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Post-exercise proteinuria is one of the most common findings observed after short and intensive physical activity, but is observed also after long runs with low intensity. The aim of this study was to analyze factors influencing proteinuria after marathon runs. Two groups of male amateur runners were studied. The results of 20 marathon finishers (42.195 m), with a mean age of 49.3 ± 6.85 years; and 17 finishers of a 100-km ultramarathon with a mean age of 40.18±4.57 years were studied. Urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) was calculated before and after both races. The relationship between ACR and run pace, metabolites (lactate, beta hydroxybutyrate), markers of inflammation (CRP, IL-6) and insulin was studied. The significant increase in ACR was observed after both marathon races. ACR increased from 6.41 to 21.96 mg/g after the marathon and from 5.37 to 49.64 mg/g after the ultramarathon (p

Introduction : Hypertension is one of the main risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. The first aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence, awareness and treatment of hypertension as well as treatment effectiveness (blood pressure < 140/90 mm Hg) in a representative sample of the Polish population over the age of 19, examined in the WOBASZ II program. The second aim was to assess the changes in these parameters between 2003–2005 (WOBASZ study) and 2013–2014 in adults aged 20–74. Material and methods : Sampling was performed in three stages, stratified according to voivodeship (province), type of commune, and gender. Finally, the study included 6163 persons (3406 women and 2757 men) examined in the years 2013–2014 (aged ≥ 19 years). For comparison the data from 14 755 persons (7783 women and 6452 men aged 20–74 years) examined in the years 2003–2005 were used. Results : In the years 2013–2014, the age-standardized prevalence of hypertension, awareness, treatment and control was 42.7%, 59.3%, 46.1%, and 23% respectively. In the last decade an increase in the prevalence of hypertension (relative ratio (RR) 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07–1.18), treatment (RR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.17–1.36) and control (RR = 2.16; 95% CI: 1.91 2.45) was found. In contrast, the awareness decreased nonsignificantly (RR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.92–1.05). Conclusions : The prevalence of hypertension in Poland is high, and increased by about 12% in 10 years. Although the number of treated patients and blood pressure control improved nearly twofold over the last decade, this is still below expectations. Efforts to improve the diagnosis and effective treatment of hypertension in Poland should still be intensified.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of morbidity and an important cause of disability and premature death in European countries. Current guidelines recommend prevention delivery by physicians during medical consultations. Aim: We sought to evaluate the prevention support offered by Polish physicians in 2013–2014 compared to 2003–2005, and its determinants. Methods: The data from two population surveys were analysed: WOBASZ (6392 men and 7153 women, aged 20–74 years, screened in 2003–2005) and WOBASZ II (2751 men and 3418 women, aged ≥ 20 years, screened in 2013–2014). For comparison analysis, the population of WOBASZ II was restricted to persons aged 20–74 years. Prevention delivery was assessed using a questionnaire. Results: Overall, 64% of men and 75% of women screened in 2003–2005 consulted their physicians at least once in the preceding year; 10 years later these rates were 70% and 82%, respectively. In both studies, 70% of respondents recalled having received one piece of prevention advice during a medical consultation. One-third of participants neither received any prevention advice nor had their blood pressure or cholesterol level measured. In WOBASZ II we observed a significant increase in the frequency of counselling regarding smoking cessation, nutrition, and increased physical activity, as well as in the frequency of cholesterol measurements, compared to WOBASZ. The prevention support was related to the health status. Conclusions: The prevention support in the years 2013–2014 was better than in 2003–2005, but was still insufficient. About one-third of participants did not receive any preventive advice. The prevention support was offered more often to patients with worse health status.

