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1. Revision of the muscular anatomy of the paired fins of the living coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia)

Author

Marc Herbin, Alessia Huby, Anthony Herrel, Rohan Mansuit, Université de Liège, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (CR2P), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Sarcopterygii, endocrine system, animal structures, Pelvic girdle, Fin, biology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Latimeria, Actinistia, Reduced mobility, Anatomy, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Functional description, body regions, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, embryonic structures, human activities, Coelacanth, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

As a sarcopterygian fish, the extant coelacanth Latimeria has muscular paired fins, different in their skeletal and muscular anatomy from the paired fins of actinopterygians. Although the muscular anatomy of the pectoral and pelvic fins of Latimeria has been described by several studies, a detailed functional description of the muscles and their architecture has never been performed. Our detailed functional description of the muscles of the paired fins shows a more complex organization than previously described. The pectoral and pelvic fins have a different organization of their muscular anatomy, and the pelvic fin shows a more plesiomorphic configuration of the muscles since most of them are poly-articular and run from the pelvic girdle to the fin rays, an organization typical of actinopterygians. We found that the pectoral fins are stronger than the pelvic fins which is likely to be associated with the greater contribution of the pectoral fins to locomotion and manoeuvring. Finally, the study of the joint mobility of the paired fins showed that the pectoral fins show greater mobility than the pelvic fins. The reduced mobility of the pelvic fin is possibly a consequence of the morphology of the mesomeres and the large pre-axial radials.

Published
2021
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2. Development and growth of the pelvic fin in the extant coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae

Author

Mathieu Santin, Paul Tafforeau, Marc Herbin, Gaël Clément, Hugo Dutel, Rohan Mansuit, Anthony Herrel, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (CR2P), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology [Cambridge] (OEB), Harvard University [Cambridge], Laboratory for evolutionary morphology, Kobe University, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Centre de Neuro-Imagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for NeuroImaging Research-Human MRI Neuroimaging core facility for clinical research [ICM Paris] (CENIR), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière = Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Histology, Pelvis, 03 medical and health sciences, Endoskeleton, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Animals, Coelacanth, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Phylogeny, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Appendage, Pelvic girdle, biology, Ossification, Fossils, Latimeria, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Fish fin, Fishes, Actinistia, [SDV.BDD.MOR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology/Morphogenesis, Anatomy, biology.organism_classification, Biological Evolution, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 030104 developmental biology, Animal Fins, medicine.symptom, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Biotechnology
Abstract

The ontogeny of the paired appendages has been extensively studied in lungfishes and tetrapods, but remains poorly known in coelacanths. Recent work has shed light on the anatomy and development of the pectoral fin in Latimeria chalumnae. Yet, information on the development of the pelvic fin and girdle is still lacking. Here, we described the development of the pelvic fin and girdle in Latimeria chalumnae based on 3D reconstructions generated from conventional and X-ray synchrotron microtomography, as well as MRI acquisitions. As in other jawed vertebrates, the development of the pelvic fin occurs later than that of the pectoral fin in Latimeria. Many elements of the endoskeleton are not yet formed at the earliest stage sampled. The four mesomeres are already formed in the fetus, but only the most proximal radial elements (preaxial radial 0-1) are formed and individualized at this stage. We suggest that all the preaxial radial elements in the pelvic and pectoral fin of Latimeria are formed through the fragmentation of the mesomeres. We document the progressive ossification of the pelvic girdle, and the presence of a trabecular system in the adult. This trabecular system likely reinforces the cartilaginous girdle to resist the muscle forces exerted during locomotion. Finally, the presence of a preaxial element in contact with the pelvic girdle from the earliest stage of development onward questions the mono-basal condition of the pelvic fin in Latimeria. However, the particular shape of the mesomeres may explain the presence of this element in contact with the girdle.

