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Newcastle disease (ND) is a global threat to domestic poultry, especially in rural areas of Africa and Asia, where the loss of entire backyard local chicken flocks often threatens household food security and income. To investigate the genetics of Ghanaian local chicken ecotypes to Newcastle disease virus (NDV), in this study, three popular Ghanaian chicken ecotypes (regional populations) were challenged with a lentogenic NDV strain at 28 days of age. This study was conducted in parallel with a similar study that used three popular Tanzanian local chicken ecotypes and after two companion studies in the United States, using Hy-line Brown commercial laying birds. In addition to growth rate, NDV response traits were measured following infection, including anti-NDV antibody levels [pre-infection and 10 days post-infection (dpi)], and viral load (2 and 6 dpi). Genetic parameters were estimated, and two genome-wide association study analysis methods were used on data from 1,440 Ghanaian chickens that were genotyped on a chicken 600K Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) chip. Both Ghana and Tanzania NDV challenge studies revealed moderate to high (0.18 - 0.55) estimates of heritability for all traits, except viral clearance where the heritability estimate was not different from zero for the Tanzanian ecotypes. For the Ghana study, 12 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for growth and/or response to NDV from single-SNP analyses and 20 genomic regions that explained more than 1% of genetic variance using the Bayes B method were identified. Seven of these windows were also identified as having at least one significant SNP in the single SNP analyses for growth rate, anti-NDV antibody levels, and viral load at 2 and 6 dpi. An important gene for growth during stress, CHORDC1 associated with post-infection growth rate was identified as a positional candidate gene, as well as other immune related genes, including VAV2, IL12B, DUSP1, and IL17B. The QTL identified in the Ghana study did not overlap with those identified in the Tanzania study. However, both studies revealed QTL with genes vital for growth and immune response during NDV challenge. The Tanzania parallel study revealed an overlapping QTL on chromosome 24 for viral load at 6 dpi with the US NDV study in which birds were challenged with NDV under heat stress. This QTL region includes genes related to immune response, including TIRAP, ETS1, and KIRREL3. The moderate to high estimates of heritability and the identified QTL suggest that host response to NDV of local African chicken ecotypes can be improved through selective breeding to enhance increased NDV resistance and vaccine efficacy.

Newcastle Disease (ND) is a continuing global threat to domestic poultry, especially in developing countries, where severe outbreaks of velogenic ND virus (NDV) often cause major economic losses to households. Local chickens are of great importance to rural family livelihoods through provision of high-quality protein. To investigate the genetic basis of host response to NDV, three popular Tanzanian chicken ecotypes (regional populations) were challenged with a lentogenic (vaccine) strain of NDV at 28 days of age. Various host response phenotypes, including anti-NDV antibody levels (pre-infection and 10 days post-infection, dpi), and viral load (2 and 6 dpi) were measured, in addition to growth rate. We estimated genetic parameters and conducted genome-wide association study analyses by genotyping 1399 chickens using the Affymetrix 600K chicken SNP chip. Estimates of heritability of the evaluated traits were moderate (0.18&ndash, 0.35). Five quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with growth and/or response to NDV were identified by single-SNP analyses, with some regions explaining &ge, 1% of genetic variance based on the Bayes-B method. Immune related genes, such as ETS1, TIRAP, and KIRREL3, were located in regions associated with viral load at 6 dpi. The moderate estimates of heritability and identified QTL indicate that NDV response traits may be improved through selective breeding of chickens to enhance increased NDV resistance and vaccine efficacy in Tanzanian local ecotypes.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T11:56:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-14 Ensminger Endowment, State of Iowa USDA-NIFAAFRI Climate Change Award Hatch funding Extreme environmental conditions are a major challenge in livestock production. Changes in climate, particularly those that contribute to weather extremes like drought or excessive humidity, may result in reduced performance and reproduction and could compromise the animal's immune function. Animal survival within extreme environmental conditions could be in response to natural selection and to artificial selection for production traits that over time together may leave selection signatures in the genome. The aim of this study was to identify selection signatures that may be involved in the adaptation of indigenous chickens from two different climatic regions (Sri Lanka = Tropical; Egypt = Arid) and in non-indigenous chickens that derived from human migration events to the generally tropical State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. To do so, analyses were conducted using fixation index (Fst) and hapFLK analyses. Chickens from Brazil (n = 156), Sri Lanka (n = 92), and Egypt (n = 96) were genotyped using the Affymetrix AxiomR (R) 600k Chicken Genotyping Array. Pairwise Fst analyses among countries did not detect major regions of divergence between chickens from Sri Lanka and Brazil, with ecotypes/breeds from Brazil appearing to be genetically related to Asian-Indian (Sri Lanka) ecotypes. However, several differences were detected in comparisons of Egyptian with either Sri Lankan or Brazilian populations, and common regions of difference on chromosomes 2, 3 and 8 were detected. The hapFLK analyses for the three separate countries suggested unique regions that are potentially under selection on chromosome 1 for all three countries, on chromosome 4 for Sri Lankan, and on chromosomes 3, 5, and 11 for the Egyptian populations. Some of identified regions under selection with hapFLK analyses contained genes such as TLR3, SOCS2, EOMES, and NFAT5 whose biological functions could provide insights in understanding adaptation mechanisms in response to arid and tropical environments. Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA Univ Peradeniya, Dept Anim Sci, Fac Agr, Kandy, Sri Lanka Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Coll Agr & Vet Sci, Jaboticabal, Brazil Anim Prod Res Inst, Dept Anim Biotechnol, Giza, Egypt Univ Delaware, Anim & Food Sci, Newark, DE USA Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Coll Agr & Vet Sci, Jaboticabal, Brazil USDA-NIFAAFRI Climate Change Award: 2011-67003-30228

A survey was conducted in two sites of Senegal to determine the intra-household gender roles in the Senegal dairy cattle systems. Two surveys, baseline and longitudinal were conducted and the main survey respondents were the households heads. Households were grouped into two levels (higher or lower) of market orientation using the longitudinal household milk production data. Baseline survey results revealed that adult males (> 15 years of age) were responsible for the costs and decision making of most of the dairy related activities though less so when production was quite low. Adult males, hired males (> 15 years of age), and any other household members, except the female gender were the main labor source for the dairy activities. When comparing who received income from milk sales, income from lower market orientated households went to females for a larger proportion of households, than in higher market orientated households.