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A micro-ring space-time control circuit is proposed for micro-supercapacitor application. The center micro-ring circuit consists of sandwiched titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin film. The input light fed into the circuit via the input port is of 1.55 µm wavelength. The input space source is multiplexed with time at the add port to form the space-time function. A whispering-gallery mode is formed using suitable parameters, which results from the nonlinearity effect induced by the small rings at the sides of the center micro-ring. The light that excites the gold metal surface leads to electron cloud oscillations that form the electron density, which can be transported via wireless connection by employing the whispering-gallery mode or via cable connection. Areal specific capacitance of 0.4 F cm−2 and areal power density of 0.31 MW cm−2 are obtained. In application, the micro-ring circuit can be employed in microsystems that require high specific capacitance and high power for their operations.

A unique RFID silicon chip is proposed for sensing applications. The RFID silicon chip is a microring circuit that has a panda ring form where the working principle is based on the space-time function. The RFID silicon chip operates in the frequency range of 150-250THz. The input light wavelength of 1.55 μm, which forms the input space signal via the input port enters the system and at the add port multiplexes with time to form the space-time function. The whispering gallery mode (WGM) with appropriate parameters is observed at the center ring of the silicon chip. The silver bars embedded at the center ring form the antenna of the RFID silicon chip. The antenna directivity and gain of 7.25 and 2.41 respectively are obtained. The sensing capabilities of the RFID silicon chip is determined where the temperature change range of the system is 0 °C-70 °C. The sensitivities of 2.34 × 1014rads-1oC−1, 0.20mWoC−1, 0.045NKg-1oC−1, 3.75mWNKg−1, 0.007 mW−1 and 0.080 mW−1 are respectively obtained. The RFID silicon chip can be employed as a quantum sensor. The device is applied for antenna-based applications, where the main objective is the broader wavelength where the connection between light and microwave can be realistic.

A unique device is proposed for ultra-high density up- and downlink transmission. The device comprises of the chalcogenide Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and panda ring resonator with silver bars at the center microring at the upper and lower parts of the MZI. The device is operative based on the space–time function where the input space (soliton) via the input port multiplexes with time at the add port of the device with a wavelength bandwidth of 1.50–3.50 µm and the frequency bandwidth of 85–250 THz. The WGM is observed at the upper (uplink) and lower (downlink) center microring with suitable parameters. The silver bars at the center microring form the dipole oscillation, where the uplink and downlink plasmonic antennas have the directivity 18.68 and 13.27, and gain is 9.34 and 6.64, respectively. The light fidelity (LiFi uplink and downlink) employs the wavelength spectrum while the wireless fidelity (WiFi uplink and downlink) employs the frequency spectrum. The LiFi uplink and downlink have an optimum wavelength of 2.30 µm and 2.27 µm, respectively, while the WiFi uplink and downlink have an optimum frequency of 130 THz and 132 THz. For the transmission signal, the bit rate of 28 Pbits−1 is achieved. The bit error rate (BER) value of 0.36 is obtained which indicates the system performance. Low BER value indicates high system performance. The device can be employed for the coverage of the light-wave and microwave wavelength link for 6G communication, where AI (artificial intelligence), 3D communication, code encryption, and secured transmission can be applied.

The biased plasmonic circuit is proposed using a Panda-ring infinitesimal space–time function control. The circuit has two small rings alongside the main microring. The small rings act as phase modulators inducing the nonlinearity effect in the circuit. The gold grating at the center microring induces plasmonic polaritons resulting in plasmonic wave oscillations and the Bragg wavelength (plasma frequency). By using the suitable parameters, the whispering gallery mode (WGM) is formed at the center ring, where the small change of light optical path difference is compensated and resonant. The coupling side ring radii $${R}_{L}$$ - $${R}_{R}$$ → 0 is generated, where the unified space–time function is obtained. The saturation uncertainty space–time function known as a singularity is formed, which can be applied for fully biased plasmonic circuit characteristics. The circuit is fed by the input light with 1.50 µm center wavelength, where the input power varied from 1 to 10 mW. The bright soliton with a wavelength of 1.50 µm can move both back and forward (biased) on the time axis by the three different modulated Gaussian pulses of 0.60 µm, 1.10 µm, and 1.30 µm, where the full biased of the 1st space to the 2nd various spaces in terms of wavelengths is achieved.

