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Environmental pollutions are now regarded as a major catastrophe for society, so the scientific community in search of efficient technology which can tackle this issue. Photocatalysis has emerged as one of the cost effective, clean and eco-friendly approach, which efficiently deals the various type of environmental pollutants. In this contest, different semiconductor materials have gained much more popularity. In this regard, we have modified 2D-CeO2 with CdSQDs with a simple deposition precipitation technique. As CdSQDs posses high cross-sections for multiple photon absorption and large oscillator strengths as compared with their bulk CdS counterparts makes it a suitable candidate for hybrid material with CeO2 which extends the spectral range of the absorption from UV to UV-visible range. Further, the formation of type-II heterostructure in between CdSQDs and 2D-CeO2 efficiently enhances the interfacial charge transfer and chemical stability. Structural, optical and morphological characterization of the fabricated samples were carried out by XRD, UV, PL and TEM analysis. The photocatalytic activity of the fabricated samples was tested towards phenol degradation where the degradation efficiency of hybrid CeO2NS-CdSQDs was found to be 71% in 2 h.

Semiconductor based photocatalyst have attracted great interest in energy and environments. CoWO4@g-C3N4 nano-composites were fabricated by a reflux-calcination method in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 respectively. The structural, morphological, auto electrical properties of the prepared samples are thoroughly characterised by PXRD, SEM, UV–Vis DRS, PL, measurements. This effective excition separation leading to enhanced photocatalytic activity due to synergistic contact between CoWO4 and g-C3N4. The prepared photocatalysts shows excellent activities towards the degradation of ciprofloxacin under visible light illumination. As compared to neat g-C3N4 and CoWO4, the photocatalytic activity (20 ppm ciprofloxacine degradation) of CoWO4@g-C3N4 (1:2) nanocomposite is higher i.e.88%. Hydroxyl radical (•OH) and (•O-2) were played crucial role in the photocatalytic degradation process, which is confirmed by trapping experiments.

Environmental pollution and energy scarcity is a major issue of the current scenario which forbear the progress of developing world. To overcome these problems towards a sustainable future, the utilization of sunlight by means of photocatalysis can be regarded as a best and suitable pathway. To validate this purpose, design and development of efficient heterogeneous photocatalyst for harvesting solar energy should be the major research concern for scientific community. In this regard herein, we have prepared a series of stable and efficient CoTiO3/UiO-66-NH2 p-n junction mediated heterogeneous photocatalyst by hydrothermal method. The functionalised linker of UiO-66-NH2 provided an intimate interfacial contact with CoTiO3 by Co/Ti O N ionic interaction, as proved by HRTEM and XPS analysis. Moreover the inverted V-shaped Mott-Schottky plot confirmed the junction formation in the optimised CoTiO3/UiO-66-NH2 material. In addition, EIS and PL analysis also provides sufficient evidence about the hindrance of active species recombination in composite as a result of p-n hetero junction. LC-MS characterization technique traces the assorted intermediate species produced in the course of photodegradation of Norfloxacin and confirms its complete degradation to corresponding CO2, H2O and NH4+ by the optimised CoTiO3/UiO-66-NH2. The highest photo-catalytic activity obtained towards Norfloxacin degradation is 90.13% and H2 production is 530.87 µmol in 1 h. The enhanced photo-catalytic reaction follows Type-II p-n hetero junction charge transfer mechanism and thus, paves a new way to design MOF based heterojunction photocatalyst for diverse photo catalytic performance.

The present research reports the synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) sheet/flake-like nanostructures of crystalline carbon modified TiO2 (CT), B-TiO2 (B-CT), and S-TiO2 (S-CT) using a facile one-pot synthesis method. The crystallinity and phase purity (anatase) of the prepared nano-photocatalyst were characterised using X-ray diffraction, selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis. Furthermore, the morphological details and elemental content of the sample were studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Additionally, the optoelectronic features of all of the prepared specimens were measured via UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence (PL), impedance and Mott–Schottky studies. After successful characterisation, their photocatalytic performance was tested towards dinitrogen photo-fixation and tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) degradation under visible light illumination. Moreover, the effective charge separation and greater availability of the active surface area led to the robust photocatalytic activity of the fabricated B-CT compared to the CT and S-CT samples, which correlates well with the PL, impedance and surface area analysis. B-CT displays the highest photocatalytic activity, i.e. 32.38 μmol L−1 (conversion efficiency = 0.076%) of ammonia production, and 95% tetracycline hydrochloride (10 ppm) degradation. Here, we have effectively designed a novel and productive pathway towards the enhancement of the photocatalytic performance of visible photon active TiO2-based materials for energy and environmental sustainability.