Published
2020
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3. Treadmill locomotion of the mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus); kinematic parameters during symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits

Author

Martine Perret, Rémi Hackert, Eva Hommet, Vicky Hanotin-Dossot, Marc Herbin, Mécanismes adaptatifs : des organismes aux communautés (MAOAC), and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Male, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Arboreal locomotion, medicine.medical_specialty, Microcebus murinus, Physiology, STRIDE, Lemur, Kinematics, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Functional Laterality, 03 medical and health sciences, Behavioral Neuroscience, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, biology.animal, medicine, Animals, Treadmill, Gait, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, biology, Mouse lemur, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology, biology.organism_classification, Biomechanical Phenomena, 030104 developmental biology, Animal Science and Zoology, Cheirogaleidae, human activities
Abstract

The gaits of the adult grey mouse lemur Microcebus murinus were studied during treadmill locomotion over a large range of velocities. The locomotion sequences were analysed to determine the gait and the various spatiotemporal gait parameters of the limbs. We found that velocity adjustments are accounted for differently by stride frequency and stride length depending on whether the animal showed a symmetrical or an asymmetrical gait. When using symmetrical gaits the increase in velocity is associated with a constant contribution of the stride length and stride frequency; the increase of the stride frequency being always lower. When using asymmetrical gaits, the increase in velocity is mainly assured by an increase in the stride length which tends to decrease with increasing velocity. A reduction in both stance time and swing time contributed to the increase in stride frequency for both gaits, though with a major contribution from the decrease in stance time. The pattern of locomotion obtained in a normal young adult mouse lemurs can be used as a template for studying locomotor control deficits during aging or in different environments such as arboreal ones which likely modify the kinematics of locomotion.

Published
2018
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4. Anatomical Basis of Differences in Locomotor Behavior in Martens: AComparison of the Forelimb Musculature Between Two Sympatric Species ofMartes

Author

Anne-Claire Fabre, Marc Herbin, Christine Böhmer, Anthony Herrel, and Stéphane Peigné

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Arboreal locomotion, animal structures, Histology, Mustelidae, Zoology, Isometric exercise, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, biology.animal, medicine, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Marten, fungi, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Sympatric speciation, Climbing, Anatomy, Adductor muscles, Forelimb, Biotechnology
Abstract

Arboreal locomotion imposes selective pressures that may affect the evolution of the locomotor apparatus. The limbs have to be mobile to reach across discontinuities, yet at the same time need to be forceful to move against gravity during climbing. However, as intermediaries between the arboreal and terrestrial environment, semi-arboreal mammals appear not extremely specialized and, thus, anatomical adaptations may be less evident than expected for arboreal climbers. Here, we present quantitative data on the muscle anatomy of the forelimbs (N = 14) of two closely related species of Mustelidae and relate the findings to their locomotor habits. The arboreal pine marten (Martes martes) and the more terrestrial stone marten (Martes foina) are the most similar sympatric carnivores in Europe, but distinctly differ in habitat selection and locomotor mode. Via dissections muscle architectural variables including muscle mass, pennation angle, and fiber length were measured and the physiological cross-sectional area and maximum isometric force were estimated for each muscle. The results reveal that the force-generating capacity of the limb flexor and retractor muscles and the excursion capability of the adductor muscles are greater in the pine marten compared to the stone marten. Since the two sympatric martens are very similar in terms of overall appearance, body size, intra-limb proportions, phylogenetic relationships and predation behavior, the differences in forelimb musculature are interpreted to reflect the greater climbing ability of the pine marten. The functional properties appear to facilitate locomotion in a three-dimensionally complex arboreal environment. Anat Rec, 301:449-472, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Published
2018
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5. New scale analyses reveal centenarian African coelacanths

Author

Marc Herbin, Kelig Mahe, Bruno Ernande, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Scale (anatomy), Range (biology), growth, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, media_common.quotation_subject, Animal Scales, Longevity, Zoology, Biology, survival, size, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Life history theory, living coelacanth, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, latimeria-chalumnae, Animals, Sexual maturity, patterns, 14. Life underwater, marine fishes, Coelacanth, media_common, age validation, Fishes, Ovoviviparity, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Threatened species, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

