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Purpose: Atherosclerotic stenosis of the extracranial carotid artery accounts for approximately 20% of all strokes. Both carotid artery endarterectomy and carotid artery angioplasty with stenting (CAAS) are recommended for symptomatic patients with 50% or more stenosis or asymptomatic patients with 70% or more stenosis. CAAS is under-reported in Saudi Arabia, as evidenced by a thorough literature search. In this article, we aim to share our experience of CAAS to call for the necessity of conducting more research on stroke and emphasize the local need of utilizing more endovascular treatments like CAAS.Materials and Methods: A retrospective single-center observational study was conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The inclusion criteria consisted of all adult patients (18 years and above) with carotid stenosis who were treated with CAAS.Results: A total of 16 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the participants was 66.9±13.5 years (range 30–87 years). All patients were symptomatic (had a previous stroke or transient ischemic attack). The procedure was successful in 14 patients (87.5%), while it failed in 2 patients (12.5%) due to technical reasons. All patients had no stroke or myocardial infarction within 30 days of the procedure.Conclusion: Despite the advancement in medicine with free healthcare services in Saudi Arabia, the interventional procedures for secondary prevention of strokes are underutilized. Collaboration between different hospitals will be extremely helpful since few centers in each city are providing such treatments by an expert neurointerventionist and/or strokologist. The good selection of candidates, optimal management of comorbid conditions, and multidisciplinary care may improve outcomes and reduce mortality.

الملخص: أهداف البحث: تتغير المعرفة الطبية باستمرار مما يشكل ضغطا على المعلمين لتكييف استراتيجيات تعليمية مناسبة لأسلوب تعلم طلابهم. لذلك، قد يساعد تحديد أسلوب تعلم طلاب الطب المعلمين في تطوير استراتيجيات التدريس لتحقيق مخرجات أفضل. كان الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد أسلوب تعلم طلاب جامعة علوم صحية، وتقييم العلاقة بين أسلوب التعلم والرضا عن الأنشطة التعليمية. طرق البحث: أُجْريت هذه الدراسة الوصفية المستعرضة في كليات الطب والعلوم الطبية التطبيقية، بجامعة الملك سعود بن عبد العزيز للعلوم الصحية بجدة. استخدمنا أسلوب ديفد كولب للتعلم والدراسة الاستقصائية المعدلة عن رضا الطلاب من كلية موط للمجتمع في ميشيجن. تم توزيع استبانة ذاتية التعبئة لجميع المشاركين واستخدام أسلوب التعلم والبيانات الديموغرافية كمتغيرات تنبئية. واعتبار مستوى رضا الطلاب المتغير الناتج. النتائج: شارك ٣٥٩ طالبا (متوسط العمر ١٩.٠ +/- ١.٤ عاما، ٥٣.٥٪ ذكور). كان أسلوب التعلم الأكثر شعبية الأسلوب التوافقي (٢٩.٢٪)، يليه الأسلوب الاستيعابي (٢٧.٩٪) والأسلوب التشعبي (٢٥.٦٪)، في حين أن الأسلوب التقاربي (١٧.٣٪) كان أسلوب التعلم الأقل تفضيلا. أظهرت درجات رضا الطلاب أنهم راضون بشكل عام، بدرجة متوسطة قيمتها ٦٤.٤٪. وُجد أن الذكور لديهم رضا أعلى في جميع المتغيرات مقارنة بالإناث. الاستنتاجات: لم تستطع هذه الدراسة العثور على أسلوب تعلم غالب أو اختلاف رضا عبر أساليب التعلم بين طلاب العلوم الصحية. وبالتالي، فإن البرامج التعليمية الحالية بجامعة الملك سعود بن عبد العزيز للعلوم الصحية تلبي أساليب تعلم الطلاب ورضاهم. يحتاج المعلمون إلى توسيع استراتيجياتهم لتشمل تعليمات لبناء بيئة تعليمية فعالة. Abstract: Objectives: Medical knowledge is constantly changing; this puts pressure on educators to adapt instructional strategies to their students' learning styles (LSs). Therefore, identifying the LSs of medical students could help teachers to develop teaching strategies to achieve better outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the LSs of health science university students, and to assess the relationship between LSs and student satisfaction with educational activities. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Colleges of Medicine and Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS) Jeddah. We used Kolb's LS and a modified Student Satisfaction Survey from Mott Community College, Michigan. All participants received self-administered questionnaires; LS and demographic data were used as predictor variables. Students' satisfaction levels were considered the outcome variable. Results: A total of 359 students were recruited (mean age 19.0 ± 1.4 years; 53.5% males). The most popular LS was Accommodator (29.2%), followed by Assimilator (27.9%) and Diverger (25.6%), while the Converger style (17.3%) was the least preferred LS. The satisfaction scores of the students showed that they were generally satisfied with a mean score of 64.4%. Males were found to have higher satisfaction across all variables than females (p = 0.002). Conclusions: This study could not find a predominant LS or satisfaction difference across LSs among health science students. Thus, the current educational programmes in KSAU-HS meet students' LSs and satisfaction. Educators need to broaden their strategies for instruction, so as to build an effective learning environment. الكلمات المفتاحية: أساليب تعلم, رضا الطلاب, طلاب الطب, توافقي, استيعابي, Keywords: Accommodator, Assimilator, Learning styles, Medical students, Student satisfaction

Most of male breast masses are benign with gynecomastia being the most common entity encountered. Primary male breast cancer accounts for less than 1% of the total number of breast cancer. Male breast can be affected by a variety of conditions affecting the female breast with less frequency due to the lack of hormonal influence and consequent glandular sub-development. Imaging features of male breast masses are quite similar to the female breast. Therefore, using the knowledge of the female breast and applying it may help in the diagnosis and management of male breast abnormalities. In this article, we aim to review a variety of unusual male breast masses. We discuss the demographics of male breast tumors, describe the diagnostic algorithm for evaluating male breast masses, and review the imaging features of rare breast masses and mimickers of male breast cancer.

