1. The Global Methane Budget: 2000–2017
- Author
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M. Saunois, A. R. Stavert, B. Poulter, P. Bousquet, J. G. Canadell, R. B. Jackson, P. A. Raymond, E. J. Dlugokencky, S. Houweling, P. K. Patra, P. Ciais, V. K. Arora, D. Bastviken, P. Bergamaschi, D. R. Blake, G. Brailsford, L. Bruhwiler, K. M. Carlson, M. Carrol, S. Castaldi, N. Chandra, C. Crevoisier, P. M. Crill, K. Covey, C. L. Curry, G. Etiope, C. Frankenberg, N. Gedney, M. I. Hegglin, L. Höglund-Isaksson, G. Hugelius, M. Ishizawa, A. Ito, G. Janssens-Maenhout, K. M. Jensen, F. Joos, T. Kleinen, P. B. Krummel, R. L. Langenfelds, G. G. Laruelle, L. Liu, T. Machida, S. Maksyutov, K. C. McDonald, J. McNorton, P. A. Miller, J. R. Melton, I. Morino, J. Müller, F. Murguia-Flores, V. Naik, Y. Niwa, S. Noce, S. O'Doherty, R. J. Parker, C. Peng, S. Peng, G. P. Peters, C. Prigent, R. Prinn, M. Ramonet, P. Regnier, W. J. Riley, J. A. Rosentreter, A. Segers, I. J. Simpson, H. Shi, S. J. Smith, L. P. Steele, B. F. Thornton, H. Tian, Y. Tohjima, F. N. Tubiello, A. Tsuruta, N. Viovy, A. Voulgarakis, T. S. Weber, M. van Weele, G. R. van der Werf, R. F. Weiss, D. Worthy, D. Wunch, Y. Yin, Y. Yoshida, W. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Y. Zhao, B. Zheng, Q. Zhu, Q. Zhuang, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research [Aspendale], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Department of Earth System Science [Stanford] (ESS), Stanford EARTH, Stanford University-Stanford University, Yale School of the Environment (YSE), NOAA/University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Department of Thematic Studies – Technology and Social Change, Linköping University (LIU), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Department of Chemistry [Irvine], University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU), Università degli studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli' = University of the Study of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Skidmore College [Saratoga Springs], Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium, University of Victoria [Canada] (UVIC), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Roma (INGV), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences [Pasadena], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], University of Reading (UOR), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, VIC, Australia, Département de Physique [Bruxelles] (ULB), Faculté des Sciences [Bruxelles] (ULB), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University [West Lafayette], European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Lund University [Lund], Climate Research Division [Toronto], School of Geographical Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), School of Chemistry [Bristol], NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry Research, Southern Cross University (SCU), TNO Climate, Air and Sustainability [Utrecht], The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)-University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Department of Geological Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, FAO Forestry, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Department of Chemistry [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, University of Rochester [USA], Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of Toronto, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Department of Geographical Sciences [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], Hohai University, European Project: 725546,Metlake, European Project: 776810,H2020,H2020-SC5-2017-OneStageB,VERIFY(2018), European Project: 773421,H2020,H2020-BG-2017-1,NUNATARYUK(2017), Natural Environment Research Council [2006-2012], Earth Sciences, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Saunois, M., R. Stavert, A., Poulter, B., Bousquet, P., G. Canadell, J., B. Jackson, R., A. Raymond, P., J. Dlugokencky, E., Houweling, S., K. Patra, P., Ciais, P., K. Arora, V., Bastviken, D., Bergamaschi, P., R. Blake, D., Brailsford, G., Bruhwiler, L., M. Carlson, K., Carrol, M., Castaldi, S., Chandra, N., Crevoisier, C., M. Crill, P., Covey, K., L. Curry, C., Etiope, G., Frankenberg, C., Gedney, N., I. Hegglin, M., Hoglund-Isaksson, L., Hugelius, G., Ishizawa, M., Ito, A., Janssens-Maenhout, G., M. Jensen, K., Joos, F., Kleinen, T., B. Krummel, P., L. Langenfelds, R., G. Laruelle, G., Liu, L., Machida, T., Maksyutov, S., C. McDonald, K., Mcnorton, J., A. Miller, P., R. Melton, J., Morino, I., Muller, J., Murguia-Flores, F., Naik, V., Niwa, Y., Noce, S., O'Doherty, S., J. Parker, R., Peng, C., Peng, S., P. Peters, G., Prigent, C., Prinn, R., Ramonet, M., Regnier, P., J. Riley, W., A. Rosentreter, J., Segers, A., J. Simpson, I., Shi, H., J. Smith, S., Paul Steele, L., F. Thornton, B., Tian, H., Tohjima, Y., N. Tubiello, F., Tsuruta, A., Viovy, N., Voulgarakis, A., S. Weber, T., Van Weele, M., R. Van Der Werf, G., F. Weiss, R., Worthy, D., Wunch, D., Yin, Y., Yoshida, Y., Zhang, W., Zhang, Z., Zhao, Y., Zheng, B., Zhu, Q., and Zhuang, Q.
