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Background: Diabetic septic foot contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality of patients with diabetes leading to substantial physical, physiological and financial burden for the patients and community at large. Objective: to determine the prevalence, patterns and risk factors of diabetic foot ulcers amongst patients with diabetes mellitus who were attending the diabetes center of Arar city in the period of the study. Methods: This was a retrospective study in the patients of the diabetes center of Arar city, Northern Saudi Arabia. The study was carried out during the period from 1 April to 31 May, 2018. All the patients attended the diabetes center in the period of the study were included in our data. The data were collected using a predesigned questionnaire. The questionnaire covered all the necessary items in the research. Data were collected through personal interviews with the participants and filling the questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of diabetic foot among the included diabetic patients was 52.8%. 77.8% had type II and 22.2% had type I, 83.3% had glucometer and 38.9% monitor their blood glucose level daily, 41.7% were obese, 77.8% had hypertension, 52.8% had hyperlipidemia. Only 11.1% examined the pulse and sensation the foot of the population. For diabetes control, 58.3% of them use oral tablets, 27.8% use insulin injection and 13.9% use both tablets and insulin but 52.8 of them have complication with treatment. Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetic foot among the included diabetic patients was high (52.8%). This emphasizes the importance of the more health education and better management of the diabetic patients in order to reduce the burden of health care costs of diabetic foot.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to stressful working conditions without adequate stress-coping strategies may lead to stress and even psychiatric morbidity. There are a dearth of studies on stress-coping strategies among consultant physicians in the Arabian Gulf. OBJECTIVES: Determine stress-coping strategies among consultants in Saudi Arabia and the relationship of strategies to level of stress. DESIGN: Analytical cross-sectional study. SETTINGS: Conducted between November 2014 and March 2015 among physician consultants registered at the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Text messages were used to directly ask consultants to complete an online questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The 28-item Brief COPE inventory and the Perceived Stress Scale. SAMPLE SIZE: 582. RESULTS: The consultants were largely males (71%) and Saudi (56%), and their mean age was 46.9 (7.9) years. Adaptive stress-coping strategies were more frequently used than maladaptive stress-coping strategies (68% versus 49%). Stress levels were positively correlated with maladaptive stress-coping strategies (r=0.41, P

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence, risk factors, other associated sleep disorders and commodities of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) among a sample of Saudis population. The diagnosis of RLS was based on the four criteria designated by the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG). Of 2095 participants, the average age of the sample was 42.3 (±15.5), and 848 (40.7%) were females. The prevalence of RLS was 14.7% with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of 13.3–16.3%. The presence of RLS was higher in males than females (16.3% in males vs. 12.5% in females, P = 0.016). Risk factor for RLS was smoking (P = 0.002), depression (P = 0.001), short sleep duration (P = 0.005), hyperlipidemia (P = 0.013), poor sleep quality (P = 0.001), and high risk for sleep apnea (P = 0.001). The prevalence of RLS was not affected by various age groups (14.1% in the young age group (18–29 years), 15.9% in the middle-age group (30–60), and 11.7% in the elderly (over 60), P = 0.139). Among participants with RLS, 20.8% reported severe RLS, 30.7% reported moderate RLS, and 48.5% reported mild RLS. Using the multivariate logistic regression model we found that smoking (aOR = 1.686; 95% CI 1.199–2.372; P = 0.003), short sleep duration (aOR = 1.568; 95% CI 1.024–2.400; P = 0.039), poor sleep quality (aOR = 1.969; 95% CI 1.236–3.139; P = 0.004), and high risk of sleep apnea (aOR = 1.598; 95% CI 1.113–2.295; P = 0.011) were all significantly associated with the presence of RLS.

BACKGROUND: Alternative medicine is defined as medical therapies that are not regarded as orthodox by the medical profession. The teaching of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in medical schools is becoming prevalent worldwide. Only a few studies have been done to assess medical students' attitude toward CAM and the need for CAM courses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on medical students in two universities, King Saud (KSU) and Majmaah (MU) medical colleges, between February and April 2015. A survey was developed and validated by a pilot study. Data were gathered from both colleges by means of hard and soft copy surveys. Medical students of both genders from the 1st year to the 5th year from both universities were targeted in this study. Fifth-year students from Majmaah and students from the preparatory year were excluded from the study. KSU students comprised 1433, while MU students comprised only 180. The sample size was 384. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS: The study included 399 medical students. Bloodletting is the most known modality (80.7%), while homeopathy is the least known with a percentage of 7.47%. The overall assessment of the attitude toward CAM was neutral, with a mean of 3.1. Students who had taken a CAM course previously were more satisfied with their knowledge than those who had not, showing a statistical significance of P = 0.0001. CONCLUSION: This study showed a lack of knowledge of CAM among medical students. There was an association between taking a CAM course and students' satisfaction with their knowledge. Most of the students agreed with the inclusion of CAM courses in the medical curriculum.

