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International audience; Background: Prolonged slow expiration (PSE) and assisted cough (AC) are airway clearance techniques feasible and well tolerated in dogs.Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of PSE and AC as chest physiotherapy (CP) techniques in dogs with airway fluid accumulation.Animals: Thirty-one client-owned dogs hospitalized in an intensive care unit from October 2014 to May 2018.Methods: Prospective randomized controlled trial. Dogs presented with or developing acute dyspnea during hospitalization associated with airway fluid accumulation were assigned to CP group (medical treatment and CP, 15 dogs) or control group (medical treatment alone, 16 dogs). The arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ratio (P/F ratio; PaO2/FiO2 × 100) was calculated daily for the 1st 48 hours of hospitalization and using the last arterial blood gas performed before discharge or death. The ratio of days of hospitalization with oxygen/total number of hospitalization days (ratio of oxygen-free-days [O2Free]) was calculated.Results: During the 1st 48 hours, the P/F ratio increased significantly in the CP group compared to the control group (+ 35.1 mm Hg/day; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.4-57.5; P = .03). The (median; 1st quartile to 3rd quartile) difference between the P/F ratio at discharge and inclusion was significantly higher in the CP group (178 mm Hg; 123-241) than in the control group (54 mm Hg; −19 - 109; P = .001). Mean O2Free increased by 46.4% in the CP group compared with control group (95% CI = 16-59; P = .001). Mortality was 13% (2/15) in the CP group and 44% (7/16) in the control group (P = .07).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Prolonged slow expiration and AC improved P/F ratio within 48 hours and decreased need for oxygenation in dyspneic dogs with acute airway fluid accumulation.

International audience; Objectives: To prospectively describe the impact of gas flow rate and temperature on dog's tolerance of high-flow nasal oxygen therapy during recovery from anaesthesia, hypothesizing that higher flow rates and temperatures will decrease tolerance.Materials and Methods: Twelve non-dyspnoeic client-owned dogs recovering from general anaesthesia were included in this study. After extubation, a nasal cannula was positioned and high-flow nasal oxygen therapy was initiated. Two flow rates (two or four time the theoretical minute ventilation: HF2 and HF4), each of them combined with two temperatures (31 and 37°C: T31 and T37), were randomly applied (four conditions per dog). For each condition, cardiovascular and respiratory parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic arterial blood pressure and pulse oximeter oxygen saturation), sedation score and tolerance score were recorded at initiation (T0) and after 10 minutes of accommodation (T10).Results: Sedation scores were not significantly different between the four conditions. Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were not significantly different between any condition at both T0 and T10. Tolerance scores were good and not significantly different between any flow rate or temperature (HF2-T31: 4 (2-4), HF4-T31: 4 (2-4), HF2-T37: 4 (2-4), HF4-T37: 4 (1-4)).Clinical Significance: The gas flow rates and temperatures studied have no impact on tolerance during the recovery period of non-dyspnoeic dogs, and high-flow nasal cannula is well tolerated. Further studies are required to confirm these results in dyspnoeic dogs.

Summary Canine hip dysplasia is a complex developmental disease of the coxo-femoral joint and one of the most common orthopedic conditions in dogs. Due to the genetic contribution, most of the programs fighting against hip dysplasia recommend selective breeding that excludes affected dogs. In France, the phenotypic screening of coxo-femoral joint conformation remains a strategy for breeders to establish selection decisions. We compared the hip dysplasia prevalence in affected breeds over several periods of time to evaluate the effectiveness of the hip dysplasia control program in France. Seventeen breeds were studied, based on the assessment of 8022 dogs, during the 1993–2019 screening period, which was divided into several intervals for analysis. The prevalence varied widely from 8.8% (Hovawart) to 49.2% (American Staffordshire Terrier). It decreased over time in 10 breeds, the decrease being significant in the Picardy shepherd dog. An increase in prevalence was noted in 5 breeds, although the differences were not statistically significant. Our results are in accordance with several recent studies showing that long-term selection policies may help decreasing the hip dysplasia prevalence in some breeds. The complementary use of more recent tools such as estimated breeding values and genomics would probably help breeders achieve more substantive results.