- Subjects
Naturgeografi ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,TRACE GASES ,ATMOSPHERIC METHANE ,010501 environmental sciences ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Methane ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,CARBON-DIOXIDE ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,Climate change ,CH4 EMISSIONS ,Geosciences, Multidisciplinary ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,lcsh:GE1-350 ,[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere ,0303 health sciences ,GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS ,Atmospheric methane ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,Géochimie ,Geology ,methane, global warming, climate change, greenhouse gases ,Carbon project ,Atmospheric chemistry ,Physical Sciences ,0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience ,BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS ,NATURAL-GAS ,PROCESS-BASED MODEL ,530 Physics ,03 medical and health sciences ,SDG 17 - Partnerships for the Goals ,Global Carbon Project ,0402 Geochemistry ,[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment ,030304 developmental biology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Science & Technology ,Radiative forcing ,15. Life on land ,Trace gas ,lcsh:Geology ,chemistry ,TM 4D-VAR V1.0 ,Physical Geography ,13. Climate action ,Greenhouse gas ,GOSAT SWIR XCO2 ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,Global methane (CH4) budget ,0401 Atmospheric Sciences - Abstract
Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budgetis important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change.Atmospheric emissions and concentrations of CH4 continue to increase,making CH4 the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas interms of climate forcing, after carbon dioxide (CO2). The relativeimportance of CH4 compared to CO2 depends on its shorteratmospheric lifetime, stronger warming potential, and variations inatmospheric growth rate over the past decade, the causes of which are stilldebated. Two major challenges in reducing uncertainties in the atmosphericgrowth rate arise from the variety of geographically overlapping CH4sources and from the destruction of CH4 by short-lived hydroxylradicals (OH). To address these challenges, we have established aconsortium of multidisciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the GlobalCarbon Project to synthesize and stimulate new research aimed at improvingand regularly updating the global methane budget. Following Saunois et al. (2016), we present here the second version of the living review paperdedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-downstudies (atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modellingframework) and bottom-up estimates (including process-based models forestimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, inventories ofanthropogenic emissions, and data-driven extrapolations). For the 2008–2017 decade, global methane emissions are estimated byatmospheric inversions (a top-down approach) to be 576 Tg CH4 yr−1 (range 550–594, corresponding to the minimum and maximumestimates of the model ensemble). Of this total, 359 Tg CH4 yr−1 or∼ 60 % is attributed to anthropogenic sources, that isemissions caused by direct human activity (i.e. anthropogenic emissions; range 336–376 Tg CH4 yr−1 or 50 %–65 %). The mean annual total emission for the new decade (2008–2017) is29 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than our estimate for the previous decade (2000–2009),and 24 Tg CH4 yr−1 larger than the one reported in the previousbudget for 2003–2012 (Saunois et al. 2016). Since 2012, global CH4emissions have been tracking the warmest scenarios assessed by theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Bottom-up methods suggest almost30 % larger global emissions (737 Tg CH4 yr−1, range 594–881)than top-down inversion methods. Indeed, bottom-up estimates for naturalsources such as natural wetlands, other inland water systems, and geologicalsources are higher than top-down estimates. The atmospheric constraints onthe top-down budget suggest that at least some of these bottom-up emissionsare overestimated. The latitudinal distribution of atmosphericobservation-based emissions indicates a predominance of tropical emissions(∼ 65 % of the global budget, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
- Published
- 2020
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