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Collaborative problem solving is more important than ever as the problems we try to solve become increasingly complex. Meanwhile, personal and professional communication has moved from face-to-face to computer-mediated environments, but there is little understanding on how the characteristics of these environments affect the quality of interaction and joint problem solving. To develop this understanding, methods are needed for measuring success of collaboration. For this purpose, we created a collaborative block design task intended to evaluate and quantify pair performance. In this task, participants need to share information to complete visuospatial puzzles. Two versions of the task are described: a physical version and one that can be completed in virtual reality. A preliminary study was conducted with the physical version (N = 18 pairs) and the results were used to develop the task for a second study in virtual reality (N = 31 pairs). Performance measures were developed for the task, and we found that pair performance was normally distributed and positively associated with visuospatial skills, but not with other participant-specific background factors. The task specifications are released for the research community to apply and adapt in the study of computer-mediated social interaction., Psychology; Block design; Collective intelligence; Pair performance; Virtual reality; Social Computing; Computer-supported cooperative work

Earlier puberty, especially in girls, is associated with physical and mental disorders. Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure influences the timing of puberty in animal models, but the human relevance of those findings is unknown. We studied whether voluntary consumption of licorice, which contains glycyrrhizin (a potent inhibitor of placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, the "barrier" to maternal glucocorticoids), by pregnant women was associated with pubertal maturation (height, weight, body mass index for age, difference between current and expected adult height, Tanner staging, score on the Pubertal Development Scale), neuroendocrine function (diurnal salivary cortisol, dexamethasone suppression), cognition (neuropsychological tests), and psychiatric problems (as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist) in their offspring. The children were born in 1998 in Helsinki, Finland, and examined during 2009-2011 (mean age = 12.5 (standard deviation (SD), 0.4) years; n = 378). Girls exposed to high maternal glycyrrhizin consumption (≥500 mg/week) were taller (mean difference (MD) = 0.4 SD, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1, 0.8), were heavier (MD = 0.6 SD, 95% CI: 0.2, 1.9), and had higher body mass index for age (MD = 0.6 SD, 95% CI: 0.2, 0.9). They were also 0.5 standard deviations (95% CI: 0.2, 0.8) closer to adult height and reported more advanced pubertal development (P < 0.04). Girls and boys exposed to high maternal glycyrrhizin consumption scored 7 (95% CI: 3.1, 11.2) points lower on tests of intelligence quotient, had poorer memory (P < 0.04), and had 3.3-fold (95% CI: 1.4, 7.7) higher odds of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder problems compared with children whose mothers consumed little to no glycyrrhizin (≤249 mg/week). No differences in cortisol levels were found. Licorice consumption during pregnancy may be associated with harm for the developing offspring.

Children who undertake more physical activity (PA) not only have more optimal physical health but also enjoy better mental health. However, the pathways by which PA affects well-being remain unclear.To address this question, we examined whether objectively measured daytime PA was associated with diurnal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPAA) activity and HPAA responses to psychosocial stress.We conducted a cross-sectional study in a birth cohort in Helsinki, Finland.We studied 258 8-year-old children.PA was assessed with wrist-worn accelerometers. Overall PA and percentage of time spent in vigorous PA (VPA) were categorized by sex into thirds. Salivary cortisol was measured diurnally and in response to the Trier Social Stress Test for Children.The children in different PA groups did not show differences in diurnal salivary cortisol (P.10 for overall PA and VPA). Children with the highest levels of overall PA or VPA showed no, or only small, increases over time in salivary cortisol after stress (P = .10 and P =.03 for time in analyses of PA and VPA, respectively), whereas children belonging to the lowest and intermediate thirds showed significant increases over time in salivary cortisol after stress (P ≤ .002 for time in the analyses of overall PA and VPA).These results suggest that children with lower levels of daytime PA have higher HPAA activity in response to stress. These findings may offer insight into the pathways of PA on physical and mental well-being.

Unimpaired adults born preterm at very low birth weight (

Objective To assess the associations of sleep problems with 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and cardiovascular reactivity in children. Methods Sleep problems in 285 term-born, healthy 8-year-olds (mean [standard deviation] = 8.1 [0.3] years) were measured with a parent-rated Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children. Ambulatory blood pressure (n = 241) was measured for 24 hours (41% nonschool days) with an oscillometric device. The children (n = 274) underwent the Trier Social Stress Test for Children during which blood pressure, electrocardiography, and thoracic impedance were recorded and processed offline to give measures of cardiovascular and autonomic function. Results No associations were found between sleep problems and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. Children with sleep breathing disorders (n = 5) had higher baseline sympathetic vascular activity (p = .014) and higher heart rate (p = .044) and sympathetic cardiac activity (p = .031) in reaction to stress. Children with disorders of excessive somnolence (n = 55) had higher baseline parasympathetic activity (p = .016). None of the associations remained significant after controlling for multiple testing. Conclusions Our results suggest that in a healthy community sample of prepubertal children, sleep problems are not associated with an unhealthy cardiovascular phenotype at this age. However, associations may be underestimated because of the low prevalence of sleep breathing disorders in this sample and may not generalize to older populations.