Accurate assessment of coagulation in porcine studies is essential. We sought to establish normal values for porcine rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) according to the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines and to assess the effects of various preanalytical parameters on those measurements. Healthy Yorkshire-cross pigs (n = 81; 46 males and 35 females) were anesthetized. By using a 18-gauge needle attached to a vacuum phlebotomy tube, blood was acquired from the cranial vena cava. Tubes were filled in the following order: evacuation clot tube, EDTA tube, heparin tube, and 2 citrate tubes. The citrate tubes were randomly assigned to 30 min with or without constant agitation on a rocker. The following parameters were reported according to the manufacturer's recommendations: clotting time, clot formation time, α, (tangent to the clot formation curve when the clot firmness is 20 mm), clot firmness after 10 and 20 min, maximal clot firmness, maximum lysis, and lysis indexes at 30 and 45 min. Reference intervals were reported as mean ± 2 SD (parametric distribution) or 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of the population's results (nonparametric distribution). The effects of sex, sampling order, and agitation on ROTEM results were analyzed through linear regression. Neither sex nor sample agitation influenced any of the ROTEM parameters. Combined reference intervals were established for each ROTEM parameter by pooling data from the nonagitated tubes for both male and female pigs. This study is the first to establish ROTEM reference intervals from a large number of male and female adult Yorkshire-cross pigs and to provide a detailed description of preanalytical sample processing.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility, benefits, and adverse effects of prolonged slow expiration (PSE) and assisted cough (AC) as chest physiotherapy (CP) techniques in dogs with airway fluid accumulation. Design Prospective interventional study. Settings University teaching hospital. Animals Intervention group of 30 client-owned dogs and retrospective control group of 71 client-owned dogs. Interventions PSE was performed on dogs with evidence of airway fluid accumulation, identified based on physical examination and thoracic radiographs. AC was performed if spontaneous cough or swallowing were not evident. The PSE treatment was performed every 6 hours until normalization of respiratory status or hospital discharge. Animals were monitored for respiratory distress, discomfort, and SpO2 during the procedure. A retrospective control group was identified by computer search. Measurements and main results One hundred thirty-three sessions of CP were performed on 30 dogs. Discomfort frequency during physiotherapy was low (9%). The most commonly used position for CP was in lateral recumbency (95%) and this was well tolerated in most cases. There was no significant difference in the median SpO2 before and after CP sessions (P = 0.24). Sixty percent of sessions had a spontaneous cough or swallowing evident, 21% had successful AC performed, and no cough or swallowing occurred in the remaining (19%) sessions despite attempts of AC being made. The length of hospitalization was significantly longer in the intervention group (6 days vs 4) (P = 0.02). There was no difference in survival between the intervention (76.7%) and the control (57.7%) group (P = 0.055). Conclusions PSE associated with AC are easily adaptable, well-tolerated techniques in dogs. The benefit of CP in dogs with airway fluid accumulation remains to be determined and it is hoped that future randomized controlled prospective studies may help answer this line of inquiry.

Objectives The aims of this study were to describe a method for the sonographic assessment of volaemia, to determinate inter- and intra-operator variability and to assess the ability to detect blood loss after blood donation in healthy dogs. Materials and Methods The left kidney was identified in a spleno-renal view, and transverse views of the caudal vena cava and aorta were obtained in 12 dogs. Vessel diameters were measured in B-mode, in duplicate by two operators, and the caudal vena cava:aorta ratio was calculated. Intra- and inter-operator variabilities were assessed using a Bland–Altman method by plotting the differences between the repeated measurements obtained from the same subject by the same operator and by the two operators against their means. Before and after blood donation measurements were compared using paired t-tests or one-sample t-tests, if appropriate. Results Intra- and inter-operator variability was within the limit of agreement for the vast majority of measurements. After a blood donation of 9·8 ±2·2 mL/kg, the mean aorta measurements were not significantly different from those obtained before blood donation (1·11 versus 1·10, P=0·28), whereas the mean caudal vena cava measurements and caudal vena cava:aorta ratios were significantly lower (1·28 versus 1·01, P

Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of infrared thermography in cats with acute pelvic paralysis to differentiate feline aortic thromboembolism (FATE) from non-ischaemic conditions. Methods Thermographic images were prospectively obtained at admission from cats presented for acute bilateral pelvic paralysis. Based on the final diagnosis, cats were divided into a FATE and a control group (ischaemic and non-ischaemic related pelvic paralysis, respectively). The maximum (Tmax), minimum (Tmin) and average (Tav) temperatures were determined for each of the four limbs within a hand-drawn region of interest on the dorsal limb extremity. Temperature differences between the forelimb (non-affected) and hindlimb (affected) with the highest temperature (ΔT), with the lowest temperature (δT) and from the right and left side (RightΔT and LeftΔT, respectively) were calculated. Results The FATE and control groups included 10 and six cats, respectively. In the FATE group, right hindlimb mean Tmax (23.6°C ± 1.9), left hindlimb mean Tmax (23.6°C ± 2.2) and mean Tav (22.7°C ± 2.2) were significantly lower than in the control group (26.6°C ± 3.5 [ P = 0.042]; 26.6°C ± 2.4°C [ P = 0.024] and 25.7°C ± 2.0 [ P = 0.020], respectively). ΔT, δT, RightΔT and LeftΔT were significantly higher in the FATE group than in the control group. A cut-off value of 2.4°C for RightΔTmax and LeftΔTmax allowed discrimination between the FATE and control groups with a sensitivity of 80% and 90%, respectively, a specificity of 100% for both, a positive predictive value of 100% for both, and a negative predictive value of 75% and 86%, respectively. Conclusions and relevance A minimal difference of 2.4°C between ipsilateral affected and non-affected limbs has an excellent specificity and high sensitivity for FATE diagnosis. Infrared thermography seems to be a promising, useful, easy, non-invasive and rapid method for detecting aortic thromboembolism in cats, particularly in emergency situations.

Background When dogs are transfused, blood compatibility testing varies widely but may include dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 typing and rarely cross-matching. Objectives Prospective study to examine naturally occurring alloantibodies against red blood cells (RBCs) and alloimmunization by transfusion using 2 antiglobulin-enhanced cross-match tests. Animals Eighty client-owned anemic, 72 donor, and 7 control dogs. Methods All dogs were typed for DEA 1 and some also for DEA 4 and DEA 7. Major cross-match tests with canine antiglobulin-enhanced immunochromatographic strip and gel columns were performed 26–129 days post-transfusion (median, 39 days); some dogs had an additional early evaluation 11–22 days post-transfusion (median, 16 days). Plasma from alloimmunized recipients was cross-matched against RBCs from 34 donor and control dogs. Results The 2 cross-match methods gave entirely concordant results. All 126 pretransfusion cross-match results for the 80 anemic recipients were compatible, but 54 dogs died or were lost to follow up. Among the 26 recipients with follow-up, 1 dog accidently received DEA 1-mismatched blood and became cross-match-incompatible post-transfusion. Eleven of the 25 DEA 1-matched recipients (44%) became incompatible against other RBC antigens. No naturally occurring anti-DEA 7 alloantibodies were detected in DEA 7− dogs. Conclusions and clinical importance The antiglobulin-enhanced immunochromatographic strip cross-match and laboratory gel column techniques identified no naturally occurring alloantibodies against RBC antigens, but a high degree of post-transfusion alloimmunization in dogs. Cross-matching is warranted in any dog that has been previously transfused independent of initial DEA 1 typing and cross-matching results before the first transfusion event.