The microring circuit is designed to form the upstream and downstream quantum communications. There are one space and two-time functions applied to form the transmission. A circuit consists of 3 microring resonators, where there are three processes of each transmission. Firstly, the space function pulse (soliton) fed into the system via the main ring input port. The whispering gallery mode (WGM) is generated at the center ring with suitable parameters. The dipole oscillation is formed by the coupling between plasmonic wave and gold grating, which will change in the dipole oscillation frequency inducing the change in the plasmonic sensor. The flip-flop signals obtained from the bright and dark soliton via the throughput and drop ports can apply for the transmission clock signals. Secondly, the quantum codes formed by a time-energy function input into the system via a silicon ring, which induced the four-wave mixing induced by the coherent light in a GaAsInP ring, can be identified and the quantum bits(qubits) formed by the polarized signal orientation. The quantum information is multiplexed into the system. Thirdly, the carrier time function will input via the add port main ring. By using the resonant condition, the multiplexed signals of those processes will transmit via either WGM or throughput port for wireless or cable transmission, respectively. The downstream process is processed the same way as the upstream, where the multiplexer is placed by the de-multiplexer. By varying the input power, the manipulation result has shown the potential realistic application for quantum and telepathic communications.

A unique micro-metamaterial antenna for light and microwave wavelength conversion is proposed, where the antenna has the form of a panda ring which consists of the mu negative metamaterial silver bars embedded at the microring center. The micro-metamaterial antenna characteristics are investigated, where the antenna resonance frequency and frequency range of 1.60 THz and 1–2.2 THz are achieved. The radiation pattern of the micro-metamaterial antenna is plotted, where the obtained gain and directivity of the antenna are − 8.13 dB. The optimum antenna radiation efficiency is 1 when the antenna has dissipative loss is neglected. The micro-metamaterial antenna can be used as a converter between light and microwave, which is useful for a wavelength converter device.

This paper presents the use of space and time function applied simultaneously into the silicon microring system arrangement for double vision problem solving and enhancement. The eye structure formed by three silicon ring resonators, in which the 3D imaging constructed and modulated by the space function and time function rings, respectively. The double vision problem manipulated by the interference of the whispering gallery modes generated by the system, the final image information connected the central nerve cells. The 3D imaging constructed by the space function formed by the whispering gallery modes (WGMs) named as object and reference beams. The image information modulated by the WGM of time function signals from the small ring (3rd eye). By using the suitable parameters, the WGMs of light beams within a system generated, from which the coupling of an object and reference beams used for imaging perception. The control part is the WGM beam generated by the time function that inputs into the small ring. The simulation results obtained have shown that the double vision control and adjust by the space-time function achieved, in which the vision wavelength and frequency can be expanded from 0.40–1.80 μm and 150–700 THz, respectively, which has the potential for artificial eye application.

We propose the use of the electron cloud generated by quasi-particle waves called polariton dipoles, which oscillated within a silicon microring-embedded gold grating system for quantum consciousness processing model. An embedded gold grating is coupled by a whispering gallery mode beam generated by a soliton pulse, from which the polariton waves oscillated with the plasma frequency at the Bragg wavelength. The excited polariton cloud by the external stimuli can be detected at the system output ports. The two states of the polariton (electron) are spin-up and spin-down that can process automatically and deliver to the network and cloud. In manipulation, the results obtained show the electron density increased by increasing the input power into the system. In application, the cell polariton cloud coupled by the external stimuli and patterned by the quantum cellular automata results, which localized in the cloud network and connected to the nerve cell access nodes. The coded polaritons connected to the nerve cell memory clouds, while the required commands are delivered to resonant cells via the network link. More stenographic codes can also be generated by other external stimuli sources, which can process similarly.

