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Background The spectrum of clinical manifestations of CoronaVirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is not yet completely known. In elderly, mortality and extra-pulmonary involvement appear to be more frequent than expected. Methods A multicentric-retrospective-case-series of patients hospitalized between March 1st and June 15th, 2020 with confirmed COVID-19 by RT-PCR testing on throat/nasopharyngeal swabs and age ≥65 years was analysed. Based on the “Clinical Frailty Scale” (CFS), patients were classified into three groups according to the resulting score: 1-3 (group A), 4-6 (group B), 7-9 (group C). Results Overall, 206 patients were included. Crude mortality was 27%. According to CFS, on admission, 60 patients (29%) were assigned to group A, 60 (29%) to group B, and 86 (42%) to group C. The following features were significantly more frequent among group C patients in comparison with groups B and A: mental confusion (65% vs 33% vs 7%, respectively, p

Despite respiratory symptoms are typically found during the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), gastrointestinal manifestations are increasingly described. However, data regarding COVID‐19‐associated pancreatic injury are still limited, as well as the mechanisms underlying COVID‐19 induced‐pancreatic damage have not been completely clarified. Herein, we described pancreatic abnormalities in six (8.5%) out of 70 patients with COVID‐19 hospitalized in our unit from February 25, 2020 to May 10, 2020. We hypothesized that pancreatic damage may be associated with several factors including direct effect of SARS‐CoV‐2, inflammatory cascade, dehydration and multiple organ dysfunction.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Background Direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-based treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been associated with high sustained virological response (SVR) rates and good tolerability in randomized clinical trials. This study was performed to assess the safety and effectiveness of DAAs in both HCV mono-infected and HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Methods All consecutive HCV-infected patients, including HIV/HCV co-infected patients, receiving DAA-based treatment from February 2015 to September 2016 at the study clinic were included. Clinical, virological, and biochemical data were retrieved. The primary end-point was the SVR12 (HCV RNA undetectable 12 weeks after the end of treatment) is commonly used worldwide. The secondary end-point was the safety profile of DAAs during the treatment period. Results A total of 382 patients were included; 62 were HIV/HCV co-infected. Cirrhosis was found in 256 patients (67.4%). SVR12 was achieved in 365/382 (95.5%) individuals (58/62 HIV/HCV co-infected, 93.5%) in the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. A platelet count 9 /l (odds ratio (OR) 4.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–11.3, p =0.006), HCV genotype 3 infection (OR 5.49, 95% CI 1.9–15.7, p =0.002), liver stiffness >20kPa (OR 3.05, 95% CI 1.03–8.96, p =0.04), and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score >10 (OR 5.27, 95% CI 1.16–23.8, p =0.03) were associated with lower SVR rates. On multivariate analysis, only genotype 3 infection remained a negative predictor of SVR (OR 21.6, 95% CI 3.81–123, p =0.001). Treatment discontinuation was observed in 10 subjects. Severe adverse events (SAEs) occurred in 17 patients (4.5%). Conclusions High SVR12 rates were observed in both HCV mono-infected and HIV/HCV co-infected individuals. Overall, DAA-based treatment was safe and there were no differences in terms of SAEs and treatment discontinuation between the two groups.

Background Direct antiviral agents (DAAs) for chronic hepatitis C showed great effectiveness and good safety profile. So far, few data are available about their use in elderly subjects. Aim To assess management, safety and outcome of DAAs treatments in the elderly. Methods This retrospective, single-centre study enrolled all patients aged ≥65 years, compared by age (group A: 65–74 years, group B: ≥75 years), who completed DAAs between February 2015–November 2016. Variables potentially associated to adverse events (AEs) were analyzed. Sustained virological response (SVR) was evaluated at 12-weeks follow-up. Results DAAs were administered to 221 patients aged ≥65 years (males: 112; group A: 130, group B: 91). Prescribed regimens were: sofosbuvir-based: 44 patients (19.9%), simeprevir-based: 25 (15%), ledipasvir-based: 49 (22.2%), daclatasvir-based: 12 (5.4%), paritaprevir/ritonavir + ombitasvir ± dasabuvir: 91 (41.2%). Ribavirin was used in 121 patients. In 58 subjects co-medications were adjusted due to drug interactions. At least one AE occurred in 130 patients, including 13 SAEs, mainly in older subjects (p = 0.04). Female sex (p = 0.04), liver stiffness (p = 0.023), use of simeprevir (p = 0.03) and ribavirin (p = 0.009) were associated with AEs. SVR-12 was achieved in 96,9% of subjects. Conclusions A careful baseline evaluation and a strict monitoring allow to optimise management and outcome of DAAs in elderly.

