rural heritage is nowadays the object of socio-cultural and economic speculations. Yet the enhancement of the economic value of the identity goods associated with it is not always met with unanimous approval. It is the aim of this contribution to understand the reasons behind these opposite spatial dynamics. For this purpose we concentrate on the socio-cultural, organisational and spatial processes that are characteristic of two local areas that present opposite development dynamics.

The French experiment of the "Pôles de compétitivité" is an original initiative of the French authorities in order to promote innovation-oriented collaborations and synergies between large firms, small companies and public research centres at the regional level. As such, it represents a striking revival of industrial policy and governmentguided programs towards supporting regional projects in terms of economic development. Launched in 2005, this policy is still pursued successfully, despite some ambiguities, in particular those concerning the large geographic dispersion of the projects supported and the financial support concentrated on a few very large clusters. Keywords: poles of competitiveness, innovation, industrial policy, local development Parole chiave: poli di competitivitŕ, innovazione, politica industriale, sviluppo locale Jel Classification: O25 - O3-– R3

Torre A. On the role played by temporary geographical proximity in knowledge transmission, Regional Studies. This paper defends the thesis that geographical proximity remains essential for knowledge transfer, but not often implies the co-location of innovation and research activities. The need for geographical proximity now mostly affects certain stages of the process of production, research or development. Short- or medium-term visits are often sufficient for the partners to exchange the information needed for cooperation. The mobility of individuals makes it possible to implement this mechanism. Temporary geographical proximity implies a strong relation to space, but one that differs in nature from that described by the traditional approaches. Torre A. Role de la proximite geographique temporaire dans la transmission de la connaissance, Regional Studies. Dans cet article, nous defendons la these selon laquelle la proximite geographique demeure essentielle au transfert des connaissances mais qu'elle n'im...

The use of the theoretical tools provided by proximity economics to address environmental questions, and the emergence of analyses revitalising the role of the spatial dimension in environmental problems, date from the late 1990s. This paper first aims to provide a review of the research conducted in this field and second to suggest some future research directions concerning the respective roles of geographical proximity and organised proximity in the production and management of environmental problems. First, it deals with the topic of 'geographical proximity and land-use conflicts', a topic that is currently the most researched in this field. This is followed by a discussion of the role of organised proximity in the regulation of environmental problems. The paper then explores the relation between the uncertainty associated with environmental issues and relations of organised proximity. Next it outlines a few possible research directions, focusing more particularly on the roles of geographical proximity as a mode of regulation of environmental problems, and on the possible role of organised proximity in their production. The concluding section draws an overview of the departures and extensions that have resulted from taking into account environmental issues in the paradigm of proximity economics.

Le titre de ce numéro spécial « Dispositifs et outils de gouvernance territoriale » témoigne de l’intérêt de la participation de la géographie aux débats et aux controverses sur la gouvernance. Il s’agit en particulier de contribuer à préciser la notion de gouvernance territoriale. Comment participe-t-elle aux dynamiques territoriales ? Quel rôle joue-t-elle dans les processus de développement des territoires ? Comment les acteurs s’approprient ou élaborent-ils des instruments ou des disposit...

Except a few exceptions, the economic theory did not seize the question of the conflictness. A hypothesis can be formulated as for the motives for this omission which characterizes structurally the economic analysis: unlike other central concepts as competition, resources allocation, equilibrium,rationality, or utility, the content of the notion of conflict is a priori difficult to encircle and to problematize, notably towards nearby notions as the dissension or the differences of interests. But, especially, the idea of conflict has, at least a priori, a social connotation: the conflict is a social phenomenon the consideration of which supposes a sociological point of view. The article studies at first the reasons of a missing dialogue between economic theory and the question of the conflicts. In the second part of the paper, we investigate the analysis of conflict behaviours within spatial economic theories. The conclusion puts in light some research perspectives.; A quelques exceptions près, la théorie économique ne s’est pas emparée de la question de la conflictualité.Une hypothèse peut être formulée quant aux motifs de cette omission qui caractérise structurellementl’analyse économique : à la différence d’autres concepts centraux comme la concurrence, l’allocationdes ressources, l’équilibre, la rationalité, ou l’utilité, le contenu de la notion de conflit est a priori difficile à cerner et à problématiser, notamment au regard de notions voisines comme la dissension ou les divergences d’intérêts. Mais, surtout, l’idée de conflit a, du moins a priori, une connotation sociale : le conflit est un phénomène dont la prise en compte suppose un point de vue sociologique. L’article étudie dans un premier temps les raisons d’un dialogue manqué entre l’économie et la question des conflits. Dans un deuxième temps, l’analyse porte sur les conflits au sein des théories économiques de l’espace, qui ont abordé cette question avec prudence. La conclusion propose des perspectives de recherche.

International audience; The objective of this article is to pave the way for an analysis of the relations between proximity and localization of activities and people. Both notions are often mistaken for one another in contemporary literature, geographical proximity being de facto classified as co-localization. Our method consists in exploiting the semantic wealth of the notion of proximity. (I) We distinguish two types of proximity (geographical proximity and organized proximity) and propose a grid of analysis of the main models of geographic organization of activities by articulating both types of proximity. We then introduce the phenomenon of tension between geographical proximity and organized proximity in order to discuss problems that are often under-estimated in spatial economy. (II) Firstly, organized proximity offers powerful mechanisms of long-distance coordination which constitute the foundation of the increasing geographic development of socio-economic interactions. The confusion between interactions of information and knowledge exchange and the constraint of being located in proximity neglects the fact that the collective rules and representations of organizations do manage, and at a distance, an increasing part of these interactions. (III) We then show that there is a disjunction between the need for geographical proximity and co-localization of actors, by introducing professional mobility and temporary geographical proximity. We also emphasize the ability of big organizations to manage the presence in different areas of their units, so as to adapt to the temporal nature of the need for geographical proximity of these units whereas smaller organizations are more constrained by fixed co-localisations which are only needed for certain phases of their interactions. (IV) Finally, we raise the often neglected question of the negative effects of geographical proximity normally praised for its relational virtues. In the case of limited support-goods, geographical proximity creates tensions between the actors who use them and tends to damage the local relational fabric. In this case geographical proximity plays against organized proximity. However the negative externalities of geographical proximity can be limited by integrating them within organizations or institutions, that is through a re-composed organized proximity enabling one to solve conflicts and launch processes of cooperation or negotiation within ad hoc mechanisms.