WOS:000687948600015; The extant coelacanth was discovered in 1938;(1) its biology and ecology remain poorly known due to the low number of specimens collected. Only two previous studies(1,2) have attempted to determine its age and growth. They suggested a maximum lifespan of 20 years, placing the coelacanth among the fastest growing marine fish. These findings are at odds with the coelacanth's other known biological features including low oxygen-extraction capacity, slow metabolism, ovoviviparity, and low fecundity, typical of fish with slow life histories and slow growth. In this study, we use polarized light microscopy to study growth on scales based on a large sample of 27 specimens. Our results demonstrate for the first time nearly imperceptible annual calcified structures (circuli) on the scales and show that maximal age of the coelacanth was underestimated by a factor of 5. Our validation method suggests that circuli are indeed annual, thus supporting that the coelacanth is among the longest-living fish species, its lifespan being probably around 100 years. Like deep-sea sharks with a reduced metabolism, the coelacanth has among the slowest growth for its size. Further reappraisals of age at first sexual maturity (in the range 40 to 69 years old) and gestation duration (of around 5 years) show that the living coelacanth has one of the slowest life histories of all marine fish and possibly the longest gestation. As long-lived species with slow life histories are extremely vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic perturbations, our results suggest that coelacanths may be more threatened than previously considered.

Published
2021
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6. Development and growth of the pectoral girdle and fin skeleton in the extant coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae

Author

Hugo Dutel, Marc Herbin, Gaël Clément, Mathieu Santin, Paul Tafforeau, Anthony Herrel, Rohan Mansuit, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (CR2P), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bristol [Bristol], European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière = Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Histology, Fin, Pectoral girdle, 03 medical and health sciences, Endoskeleton, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Animals, Molecular Biology, Coelacanth, Skeleton, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], biology, Fossils, Latimeria, Fishes, Fish fin, Actinistia, Original Articles, Cell Biology, Anatomy, biology.organism_classification, Biological Evolution, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Animal Fins, Shoulder girdle, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Developmental Biology
Abstract

International audience; The monobasal pectoral fins of living coelacanths and lungfishes are homologous to the forelimbs of tetrapods and are thus critical to investigate the origin thereof. However, it remains unclear whether the similarity in the asymmetrical endoskeletal arrangement of the pectoral fins of coelacanths reflects the evolution of the pectoral appendages in sarcopterygians. Here, we describe for the first time the development of the pectoral fin and shoulder girdle in the extant coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae, based on the tomographic acquisition of a growth series. The pectoral girdle and pectoral fin endoskeleton are formed early in development with a radially outward growth of the endoskeletal elements. The visualization of the pectoral girdle during development shows a reorientation of the girdle between the fetus and pup 1 stages, creating a contact between the scapulocoracoids and the clavicles in the ventro‐medial region. Moreover, we observed a splitting of the pre‐ and post‐axial cartilaginous plates in respectively pre‐axial radials and accessory elements on one hand, and in post‐axial accessory elements on the other hand. However, the mechanisms involved in the splitting of the cartilaginous plates appear different from those involved in the formation of radials in actinopterygians. Our results show a proportional reduction of the proximal pre‐axial radial of the fin, rendering the external morphology of the fin more lobe‐shaped, and a spatial reorganization of elements resulting from the fragmentation of the two cartilaginous plates. Latimeria development hence supports previous interpretations of the asymmetrical pectoral fin skeleton as being plesiomorphic for coelacanths and sarcopterygians.

Published
2019
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7. Neurocranial development of the coelacanth and the evolution of the sarcopterygian head

Author

Anthony Herrel, Philippe Janvier, Gaël Clément, Mathieu Santin, Paul Tafforeau, Marc Herbin, Michael J. Fagan, John A. Long, Hugo Dutel, Manon Galland, Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Hull [United Kingdom], European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Systématique, adaptation, évolution (SAE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière = Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, Ontogeny, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, biology.animal, Notochord, medicine, Animals, 14. Life underwater, Coelacanth, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Developmental stage, Multidisciplinary, biology, Latimeria, Skull, Fishes, Brain, Vertebrate, X-Ray Microtomography, biology.organism_classification, Biological Evolution, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Evolutionary biology, Neurocranium, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, %22">Fish , Female, Ovoviviparity, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Head, Synchrotrons, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