The production of Hydrogen energy through the splitting of water is a promising pathway for clean environment and sustainability. Herein we have synthesized a series of ZnFe2O4 (ZFO)@Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) nanocomposites by hydrothermal followed by calcination method and studied its application towards hydrogen energy production and ciprofloxacin degradation. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) study and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicate the good crystallinity and suitable chemical environment for the photocatalytic process. Among all the samples, ZFO@3%RGO showed 73.4% of CIP degradation under solar irradiation of 1 h, which is 1.67 times higher than that of pure ZFO nanoparticles. CIP degradation process follows first order kinetics with a good rate constant of 0.021 min−1 which is 2.3 times greater than ZFO. The photocatalyst ZFO@3%RGO illustrated maximum H2 energy production i.e. 410.32 μmol/h, which is 1.35 times more than that of neat ZFO nanoparticles. ZFO@3%RGO demonstrates the highest photocurrent density of 0.6 mA/cm2 under light illuminations, which is 250 times superior to that of the pristine photocatalyst. Bode phase analysis confirmed that ZFO@RGO shows 13 times higher charge separation efficiency in comparison to neat ZFO. The best photocatalytic activity of ZFO@3%RGO nanocomposite is due to its high light absorption capacity, low photogenerated exciton recombination, high electron-hole separation, and high photocurrent density.

Development of highly efficient robust catalyst for pollutant abetment still remains an ongoing scientific challenge in the field of visible light driven photocatalysis. In this work a series of ZnFe2O4 (ZFO)/carbon derivatives (ZFO@CNT, ZFO@GO, ZFO@Fullerene) nanocomposite were fabricated by one-pot hydrothermal method followed by calcination. The detail anatomical featured such as crystal geometry, morphology, elemental composition, light absorption performance, electron-hole recombination properties and photocurrent density were characterized by XRD, SEM, HRTEM, XPS, UV–Vis DRS, PL and electrochemical analysis respectively. The photocatalytic performances of ZFO@carbon nanocomposites were studied for the degradation of antibiotics (Norfloxacin) and hexavalent Chromium under open sun light illumination and the obtained results suggested that loading of carbon derivatives of ZFO nanoparticles enhance the visible light absorption capacity and excitation separation efficiency. Among the fabricated composites, ZFO@CNT exhibits the highest activity in comparison to other nanocomposites. The highest activity of ZFO@CNT is due to low photoexcited electron-hole recombination and high charge transfer properties of ZFO@CNT as confirmed via PL and impedance measurement. Further, the fabricated ZFO@CNT nanocomposite exhibited highest photocurrent density i.e. 2.25 mA/cm2 which was 225 times higher than that of neat ZFO. The optimal photocatalytic efficiency was shown by ZFO@CNT i.e. 91.36% degradation of 50 ppm norfloxacin and 82% reduction of 10 ppm Cr (VI) in 90 min and 60 min respectively under solar light irradiation.