Canine hip dysplasia (HD) is a complex developmental disease of the coxo-femoral joint and is one of the most common orthopedic conditions in dogs. Due to the genetic contribution, most of the programs fighting against HD recommend selective breeding that excludes affected dogs. Using the best-scoring dogs for breeding may reduce the prevalence of HD. In France, the phenotypic screening of coxo-femoral joint conformation remains a strategy for breeders to establish selection decisions. The HD prevalence was evaluated in 10 breeds, based on the assessment of 27,710 dogs, during the 1997–2017 screening period, which was divided into 3 homogeneous cohorts for analysis. The global HD prevalence varied widely among breeds from 5% (Siberian Husky) to 51.9% (Cane Corso). It decreased over time in 6 breeds, among which 4 (Cane Corso, Gordon Setter, Rottweiler and White Swiss Shepherd) showed a significant decrease. A statistically significant increase in HD prevalence was noted for the Siberian Husky. Although the efficacy of phenotype-based breeding programs remains controversial, our results are in accordance with several recent studies showing that long-term selection policies are valuable, as they may help decreasing the HD prevalence in some breeds. The complementary use of more recent tools such as estimated breeding values and genomics would probably help breeders achieve more substantive results.

International audience; Background: The objectives of this study were to assess the frequency of pulmonary dysfunction as a component of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in dogs with leptospirosis and to identify risk factors associated with mortality.Methods: Records of 27 dogs with leptospirosis were retrospectively reviewed. Thoracic radiographs during hospitalisation were mandatory for inclusion. A MODS was defined as the dysfunction of at least two organs or functions. Pulmonary dysfunction was defined as abnormal respiratory clinical signs associated with abnormal thoracic radiographs. Survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier product limit estimates, and differences between groups were assessed using log rank tests.Results: Twenty-one dogs (78%) exhibited a MODS. The median number of organ dysfunction was two. Ten dogs (37%) had a pulmonary dysfunction, which was always part of a MODS. The overall mortality rate was 41%. The log-rank test showed an association between mortality and pulmonary dysfunction (P = 0.04), haemostatic dysfunction (P = 0.02), gastrointestinal dysfunction (P = 0.002) and with ≥ 3 organ dysfunctions (P < 0.001).Conclusion: Pulmonary dysfunction occurred in about one third of critically ill dogs with leptospirosis and was always a component of MODS. The number of organ dysfunctions, and pulmonary, gastro-intestinal, and haemostatic dysfunctions were associated with mortality.; Propos: Ce travail avait pour objectif d’étudier le dysfonctionnement pulmonaire en tant que composante du syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale (SDM) chez les chiens atteints de leptospirose.Matériel et méthodes: Les dossiers de 27 chiens ont été examinés rétrospectivement. L’absence de radiographies thoraciques était un critère d’exclusion. Un SDM a été défini comme le dysfonctionnement d’au moins deux organes ou fonctions. Le dysfonctionnement pulmonaire était défini par la présence de signes cliniques respiratoires associés à des radiographies thoraciques anormales. La survie a été évaluée à l’aide de courbes de Kaplan-Meier.Résultats: Vingt et un chiens (78 %) ont présenté un SDM. Le nombre médian de dysfonctionnements d’organes était de deux. Dix chiens (37 %) avaient un dysfonctionnement pulmonaire qui faisait toujours partie d’un SDM. Le taux de mortalité était de 41 %. On observait une association entre la mortalité et le dysfonctionnement pulmonaire (p = 0,04), hémostatique (p = 0,02), gastro-intestinal (p = 0,002) et avec ≥ 3 dysfonctionnements d’organes (p < 0,001).Conclusion: Un dysfonctionnement pulmonaire est survenu chez environ un tiers des chiens atteints de leptospirose et a toujours été une composante du SDM. Le nombre de dysfonctionnements d’organes et les atteintes pulmonaires, gastro-intestinaux et hémostatiques étaient associés à la mortalité

OBJECTIVES To describe the use, effectiveness and tolerance of high-flow oxygen therapy in dyspnoeic dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospectively, dogs in acute respiratory distress admitted to an intensive care unit between January and May 2018 that failed to respond to nasal oxygen therapy and medical stabilisation after 30 minutes were transitioned to high-flow oxygen therapy. High-flow oxygen therapy, delivered an inspired oxygen fraction of 100% using an air/oxygen blender, active humidifier, single warmed tube and specific nasal cannula. Respiratory rate, pulse oximetry (SpO2 ), heart rate and a tolerance score were assessed every 15 minutes from T0 (under nasal oxygen) to 1 hour (T60 ), and PaO2 and PaCO2 at T0 and T60 . Complications were recorded for each dog. RESULTS Eleven dogs were included. At T60 , PaO2 , flow rate and SpO2 were significantly greater than at T0 (171 ± 123 versus 73 ± 24 mmHg; P=0.015; 18 ±12 L/minute versus 3.2 ± 2.0 L/minute, P