Objectives Fostemsavir, a novel attachment inhibitor targeting the HIV-1 gp120, has demonstrated wide in vitro activity. However, the high rate of HIV gp120 substitutions could jeopardize its efficacy. We investigated envelope (env) substitutions at positions associated with resistance to fostemsavir in patients with a new HIV-1 diagnosis according to HIV subtype and tropism. Methods Gp120 sequences from 409 subjects were retrospectively analysed and the presence of the L116P, A204D, S375H/M/T, M426L, M434I and M475I mutations was evaluated. Other amino acid changes at the same positions were also recorded. The variability at each amino acid position was evaluated using Shannon entropy. Results The frequency of mutations was: S375T (13.2%); M426L (6.8%); M434I (2.9%); M475I (2.7%); S375H (1.0%)/M (0.8%) and L116P (0.31%). Statistically significant differences were found at positions 375 (R5/non-R5 strains and B/non-B subtypes) and 426 (B/non-B subtypes); post hoc analysis revealed that significance for position 375 was steered by S375T while for position 426 significance was governed by unusual substitutions, in particular M426R (B/non-B, P Conclusions In conclusion, gp120 substitutions were detected in different subtypes and in both R5 and non-R5 variants. Despite the great variability of gp120, the frequency of mutations was low overall and the predominant substitution was S375T, the role of which in reducing fostemsavir efficacy is less substantial.

Background The association between X4 virus and an increased risk of non-AIDS-events has been reported. Morbidity/mortality due to non-AIDS events, which are properly predicted by the CD4/CD8 ratio and VACS index, have become particularly remarkable in HIV-infected patients receiving effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Methods We verified the validity of the syllogism: as HIV-tropism (CRT) contributes to the onset of non-AIDS events which are successfully predicted by the CD4/CD8 ratio and VACS index, then CRT correlates with these two variables. The CD4/CD8 ratio and VACS index at baseline and overtime were analyzed according to CRT tested before the first successful cART regimen in newly-diagnosed patients. Results Patients with R5 variants had a significantly lower baseline VACS percentage risk [mean (95%CI):18.2%(16.1-20.3) vs 24.3%(18.2-22.5), p = 0.002] and higher baseline CD4/CD8 ratio [mean (95%CI):0.43 (0.38-0.47) vs 0.28 (0.19-0.36), p = 0.002] than non-R5 patients. After an initial drop, VACS increased again in R5 and non-R5 patients and the two trend curves almost overlapped. The CD4/CD8 ratio had an increasing trend in both R5 and non-R5 patients; however, even though non-R5 patients had a greater gain of CD4+, they maintained a lower CD4/CD8 ratio at any time point. Conclusion Our study confirms an association between pre-therapy CRT, CD4/CD8 ratio and VACS. A successful cART regimen positively affects the CD4/CD8 ratio; however, the disadvantage conferred by a non-R5 CRT is maintained overtime. The restoration of VACS in all patients could be directly due to variables included in the VACS calculation and to factors that adversely influence these variables.

This review outlines the association between tuberculosis and diabetes, focusing on epidemiology, physiopathology, clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment, and evaluates future perspectives, with particular attention to developing countries.

We aimed to investigate to what extent a first-line DTG-based ART regimen reduces HIV-RNA in semen compared to plasma.In this prospective, observational study, ART-naïve, HIV-infected males starting their first ART regimen with DTG plus TDF/FTC or ABC/3TC were enrolled. Paired blood (BP) and seminal plasma (SP) samples were collected at baseline (T0) and at week-2/4/12/24 after ART initiation. Sexually transmitted infections (STI) were ruled out before enrolment.Median baseline HIV-RNA levels were lower in SP compared to BP (657 versus 38.200 copies/ml, p 0.001), three subjects had undetectable semen HIV-RNA. After 12 weeks of treatment, HIV-RNA was below the quantification limit in both BP and SP of 11 pts (61.1%). Discordant results were obtained in 6 subjects (33.3%), showing quantifiable HIV-RNA in blood only (2 cases) and in semen only (4 cases). Finally, one subject had a positive HIV-RNA in SP/BP. At W24, only in 2/16 subjects (12.5%) HIV-RNA was detectable in semen, while in the others it was negative on SP/BP. No concurrent STI was found in subjects with detectable VL in semen.DTG demonstrated effectiveness in reducing VL with different kinetics in blood and semen, despite seminal viral suppression after 6 months of ART was not obtained in the totality of subjects.

Background Imported cases of multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum and treatment failure with artemisinin-based regimens, although rare, have been described also in Western countries and their management is often challenging. This is also due to an inadequate knowledge and implementation of health prevention measures. Case report A complex case of imported malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax/P. falciparum isolates in a patient who was not taking chemoprophylaxis while he was travelling in Cambodia is reported in this article. After failures of artemisinin-based and both oral and intravenous quinine-based regimens, a multidrug resistant P. falciparum was detected. The patient was successfully treated with atovaquone–proguanil. Conclusions This experience highlights the importance of a careful management that should be based not only on the most up-to-date guidelines, but also on the awareness of a rapidly evolving scenario.

Introduction: Data regarding the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) in Africa are scarce. DM screening among TB patients in Mozambique was carried out. Methods: The study was implemented from January to August 2016 in three Urban Health Centers in Beira, Mozambique and recruited adult (>18 years) patients newly diagnosed with pulmonary TB. Results: Three hundred and one patients were enrolled (67.4%, males mean age 31.7(SD 11 years). Diabetes was diagnosed in only 3 patients (1%) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in an additional 6 subjects (2%). Conclusion: A lower than expected prevalence of DM was observed, which could be explained by the lack of traditional risk factors for DM (overweight, age over 45 years, hypertension and smoking) in Mozambique. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, pulmonary tuberculosis, Beira, Mozambique