An eco-friendly and bio-surfactant assisted room temperature synthesis has been proposed for preparation of Magnetic retrievable Fe3O4@rGO nanocomposite in Averrhoa carambola leaf extract towards 2-nitrophenol reduction and TCH degradation under visible light illumination. The role of bio-molecules that are present in leaf extract is quite crucial in the process of tuning the morphology and opto-electronic features of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Additionally, the insitu conversion of GO to rGO and preparation of Fe3O4 from Fe+2 and Fe+3 metal precursors leads to formation Fe3O4@rGO nanocomposite. rGO sheets play the key role in successful transfer and separation of photoexcited charge carrier resulting in better catalytic activity compared to neat Fe3O4. Among the designed nanocomposites 3 wt% loaded rGO i.e. FG-3 shows the best result with 95.85% 20 ppm 2 Nitrophenol reductions and 94.09% 10 ppm TCH degradation under visible light irradiation for 30 and 60 mins respectively. The observed high photocatalytic performance of FG-3 is attributed to synergetic chemistry operating between rGO and Fe3O4 components that causes effective separation and channelization of excitons to active sites and also due to increase in surface area of composite material. The above stated separation efficiency and surface area expansion is well supported by PL/Impedance measurements and BET analysis respectively. Further the phase purity, uniform distribution of nanoparticles and reduction of GO to rGO is well characterised through XRD, FESEM/TEM and Raman/FTIR analysis respectively.

Achieving organic transformation reactions using green synthesis methods under mild conditions is always an aspiration of scientists. In the present findings, a Zn–Cr layered double hydroxide (LDH)/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite modified with Au–Ag noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) was synthesized via the in situ crystallization of a LDH over a GO surface followed by the simultaneous photo-deposition of a metal alloy and the reduction of GO to reduced graphene oxide (RGO) under UV light irradiation, resulting in AuAg@GO/LDH. All prepared samples were suitably analysed via various sophisticated techniques to explore their structural, morphological, optical and compositional behaviours. The characterization outcomes showed the uniform distribution of AuAg alloyed NPs with a typical diameter of around ∼3 nm on the facade of the GO/LDH nanocomposite. The conversion of GO to RGO is confirmed via Raman analysis. This bimetallic alloy-based nanocomposite provides a novel platform for artificial photocatalysis, and shows excellent catalytic activity for the performed tandem redox reactions. The combined effects of the plasmon active AuAg alloy, the visible photon-responsive ZnCr LDH and the electron trapping and transporting properties of GO illustrate the existence of an intensified green photochemical process, which can be extensively developed to be applied to tandem liquid phase photocatalytic organic reactions. Here the photogenerated electrons and holes can be directly utilized by nitrobenzene (NB) and benzyl alcohol (BA) to produce aniline (AL) and benzaldehyde (BAD) via GO, respectively. This selective photoredox reaction is a synergistic type of process that proceeds via producing and consuming protons. The effective separation of charge carriers is well supported by photoluminescence (PL) studies. Compared to the parent GO/LDH and Au and Ag singly-modified GO/LDH samples, AuAg@GO/LDH revealed proficient photocatalytic potential owing to the existence of combined surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effects, characterised through UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS), generating hot electrons from both photoexcited Au and Ag atoms under visible light illumination. The AuAg@GO/LDH hybrid photocatalyst showed ∼2.5 times better performance than GO/LDH, without any indication of leached metal or metal alloy over five runs.

The Haber–Bosch process enables the industrial production of NH3 from N2 and H2, it represents a high energy consumption route and also releases a large amount of anthropogenic CO2. However, solar light mediated N2 photoreduction through a semiconductor photocatalyst is a green and sustainable route, which could help to suppress global warming and serve as an attractive hydrogen fuel storage medium. Herein, we have synthesized a phosphide protected FeS2–FeP–CeO2NS ternary nanohybrid through a simple hydrothermal method followed by a sulfidation–phosphidation technique. The physicochemical and morphological properties of the synthesized materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The optimum CPS3 nanohybrid exhibits a remarkable ammonia evolution rate of up to 5.6 mmol h−1 g−1 under mild reaction conditions and without using any precious noble metal or organic scavengers. The obtained results were superior to those obtained from recently reported hybrid materials. The main reason for the high photofixation may be because: (i) the Ov/Ce3+ and Fe–P act as active sites for nitrogen adsorption and activation; and (ii) the photoelectrons are well separated and transfer to the activated N2 and the overall kinetic study reveals the two electron proton coupled reduction reaction. This work gives some insightful and significant information about the construction and selection of earth abundant photocatalysts for use in the ideal solar driven nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR).

