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Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:38:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-05-01 Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sex on the daily net requirements of calcium (NCam), phosphorus (NPm), potassium (NKm), and magnesium (NMgm) for maintenance in Saanen goats from 5 to 45 kg BW. Two datasets were used: the first dataset was composed of 154 individual records (53 castrated males, 46 females, and 55 intact males) from three studies, and was used to estimate the NCam, NPm, NKm, and NMgm using the comparative slaughter technique (CST). The second dataset was assembled from 160 individual records (67 castrated males, 45 females, and 48 intact males) from four feeding trials, and was used to estimate the NCam, NKm, and NMgm in Saanen goats, using the minimum endogenous losses method (MEL). A meta-analytic approach was applied using a mixed model, in which sex was considered a fixed effect and study a random effect. Using the CST, the results revealed that sex did not affect NCam, NPm, or NKm (21.1, 22.8, and 4.0 mg/kg BW, respectively; P > 0.10), but NMgm of intact males was greater than for castrated males or females (2.6 versus 1.4 mg/kg BW; P = 0.077). On the other hand, sex did not affect the NCam, NKm, or NMgm (38.0, 25.2, and 7.4 mg/kg BW, respectively; P > 0.10), when MEL was used. The findings of this study suggest that Ca, P, and K requirements for maintenance in goats are not influenced by sex. Conversely, Mg requirement for maintenance should be discriminated by sex. Also, that P requirements for maintenance were significantly lower than current feeding system recommendations. Department of Animal Science UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Department of Animal Science UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado: 1 Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado: 166754 FAPESP: 2014/14734 FAPESP: 9

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex on the net requirements of growth for Ca (NCa), P (NP), Na (NNa), K (NK), and Mg (NMg) in Saanen goats from 5 to 45 kg BW, with or without consideration of the degree of maturity. A database containing 209 individual records for Saanen goats (69 castrated males, 71 intact males, and 69 females) was generated from 6 comparative slaughter studies. Total amounts of Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg in the body were fitted to logarithmized allometric equations using empty BW (EBW) or degree of maturity (EBW/mature EBW) as regressors. The equations were fitted using a mixed model, where sex was considered a fixed effect and study was considered a random effect. Net requirements were estimated by the first derivative of the logarithmized allometric equations. Then, a Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the uncertainty of calculated net requirement values. Without considering the degree of maturity, sex did not affect NCa, NP, and NNa ( > 0.10). Conversely, considering the degree of maturity, NCa and NP of intact males were 5% and 2%, respectively, greater than those of castrated males and females ( 0.10), NK decreased by 26% (i.e., without considering the maturity degree) or 27% (i.e., considering the degree of maturity) from 5 to 45 kg BW. Therefore, the consideration of maturity stage highlights differences across sexes in the net macromineral requirements for growth in goats. Elucidation of sex effects on macromineral requirements for growth may be useful for improving the accuracy of recommendations for mineral requirements for dairy goats.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-11T06:34:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex on the requirements for maintenance and efficiency of energy utilization in growing Saanen goats. A database from 7 comparative slaughter studies that included 238 Saanen goats was gathered to provide information for the development of prediction equations of energy requirements for maintenance and efficiency of energy utilization. The experimental design provided different levels of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and empty body weight (EBW). The data were analyzed so that sex (e.g., intact males, castrated males, and females; n = 98, 80, and 60, respectively) was a fixed effect, and blocks nested in the studies and goat sex were random effects. For the development of linear and nonlinear equations, we used the MIXED and NLMIXED procedures in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Nonlinear regression equations were developed to predict heat production (HP, kcal/kg(0.75) of EBW; dependent variable) from MEI (kcal/kg(0.75) of EBW; independent variable). Using the comparative slaughter technique, the net energy requirement for maintenance (NEM) was calculated as the value of HP at MEI equal to zero. Additionally, NEM was evaluated based on the degree of maturity. The metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance was calculated as the value at which HP is equal to MEI. Efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance (k(m)) was calculated as the ratio between NEM and the metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance. Efficiency of energy utilization for growth (k(g)) was assumed to be the slope of the linear regression of retained energy (RE) on MEI above the maintenance stage (model intercept equal to 0). Efficiencies of RE as protein (k(p)) and as fat (k(f)) were calculated using the multiple linear regression of MEI above the maintenance (model intercept equal to 0) on RE as protein and as fat, respectively. Sex affected NEm (75.0 +/- 1.76 kcal/kg(0.)(75) of EBW for males and 63.6 +/- 2.89 kcal/kg(0.75) of EBW for females) and sex did not affect k(m) (0.63). In contrast, sex no longer affected NEM when degree of maturity was considered on its estimation. The k(g) was different between sexes (0.31 for castrated males and females, and 0.26 for intact males), but k(p) (0.21) and k(f) (0.80) were similar between sexes. These results may be useful for improving robustness of the energy requirement recommendations for dairy goats. Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Anim Sci, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Sul & Sudeste Para, Inst Estudos Trop Umido, BR-68557335 Xinguara, PA, Brazil Ohio State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Columbus, OH 43201 USA Univ New England, Sch Environm & Rural Sci, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Anim Sci, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2014/14734-9 CAPES: 001

