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In this research, nanocellulose crystal (NCC) grafted with lactic acid (LA) oligomer was synthesized by one-pot method and used to reinforce the poly( l -lactic acid) (PLLA) matrix. FT-IR, XRD, and 13C NMR were used to analyze the structure of modified nanocellulose crystal (g-NCC). The results of GPC suggested that the degree of polymerization of the grafted segments was 23, and the degree of hydroxyl substitution of g-NCC was 2.4%. For the g-NCC/PLLA composite, its crystallization rate increases significantly compared with pure PLLA, indicating that g-NCC acted as a nucleating agent to promote the crystallization. Moreover, tensile strength of the composite materials was significantly improved from 41.9 MPa to 53.9 MPa due to the enhanced compatibility. This study provides a fast and effective modification method for g-NCC/PLLA biodegradable composites. According to the above-mentioned experimental results, the g-NCC/PLLA composites can be considered as a potential material in the packaging field, mainly due to its proper biological and physicochemical properties.

This paper investigated the feasibility of enhancing the interface between lignocellulosic fibers and a polypropylene matrix via structure alteration of lignin at elevated temperatures. Alkali treatment can remove gum substances from lignocellulose fibers effectively at elevated temperatures but easily causes damages to fiber strength. In previous studies on directional delignification of lignocellulosic fibers, loss of fiber strength is avoided but condensation and degradation of lignin are accelerated. So far, few reports have been available on the effect of lignin structures on the interface between fibers and a matrix. In this study, jute fibers with different lignin structures are produced at 100 and 130 &deg, C for reinforcing a polypropylene matrix. The interface between the fibers and matrix is analyzed. The result shows that decrease in aliphatic hydroxyl concentration by 9.5% at 130 &deg, C from 3 to 5 h contributes to a 14.2% decrease in the surface energy of jute fibers. Meanwhile, the polydispersity index of lignin decreases from 1.21 to 1.15. Centralized distribution of lignin molecule-weight and reduction in fiber surface energy improves the interface between the fibers and matrix, which manifests as a 30.8% increase in the impact strength of the composites. Similar improvement is not observed in the composites reinforced with jute fibers at 100 &deg, C, due to the absence of lignin-structure changes. This paper provides a new strategy to improve the interface between lignocellulose fibers and a hydrophobic matrix.

Ultrasound-microwave-assisted (UMA) extraction method with blended solvent 70% ethanol/30% water with HCl significantly improved extraction of biocolorants from sorghum husk. Sorghum is a staple food in many parts of the world. As the demand for the grain soars, there is an equivalent increase in quantity of sorghum husk generated. Sorghum husk is a promising source for natural functional dye. However, the phenolic colorants in sorghum husk are bound to the cell wall and are difficult to extract. This paper is focused on improving the extraction of natural dye from sorghum husk and investigating the effect of the extraction methods and solvents on the dyeing properties of sorghum husk extracts (SHE). UMA extraction method with blended solvent 70% ethanol/30% water with HCl (1 ml HCl per 100 ml) had a SHE yield of 16.7%, which was 3.6 times the yield of 4.6% by conventional shaking (CS) method with water as solvent. SHE extracted by the UMA method had high contents of apigeninidin as well as luteolinidin and higher thermal stabilities than SHE extracted with water. SHE with different solvents produced different shades when dyeing wool and cotton fabrics. SHE by 70% ethanol/30% water with or without HCI had similar dye strength and significantly higher dye strength compared to SHE extracted by water. The dyed wool and cotton fabrics had good colorfastness to laundry, crocking and light. UMA extraction with blended solvent 70% ethanol/30% water with HCI was an efficient method to extract dye from sorghum husk and provided the potential for industrial application. The use of sorghum husk as a source of industrial dye will significantly add value to the sorghum plant and reduce the disposal of sorghum husk.