Objectives The aim of this study was to report the prevalence of a honeycomb appearance of the spleen in a population of referral cats presented for ultrasound examination, and to determine the diagnostic value of this finding vs the definitive diagnosis, the splenic cytological and haematological results. Methods Data were obtained from the medical records (2016–2018) of cats that had an ultrasonographic honeycomb appearance of the spleen, a splenic cytological diagnosis and a complete blood count. Results Twenty-five cats were included. Prevalence of the honeycomb pattern was 6.8%. None of the spleen was considered normal on cytology and four types of lesions were found: lymphoid hyperplasia (64%), neoplasia (16%), extramedullary haematopoiesis (12%) and splenitis (8%). A honeycomb pattern was successfully identified with a linear high-frequency probe in all cats, but only in 36% of cases with the micro-convex probe. Follow-up information was available for four cats, in which the honeycomb appearance persisted up to 105 days after the first examination; there was persistence of the honeycomb pattern in all cases. Cats with a splenic cytological diagnosis of extramedullary haematopoiesis had the lowest haemoglobin plasma concentration ( P = 0.011). Conclusions and relevance Honeycomb appearance of the spleen is uncommon in cats and, in our study, was systematically associated with cytological alterations; most of the time it was benign (84%). The use of a high-frequency linear probe improves its detection rate. No epidemiological, ultrasonographic or clinical criteria allow differentiation between the different types of infiltration and fine-needle aspiration is therefore recommended.

BACKGROUND Blood typing for the A and B antigens is essential and crossmatching testing is generally recommended before transfusing blood to cats. OBJECTIVE To evaluate 2 crossmatch (XM) tests. ANIMALS Forty-nine healthy domestic shorthair cats that had not received a blood transfusion. METHODS Prospective study. Blood samples were typed for AB using immunochromatographic and flow cytometric techniques. A gel column (GC) and a feline antiglobulin-enhanced gel column (AGC) XM tests were used for crossmatching. RESULTS The population included 34 type A, 13 B, and 2 AB cats, with concordant results (r = 1, P

Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the clinical manifestations in cats of contact with caterpillars of the pine processionary moth. Methods Data were retrospectively obtained from the medical records (2004–2016) of cats that had been in contact with caterpillars of the pine processionary moth. Results Eleven cats were included in the study. The prevalence of lepidopterism was 0.13%. Tongue lesions and ptyalism were both present in 10/11 (91%) cats. Systemic signs consisted exclusively of vomiting and were encountered in 4/11 (36%) cats. The survival rate was 100%. Long-term follow-up data were available for 7/11 cats, and none of the cats showed impaired quality of life or definitive sequelae. Conclusions and relevance The clinical presentation of lepidopterism in cats appears to be similar to that in other animals; however, the clinical signs are less severe than those previously reported, mainly owing to the cautious behaviour of this species. Moreover, the prognosis is excellent, the length of hospitalisation is short (maximum 48 h) and our study showed the absence of any long-term disability after hospital discharge.

Changes in pharmacokinetic parameters of critically ill patients make the treatment of infections challenging, particularly when multidrug-resistant bacteria are involved. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of haemodialysis to reduce the exposure to high dose amikacin and prevent nephrotoxicity. Amikacin 50 mg/kg was administered intravenously to six adult sheep once-daily for four days. The sheep were divided into two groups according to the implementation (group 1) or not (group 2) of haemodialysis. In group 1, haemodialysis was performed for 4 h, initiated 2 h after starting amikacin infusion. Amikacin area under the curve (AUC) and trough concentrations (Cmin) were used as markers of amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity. The median haemodialysis amikacin clearance was 2.14 L/h (35.6 mL/min), 14% of the mean total body clearance for 24 h. Haemodialysis reduced Cmin (group 1: 0.3 µg/mL [0.3-1.1]; group 2: 1.4 µg/mL [1.1-3.9]; P = 0.0003). A trend towards reduced AUC with haemodialysis was observed (group 1: 1450 µg/mL⋅h [1311-1716]; group 2: 3126 µg/mL⋅h [2581-3171]; P = 0.10). In conclusion, haemodialysis seems interesting in reducing AUC and Cmin after the injection of high-dose of amikacin, parameters known to be involved in its induced nephrotoxicity, in an experimental ovine model.

