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Single-point incremental forming (SPIF) was conducted on a 1-mm-thick commercially pure titanium grade 2 (Ti-G2) sheet metal in a CNC vertical milling unit. A hardened steel ball of 12 mm diameter was used as forming tool. Frustum cups were formed with varying spindle speeds between 300, 450, and 600 RPM. Other process parameters including the vertical step down and feed rate were kept as 0.2 mm and 300 mm/min, respectively. The metallurgical and mechanical properties of the formed material were investigated by cutting samples from the frustum cup walls. Electron-backscattered diffraction (EBSD) investigation revealed limited change in grain size with an increase in spindle speed. Dislocation density was measured by x-ray diffraction peak broadening analysis. The results indicate that an increase in spindle speed resulted in an increased dislocation density. The EBSD-based textural studies revealed a strong basal texture with near P and B type orientations visible at the maximum spindle speed. The tensile tests demonstrated a proportional increase in tensile strength with an increase in spindle speed along with a significant reduction in total ductility. The enhanced dislocation density and the formation of a strong basal texture were considered as the main drivers for the improvement in the tensile strength. A maximum tensile strength of nearly 550 MPa was obtained for samples extracted from the walls of the frustum cup at the maximum spindle speed of 600 RPM. This translates to an 80% enhancement of the tensile strength when compared to the base metal .

This paper deals with automatic spot welding, hemming and material handling in automotive industries. Here, hood, doors and tail gate are processed by implementation of robots. Spot welding and hemming of the panels are the two operations which decide the quality of the car body. The quality of hemming and spot welding should be highly accurate, which consumes more time if done manually. There will be quality defects if it is done manually and high rate of production cannot be achieved. The robots were selected according to the payload required and space available. In this project, all the processes were simulated using the software and the entire robot operations were also simulated in the virtual environment to check for collision, cycle time, reach and range. Finally the simulated robot work cell is implemented on the floor and the robots were programmed to do their specific tasks without any interference of humans.

Binder jet 3D printing is an emerging technology in the field of rapid prototyping which has a capability of processing a wide range of materials, including metals and ceramics. The main aim of our project is to design and fabricate gypsum prototypes based on binder jetting technology. The gypsum powder is chosen for the development of green part and Sodium silicate also called as water glass is used as a binder for the gypsum based green part. These materials are low cost, easily available materials and are utilized for developing the gypsum prototypes and hence it reduces the cost of building of binder jetting machine. This paper presents our design modifications from the existing open source binder jetting machine (Oasis 3DP) to make it efficient in terms of cost, build and performance. The modifications are introduced in the build volume, binder extrusion head, support structures and gantry mechanism. With this new design introductions in the powder 3D printing machine, we can develop intricate, complex shaped gypsum prototypes and yield high green part strength. These modifications also unlock the full potential of the binder jetting technology and allow us to vision more in utilizing different types of powder materials like sugar, metallic powder, gypsum and ceramics with suitable corresponding binder.

Dental implants have a triumph pace of 90–98%, which in clinical terms is essentially high. Implant failure may occur at earlier or later stage. In assessment of the drawn-out accomplishment of a dental implant, the reliability and the stability of the implant–abutment play a vital role. In general, the achievement of the treatment relies upon numerous factors influencing the implant, implant–abutment and abutment–prosthesis interfaces. Early implant failure occurs due to the improper mechanical stability. This study researches the stress distribution in an implant with different implant abutments with different height and angle in different loading criteria. The abutment heights are 5.50 mm, 3.50 mm and 3.60 mm respectively. The loading conditions are applied in vertical and 30˚ angle with the value of 36 N & 100 N. Cobalt chromium alloy is used which has the superior properties like high stiffness, tightly polished, wear resistant and also it is used to avoid crevice corrosion. Computational models of abutment types with different heights were modeled using CAD software and Analyzed with FEA software for finding out the total deformation, Maximum principle stress, and Maximum shear stress. Based on the structure of a dental implant system, it gives significant performance. The minimum and maximum total deformation, Maximum principle stress, and Maximum shear stress were noted in the Type 3 under 36 N vertical condition and Type 1 under 100 N under 30˚ respectively.

The stainless steel 430 grade sheet metals with three process conditions namely, continuous annealed (CA), batch annealed (BA) and cold rolled (CR) were subjected to forming limit diagram (FLD) experiment. The combined FLD and the fracture limit diagram were plotted for all three processed conditions, which resulted in higher forming limit strain and fracture limit strain values for the CA sheet metal. Further, the parameters like, strain hardening exponent (n), normal anisotropy (r) and formability parameter (nr) reported higher values for CA sheet metal, which signified better formability. Besides, the void coalescence analysis was performed after FLD experiment. Based on void coalescence analysis, the CA sheet metal exhibited higher average void size, void area with least ligament thickness and d-factor indicated its better formability before fracture. These results were consistent with the experimentally evaluated FLD, which showed higher formability for CA sheet metal. Also, the presence of recrystallized microstructure in CA sheet metal resulted in higher strain hardening capability, which resulted higher necking percentage in combined FLD and fracture limit diagram.