In the present study, a series of Ce2Zr2O7@rGO nanocomposites were synthesized using a simple solution combustion method followed by a photoreduction technique. The as-prepared samples were well characterised using various analytical techniques to determine the morphological, optical, structural, electrochemical and compositional properties. The presence of oxygen defects was observed from Raman and photoluminescence spectra. The photoreduction of GO to rGO was determined from Raman and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results. The role of rGO proved to be quite significant for the enhanced photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposites. The synergistic communication between Ce2Zr2O7 and rGO accelerates the photoreduction of 4-nitrophenol along with the degradation of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation. Of the rGO nanocomposites, 3 wt% GO loaded Ce2Zr2O7 reduces 99% of 20 ppm of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in 120 min and decomposes 10 ppm of ciprofloxacin by up to 89% in 60 min. The significant enhancement in the activity of the Ce2Zr2O7@rGO nanocomposite was ascribed to the effective charge separation of excitons through π-conjugation of graphene at the interface, which is well supported by the impedance, photoluminescence and photocatalytic results.

The designing of novel heterostructures for excellent photocatalytic activity has recently gathered intense attention and has exerted an enormous fascination. In this regard 2D nanoarchitectured CeO2–FeOOH/Fe2O3 heterostructures have been synthesized controllably through a hydrothermal process. The nanohybrids present an excellent performance towards photocatalytic (O2 evolution and Cr(VI) reduction) as well as photoelectrochemical activity. Our results show that oxygen vacancies are induced due to the incorporation of low-cost iron materials (FeOOH and Fe2O3) onto CeO2, later confirmed by XPS and TEM analysis, which enhances the charge separation through an n–n junction, leading to enhanced catalytic activity. Furthermore, the highlighted feature of our synthesized binary hybrid is the self-healing process under light irradiation, which repairs structural damage without any activator, that mimics the self-repairing effect of living organisms. This work represents the concept of integrating different functional materials into one nanoarchitectured material and provides useful information about structural regeneration, which may be useful for the development of a new generation of auto-healing nanoarchitectured materials.

Construction of a visible light driven Z-scheme-based photocatalytic system is a hot topic of research because of the potential to alleviate both energy and environmental issues. In the present study a series of surface vacancy mediated BiOI–CeO2 nanocomposites were prepared and their crystallographic, morphological, optical, and electrochemical behavior were characterized through XRD, TEM, FESEM, UV–vis DRS, PL, ESI, and Mott–Schottky techniques. From the XPS analysis, it could be said that a high amount of oxygen defects and metallic bismuth were present on the composite than neat CeO2 which was the major cause of enhancement in the photocatalytic activity. Further the photocatalytic efficiency of the as prepared samples was tested toward RhB decolorization/phenol oxidation as well as for O2 gas evolution. It was observed that 40 wt % BiOI–CeO2 nanocomposite exhibited highest photocatalytic activity among neat and other composites, i.e., 89% decolorization of 100 ppm RhB and produces 323 μmol/2h of O2 u...

Ammonia is the most necessitate and second largely produces chemical reagent worldwide to address the need of the fertilizer industry, as a precursor for many value-added chemicals and a competing source (17.6 wt% H2) for the blooming hydrogen economy. Although N2 constitutes 78.09 % of the earth's atmosphere, however, its conversion to ammonia is strenuous because of its non-polar and triple bond character. To address the burgeoning demand, ammonia is typically synthesized via the conventional energy and capital intensive Haber-Bosch technique utilizing natural gas and releasing tons of (CO2) to the environment. On this basis, cost-effective photon-driven dinitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is aroused thriving attention as a sustainable and eco-friendly process for ammonia production under ambient conditions. Yet, the photocatalytic ammonia production is not up to the mark for industrial application due to low conversion rate, less catalytic selectivity, ambiguous mechanism, and limited faradic or solar-to-chemical efficiency. Further, the NRR activity of a catalyst essentially depends upon its electronic and surface texture; hence the fabrication of advanced materials is of paramount interest to enhance the performance. The present review covers the underlying mechanism of N2 photoreduction, prevailing theories, different catalytic engineering techniques, various detection methods, and critical challenges encountered in the theme of photofixation of dinitrogen to ammonia. Additionally, the overarching goal of this review is to bestow an outline of recent research articles in earmarking high-caliber photocatalytic systems and hence planting a strong foundation to ensure the succeeding improvement in this promising and hastily stretching field of dinitrogen photofixation research.