The distributed optical sensors using the multi-input light sources have been designed and simulated. It consists of 6 sensor nodes coupled to the main ring resonator, which is an optical circulator operation. It is a micro-scale device that can be fabricated by the current technology. The three distance light sources are simultaneously fed and the cross-connected signals combined in the circulator. By using the suitable parameters, the whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are generated at the center nodes from which the channel spacing signals can be obtained and used for distributed sensors. The analytical details and the simulation using the selected parameters are presented. The channel spacing of the cross-connected outputs of 1.2 µm is achieved. The simultaneous sensor sensitivity in the terms of ( Δ λ / λ ) of approximately 1.28 is obtained.

We propose a new concept of the nonlinear effect called the Kerr-Vernier effect by using cascaded Si-ChG microring circuits. The circuit is simulated for two materials of different refractive indices which results in phase difference in propagating light and hence observed in the output signal. By varying the input power into the system, the Vernier effects in terms of the Kerr-Vernier effects are seen. In application, the comparative results of the two-channel outputs are used to form the phase sensors, while the self-calibration between the two-channel outputs can be performed. The change in wavelength at the whispering gallery mode of 8 nm is achieved when the applied input power was fixed at 10 mW. A sensitivity of ∼120 µm W-1 is obtained for this proposed sensor.

We have proposed that human life is formed on a space and time function relationship basis, which is distorted after fertilization in the ovum, from which growth is generated by a space&ndash, time distortion against the universe&rsquo, s gravity. A space&ndash, time distortion&rsquo, s reduction can be managed by space and time separation, which is known as mindfulness. A space&ndash, time distortion in human cells is configured by a polariton traveling in a gold grating film, which can be employed to investigate mindfulness characteristics. Mindfulness is the steady state of the time function of energy after the separation. Energy levels of mindfulness based on polariton aspects are categorized by a quantum number (n), which can be reduced to be a two-level system called Rabi oscillation by a successive filtering method. We have assumed a cell space&ndash, time distortion can reduce to reach the original state, which is the stopping state. Mindfulness with a certain frequency energy level of n = 2 was achieved. Several techniques in the practice of mindfulness based on successive filtering called meditation are given and explained, where the required levels of the mindfulness state can be achieved. The criteria of the proposed method are a low energy level (n) and high frequency (f) outputs, which can apply to having a working performance improvement.

A silicon microring circuit embedded gold film with unique characteristics is proposed for Hall effect, current, and temperature sensing applications. The microring circuit is operated by the input polarized laser sources, in which the space-time distortion control can be employed. A gold film is embedded at the microring center. The whispering gallery mode (WGM) is generated and applied for plasmonic waves, from which the trapped electron cloud oscillation is formed. Through the input port, the input polarized light of 1.55 μm wavelength fed into the space-time control circuit. Spin-up |↑〉(|0〉) and spin-down |↓〉(|1〉) of polarized electrons result when the gold film is illuminated by the WGM. The electric current passing through the gold film generates a magnetic field (B), which is orthogonal to the electric field. Hall voltage is obtained at the output of the circuit, from which the microring space-time circuit can operate for Hall's effect, current, and temperature sensing device. The simulation results obtained have shown that when the input power of 100-500 mW is applied, the optimum Hall effect, current, and temperature sensitivities are 0.12 μVT-1 , 0.9 μVA-1 , and 6.0 × 10-2 μVK-1 , respectively. The Hall effects, current, and temperature sensors have an optimum response time of 1.9 fs.

In this paper, the ultra‐wideband source for light fidelity (LiFi) and high‐density 3D imaging applications is proposed. The system consists of an add‐drop multiplexer. The center ring is formed by the Chalcogenide glass (ChG), which is coupled with two GaAsInP/P side rings. The nonlinear effect within the side rings (phase modulators) is induced in the central ring. The superposition of light signals from side rings generates wider wavelength band, which makes the original input. The output is the set of squeezed light pulses known as whispering gallery mode (WGM) which is generated at the center of the system. Three different input sources are investigated, where the simulated results are comparatively plotted and discussed. The results show that the wavelength of 1.30 μm is the best input source. The output wavelengths band is ranged from 0.7‐3.1 μm, which is suitable for LiFi source and high‐density 3D imaging applications.