Interprofessional education (IPE) is now regarded as an extremely important approach in the academic field for preparing healthcare students to provide patient care in a collaborative team environment. In this study, we examine the perceptions and attitudes toward IPE in a Saudi specialized health sciences university. This study is a cross-sectional survey at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdulaziz Medical City in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The instruments used in this study were pre-designed self-administered questionnaires identified from the literature (The Nebraska Interprofessional Education Attitudes Scale (NIPEAS) and The Student Perceptions of Interprofessional Clinical Education-Revised (SPICE-R). A total of 668 individuals participated in the study. The majority of the participants were between the ages of 18 and 25 (79.2%) and were students (77.1%) from medicine, nursing and applied medical science. The participants' responses were primarily positive for all items of the NIPEAS and most of the items of the SPICE-R. The results of this study indicate that students and healthcare professionals have positive perceptions and readiness toward IPE, and implementation of shared learning is highly encouraged. The integration of IPE in the curriculum is recommended to improve teamwork and patient care outcomes.

Arms influence in myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging has been studied for the last two decades. These studies suggested that arms positioning next to the patient would not show cardiac abnormalities or perfusion defects in SPECT imaging while it would not affect the scan during positron emission tomography (PET) scans. As a recent improvement in Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE), -a Monte Carlo simulation toolkit- a new feature was added to enable the use of STereoLithography (STL). STL files are implanted as an input geometry for most human organs, which would give superior advantages in details compared to analytical geometry shapes. This study is adopting this recent improvement in GATE to study arms effect in SPECT imaging with the consideration of four scenarios; normal heart perfusion imaging with and without arms positioned next to the patient and two of the same scenarios with a perfusion myocardial defected. The results showed that perfusion defect could be observed with arms next to the patient. For image reconstruction, both filtered backprojection (FBP) and iterative technique – maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) were used. The MLEM was performed to analyse the four different patient scenarios. The difference in counts between arms-up and arms-down position for the abnormal case was shown to be less than 6%. The conclusion from this paper is that arm influence during abnormal heart SPECT imaging can be measured and has a minimal contribution to the reconstructed images. Keywords: GATE, Reconstruction, SPECT, Arms, Heart, Myocardial, Perfusion, STL

Background. Around 75% of the world’s population relies on the use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) for their healthcare. Thus, we aimed at assessing the attitude and perception of health professional students about CAM and correlate the results with their demographical data. Methods. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, by enrolling 350 students. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Results. Results of our data suggested that majority of students were aware of the CAM modalities and considered prayers/spirituality (83.6%), massage (72.5%), nutritional supplements (74.1%), cupping (68.5%), herbal medicine (66.2), and yoga (61.6%) as most effective and least harmful CAM modalities. The students acquired more information about CAM from media (55%), books (56%), friends/relatives (59.7%), and other health professionals (58.4%), however, very little information from formal CAM courses or training (36.7%), which shows the lack of courses and trained health professional in the field of CAM. Despite utilizing nonreliable sources of CAM information, the majority of students had positive attitudes and perceptions about CAM usage. Majority of the students (75.8%) believe in the use of CAM for the mental and spiritual aspect of health and think that CAM providers give good information on maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The data also showed a significant P<0.05 association between awareness about CAM and gender. A significantly higher percentage of female students were using yoga and aromatherapy, while cupping was mostly used by male students. Similarly, a significant association was found among the different colleges and level of students in most of the CAM modalities. However, no association was found between the awareness and use of CAM with the educational level of parents or relatives in health sector except for acupuncture and cupping, where student’s awareness about acupuncture and cupping was found to have a significant positive association with mother educational level. On the other hand, a significant inverse association was found between acupuncture, yoga, cupping, and aromatherapy with family income. Conclusion. In conclusion, despite the lack of proper courses and professionally trained healthcare providers in the field of CAM, students demonstrated positive attitudes and beliefs toward the safety and effectiveness of CAM.

Summary: Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a rare disease, but it is the most common form of sporadic encephalitis. HSE is transmitted through direct contact and developing nosocomial HSE is rarely reported in the literature. Nosocomial HSE is difficult to diagnose due to its non-specific clinical features. In this article, we present a case of nosocomial HSE that was responsible for grave consequence. We also explore its causes, outcome, and give recommendations to avoid such fatal occurrence. We stress on strict adherence to the standard precautions and preventive control measures. Keywords: Encephalitis, Herpes simplex virus, Nosocomial infection, Hospital-acquired infection

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first discovered in September 2012 in Saudi Arabia. Since then, it caused more than 1600 laboratory-confirmed cases and more than 580 deaths among them. The clinical course of the disease ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe lower respiratory tract illness with multiorgan involvement and death. The disease can cause pulmonary, renal, hematological, and gastrointestinal complications. In this paper, we report neurological complications of MERS-CoV in two adult patients, and we hypothesize the pathophysiology. The first patient had an intracerebral hemorrhage as a result of thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and platelet dysfunction. The second case was a case of critical illness polyneuropathy complicating a long ICU stay. In these cases, the neurological complications were secondary to systemic complications and long ICU stay. Autopsy studies are needed to further understand the pathological mechanism.