With the advancement of promising multifaceted powdered photocatalytic systems, problems related to environmental pollution and energy requirements have been addressed to a significant extent. The major reason for this great achievement lies in the combined effect of both structure modification and integration of different functional materials. Here, we report a ternary hybrid containing wide band gap CeO2 nanosheets with CdSQDs and Au nanoparticles, incorporated between this type II heterostructure through simple chemical reduction methods. Structural and morphological characterization of the fabricated samples was carried out by XRD, XPS, and TEM analysis. From a series of optical and photoelectrochemical measurements, it was found that the incorporation of Au nanoparticles into the interfaces of CeO2 and CdSQDs was the major cause of the enhancement in the photocatalytic activity. Au nanoparticles play a dual character by acting as a mediator and also inject hot electrons through LSPR (light-induced su...

g-C3N4 has been widely used as a smart material for photocatalytic applications. Due to insufficient solar-light absorption and fast electron–hole recombination, the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 remains a challenge for industrial applications. In this study, we prepared an exfoliated g-C3N4 homojunction in a single-step biomediated route, thereby addressing the major issues of g-C3N4. With a well exfoliated and layered sheet structure, g-C3N4 exhibits exceptional physical properties such as ultrahigh intrinsic carrier mobility and pronounced changes in the energy band structure due to weak van der Waals forces between C3N4 layers. The formation of well exfoliated sheets of g-C3N4 was confirmed by XRD, FESEM, TEM and AFM results. More importantly XPS confirmed the synthetic process by the biomediated route, in which some electron acceptor (–CN) groups were easily introduced at the edge of g-C3N4, aiding the in situ p–n homo-junction formation. The g-C3N4 homojunction was confirmed by Mott–Schottky analysis. This homojunction structure was proven by EIS and TRPL analysis to be highly proficient in charge transfer and separation processes. The exfoliated g-C3N4 homojunction showed significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity, compared to that prepared through the conventional route, due to the unique structural advantages, electron transfer, light harvesting, lower recombination rate of charge carriers and the richly available reaction sites during the photocatalytic reaction. g-C3N4 prepared through the one step biomediated route was able to evolve 87 μmol h−1 of H2 and degrade 90.2% of 200 ppm RhB solution, which is significantly higher than bulk g-C3N4 prepared through the conventional route.

Herein, we disclosed the g-C3N4/LaFeO3 nanocomposite photocatatalyst, a mediator-free direct Z-scheme photocatalytic system, prepared using a mechanical mixing method with reliable interfacial interactions. The nanocomposite formation was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optical properties of the nanohybrids were also characterized using UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The results clearly indicated that the g-C3N4/LaFeO3 nanocomposite was effectively fabricated, with reliable interfacial interactions and a good heterojunction interaction between g-C3N4 and LaFeO3, which can considerably enhance the photocatalytic activity as compared to pristine g-C3N4 and LaFeO3. The high HER (1152 μmol h−1 g−1) was also confirmed by the PL spectra, Mott–Schottky plot, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and solid–solid interfacial interactions.

Nanoceria and its derivatives are promising photocatalysts for environmental sustainability due to their strong redox ability, high oxygen storage/release capacity, eco-friendly nature, photostability and cost effectiveness. This study highlights the first time N/S co-doped ceria prepared using a simple hydrothermal method from a Ce(NO)3 and thiourea source. The spectrographic, crystallographic and macroscopic features of the as-synthesised photocatalysts were characterised by TEM, DRUV-vis, PL, TRPL, XRD, Raman and photoelectrochemical measurements. Under visible light illumination, doped ceria exhibits remarkable photocatalytic activity towards Cr(VI) reduction, in contrast to neat CeO2. The enhanced photoreduction ability of doped species, particularly 36 h treated samples (NCS-36), is due to more light absorption capacity, greater photocurrent generation and high concentration of photoexcited electrons, which were well supported by characterization techniques. The average lifetime decay of photoexcited electrons and the photocurrent density of NCS-36 were found to be 75.37 ps and 3.87 mA cm−2, which is nearly 3- and 12-times higher than that of neat ceria, respectively. These obtained results clearly explain the 93% photoreduction ability of NCS-36 towards a 50 ppm Cr(VI) solution within a time span of 120 min under visible light irradiation.