The neurocranium of sarcopterygian fishes was originally divided into an anterior (ethmosphenoid) and posterior (otoccipital) portion by an intracranial joint, and underwent major changes in its overall geometry before fusing into a single unit in lungfishes and early tetrapods1. Although the pattern of these changes is well-documented, the developmental mechanisms that underpin variation in the form of the neurocranium and its associated soft tissues during the evolution of sarcopterygian fishes remain poorly understood. The coelacanth Latimeria is the only known living vertebrate that retains an intracranial joint2,3. Despite its importance for understanding neurocranial evolution, the development of the neurocranium of this ovoviviparous fish remains unknown. Here we investigate the ontogeny of the neurocranium and brain in Latimeria chalumnae using conventional and synchrotron X-ray micro-computed tomography as well as magnetic resonance imaging, performed on an extensive growth series for this species. We describe the neurocranium at the earliest developmental stage known for Latimeria, as well as the major changes that the neurocranium undergoes during ontogeny. Changes in the neurocranium are associated with an extreme reduction in the relative size of the brain along with an enlargement of the notochord. The development of the notochord appears to have a major effect on the surrounding cranial components, and might underpin the formation of the intracranial joint. Our results shed light on the interplay between the neurocranium and its adjacent soft tissues during development in Latimeria, and provide insights into the developmental mechanisms that are likely to have underpinned the evolution of neurocranial diversity in sarcopterygian fishes.

Published
2019
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8. Convergence in the functional properties of forelimb muscles in carnivorans: adaptations to an arboreal lifestyle?

Author

Anne-Claire Fabre, Fanny Pagès, Camille Lacroux, Christine Böhmer, Jean-Christophe Theil, Stéphane Peigné, Maxime Taverne, Anthony Herrel, Aurélien Lowie, and Marc Herbin

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Arboreal locomotion, animal structures, fungi, Resistance training, Muscular system, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, Evolutionary biology, Climbing, medicine, Fiber architecture, Convergence (relationship), Forelimb, Muscle architecture, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

The arboreal environment is complex and irregular and imposes significant constraints on the locomotor ability of vertebrates, resulting in morphological adaptations. Carnivorans are of particular interest because they radiated several times independently into the arboreal milieu, leading to convergence in long bone anatomy. We investigated whether the forelimb muscles show differences in arboreal vs. terrestrial species and tested for convergence in muscle architecture. To do so, we studied the forelimb muscles in 17 species of carnivorans with different locomotor modes (arboreal and terrestrial). Our results showed that the forelimb musculature evolved in a convergent manner in arboreal species, resulting in more forceful and heavier wrist rotators and elbow flexors, even when accounting for phylogeny. This suggests that selective forces imposed by the environment drive the evolution of the muscular system towards a convergent phenotype that provides a functional advantage for locomotion in the complex three-dimensional arboreal habitat.

Published
2018
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9. The Involvement of Aryl hydrocarbon receptor in myelination and in human nerve sheath tumorigenesis

Author

Ludmila Juricek, Charbel Massaad, Frédéric Charbonnier, Mehdi Hichor, Ingrid Laurendeau, Eric Pasmant, Etienne-Emile Baulieu, Ivan Bièche, Marc Herbin, Xavier Coumoul, Frédérique Larousserie, Mathieu Beraneck, Laure Weill, Nicolas Ortonne, Nirmal Kumar Sampathkumar, Ghjuvan’Ghjacumu Shackleford, Delphine Meffre, Aline Chevallier, Toxicité environnementale, cibles thérapeutiques, signalisation cellulaire (T3S - UMR_S 1124), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique, physiopathologie et approches thérapeutiques des maladies héréditaires du système nerveux (EA 7331), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Henri Mondor-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de neurophysique, physiologie, pathologie (UMR 8119), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-13-CESA-0005,TOXAhBRAIN,Rôle du récepteur Ah et effets de ses ligands sur le système nerveux(2013), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, AHR, Schwann cell, Apoptosis, medicine.disease_cause, Nerve Sheath Neoplasms, Malignant transformation, neurofibroma, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, Myelin, MPNST, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors, medicine, Animals, Humans, Neurofibroma, Cells, Cultured, Myelin Sheath, Regulation of gene expression, Multidisciplinary, biology, Chemistry, Nerve, respiratory system, medicine.disease, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, 3. Good health, respiratory tract diseases, Wnt/ beta catenin Running title: AHR in Schwann cells, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, PNAS Plus, Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon, nervous system, [SDV.TOX]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology, Cancer research, biology.protein, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Signal transduction, Carcinogenesis, Signal Transduction
Abstract