© 2018 The Authors We propose a new variant of electro-optic multiplexing scheme using the boxcar filter arrangement. The circuits consist of multistage add-drop multiplexers that can offer external input-output connections. Input from a single light source can be fed into the system through the input port or through the free-space from light fidelity (LiFi) node. The light signal is fed into boxcar filters and the roll-off bands are obtained. The output of the circuits is formed at the drop, through and the whispering gallery mode (WGM) node of the circuit output. By using the electro-optic conversion in Si-Graphene-Au layer stack, time division (TDM), wavelength division (WDM), frequency division multiplexing (FDM) can be performed. The simulations have shown that a combination of 7 roll-off bands with the maximum spectral widths or bandwidths of ∼6.09 µm or ∼7.63 THz can be obtained.

We have proposed a model of polariton generation, which is normally generated by the dipole and the strong coupling field interaction. This system consists of a gold grating embedded on the plasmonic island, which is embedded at the center of the nonlinear microring resonator, which is known as a panda-ring resonator. The strong coupling between the plasmonic waves and the grating can be formed by the whispering gallery mode (WGM) of light within a Panda-ring resonator, in which the output is a dipole-like particle known as a polariton and seen at the system output. By varying the energy of high-intensity laser pulse in the system and gold granting a strong field is generated at the output. A dipole is formed by a pair of the grating signals, where one propagates in the opposite direction of the other. By using suitable parameters, dipole-like signals can be generated. Theoretical formulation is performed for a two-level system and polariton oscillation frequency i.e., the Rabi frequency is plotted. The obtained ground and excited state frequencies of this two-level system are 187.86 and 198.20 THz, respectively.

An on-chip-scale, up-down link conversion circuit for electro-optic signals to use in a light fidelity network application is proposed. A system consisting of a loop microring resonator (known as a Panda-ring resonator), is coupled inline to the input of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI). When the light from that source is input into the system, a fraction of the power is coupled inline through successive pumping and then circulated within the system. By using the most appropriate device parameters, the whispering gallery mode (WGM) of the light, with the inline successive pumping condition, is generated at the resonance condition. The transmitted signals are a combination of the comb and WGM signals and are obtained at the MZI output. The simulation results obtained have shown that a maximum power of 300 mW is achieved from the device. A comb signal, over the spectral band from 1.350–1.750 µm is obtained, with the center wavelength at 1.55 µm. The results show an up-downlink switching speed of is ~ 20 fs is also obtained.

This work presents an optical switching model that the tweezer probe uses for manually switching the controlled by an external switch, in which the upward and downward switching can be operated and simultaneously switched. By using the microring resonator incorporated with the two non-linear phase modulators, the optical tweezer can be generated and the switching probes controlled. The switching time with the table force of ~2 fs is obtained. The tweezer force and torque are calculated and interpreted for molecule trapping and injecting from and to the trapping and the target surfaces. The relative forces and torques are calculated and plotted. In applications, the specific forces and torques can be controlled to perform the appropriate trapping and injecting. The switching time depends on the external switching module, which may be electronically controlled.

We have proposed the simple method of the squeezed light generation in the modified microring resonator, which is known as the microring conjugate mirror (MCM). When the monochromatic light is input into the MCM, the general form of the squeezed coherent states for a quantum harmonic oscillator can be generated by controlling the additional two side rings, which are the phase modulators. By using the graphical method called the Optiwave program, the coherent squeezed states of coherent light within an MCM can be obtained and interpreted as the amplitude, phase, quadrature and photon number-squeezed states. This method has shown potentials for microring related device design, which can be used before practical applications.

