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Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is associated with the neurocognitive deficits as a result of the neuronal cell injury. Previous studies have shown that adenosine A1 receptor (ADORA1) played an important role against hypoxia exposure, such as controlling the metabolic recovery in rat hippocampal slices and increasing the resistance in the combined effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia. However, little is known about whether ADORA1 takes part in the course of neuronal cell injury after intermittent hypoxia exposure which was the main pathological characteristic of OSAHS. The present study is performed to explore the underlying mechanism of neuronal cell injury which was induced by intermittent hypoxia exposure in PC12 cells. In our research, we find that the stimulation of the ADORA1 by CCPA accelerated the injury of PC12 cells as well as upregulated the expression of PKC, inwardly rectifying potassium channel 6.2(Kir6.2) and sulfonylurea receptor 1(SUR1) while inhibition of the ADORA1 by DPCPX alleviated the injury of PC12 cells as well as downregulated the expression of PKC, Kir6.2, and SUR1. Moreover, inhibition of the PKC by CHE, also mitigated the injury of PC12 cells, suppressed the Kir6.2 and SUR1 expressions induced by PKC. Taken together, our findings indicate that ADORA1 accelerated PC12 cells injury after intermittent hypoxia exposure via ADORA1/PKC/KATP signaling pathway.

A newborn boy presented to the neonatal intensive care unit with dyspnoea at birth. He was born at 40+1 weeks’ gestation and weighed 2950 g, with Apgar scores of 9 at one minute and 9 at five minutes. On examination, his left lung breath sounds were absent and bowel sounds could be auscultated in the left thoracic cage. His respiratory rate was 70 breaths/min and there were no other …

A 1 year old boy presented to the neurosurgery clinic with a sac-like protrusion at the occipital region that had been present since birth. He was born at full term by caesarean section. He had no neurological symptoms and the swelling had not enlarged since birth. On examination, his head circumference was normal for age. The protrusion was 2.5×2.5 cm and his cry impulse was positive. A systemic examination …

A 13 year old boy presented to the orthopaedic clinic for a painful wrist after a fall forward. On examination, he had a swollen painful right wrist and no limb deformities could be found. Anteroposterior and lateral radiography for the wrist was taken (fig 1⇓). What is the diagnosis? Fig 1 (a) Anteroposterior and …

A pregnant 18 year old woman had an antenatal examination at 30 weeks’ gestation. She was healthy and had no history of smoking, drug abuse, or positive family history of chromosomal disease or encephalodysplasia. She had experienced mild flu-like symptoms during the first month of pregnancy but had not taken any medication, and the symptoms had disappeared after three days. During the antenatal appointment she had an ultrasound scan (fig 1⇓). What does the ultrasound image show? Fig 1 …

A 1 year old girl presented to the paediatric orthopaedic clinic with abnormal gait. Her parents noticed that she had a “duck-like” waddle when she had first started to walk a month previously. On examination, there were asymmetrical skin creases on her buttocks, and her legs were of similar length. There were no other external congenital malformations. Anteroposterior radiography of the infant’s pelvis was carried out (fig 1⇓). What is the diagnosis? Fig 1 ### Answer Bilateral developmental dysplasia of the hip. ### Discussion The image shows changes typical of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). …

Scrub typhus is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. Any delay in diagnosis can result in delayed treatment and severe complications, including secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, which is rare but potentially fatal. In this paper, the authors present 3 cases of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with scrub typhus, successfully treated with chloramphenicol without additional antineoplastic therapy. All patients cured and achieved complete resolution. This report highlights the effectiveness of chloramphenicol without the need for chemotherapy in the treatment of scrub typhus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a pediatric population under the age of 8 years.