International audience; Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in xenobiotic metabolism. Plexiform neurofibromas (PNFs) can transform into malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) that are resistant to existing therapies. These tumors are primarily composed of Schwann cells. In addition to neurofibroma-tosis type 1 (NF1) gene inactivation, further genetic lesions are required for malignant transformation. We have quantified the mRNA expression levels of AHR and its associated genes in 38 human samples. We report that AHR and the biosynthetic enzymes of its en-dogenous ligand are overexpressed in human biopsies of PNFs and MPNSTs. We also detect a strong nuclear AHR staining in MPNSTs. The inhibition of AHR by siRNA or antagonists, CH-223191 and tri-methoxyflavone, induces apoptosis in human MPNST cells. Since AHR dysregulation is observed in these tumors, we investigate AHR involvement in Schwann cell physiology. Hence, we studied the role of AHR in myelin structure and myelin gene regulation in Ahr −/− mice during myelin development. AHR ablation leads to lo-comotion defects and provokes thinner myelin sheaths around the axons. We observe a dysregulation of myelin gene expression and myelin developmental markers in Ahr −/− mice. Interestingly, AHR does not directly bind to myelin gene promoters. The inhibition of AHR in vitro and in vivo increased β-catenin levels and stimulated the binding of β-catenin on myelin gene promoters. Taken together, our findings reveal an endogenous role of AHR in peripheral myeli-nation and in peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Finally, we suggest a potential therapeutic approach by targeting AHR in nerve tumors. AHR | myelin | nerve | MPNST | neurofibroma

Published
2018
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10. The third dimension: a novel set-up for filming coelacanths in their natural environment

Author

Yannick Gentil, Cédric Gentil, Jean-Benoît Charrassin, Hugo Dutel, Régis Debruyne, Anthony Herrel, Thierry Decamps, Laurent Ballesta, Gaël Clément, Florian Holon, Thibault Rauby, Marc Herbin, Guillaume Eveillard, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology [Cambridge] (OEB), Harvard University, Andromède Océanologie, Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain (LPA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paléobiodiversité et paléoenvironnements, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Adaptations et évolution des systèmes ostéomusculaires (AESO), Fly-n-Sense, Mérignac, Fly-n-Sense, Harvard University [Cambridge], Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Hull [United Kingdom], Processus de couplage à Petite Echelle, Ecosystèmes et Prédateurs Supérieurs (PEPS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))

Subjects
030110 physiology, 0301 basic medicine, Computer science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Kinematics, Natural (archaeology), Set (abstract data type), 03 medical and health sciences, Dimension (vector space), Three dimensional data, [SDV.BA.ZV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology, Computer vision, 14. Life underwater, Underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Simulation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, biology, business.industry, Ecological Modeling, Latimeria, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, biology.organism_classification, Dorsal fin, Artificial intelligence, business
Abstract

1: Here we describe a novel design to obtain three dimensional data on the movements of aquatic organisms at depths of up to 140 meters. 2: The setup consists of two synchronized high-speed cameras fixed to two articulated arms. 3: The setup was successfully used to film and quantify the locomotion of coelacanths (Latimeria chalumnae) living at a depth of about 120 meters in Sodwana Bay, South Africa. As an example, the detailed motion of the dorsal fin is presented here. 4: This setup can be used for any underwater applications that require synchronized video recordings of medium to large sized animals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Published
2017
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11. The Heart of Frederic Chopin (1810-1849)

Author

Philippe Charlier, Otto Appenzeller, Marc Herbin, Antonio Perciaccante, and Raffaella Bianucci

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, 030102 biochemistry & molecular biology, business.industry, Visual examination, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Retrospective diagnosis, Pulmonary hypertension, Apex (geometry), 03 medical and health sciences, Pericarditis, medicine.anatomical_structure, Ventricle, medicine, Radiology, business, Cause of death
Abstract

We read with interest the paper by Witt et al,1 which details the visual examination of Chopin's heart. The organ is described as massively enlarged and completely covered with whitish, massive fibrillary coating.1 Tuberculous (TB) pericarditis coupled with massive enlargement of the right ventricle, possibly due to pulmonary hypertension, was proposed as the most plausible cause of death of the artist.1 The retrospective diagnosis of probable TB pericarditis was made by the authors based on the identification of three small nodules, between several mm up to 1 cm in diameter, of white-glass appearance, two on an upper part of the ventricle one just near the apex (Figure, A).1 However, these nodules were not examined histologically.

