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Although numerous online resources for gross anatomy are available, most feature two-dimensional photographs generated by traditional cameras. To determine whether the incorporation of light field photographs (images with an adjustable focal point) into an online anatomy resource would result in improved learning beyond traditional photographs, two online learning modules on the gross anatomy of the orbit were created. The modules were identical in content except for the type of photography used (traditional = control; light field = experimental). Students were randomly assigned into two groups and viewed one of the two learning modules. Pre- and post-quizzes comprised of a mixture of questions involving a low and high degree (rated by experienced faculty) of spatial difficulty were administered. A survey was distributed to assess student evaluations of the module. Students (N = 49; 26 control, 23 experimental) demonstrated increased quiz scores from pre- (control = 34.6 ± 15.6%, experimental = 24.3 ± 16.5%) to post-quizzes (control = 77.3 ± 20.7%, experimental = 71.3 ± 17.9%, P

Incidence rates of a third head of biceps brachii muscle have been shown to vary based on race, sex, and side of the body. Traditionally, males were thought to have higher incidences than females, and the right limb was thought to most frequently contain an additional head of biceps brachii. Additionally, innervation of this third head has been unclear, with musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, or a combination of both providing nerve supply. Here we present findings of the dissection of 23 cadavers (n = 46 limbs), in which 6 limbs demonstrated a third head of biceps brachii. Of the 6 limbs with a third head, 3 were left and 3 were right limbs, with one cadaver having the extra muscle head bilaterally. Incidence rates in females in the current study were observed to be higher than expected (20.8%), while males showed a 4.5% occurrence. All 6 of the additional heads of biceps brachii observed were innervated by musculocutaneous nerve. Together these data show a higher than expected number of female cadavers with a third head of biceps brachii, equal incidence between sides of the body, and uniform innervation by musculocutaneous nerve. These findings challenge our traditional understanding of the third head of biceps brachii and suggests a need for additional study of this complex anatomical variation. Keywords: Biceps brachii, Third head, Innervation, Sex, Cadaver, Variation

Personal computer use for educational purposes by the healthcare professions students has become ubiquitous. Although the effect of computer-based dissection instructions has been studied, there is a paucity of information regarding student browsing habits of information available on the Internet. Although current students have favorable attitudes toward accessing anatomical information online, web browsing habits have not yet been investigated specifically in the dissection laboratory setting. The purpose of this study was to describe the browsing habits of the healthcare professions students in the gross anatomy setting using a retrospective analysis. Files containing web browser history were retrieved from desktop computers in the gross anatomy laboratory and custom code was written to parse them into comma separated value files. Each web address was categorized and descriptive statistics was calculated. Browser history for 24 computers was analyzed from June 2013 to January 2015. During this period, students accumulated 100,857 webpage visits. Most often, students performed a Google search for anatomy (22.0% of all visits) and non-anatomy related (20.6% of all visits) information. Students also used the web browser to access various entertainment (16.4% of all visits) and productivity related services (15.9% of all visits). This analysis revealed a large volume of webpage visits by the healthcare professions students in the gross anatomy laboratory. A wide diversity of anatomy and non-anatomy related webpages were visited. Future analyses could be directed at examination of when in relation to class time students accessed the information, how browsing habits change over time, and what anatomical structures were most commonly searched for.