The objective of this research was to estimate the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth in male (castrated and intact) and female Saanen goat kids between 15 and 30 kg BW. To determine the net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm ) and the net protein requirements for maintenance (NPm ), 75 goats (25 castrated and 26 intact males and 24 females) were used. Twenty-one goats (seven castrated and eight intact males and six females) were randomly assigned for slaughter to estimate the initial empty body composition. The 54 remaining animals (18 castrated and 18 intact males and 18 females) were randomly assigned in a split-plot design using a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with three sexes and three levels of intake (ad libitum and restricted feed to 75% or 50% of the ad libitum intake). Within each sex, six blocks (three goats per block) were formed and one goat was randomly assigned to each level of intake. The 75% and the 50% of ad libitum rationing were determined daily, based on the DMI of the animal fed ad libitum on the previous day. All animals within block were slaughtered when the animal fed ad libitum reached 30 kg BW. The net energy requirements for gain (NEg ) and the net protein requirements for gain (NPg ) were obtained using 58 animals (20 castrated and 20 intact males and 18 females). The animals were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at targeted BW (15, 23 or 30 kg). Sex did not affect NEg and NPm (277.8 kJ/kg0.75 BW day and 2.98 g CP/kg0.75 BW day respectively), as well as NPg (180.9 ± 6.48 g/kg EBW gain) in Saanen goat kids. However, castrated males and females had similar NEg (varied from 12.6 ± 0.424 to 17.9 ± 1.38 MJ/kg EBW gain), greater than intact males (varied from 9.74 ± 0.420 to 10.7 ± 0.984 MJ/kg EBW gain), as the BW increased from 15 to 30 kg.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:33:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:33:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982018000100618.pdf: 561491 bytes, checksum: a2ca38f27714aef67bc8f7426fee863e (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Asociacion Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado (AUIP) The objective of this study was to investigate the multivariate relationship among body protein, fat, and macrominerals in Saanen goats of different sexes (castrated males, females, and intact males) using canonical correlation analysis. Individual records of 274 Saanen goats combined from 10 studies was used. Two sets of body constituents were established: the first one contained variables related to body protein or fat (canonical variate U) and the second contained variables related to body calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, or potassium (canonical variate V). Two canonical pairs were identified for each sex. However, irrespective of sex, first canonical pairs accounted for more than 87% of variance of the dependent variables, these only being used for the analysis. For canonical variate U 1, canonical weights for protein were greater than that for fat (in castrated males, protein = 0.62 and fat = 0.41; in females, protein = 0.96 and fat = 0.039; and in intact males, protein = 0.81 and fat = 0.20). For canonical variate V 1, in males, the highest canonical weights were for potassium and phosphorus, whereas the lowest were for calcium (in castrated males, potassium = 0.485 > phosphorus = 0.259 > magnesium = 0.206 > sodium = 0.129 > calcium = 0.081, and in intact males, potassium = 0.499 > phosphorus = 0.459 > sodium = 0.105 > magnesium = 0.024 > calcium = 0.001). On the other hand, in females, the highest canonical weights were for potassium and calcium, whereas the lowest was for magnesium (potassium = 0.539 > calcium = 0.201 > phosphorus = 0.178 > sodium = 0.088 > magnesium = 0.081). The current results may help to understand the role of sex on strength and nature of the association among body protein, fat, and macrominerals in growing Saanen goats. Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Zootecnia, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Zootecnia, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2014/14734-9 Asociacion Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado (AUIP): 166754-1

Requirements for growth in the different sexes remain poorly quantified in goats. The objective of this study was to develop equations for estimating net protein (NPG) and net energy (NEG) for growth in Saanen goats of different sexes from 5 to 45 kg of body weight (BW). A data set from 7 comparative slaughter studies (238 individual records) of Saanen goats was used. Allometric equations were developed to determine body protein and energy contents in the empty BW (EBW) as dependent variables and EBW as the allometric predictor. Parameter estimates were obtained using a linearized (log-transformation) expression of the allometric equations using the MIXED procedure in SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The model included the random effect of the study and the fixed effects of sex (intact male, castrated male, and female; n = 94, 73, and 71, respectively), EBW, and their interactions. Net requirements for growth were estimated as the first partial derivative of the allometric equations with respect to EBW. Additionally, net requirements for growth were evaluated based on the degree of maturity. Monte Carlo techniques were used to estimate the uncertainty of the calculated net requirement values. Sex affected allometric relationships for protein and energy in Saanen goats. The allometric equation for protein content in the EBW of intact and castrated males was log10 protein (g) = 2.221 (±0.0224) + 1.015 (±0.0165) × log10 EBW (kg). For females, the relationship was log10 protein (g) = 2.277 (±0.0288) + 0.958 (±0.0218) × log10 EBW (kg). Therefore, NPG for males was greater than for females. The allometric equation for the energy content in the EBW of intact males was log10 energy (kcal) = 2.988 (±0.0323) + 1.240 (±0.0238) × log10 EBW (kg); of castrated males, log10 energy (kcal) = 2.873 (±0.0377) + 1.359 (±0.0283) × log10 EBW (kg); and of females, log10 energy (kcal) = 2.820 (±0.0377) + 1.442 (±0.0281) × log10 EBW (kg). The NEG of castrated males was greater than that of intact males and lower than that of females. Using degree of maturity for estimating NPG and NEG, we could remove the differences between sexes. These results indicate that NPG and NEG differ among sexes in growing Saanen goats, and this difference should be accounted for by feeding systems. Including the degree of maturity as predictor cancels out those differences across sexes in protein and energy requirements.