Published
2018
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12. Lung anatomy and histology of the extant coelacanth shed light on the loss of air-breathing during deep-water adaptation in actinistians

Author

François J. Meunier, Marc Herbin, Camila Cupello, Gaël Clément, Paulo M. Brito, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P), and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, PHASE CONTRAST, latimeria chalumnae, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biology, lung, histology, 03 medical and health sciences, Basal (phylogenetics), Extant taxon, stomatognathic system, medicine, lcsh:Science, Coelacanth, Multidisciplinary, Lung, SOFT TISSUES, PHASE CONTRAST MICROTOMOGRAPHY, Biology (Whole Organism), Actinistia, Histology, Anatomy, biology.organism_classification, EVOLUTION, air-breathing organ, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, FRELON CAMERA, ontogeny, lcsh:Q, Adaptation, actinistia, Polypterus, Research Article
Abstract

Lungs are specialized organs originated from the posterior pharyngeal cavity and considered as plesiomorphic for osteichthyans, as they are found in extant basal actinopterygians (i.e.Polypterus) and in all major groups of extant sarcopterygians. The presence of a vestigial lung in adult stages of the extant coelacanthLatimeria chalumnaeis the result of allometric growth during ontogeny, in relation with long-time adaptation to deep water. Here, we present the first detailed histological and anatomical description of the lung ofLatimeria chalumnae, providing new insights into its arrested differentiation in an air-breathing complex, mainly represented by the absence of pneumocytes and of compartmentalization in the latest ontogenetic stages.

Published
2017
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13. The homology and function of the lung plates in extant and fossil coelacanths

Author

Camila Cupello, Marc Herbin, Paulo M. Brito, Philippe Janvier, François J. Meunier, Gaël Clément, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro [Rio de Janeiro] (UERJ), Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P), and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Science, Axelrodichthys, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, Homology (biology), 03 medical and health sciences, Swenzia, Extant taxon, stomatognathic system, medicine, Animals, Lung, Coelacanth, Multidisciplinary, biology, Fossils, Latimeria, Anatomy, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Medicine, [SDU.STU.PG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology
Abstract

The presence of a pulmonary organ that is entirely covered by true bone tissue and fills most of the abdominal cavity is hitherto unique to fossil actinistians. Although small hard plates have been recently reported in the lung of the extant coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae, the homology between these hard structures in fossil and extant forms remained to be demonstrated. Here, we resolve this question by reporting the presence of a similar histological pattern–true cellular bone with star-shaped osteocytes, and a globular mineralisation with radiating arrangement–in the lung plates of two fossil coelacanths (Swenzia latimerae and Axelrodichthys araripensis) and the plates that surround the lung of the most extensively studied extant coelacanth species, L. chalumnae. The point-for-point structural similarity of the plates in extant and fossil coelacanths supports their probable homology and, consequently, that of the organ they surround. Thus, this evidence questions the previous interpretations of the fatty organ as a component of the pulmonary complex of Latimeria.

Published
2017
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14. Dopamine Modulates Motor Control in a Specific Plane Related to Support

Author

Lionel Reveret, Marc Herbin, Paul-Antoine Libourel, Daniel Eugène, J. Diaz, Rémi Hackert, Catherine de Waele, Caroline Simonis, Pierre-Paul Vidal, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Direction de l'évaluation, de la prospective et de la performance (DEPP), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Capture and Analysis of Shapes in Motion (MORPHEO), Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann (LJK), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG), Calcul des Variations, Géométrie, Image (CVGI), Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann (LJK), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Institut de psychiatrie et neurosciences (U894 / UMS 1266), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cognition and Action Group (COGNAC-G - UMR 8257), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-05-MMSA-0002,KAMELEON,Exploitation de masses de données anatomiques spatio-temporelles internes et externes denses pour l'étude des structures squelettiques des vertébrés(2005), Capture and Analysis of Shapes in Motion (MORPHEO ), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann (LJK ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Calcul des Variations, Géométrie, Image (CVGI ), Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann (LJK ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Mécanismes adaptatifs : des organismes aux communautés ( MAOAC ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Collège de France ( CdF ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Direction de l'évaluation, de la prospective et de la performance ( DEPP ), Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche ( M.E.N.E.S.R. ), Calcul des Variations, Géométrie, Image ( CVGI ), Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann ( LJK ), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 ( UPMF ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 ( UPMF ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Réseaux Sensorimoteurs ( LNRS ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ), Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences ( CPN - U894 ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Neurobiologie des réseaux sensorimoteurs ( NRS (U7060) ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), ANR-05-MMSA-0002,KAMELEON,Exploitation de masses de données anatomiques spatio-temporelles internes et externes denses pour l'étude des structures squelettiques des vertébrés ( 2005 ), Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon - Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (U894)

