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Zebrafish are used widely in biomedical, toxicological, and developmental research, but information on their xenobiotic metabolism is limited. Here, we characterized the expression of 14 xenobiotic cytochrome P450 (CYP) subtypes in whole embryos and larvae of zebrafish (4 to 144 h post-fertilization (hpf)) and the metabolic activities of several representative human CYP substrates. The 14 CYPs showed various changes in expression patterns during development. Many CYP transcripts abruptly increased at about 96 hpf, when the hepatic outgrowth progresses, however, the expression of some cyp1s (1b1, 1c1, 1c2, 1d1) and cyp2r1 peaked at 48 or 72 hpf, before full liver development. Whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed cyp2y3, 2r1, and 3a65 transcripts in larvae at 55 hpf after exposure to rifampicin, phenobarbital, or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin from 30 hpf onward. Marked conversions of diclofenac to 4&prime, hydroxydiclofenac and 5-hydroxydiclofenac, and of caffeine to 1,7-dimethylxanthine, were detected as early as 24 or 50 hpf. The rate of metabolism to 4&rsquo, hydroxydiclofenac was more marked at 48 and 72 hpf than at 120 hpf, after the liver had become almost fully developed. These findings reveal the expression of various CYPs involved in chemical metabolism in developing zebrafish, even before full liver development.

Developmental toxicity is an adverse developmental outcome, i.e., death, malformation, growth retardation, or functional deficiency. Recently, alternative methods of assessing developmental toxicity using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a preliminary screening have attracted attention because of their low cost and high throughput. However, most toxicity evaluations have been based on a chemical concentration in an aqueous solution, and the chemical concentrations in embryos/larvae and their temporal behavior have in most cases been unclear, regardless of differences of chemical hydrophobicity. In the present study, we selected three teratogens with different hydrophobicities (caffeine, CA, log Kow -0.07; sodium valproate, VA, log Kow 0.26 (pH 7.4); and diethylstilbestrol, DES, log Kow 5.07), and we measured their concentrations in embryos/larvae exposed to these chemicals every 24 hr post-fertilization (hpf) until 144 hpf. Kinetic analysis based on a one-compartment fish model that yields first order kinetics for CA and VA revealed that concentrations of both CA and VA in embryos/larvae increased gradually and became saturated by around 100 hpf. In contrast, DES concentrations in embryos/larvae reached a maximum at 48 or 72 hpf and then decreased gradually. The present study suggests that the temporal pattern of chemical concentrations is a function of the hydrophobicity of the chemicals.

An endocrine-disrupting chemical Bisphenol A (BPA) binds specifically to a nuclear receptor (NR) named ERRγ. Although the importance of receptor-binding evaluation for human NRs is often stressed, the binding characteristics of so-called next-generation (NextGen) bisphenol compounds are still poorly understood. The ultimate objective of this investigation was to evaluate BPA and its NextGen analogs for their abilities to bind to 21 human NRs, the greatest members of NRs for which tritium-labeled specific ligands were available. After establishing the detailed assay conditions for each NR, the receptor binding affinities of total 11 bisphenols were evaluated in competitive binding assays. The results clearly revealed that BPA and the NextGen bisphenols of BPAF, BPAP, BPB, BPC, BPE, and BPZ were highly potent against one or more of NRs such as CAR, ERα, ERβ, ERRγ, and GR, with IC50 values of 3.3–73 nM. These bisphenols were suggested strongly to be disruptive to these NRs. BPM and BPP also appeared to be disruptive, but less potently. BPF exhibited only weak effects and only against estrogen-related NRs. Surprisingly, most doubtful bisphenol BPS was supposed not to be disruptive. The NRs to which BPA and NextGen bisphenols did not bind were RARα, RARβ, RARγ, and VDR. PPARγ, RORα, RORβ, RORγ, RXRα, RXRβ, and RXRγ, exhibited very weak interaction with these bisphenols. The ten remaining NRs, namely, ERRγ, ERβ, ERα, CAR, GR, PXR, PR, AR, LXRβ, and LXRα, showed distinctly strong binding to some bisphenols in this order, being likely to have consequential endocrine-disruption effects.