1. Akt scaffold proteins: the key to controlling specificity of Akt signaling
- Author
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Su An, Peiqi Hao, Tian-Rui Xu, Xiao-Xi Guo, Ying Liu, Qian Hao, Fan Bao, Yang Yang, and Mubashir Ejaz
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Scaffold protein ,Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers ,Physiology ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Apoptosis ,Interactome ,Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Neoplasms ,Humans ,Molecular Targeted Therapy ,Phosphatidylinositol ,Phosphorylation ,Protein kinase B ,Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ,Cell Proliferation ,Cell growth ,Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ,Cell Biology ,Phosphoproteins ,Cell biology ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,ras GTPase-Activating Proteins ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Signal transduction ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway plays an essential role in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. Akt kinase is at the center of this signaling pathway and interacts with a variety of proteins. Akt is overexpressed in almost 80% of tumors. However, inhibiting Akt has serious clinical side effects so is not a suitable treatment for cancer. During recent years, Akt scaffold proteins have received increasing attention for their ability to regulate Akt signaling and have emerged as potential targets for cancer therapy. In this paper, we categorize Akt kinase scaffold proteins into four groups based on their cellular location: membrane-bound activator and inhibitor, cytoplasm, and endosome. We describe how these scaffolds interact with Akt kinase, how they affect Akt activity, and how they regulate the specificity of Akt signaling. We also discuss the clinical application of Akt scaffold proteins as targets for cancer therapy.
- Published
- 2021