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, Physiology, Dopamine, [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, lcsh:Medicine, Biochemistry, Catecholamines, 0302 clinical medicine, Animal Cells, Mesencephalon, Medicine and Health Sciences, Homeostasis, Biomechanics, Amines, Animal Anatomy, lcsh:Science, Musculoskeletal System, Mammals, Neurons, Vestibular system, Multidisciplinary, Organic Compounds, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, Dopaminergic, Neurochemistry, Animal Models, Neurotransmitters, Anatomy, Chemistry, [ SDV.NEU.NB ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Vertebrates, Physical Sciences, Neurochemicals, Cellular Types, medicine.symptom, Locomotion, Research Article, Biogenic Amines, Cognitive Neuroscience, Posture, Motor Activity, Research and Analysis Methods, Rodents, Lesion, Midbrain, Motor Reactions, 03 medical and health sciences, Model Organisms, Motor system, medicine, Animals, Rats, Wistar, Hydroxydopamine, Proprioception, Biological Locomotion, business.industry, Dopaminergic Neurons, lcsh:R, Organic Chemistry, Organisms, Chemical Compounds, Biology and Life Sciences, Motor control, Cell Biology, Hormones, Rats, Postural Control, 030104 developmental biology, Cellular Neuroscience, Amniotes, Cognitive Science, lcsh:Q, business, Dopaminergics, Zoology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Neuroscience
Abstract

International audience; At the acute stage following unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL), rats, mice or guinea pigs exhibit a complex motor syndrome combining circling (HSCC lesion) and rolling (utricular lesion). At the chronic stage, they only display circling, because proprioceptive information related to the plane of support substitutes the missing utricular information to control posture in the frontal plane. Circling is also observed following unilateral lesion of the mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons by 6- hydroxydopamine hydrobromide (6-OHDA rats) and systemic injection of apomorphine (APO rats). The resemblance of behavior induced by unilateral vestibular and dopaminergic lesions at the chronic stage can be interpreted in two ways. One hypothesis is that the dopaminergic system exerts three-dimensional control over motricity, as the vestibular system does. If this hypothesis is correct, then a unilateral lesion of the nigro-striatal pathway should induce three-dimensional motor deficits, i.e., circling and at least some sort of barrel rolling at the acute stage of the lesion. Then, compensation could also take place very rapidly based on proprioception, which would explain the prevalence of circling. In addition, barrel rolling should reappear when the rodent is placed in water, as it occurs in UL vertebrates. Alternatively, the dopaminergic network, together with neurons processing the horizontal canal information, could control the homeostasis of posture and locomotion specifically in one and only one plane of space, i.e. the plane related to the basis of support. In that case, barrel rolling should never occur, whether at the acute or chronic stage on firm ground or in water. Moreover, circling should have the same characteristics following both types of lesions. Clearly, 6-OHDA and APO-rats never exhibited barrel rolling at the acute stage. They circled at the acute stage of the lesion and continued to do so three weeks later, including in water. In contrast, UL-rats, exhibited both circling and barrel rolling at the acute stage, and then only circled on the ground. Furthermore, barrel rolling instantaneously reappeared in water in UL rats, which was not the case in 6-OHDA and APO-rats. That is, the lesion of the dopaminergic system on one side did not compromise trim in the pitch and roll planes, even when proprioceptive information related to the basis of support was lacking as in water. Altogether, these results strongly suggest that dopamine does not exert three-dimensional control of the motor system but regulates postural control in one particular plane of space, the one related to the basis of support. In contrast, as previously shown, the vestibular system exerts three-dimensional control on posture. That is, we show here for the first time a relationship between a given neuromodulator and the spatial organization of motor control.

Published
2016
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