A clean and cost-effective method for 100% stereo-complexation in polylactide (PLA) fibers with molecular weight (MW) as high as 6 × 105 demonstrates good potential for industrial-scale continuous manufacture. Polylactide, a widely recognized biodegradable and renewable biopolymer, has a negligible share of plastic markets due to its poor hydrolytic and thermal resistance. Stereo-complexation is effective in overcoming these challenges. However, current stereo-complexation approaches usually require solvents and/or external nucleation reagents, and are expensive and complicated. Moreover, high-MW PLAs favored for developing durable products are difficult to be stereo-complexed. In this research, enantiomeric PLAs both with MW up to 6 × 105 were completely stereo-complexed via a facile thermal treatment on pilot-scale devices. Neither solvent nor nucleation agent was used. For poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) fibers with MW of 6 × 105, percentage retention of MW and percentage retention of tensile strength after hydrolysis under simulated textile dyeing condition increased from 39% to 93% and from 20% to 89%, respectively, after complete stereo-complexation. The melting point, softening point and percentage retention of MW after hydrolysis of stereo-complexed PLA (sc-PLA) fibers were up to 51 °C, up to 59 °C and up to 183% higher than that of PLLA fibers with the same MW, respectively. The mechanism of thorough stereo-complexation in high-MW PLA fibers was proposed and verified. It is promising to use this approach to broaden industrial applications of renewable and degradable biopolymers for sustainable development of material industries.

One-hundred percent stereo-complexation in poly(l-lactide) (PLLA)/poly(d-lactide) (PDLA) fibers with non-equivalent molecular weights could be achieved via thermal treatment. Stereo-complexed polylactide (sc-PLA) fibers exhibited excellent hydrolysis resistance and thermal resistance. Till now, preparation of sc-PLA fibers with satisfactory qualities required both PLLA and PDLA with equivalently high molecular weights. Moreover, the high-molecular-weight PDLAs are expensive, restricting industrial-scale production and applications of sc-PLA products. In this study, equal-weight mixtures of low-molecular-weight PDLA (L-PDLA) and high-molecular-weight PLLA (H-PLLA) were melt spun into sc-PLA fibers and then completely stereo-complexed via thermal treatment. The hydrolysis resistance of L3/D1 fibers [PLLA (Mv = 3.0 × 105)/PDLA (Mv = 1.0 × 105)] was similar to that of L3/D3 fibers [PLLA (Mv = 3.0 × 105)/PDLA (Mv = 3.2 × 105)], but much higher than that of L3 fibers [PLLA (Mv = 3.0 × 105)]. Melting temperature and softening temperature of L3/D1 fibers (223 and 126 °C) were also similar to those of L3/D3 fibers (224 and 131 °C), but higher than that of L3 fibers (172 and 72 °C). Utilizing H-PLLA and L-PDLA to prepare sc-PLA fibers with excellent performance is conducive to the wide industrial application of sc-PLA.

A facile and clean technology for stereo-complexation of polylactides (PLAs) shows potential to be readily incorporated into continuous industrial processes for manufacture of films, fibers and other plastic products. Using this approach, complete stereo-complexation of high-molecular-weight PLAs could be achieved via simple thermal treatment, rendering the production of durable PLA commodities inexpensive and industrially scalable. Currently, due to their high susceptibility to water and heat, PLA products have restricted industrial applications, and cannot compete with their petroleum-derived counterparts. Stereo-complexation of poly( l -lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly( d -lactic acid) (PDLA) could effectively decrease water and heat sensitivity of common PLLA products. However, many stereo-complexation processes required harmful solvents or nucleating agents, and thus, were costly, complicated, and had low potential for short-term industrialization. Moreover, complete stereo-complexation was mostly achieved for PLAs with weight-average molecular weight lower than 1 × 10 5 . In this research, PLLA and PDLA both with viscosity-average molecular weight of 3 × 10 5 were completely stereo-complexed (sc) via simple thermal treatment. Comparing to PLLA fibers, sc-PLA fibers had softening points 60 °C higher, and their thermal and hydrolytic stability significantly enhanced. Relationship among temperature of thermal treatment, degree of stereo-complexation and performance properties of sc-PLA fibers were also established. This clean technology makes possible industrial-scale production of commercializable biobased plastics.

