1. Characterization of Li–S Batteries Using Laboratory Sulfur X-ray Emission Spectroscopy
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Matjaž Kavčič, Kristina Isaković, Sara Drvarič Talian, Alen Vizintin, Robert Dominko, Ava Rajh, and Marko Petric
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Battery (electricity) ,Materials science ,Analytical chemistry ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,Electrochemistry ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,DFT ,Article ,law.invention ,law ,Materials Chemistry ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Emission spectrum ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Range (particle radiation) ,MeV proton excitation ,X-rays, Sulfur, Electrodes, Energy, Batteries ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,X-ray emission spectroscopy ,Sulfur ,Cathode ,0104 chemical sciences ,Characterization (materials science) ,Li−S battery ,Chemical state ,tender X-ray range ,chemistry ,sulfur cathode ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Application of laboratory-based X-ray analytical techniques that are capable of a reliable characterization of the chemical state of sulfur within bulk battery cathode in parallel with electrochemical characterization is essential for further development of lithium-sulfur batteries. In this work, MeV proton-induced X-ray emission (XES) sulfur measurements were performed in ex situ mode on laboratory-synthesized sulfur standards and precycled battery cathodes. The average sulfur charge was determined from the energy shift of the Kα emission line and from the spectral shape of the Kβ emission spectrum. Finally, operando Kα XES measurements were performed to monitor reduction of sulfur within battery cathode during discharge. The experimental approach presented here provides an important step toward more routine laboratory analysis of sulfur-based battery systems and also other sulfur-neighboring low-Z bulk materials with emission energies in the tender X-ray range.
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