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to update the prevalence of different feline blood types in the Lyon (France) area, as well as to determine the risk of mismatched transfusion (MT) and neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) in kittens with parents of unknown blood type.MethodsBlood samples were obtained from blood donor cats and cats admitted to an intensive care unit in Lyon. AB blood typing was performed using an immunochromatographic strip. The risk of MT was estimated by adding the risk of a major transfusion reaction and the risk of a minor transfusion reaction. The risk of NI was estimated according the equation (p²)(q²) + 2pq(q²), with q being the b allele frequency and p = 1 – q. The results were analysed by absolute and relative frequency analysis and multivariate analysis.ResultsThe cohort study population included 320 non-pedigree cats and 37 pedigree cats. The prevalence of blood types A, B and AB was 84.3%, 14.0% and 1.7%, respectively. Considering non-pedigree cats, the prevalence of types A, B and AB was 83.7%, 14.4% and 1.9%, respectively. There were no significant differences of blood type distribution by sex ( P = 0.73) or by breed ( P = 0.90). Based on these percentages, the risks of MT and NI in non-pedigree cats were 24.3% and 12.3%, respectively.Conclusions and relevanceThe prevalence of type B cats is high in the Lyon area and associated with high risks of MT and NI. These results confirm the importance of performing blood typing prior to any blood transfusion or mating.

Contact with the caterpillars of the pine processionary moth (CPPM) Thaumetopoea pityocampa induces severe local allergic reactions. The purpose of this large-scale retrospective cohort-study was to describe the clinical manifestations and related risk factors of CPPM exposure. This cohort-study included 109 dogs between the years of 2000 and 2016. Tongue lesions ranging from oedema to severe necrosis were observed in 94/109 dogs (86%). The following systemic signs were observed in 60/109 dogs (55%): vomiting (52/109, 48%), dyspnoea (6/109, 5%), hypovolemia (4/109, 4%) and diarrhoea (2/109, 2%). Based on the time elapsed from CPPM contact to the first oral flushing, three groups were defined:2 h (group 1, 37/105, 35%), 2 h-6 h (group 2, 39/105, 37%) and6 h (group 3, 29/105, 28%). Tongue necrosis (TN) at admission was significantly more common in the dogs in group 3 than those in groups 1 and 2 (45% vs. 5% and 5% respectively, p = 0.0002). In addition, the development of TN during hospitalisation was significantly more common in the dogs in group 3 (65%) than in those in the other groups (21% in group 1, p = 0.02) and 31% in group 2, p = 0.001). The dogs in group 3 presented a 14.63-fold higher risk of TN at admission and a 3.78-fold higher risk of developing necrosis during hospitalisation compared with the other groups. The survival rate after exposure was 97%. Long-term follow-up data were available for 69/109 dogs (63%). Twenty-three dogs (37%) had persistent, definitive TN without major consequences on quality of life. Elapsed time between contact and first oral flushing appears to be a key determinant for the progression of necrotic lesions, and the best results were observed when flushing occurred within 6 h of contact. The prognosis of CPPM envenomation is excellent, with a short hospitalisation duration.