We investigated whether sleep quantity and quality were related to 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and cardiovascular reactivity in children. We studied term-born, healthy 8.0-year olds (SD: 1.4 years) without sleep-disordered breathing (231 and 265 children provided valid data for analyses of ambulatory blood pressure and cardiovascular reactivity, respectively). Sleep was registered with an actigraph for 6 nights on average (SD: 1.2; range: 3 to 13 nights). Ambulatory blood pressure was measured for 24-hours (41% nonschool days) with an oscillometric device. The children underwent the Trier Social Stress Test for Children, during which blood pressure, electrocardiography, and thoracic impedance were recorded and processed offline to give measures of cardiovascular and autonomic function. Neither quantity nor quality of sleep was related to 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure or cardiovascular reactivity after accounting for major covariates (sex, age, height, body mass index, and parental education). Although lower sympathetic nervous system activation and higher cardiac activation under stress were found in the group of children who slept for short duration when they were compared with the average sleep duration group, these associations were not significant after correction for multiple testing and were not seen in linear regression models of the effects of sleep duration. These findings do not support the mainstream of epidemiological findings, derived from samples more heterogeneous in age, sociodemographic characteristics, and health, suggesting that poor sleep is associated with an unhealthy cardiovascular phenotype.

Background and aims Preterm birth with very low birth weight. Methods We studied the association of preterm birth with 24-hour ambulatory BP and variabilityof BP in 42 young adults (mean age 23.2y) born early preterm (=37 weeks) in Northern Finland population. Wake and sleep period were distinguished with accelerometry in 72.4% of subjects, and for others by time (awake 9 am-11 pm, sleep 01 am-07 am). Results Adults born early preterm had 5.6 mmHg (95% CI 1.9–9.3) higher 24-hour SBP, 2.9 mmHg (0.4–5.4) higher 24-hour DBP, 6.4 mmHg (2.8–10.1) higher awake SBP and 4.0 mmHg (0.4–7.5) higher sleep DBP when adjusted for age, sex and use of an accelerometer. Adults born early preterm had also higher within-subject standard deviation (SD) of 24-hour SBP and DBP, awake SBP and DBP and sleep DBP (Figure). Also adults born late preterm had higher SD of 24-hour DBP and sleep SBP and DBP when adjusted for age, sex and use of an accelometer. When adjusted for maternal BMI, smoking during pregnancy and hypertensive pregnancy disorder, parental education, subject’s height and BMI, physical activity and smoking, the results were somewhat attenuated. Conclusions Higher 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and variability of BP may indicate that adults born early preterm are in greater risk for later cardiovascular outcomes.

We studied whether physical activity, measured by wrist-worn accelerometers, is associated with mother- and teacher-rated psychiatric problems in 8-year-old children (n = 199). Higher overall physical activity and more time spent in more intense physical activity were associated with lower odds for psychiatric problems in emotional, social, and behavioral domains.

Objectives: We examined temporal associations between objectively-measured physical activity (PA) during the day and in the evening, and sleep quantity and quality. Study Design: PA and sleep were measured by actigraphs for an average of one week in an epidemiological cohort study of 275 eight-year-old children. Results: For each one standard deviation (SD) unit of increased PA during the day, sleep duration was decreased by 0.30, sleep efficiency by 0.16, and sleep fragmentation increased by 0.08 SD units that night. For each one SD unit increase in sleep duration and efficiency the preceding night, PA the following day decreased by 0.09 and 0.16 SD units, respectively. When we contrasted days with a high amount of moderate to vigorous activity during the day or in the evening to days with a more sedentary profile, the results were essentially similar. However, moderate to vigorous PA in the evening shortened sleep latency. Conclusions: The relationship between a higher level of PA and poorer sleep is bidirectional. These within-person findings challenge epidemiological findings showing that more active people report better sleep. Since only a few studies using objective measurements of both PA and sleep have been conducted in children, further studies are needed to confirm/ refute these results.