The virtues of hybrid composites are higher performances and improved mechanical properties as compared to polymer composites. Hence, it have been extensively used in various applications. However,...

An investigation has been performed on the slurry erosion behavior of squeeze cast AA7150 aluminium alloy – a potential structural alloy in as cast condition. The tests were conducted at room temperature varying the service factors using quarts silica sand. The cast samples were examined for its metallurgical and mechanical factors followed by investigation on erosive wear behavior. The results showed the ductile nature of mechanism undergone and greater influence was seen with respect to the angle of impingement. The erodent flow rate also significantly affects the performance of the material. The surface morphologies of the wear tested specimens were examined using SEM for better understanding on the mechanism of failure. Severe plastic deformation is seen in all the cases as the strain energy exceeded the elastic strain rate.

The power management scheme has implemented in microgrid system. (IOT) Internet of Things with electronic microcontroller is used to overcome the electricity demand. Let the fastest growing of the electronic devices and that elements load need an entire electricity demand. The proper preposition method is also one of the possible solutions to control the energy demand by using an IOT (Internet of Things). This project describes the smart energy management system using IOT Based system consumer load management. Grid based applications integrated with EV application. Consumer based service implemented with grid applications integrated IOT system for analysis the demand of the system.

In this current research work, Al – 6 Zn – 3 Mg – 2 Cu – 0.5 Sc alloy was developed by liquid metallurgy route. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al – 6 Zn – 3 Mg – 2 Cu – 0.5 Sc alloy were noted at different conditions. Solutionized alloy shows lower hardness than that of cast alloy, which is due to dissolution harder precipitates in the matrix. The structure of aged alloy shows dispersoids and fine precipitates as compared to as cast alloy and solutionized condition. The precipitation hardening (T6) behaviour of Al – 6 Zn – 3 Mg – 2 Cu – 0.5 Sc alloy were studied at different conditions. Al – 6 Zn – 3 Mg – 2 Cu – 0.5 Sc alloy were enhanced the mechanical properties at different conditions were reported.

Al-3Mg-0.25Sc alloy with 50% and 75% rolling reductions from the initial thickness at room and cryogenic temperatures resulted in a higher dislocation density, enhanced lattice strain and reduced crystallite size for the cryorolled (CR) sample with 75% reduction (CR 75). A hierarchical grain size distribution was noted in CR samples through electron backscattered diffraction studies that led to a combination of 490 MPa of strength and 27% of ductility in CR 75. Also, due to hierarchical grain distribution, during the tensile test, deformation was expected to follow a complex strain distribution rather than localised necking, which had resulted in higher elongation. Further, a low mechanical anisotropy and a proportional decrement in texture index with a higher fraction of Cube texture enhanced the ductility of CR 75 among the rolled samples. Higher work hardening rate was reported by the CR samples than that of room temperature rolled (RTR) ones due to the influence of cryorolling and the existence of Al3Sc precipitates. Among the rolled samples, the CR 75 sample reported a higher necking percentage of 24% based on the stress based necking limit and fracture limit diagram, which indicated its ability to withstand higher strain before failure was consistent with the mechanical properties reported.

In recent decade, polymer matrix composites were extensively used in various engineering applications owing to their advanced properties over conventional materials and enhanced performance. This motivated the researchers to generate an extensive study and research work on polymer composites. In recent studies, the erosion properties of the polymer composite attract increasing attention among researchers. The potential enhancement in the erosion resistance property of filled composites tempted the researchers to find the feasibility of using various filler materials in polymer matrix for specific erosion resistance applications. However, only limited numbers of literature are available concerning the tribological performance of the filled composite. Hence in this study, an objective was set to review the various literature that explain the erosion characteristics of filled composites.

Performance of conventional materials in diverse engineering application is not satisfactory due to the development in products design and engineering materials. In this case, fiber reinforced Polymers (FRPs) have attracted the material engineers with their unique properties and their expansion in various applications. The superior characteristics of the FRPs emphasized their advancement in machining performance. So it becomes more significant to analyze their machinability for further improvement in their machining characteristics and applications. The intention of this paper is to review the machining response of FRPs especially on drilling. Concerning FRPs drilling operation the main aspects were focused on glass, natural and carbon fiber reinforced polymers. Drilling damages such as delamination of plies, thrust force, and surface quality in response to various parameter influences were also discussed in detail.

The rolling of an Al-3Mg-0.25Sc alloy at room and cryogenic temperature to 50% and 75% reduction in thickness resulted in the formation of a bimodal microstructure. The grain size distribution based on electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analyses showed an enhanced fraction of ultra-fine grains with nearly 100 nm in cryorolled samples whereas; room temperature rolled samples exhibited sub-micron grains with 300 nm. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed the dense dislocation cell structures for cryorolled samples due to the restriction of dynamic recovery. The better forming and fracture limit strains were noted for cryorolled samples compared to room temperature rolled ones in the forming and fracture limit diagrams. A good correlation of formability with void coalescence parameters based on larger void size, lower ligament thickness and lower d-factor were obtained. This indicated better accumulation of plastic deformation and improved formability of cryorolled samples. Further, the reduced aspect ratio (L/W) of void signified delayed fracture behaviour of cryorolled samples compared to room temperature rolled samples and showed better fracture resistance. The improved fracture limit strain in combined forming and fracture limit diagram exhibited by cryorolled samples was consistent with the void coalescence parameters.