INTRODUCTION The reduction of tobacco smoking is a challenging problem of public health. OBJECTIVES The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the prevalence and tobacco use patterns in the adult population of Poles and its changes in a period between year 2003 and 2014. Furthermore, changes in the smoking addiction, the declared reasons for smoking as well as readiness and motivation to stop smoking has been assessed. PATIENTS AND METHODS Based on data from the Polish studies - WOBASZ and WOBASZ II, the analysis covered a population of 14576 persons from the 1st study (6906 men and 7670 women) and 5696 persons from the 2nd study (2578 men and 3118 women), aged 20 - 74. RESULTS According to the WOBASZ II study, in Poland 30% of men and 21% of women smoked, the shares being 9 and 4 % lower for men and women respectively in comparison with the WOBASZ (p

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Despite the progress in diagnostics and treatment, it is expected that CVD will still be the main cause of death worldwide until at least 2030. From 1991 CVD mortality in Poland systematically decreased, but it is still higher than the average in Western Europe. In 2013 CVDs were the cause of 46% of all deaths in Poland (40.9% in men and 51.1% in women) and 26.9% of deaths among persons under 65 years of age. The epidemiologic assessment of prevalence, control and treatment of CVD risk factors, and monitoring of healthy behaviour and morbidity due to diseases like coronary artery disease, hypertension and diabetes is very important for health policy planning. The WOBASZ II is the newest Polish population based survey, performed in 2013–2014 to evaluate prevalence, control, treatment, and morbidity. The study was the continuation of WOBASZ (2003–2005). Aim: To describe the goals and methods of the WOBASZ II study and to present the results of the recruitment. Methods: The WOBASZ II study was planned as a cross-sectional survey of a random sample of Polish residents aged over 20 years. The selection, using the National Identity Card Registry of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, was made as a three-stage sampling, stratified according to administrative units (voivodeships), type of urbanisation (commune), and gender. The study protocol consisted of a questionnaire used in face-to-face interviews, physical examination, and blood samples. WOBASZ II was coordinated by the Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention and Health Promotion of the Institute of Cardiology in Warsaw in cooperation with medical universities in Gdansk, Katowice, Krakow, Lodz, and Poznan. Results: Out of 15,120 persons, 1557 persons were not eligible. Out of eligible persons, 6170 (2760 men and 3410 women) were examined (the response rate 45.5%). The highest response rates were observed in Warminsko-Mazurskie (64.2%), Zachodniopomorskie (58.1%), and Kujawsko-Pomorskie (53.1%). Conclusions: The importance of the WOBASZ study for the monitoring of the health state of Polish society, and for the as­sessment of prophylaxis efficiency and treatment of CVD and metabolic diseases, as well as for the evaluation of the actions in the field of health promotion, is difficult to overstate.

INTRODUCTION There are limited data on the current prevalence of overweight and obesity as well as its changes with time in Poland. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity and overweight in Polish adults in the years 2013-2014, and to compare it with the prevalence in the years 2003-2005. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was conducted in 2 independent, representative samples of the Polish population, comprising 14 537 persons (aged 20-74 years) examined in the years 2003-2005 and 6164 persons (aged ≥20 years) examined in the years 2013-2014. Anthropometric measurements were done by trained nurses. RESULTS In the years 2013-2014, the age-standardized prevalence of obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m2) was 24.4% in men and 25.0% in women. The prevalence of overweight (BMI, 25.0-29.9 kg/m2) was 43.2% in men and 30.5% in women. Abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥102 cm in men or ≥88 cm in women) was noted in 32.2% of men and 45.7% of women. Abdominal overweight (waist circumference, 94-101.9 cm in men or 80-87.9 cm in women) was present in 27.2% of men and 21.7% of women. Since the years 2003-2005, the distribution of body mass according to the BMI category had shifted to higher values, and an increase in the prevalence of obesity was observed in men. The percentage of adults with normal waist circumference decreased significantly in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS Every fourth inhabitant of Poland is obese, and during the last decade, the prevalence of obesity has increased, particularly in men. Abdominal obesity is observed in every third man and nearly every second woman, and an excess of abdominal fat has increased in both sexes.