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In an acetylene hydrogenation reactor, the slowly falling catalyst activity affects ethylene plant performance in an operating cycle. To maximize the integral economic benefit in a regeneration cycle or achieve the longest regeneration cycle, the full cycle operation optimisation must be a long time-scale dynamic optimisation for which the method of control vector parameterization is adopted. Because of various uncertain disturbances, some distances must be reserved for process constraints and the desired effect of full cycle optimisation is hardly fully achieved. Thus, based on the strictly slowly-time-varying catalyst deactivation model, the operation margin consumption is estimated. Furthermore, a modified full cycle operation optimisation strategy is presented which takes the operation margin consumption as additional constraints. To obtain the maximum integral economic benefit or the longest regeneration cycle, we present a realizable full cycle optimized operation plan that considers the sufficient operation space reserved for uncertain disturbances.

Carbon black is used as conducting support for NiO nanoparticles, and noble metal particles are well dispersed on NiO/C with an average diameter of 4–8 nm. Benefiting synergistic effect, NiO/C by adding noble metal exhibits superior electrochemical activity and excellent stability for oxygen evolution reaction in water splitting. A catalyst with a weight ratio of Au to NiO of 1:2 gives the best performance. Onset potential on the Au-NiO(wt 1:2)/C electrode shifts more negatively than that on Pt-NiO(wt 1:2)/C and Pd-NiO(wt 1:2)/C, and onset potential on the Au-NiO(wt 1:2)/C electrode is lower than that on the other electrodes.

Three-dimensional (3D) manganese oxides consisted of tetragonal phase Mn3O4 and α-MnO2 with different morphology have been directly grown vertically on Ti foil by a simple electrochemical method without any template and used as the catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The results show that manganese oxides with different morphology show high activity and good stability for OER and the manganese oxide (MnOx) nanowire arrays obtained at 70 °C show higher activity and better stability than MnOx with cotton wool structure and MnOx nanosheet arrays.