Fusion of heterogeneous photocatalysts with conducting polymers has paid a rising stratagem in the field of photocatalysis owing to its biocompatibility and environment friendliness. In this work a series of polypyrrole (PPY) sensitized zinc ferrite/graphitic carbon nitride (ZFCN) n-n heterojunction (ZFCN@10PPY, ZFCN@20PPY, and ZFCN@30PPY) nanocomposite were fabricated by in-situ polymerization method. Due to low band gap of polypyrrole, it behaves as a photo-sensitizer, supplies surplus numbers of electrons to ZnFe2O4/g-C3N4 n-n heterojunction and improves the photocatalytic performance. The fabricated ZFCN@20PPY exhibits highest photocatalytic activity in comparison to others nanocomposites. The superior photocatalytic performance of ZFCN@20PPY was ascribed to the tunable band structure, synergistic effect of broad absorption upto NIR region, delayed electron-hole recombination and efficient charge transfer across the junction interface which has been well confirmed from UV–Vis DRS, PL and EIS measurement. Further the photocatalytic activity of ZFCN@20PPY was supported by both n-type and p-type photocurrent density i.e. 2.4 and 3.9 mA/cm2 respectively. ZFCN@20PPY shows good photocatalytic performance towards ciprofloxacin degradation (92%) and generation of hydrogen energy (567 μmol). Along with pollutant degradation and energy production ZFCN@20PPY also shows its potential towards antibacterial activities against human pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia coli. These newly designed polymer sensitized n-n heterojunction may offer a promising strategy for maximum light absorption and be authoritative in meeting the environmental claims in the future.

Atomically colloidal quantum dots are attractive for applications in far-reaching optoelectronic devices, due to engrossing optical properties. However, the relative low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of colloidal quantum dots was the main restriction, due to abundant defects. For the first time, we are here suggesting a possible source of deviation from the reported work is solvent dependence PLQY of CdS QDs. As most visible light-emitting QDs, colloid CdS QDs prepared in four common easily accessible solvents including water capped with thioglycolic acid (TGA) are taken into consideration here. Relative fluorescence quantum yield CdS QDs in DMSO are found to be highest i.e. 93 % among the solvents used. In addition to this Urbach energy was also calculated to have an idea about the density of states in CdS QDs.

A series of Fe-doped CeO2 nanoparticles were synthesised by simple co-precipitation technique by varying the dopant concentration (0 ≥ 5%) for photocatalytic water decomposition under visible light irradiation. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized by crystallographic, microscopic and spectroscopic methods to investigate the cause of their robust photocatalytic activity. XRD pattern suggest the formation highly crystalline face-centered cubic-fluorite structure of as-synthesized nanoparticles. The doping amount of Fe in CeO2 lattice strongly affects the bandgap tuning of neat CeO2 (CF0) from UV to Visible region i.e. 3.0eV–1.85 eV. The successful doping of Fe in CeO2 lattice resulted in the formation new dopant energy levels that facilitates interfacial charge transfer of both electron (e−) and hole (h+) for better photoredox reaction of water under visible light irradiation. Further, BET surface area measurement, PL, TRPL and photoelectrochemical analysis reveals that, presence of Fe3+ ion in ceria lattice causes an enhancement of surface area, low PL intensity, longer average decay time (value of 〈 τ 〉 for CF0 and CF3 is 2.13 and 4.16 ns, respectively) and high photocurrent generation. The CF3 sample exhibits 31 times more current generation than CF0 and showed highest amount of hydrogen production i.e. 641 μmol/h with an apparent conversion efficiency of 9.13%.