International audience; The incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in cats catheterised for an obstructive lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) has not previously been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of significant bacteriuria in cats with obstructive LUTD managed for 48 h with a closed urine collection system. Eighteen male cats admitted for a non-infectious obstructive LUTD were evaluated. This was a prospective study. A standard protocol was used for aseptic catheter placement and maintenance. Three urine samples were collected from each animal through the catheter immediately after placement, 24 h after placement and just before removal. All samples underwent complete urinalysis, including bacterial culture. Catheter tips were tested by bacterial culture. Six cats (33.3%) developed significant bacteriuria during catheterisation. The causative bacteria were common feline uropathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus species) in five cases, and Streptococcus bovis in one. One cat developed a fungal infection. The presence of bacteria in urinary sediment was correlated strongly with positive urine culture results. The catheter tips from 10/18 cats (55.5%) were positive for culture. The positive predictive value of a positive culture from the urinary catheter tip was 87.5%. The specificity was 53.8%. The same infectious agents were cultured from both urine and catheter tip in six cases. In summary, one third of cats developed significant bacteriuria during catheterisation. Silent bacteriuria could not be clearly differentiated from true urinary tract infection. The presence of bacteria in the urinary sediment was strongly indicative of bacteriuria. The specificity of urinary catheter tip culture was low.

This study compared the haematological, haemostatic and thromboelastometric (TEM) parameters between dogs with and without suspected disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Seventy-six dogs with a medical condition known to predispose to DIC were prospectively included in the study. Thirty-eight dogs (50 per cent) presented with haemorrhagic diatheses. DIC was diagnosed in 32 dogs (42 per cent). Thirty-five dogs (46 per cent) had a normal TEM profile, 25 dogs (33 per cent) had a hypercoagulable profile and 16 dogs (21 per cent) had a hypocoagulable profile. Except for the lysis parameters, all TEM parameters were significantly correlated with the presence of DIC in univariate and multivariate analyses. Mortality rates were significantly higher in dogs with DIC (50 per cent) than in dogs without DIC (27 per cent, P=0.043; OR 2.667, 95 per cent CI 1.049 to 6.701), and mortality rates were significantly higher in dogs with a hypocoagulable profile (69 per cent) than in dogs with a hypercoagulable (24 per cent, P=0.017; OR 4.800, 95 per cent CI 1.241 to 16.220) or a normal profile (31 per cent, P=0.046; OR 3.429; 95 per cent CI 1.006 to 11.470). All TEM parameters were significantly associated with mortality in univariate and multivariate analyses. Thromboelastometry appears to be a valuable tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of dogs with suspected DIC, especially those with a hypocoagulable profile that was associated with increased risk of death and increased risk of haemorrhagic diatheses.

Enoxaparin at 0.8 mg/kg every 6 h is used in dogs to prevent prothrombotic events, but has only been validated in healthy Greyhounds, a breed with documented hypocoagulable haemostatic profiles in vitro and bleeding tendencies in vivo. This study investigated the effects of enoxaparin at this dose rate on the coagulation parameters of eight healthy adult Beagles over a 48 h period. Anti-Xa activity was significantly increased 3 h after the second and third of nine injections, and target anti-Xa activity was only reached transiently in 3/8 dogs. Paradoxically, a transient increase in endogenous thrombin potential was observed 6 h after the third injection. Other haematologic, biochemical and coagulation parameters were not significantly altered from the baseline values during enoxaparin treatment (P > 0.05). This study suggests that assumptions regarding the pharmacodynamic effects of enoxaparin are not generalisable across breeds.