Composite materials are emerging in present-day scenario, since its high performance extend their use in several industrial applications. With the expansion in utilization of these materials in new areas, it is very crucial to examine their tribological performance extensively. Presently, many researches have been carried out to find the tribological characteristics of polymers. The objective of this review is to present inclusive information on erosion effect on fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Broad study has been made on erosive response of polymers with the addition of filler material and fiber influence. Further the review extends on statistical methods which are used in evaluating the erosion characteristics of composites.

The influence of cryorolling on the tensile properties, fracture behaviour (void coalescence) and its limit with respect to strain traixaility (em/eeff) was investigated on a commercial pure Al (CP-Al), an Al-Mg alloy (AA5083) and an Al-Mg-Si alloy (AA6061). The above sheets were rolled at both room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperatures up to 50% and 75% rolling reductions. The rolled sheets were formed on a double action hydraulic press up to fracture and the fracture strains were measured and correlated with respect to strain triaxiality. The work hardening behaviour and the relative slip distance were also evaluated for the three alloys in all conditions. The work hardening rate was high for AA 5083 due to the effect of solute drag mechanism, which resulted better strain hardening along with strain hardening due to rolling. The void coalescence analysis on fractured samples supported the enhanced fracture resistance tendency of AA5083, based on void size and other void coalescence parameters. However, the AA 6061 and CP-Al showed inferior response to fracture resistance, but AA 6061 was better in fracture resistance compared to CP-Al. In accordance with void coalescence analysis, the AA 5083 showed better fracture limit with respect to strain triaxiality compared to AA 6061 and CP-Al.

Friction stir welding is a solid-state welding technique for joining metals such as aluminum alloys quickly and reliably. This article presents a design of experiments approach (central composite face–centered factorial design) for predicting and optimizing the process parameters of dissimilar friction stir welded AA6351–AA5083. Three weld parameters that influence weld quality were considered, namely, tool shoulder profile (flat grooved, partial impeller and full impeller), rotational speed and welding speed. Experimental results detailing the variation of the ultimate tensile strength as a function of the friction stir welding process parameters are presented and analyzed. An empirical model that relates the friction stir welding process parameters and the ultimate tensile strength was obtained by utilizing a design of experiments technique. The models developed were validated by an analysis of variance. In general, the full impeller shoulder profile displayed the best mechanical properties when compared to the other profiles. Electron backscatter diffraction maps were used to correlate the metallurgical properties of the dissimilar joints with the joint mechanical properties as obtained experimentally and subsequently modeled. The optimal friction stir welding process parameters, to maximize ultimate tensile strength, are identified and reported.

Aluminum lithium alloy was rolled at two different temperatures, viz., 28 °C (301 K) and −196 °C (77 K). The thickness of the alloy was reduced by 75 % from its initial thickness (6 mm) in each condition. X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out on all samples to determine the grain size and dislocation density. The cryorolled sample exhibited a finer grain size with higher dislocation density, which was evidenced from micrographs obtained with transmission electron microscopy. Electron backscattered diffraction images revealed the presence of bimodal grain distribution in the rolled samples, in which the cryorolled sample exhibited a larger amount of ultrafine grains. Both tensile and hardness tests were performed on rolled samples. Cryorolled samples showed superior properties when comparing with room temperature rolled sample. Scanning electron microscopic images of fractured samples were used to analyze the void coalescence behavior. The various void coalescence parameters like void size, void area, length to width ratio of void, and ligament thickness were analyzed, and these results were correlated with microstructure, mechanical properties, crystallite size, and dislocation density in all conditions.

Al–6Zn–3Mg–2Cu–0.5Sc alloy with 85% rolling reduction from the original thickness at room and cryogenic temperatures leads to high tensile strength and higher dislocation density for the cryorolled (CR) (−80 °C) sample. Microstructural investigation and their properties on mechanical behaviour of Al–6Zn–3Mg–2Cu–0.5Sc alloy were noted in detail during rolling as-cast, room temperature rolling (RTR) and cryorolling (−80 °C) conditions. The CR (−80 °C) sample revealed greater work hardening value than the as-cast alloy, due to the effect of CR and the presence of Al3CuMg precipitates. The Hierarchical Grain Size Distribution (HGSD) reported in cryorolled samples via Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) studies, and it leads to a high strength of 537 MPa and 17% ductility in CR (−80 °C) samples. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies revealed that the high dense dislocations and nano sized intermetallic compounds are equally distributed alongside the matrix in the CR (−80 °C) among the rolled samples. Al–6Zn–3Mg–2Cu–0.5Sc alloy showed improved mechanical properties during various rolling conditions.