We propose the remote charger model using the light fidelity (LiFi) transmission and integrate microring resonator circuit. It consists of the stacked layers of silicon-graphene-gold materials known as a plasmonic island placed at the center of the modified add-drop filter. The input light power from the remote LiFi can enter into the island via a silicon waveguide. The optimized input power is obtained by the coupled micro-lens on the silicon surface. The induced electron mobility generated in the gold layer by the interfacing layer between silicon-graphene. This is the reversed interaction of the whispering gallery mode light power of the microring system, in which the generated power is fed back into the microring circuit. The electron mobility is the required output and obtained at the device ports and characterized for the remote current source applications. The obtained calculation results have shown that the output current of ∼2.5 × 10−11 AW−1, with the gold height of 1.0 µm and the input power of 5.0 W is obtained at the output port, which is shown the potential application for a short range free pace remote charger.

This letter presents the use of a plasmonic sensing transducer on an embedded Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) arm, allowing the sensing transducer to be formed through the stacked layers of the silicon–graphene–gold materials and embedded on an MZI arm with a gripping force to allow it to be used in sensing applications. The transduction process introduces an energy conversion between the input light and the excited electron mobility within the silicon and graphene layers. That way the electron drift velocity within the gold layer can drive the plasmonic wave group velocity induced through the interaction with the graphene layers, and consequently, the electron mobility in the gold layer increases. The driven electron mobility in the gold layer, caused by the plasmonic waves from graphene in the embedded sensing layers, will affect the electron output mobility, where the relative change in the phase of the light in the silicon can be seen at the output port of the MZI. To optimize the key parameters of such a system (especially input optical power and dimensions of the gold layer), simulations are performed at various input optical powers and the results are graphically represented. A maximum sensitivity of ~ $2\times {10}^{-14}$ mV−1s−1 in electron mobility sensing is obtained through these simulations, designed to optimize the performance characteristics of the proposed sensor.

A conventional Michelson interferometer is modified and used to form the various types of interferometers. The basic system consists of a conventional Michelson interferometer with silicon-graphene-gold embedded between layers on the ports. When light from the monochromatic source is input into the system via the input port (silicon waveguide), the change in optical path difference (OPD) of light traveling in the stacked layers introduces the change in the optical phase, which affects to the electron mean free path within the gold layer, induces the change in the overall electron mobility can be seen by the interferometer output visibility. Further plasmonic waves are introduced on the graphene thin film and the electron mobility occurred within the gold layer, in which the light-electron energy conversion in terms of the electron mobility can be observed, the gold layer length is 100 nm. The measurement resolution in terms of the OPD of ∼50 nm is achieved. In applications, the outputs of the drop port device of the modified Michelson interferometer can be arranged by the different detectors, where the polarized light outputs, the photon outputs, the electron spin outputs can be obtained by the interference fringe visibility, mobility visibility and the spin up-down splitting output energies. The modified Michelson interferometer theory and the detection schemes are given in details.

The electro-optic power pumping system model using the inline successive technique within the modified add-drop filter is proposed. A pumping system consists of a closed loop Panda ring resonator, from which the optical power is coupled inline into the system. By controlling the two side phase modulators, the whispering gallery mode (WGM) is generated by the amplitude-squeezed light within the modified add-drop filter. By using the proposed circuits, the low current can be applied into the system via a gold layer connection, from which the amplified output current can be obtained at the throughput port, which can be functioned as the electronic operational amplifier (op-amp). In application, the WGM output is the amplified signal that can be used for the up (down) link in free space communication network called light fidelity (LiFi). The electro-optic signals conversion can be performed by the stacked layers of silicon–graphene–gold materials. The results obtained have shown that large gain is obtained at the WGM output, which is ~ 5 × $$10^{ - 6}\; {\text{cm}}^{2} \;({\text{V}}\;{\text{sW}})^{ - 1}$$ , when the pumping saturation time is ~ 2 fs. It concludes the suitability of our proposed model for light fidelity, LiFi up-down link conversion.