Fahad D Alosaimi,1 Hossam S Alawad,2 Ayedh K Alamri,2 Abdullah I Saeed,2 Khalid A Aljuaydi,2 Alwaleed S Alotaibi,2 Khalid M Alotaibi,2 Eiad A Alfaris3 1Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 3King Saud University Chair for the Development of Medical Education, Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Background: Physicians experience several work-related stressors that have been mounting up in recent decades. This study aimed to examine perceived stress and its risk factors and consequences among consultant physicians in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to March 2015 among physicians who were assigned rank of consultant. The stress level was assessed using perceived stress scale (PSS).Results: A total of 582 consultants participated. The average age was 46.9±7.9 years, 71% were males, 56% were Saudi, 15% were smokers, and 68% slept ≤6 hours per night. The median PSS score was 17 (interquartile range of 14–21), which represented 44% of maximum possible PSS score. The upper tertile of PSS score (represents a high stress level) was significantly associated with being younger, female, and Saudi. The majority (85%) considered job environment to be stressful and ~50% attributed that to a high workload and a noncooperative administration. In the year preceding this study, half of consultants frequently contemplated or even worked toward changing their medical institutes or even moving to work outside Saudi Arabia because of perception of a stressful working environment. Over the previous year, encountering life stressors, considering job environment as stressful and experiencing passive suicidal ideation, were significantly associated with higher levels of stress. In multivariate analysis, the following factors were independently associated with stress: female gender (odds ratio [OR]=2.41, 95% CI 1.58–3.70) and perceived stressful working environment (OR=3.66, 95% CI 1.87–7.17).Conclusion: Consultant physicians in Saudi Arabia experience moderate to high levels of perceived stress that are relatively comparable to physicians worldwide. A significant association was found between stress levels and both female gender and perception of a stressful working environment. Further studies are required to assess physician-based interventions and organization-directed approaches to management of stress among physicians. Keywords: stress, Saudi Arabia, consultants, patterns, risk factors

Aim of the work: diabetic foot disease(DFD) is diabetic patient's foot affection by ulcers which are accompanied by peripheral vascular disease and/or diabetic neuropathy of the lower limb. Prevalence of diabetic ulcer is ranging from 2%-10%. High rate of lower limb amputation in DFD (More than 15%) and survival rate for undertaken amputation patient are short. Ninety diabetic amputations are performed monthly in Saudi Arabia capital of Riyadh. Identification of DFD and diabetic patient's awareness of DFD and how to take care of it will reduce the incidence of more complications like amputation. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge, education, attitude and practice with diabetic foot among diabetic patients all over Saudi Arabia. Patients and Method: cross-sectional study directed among the diabetic clinic visitors in Primary Health Care Centers (PHCs s). Selection of 55 PHCs was done by random sampling. Ten diabetic patients were randomly selected from each PHCs and collecting of data was done by interviews. Research questionnaire contains three parts; first part is asking about demographic data; second part is about data that are focusing on diabetes and its related questions and last part is the main part which asking about diabetic foot. Results: 519 diabetic patients were participated in this study. Only 180 participants were complaining of diabetic complications (34.7%). Most of participants (55.1%) get high score 7-8 out of 8 questions in Knowledge. Although, there were 166 persons (32%) who couldn’t reach full score in attitude evaluation. There was a large percentage of our participants (69%) had very low score 0-2 out of 6 in assessment of previous education of diabetic foot. More than half of participants (56.5%) had score 6-10 out of 15 in evaluation of practice with diabetic foot. Conclusion: diabetic foot in Saudi Arabia is existing, even amputations and other diabetic foot complications were also present. Diabetic patients have good knowledge and attitude toward diabetic foot. Education about diabetic foot and practice is still weak.

The aim of this study is to compare the creep/recovery behavior of bulk-fill dental composites after storage in various food simulating organic solvents. For this purpose, five different resin-composites (four bulk-fills and one conventional) were used. A total of 20 rectangular specimens (14 mm &times, 3 mm &times, 0.7 mm) were prepared by filling the resin-composites in Teflon mold. All of the specimens for each material (n = 5) were divided into four groups namely dry (control), distilled water (DW), artificial saliva, and absolute ethanol. The specimens were subjected to three-point bending creep test during immersion directly. A constant load of 2 N was used for each specimen with loading and unloading time 2 h each. Results: SF2 and XF showed a lower creep strain % after immersion, ranging from 0.44 (dry) to 0.75 (saliva) and 0.43 (dry) to 0.80 (ethanol), respectively. TNC BF depicts the maximum creep strain % ranging from 1.24% (dry) to 2.87% (ethanol) followed by FBF ranging from 1.17 (dry) to 2.59 (ethanol). However, the conventional material (GR) showed lower creep strain after immersion ranging from 0.28 to 0.54. Moreover, SF2 resulted in the highest creep recovery in all of the composites groups, as well as conventional material. The other composite groups showed lower creep recovery as compared to the conventional material (GR). The creep strain % for all the bulk-fill composites materials were increased during immersion in the liquids. However, for the conventional material, the creep deformation is decreased after immersion. SF2 showed the highest percentage of creep recovery among the bulk-fill composites, followed by XF.