Introduction L’insuffisance renale aigue (IRA) est une maladie complexe, frequente, dont les manifestations varient d’une augmentation de la creatininemie a une insuffisance fonctionnelle totale. Meme si des traitements de soutien existent, le recours a l’epuration extrarenale (EER) est parfois inevitable, et le taux de mortalite reste eleve (60 %) [1] , [2] . De nombreuses etudes chez l’homme, et quelques rares en medecine veterinaire, cherchent a determiner le moment optimal d’initiation des sessions d’EER [3] et a identifier des facteurs pronostiques [4] . Les objectifs de cette etude etaient d’abord de decrire la population, les donnees cliniques et paracliniques, les causes, et le devenir de chiens atteints d’IRA hospitalises en soins intensifs et necessitant une EER. Elle vise egalement a determiner des facteurs pronostiques, simples, disponibles a l’admission ou au cours de l’hospitalisation. Materiel et methode Etude retrospective portant sur des chiens hospitalises ayant recu au minimum une session d’EER entre 2012 et 2015. Des donnees manquantes ou des images echographiques en faveur d’une insuffisance renale chronique etaient les criteres d’exclusion. Les donnees analysees incluaient le signalement, le poids d’admission, le delai de refere, la duree d’hospitalisation, le delai avant la premiere seance et le nombre de sessions d’EER, la cause de l’IRA, la diurese, les resultats des bilans sanguins, le devenir et la cause de la mort. Un nouveau parametre, le DeltaCreat/h, a ete defini comme la difference entre la creatininemie apres la session d’EER N et avant la session N + 1, divise par le temps entre les deux sessions. Un catheter de dialyse a ete insere dans une veine jugulaire par une technique de Seldinger modifiee. Les traitements, l’initiation ou non d’une seance d’EER et le taux d’ultrafiltration net etaient a la discretion du clinicien. Resultats Quarante-trois chiens remplissaient les criteres d’inclusion, 4 ont ete exclus pour un total final de 39. L’âge et le poids medians etaient de 4,4 ans, et de 26,6 kg respectivement. La duree mediane d’hospitalisation etait de 8 jours, et le nombre median de seances d’EER de 3. Les deux principales causes d’IRA necessitant une EER etaient la leptospirose (74,4 %) et les nephrotoxiques (15,3 %). Le taux de mortalite etait de 47 %, dont 50 % d’euthanasies. A l’issue de l’hospitalisation, la creatininemie mediane etait de 200 μmol/L, et 55 % des chiens avaient une azotemie faible (creatininemie = 240 μmol/L). Les survivants etaient plus jeunes (4 vs. 5,4 ans ; p = 0,04), avaient une diurese superieure a l’admission (0,5 vs. 0 mL/kg/h ; p = 0,01) et une duree d’hospitalisation plus longue (10 vs 4 jours ; p = 0,0001). Le nombre de sessions d’EER (odds ratio [OR] = 5,1), la kaliemie (OR = 1,9), la diurese (OR = 0,2), la duree d’hospitalisation (OR = 0,4) et la variation de creatinine intersession, DeltaCreat/h (OR = 1,2) etaient correles a la mortalite. L’analyse des courbes ROC revelait que les facteurs pronostiques ayant les meilleures caracteristiques etaient la diurese (sensibilite = 69 %, specificite = 90 %, cut-off a 1 mL/kg/h, AUC = 0,9), et le DeltaCreat/h (sensibilite = 92 %, specificite = 63 %, AUC = 0,8). Ainsi pour chaque augmentation de la diurese de 1 mL/kg/h, le risque de deces diminuait de 77 % tandis qu’une augmentation de 1 mmol/h de DeltaCreat/h augmentait le risque de deces de 20 %. Discussion Le nombre de patients, anuriques a l’admission, peut expliquer un taux de mortalite superieur aux donnees publiees [2] . La diurese a une valeur pronostique a partir du troisieme jour, et est inversement correlee a la mortalite. Ainsi, le suivi en hospitalisation de la diurese est un parametre essentiel, puisqu’elle peut etre reflet de lesions renales plus severes. Malgre une absence de lien statistique direct entre la survie et les delais de refere ou d’initiation de l’EER, le fait que l’anurie ressorte comme parametre pejoratif doit inciter le clinicien a sa prise en charge precoce pour ameliorer les chances de survie [1] . Les autres facteurs de risque mis en evidence correspondent aux donnees de la litterature [2] , [3] , [4] . Le DeltaCreat/h constitue un nouveau parametre pronostique dont l’utilisation necessite d’autres etudes. Conclusion Notre population est essentiellement constituee de mâles d’âge et de poids moyen, dont la cause de l’IRA est le plus souvent une leptospirose ou des nephrotoxiques. Des l’admission, la diurese est significativement superieure chez les survivants, l’anurie etant un facteur pejoratif. Apres la premiere dialyse, le DeltaCreat/h constitue un facteur pronostique. Enfin, le niveau de sequelle est modere, 55 % des animaux n’ayant qu’une discrete azotemie (IRIS£II, creatinine sanguine£240 μmol/L).