In this article, we have proposed the plasmonic interferometry concept and analytical details given. By using the conventional optical interferometry, which can be simply calculated by using the relationship between the electric field and electron mobility, the interference mobility visibility (fringe visibility) can be observed. The surface plasmons in the sensing arm of the Michelson interferometer is constructed by the stacked layers of the silicon-graphene-gold, allows to characterize the spatial resolution of light beams in terms of the electron mobility down to 100-nm scales, with measured coherence lengths as low as ∼100 nm for an incident wavelength of 1550 nm. We have demonstrated a compact plasmonic interferometer that can apply to the electron mean free paths measurement, from which the precise determination can be used for the high-resolution mean free path measurement and sensing applications. This system provides the practical simulation device parameters that can be fabricated and tested by the experimental platform.

The plasmonic electronic component consists of the stacked layers of silicon–graphene–gold materials can be integrated with the driven group velocity system, which is nonlinear microring resonator. This determines the suitable driven velocity in controlling the side ring phase modulators. In such a case, the proposed system can give the advantage of the greater switching speed and the hybrid function between electronic and light signals. The obtained I–V output characteristics of the transmitted results have shown that the proposed circuit can function to be the electronic devices with very high stability.

The on-chip scale circuit of the optoelectronic transformer is designed and manipulated using the microring resonator system. By using the monochromatic input light source, the electro-optic signals can be generated and functioned as the step up and down conversion by mean of the on-chip optoelectronic transformer. The step up and down of the electro-optic related power conversions can be obtained via the input and drop port connections. The results obtained have shown that the flexible up and down electro-optic conversion ratios of 1: 5 and 10:1 for the step up and down conversions, respectively. The uses light source wavelength source was centered at 800 nm, where the conversion stability of 1600 fs is noted. The linearity trend of the conversion stability is confirmed.

We have proposed the convincing electro-optic circuit for long life-time electron mobility emission. Light a monochromatic source is utilized as input into the circuit via the input port and trapped within the plasmonic island. It is a formed-like capacitor structure formed by the silicon-graphene-gold materials which are stacked layers. All circuit port ends have added the TiO2 to form the reflectors. By selecting the suitable parameters, the fraction of the output power emission can be controlled at the add port, from which it can be successively pumping and trapped(stored) within the plasmonic island. The system energy saturation can be released by squeezing light behavior, therefore, the system is always balanced due to the successive pumping process. The results obtained of the single cell(circuit) have shown that the charging time and discharging times of the nano-capacitor-like of ∼2 to 3 s and 1000 h are achieved. This can be applied to long life mobility emission(discharge) of the capacity-like device. The mobility storage time within the island is 14,000 h, with the electron mobility of ∼3.0 × 10−7 cm2 Vs−1 is obtained.

In this paper, a micro-stereo sensor is proposed using two-identical Panda-ring resonators, which are coupled by jointed drop ports. When light from the identical coherent sources is fed into the system via the input ports, the coupling outputs are obtained at the drop port at the resonant condition. These are mixed signals in the form of stereo signals. By using different input power between the right and left systems, the phase difference generated by the Kerr-Effect in the non-linear medium leads to the shift in the coupling outputs. The shift in the center wavelength is the primary measurement of interest along with coupling crosstalk signals that are also visible at the output. The measurement self-calibration of the two channels is confirmed by the mixed channel signals. In the manipulation, the crosstalk signals can be used to interpret the cross-communication of bio-cells. The crosstalk results have shown the optical crosstalks of ∼2.0 and ∼2.5 dB are calculated and obtained, respectively. The stereo sensor sensitivity of ∼5.70 nmW−1is noted.

The design of the microsensor system for biosensors using the plasmonic island is proposed. The sensor head is formed by the stacked layers of silicon-graphene-gold materials. The dual-mode operations of the sensor can be performed using the relationship of the changes between the electron mobility and optical phase, where the exciting environment can be light intensity (phase), electrical transient, heat, pressure, flavour and smoke, The change in light phase (intensity) in silicon and conductivity (mobility) in gold layers cause change in the output measurands. The design and simulation interpretation of the sensor is presented. The sensor manipulation using the MCM arrangement is simulated and interpreted for biosensor applications 3D imaging can also be applied to the MCM function, where the 3D in situ sensor function is possible. The sensor sensitivity of 2.0 × 10−21 cm2 V−1 s−1 (mW)−1 via simulation is obtained.