We report a novel application of sorghum husk extracts (SHE) as a natural functional dye for wool fabrics. Sorghum husk is an abundant, cheap and readily available agricultural byproduct. A small proportion of sorghum husk has been used to extract food colorants. In order to add value to sorghum and decrease environmental pollution, a number of investigations need to be undertaken to explore newer application for the husk. This paper investigated the stability of SHE, the colorfastness, UV-protection and fluorescence properties of dyed wool fabrics with SHE by different dyeing methods. SHE had good thermal and pH stability suitable for the dyeing and finishing processes of textiles. Wool fabrics dyed directly or with Al3+ and Fe2+ mordant demonstrated good colorfastness to washing, to rubbing, to wet ironing and acceptable colorfastness to light. The dyed wool fabrics showed good UV-protection and fluorescence properties. After 30 home laundering cycles, the UV-Protection Factor (UPF) and fluorescence int...

In this study, composite membranes were prepared from mixed solution of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and cellulose via the non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) method. N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) were used as the solvent for PVDF and cellulose, respectively. SEM and in situ scanning techniques were used to investigate the morphology of the prepared membranes. The results showed that viscose cellulose/[Bmim]Cl solution acted as a porogenic agent during the membrane preparation process. Hydrophilicity of the composites was evaluated by water contact angle, moisture regain and equilibrium water uptake, which demonstrated that the wettability of the membranes was associated with the hydrophilic group and the roughness of the surface. Most importantly, the α → β transformation in PVDF matrix was demonstrated from the results of WAXD, FT-IR and DSC. The quantitative analysis indicated that the β-phase content in PVDF reached 90.1% when cellulose content was 5%, which is higher than many published references and was ascribed to the cooperation of cellulose and ionic liquid. Besides, the crystallinity, thermal stability and mechanical properties of the composite membranes were studied as well.

Natural extracts gallnut tannins (GTs) were used as functional components to prepare chitosan/gallnut tannins (CS/GTs) composite fiber by blended solution spinning. Chitosan fiber has great potential to be used as absorbent suture and dressing due to its good biocompatibility. However, the weak mechanical properties limited its application. Chitosan and GTs were blended in aqueous solution of acetic acid to spin the composite fiber. The results indicated that CS/GTs fiber can be easily prepared due to the appropriate rheology characteristics for blended solution. Compared with pure chitosan fiber, CS/GTs fiber with 10% GTs showed lower hydrophilicity and higher dry, wet breaking strength by more than 40% due to ionic cross-linking between chitosan and GTs. The bacterial reduction to Staphylococcus aureus increased from 49.0 to 99.7% and about double green and red fluorescent intensity were observed for CS/GTs fiber. GTs have great potentiality in improving the properties of chitosan fiber.

Without additional matrix or reinforcement, compression molded composites from waste polypropylene (PP) carpets/nylon (PA) carpets or PP carpets/polyester (PET) carpets have higher mechanical properties and sound absorption than traditional jute/PP composites. Large amount of carpets have been discarded every year, leading to waste of petro-based materials and serious environmental pollution. Fabrication of composites from discarded carpets via compression molding could save petroleum resources and alleviate environmental pressure. In this research, the compression molded composites from waste PP/PA carpets or PP/PET carpets showed good mechanical properties, sound absorption and water stability. Compared to the jute/PP composites, nylon 6,6 (PA66)/PP carpet composites had 37% and 9% higher flexural strength and impact resistance, as well as 45% and 10% higher sound absorption and water stability, indicating their potential for transportation and construction industries.

In this work, acidic ionic liquid glycine hydrochloride (Gly·HCl) is reported as a new solvent for dissolving chitosan. The regenerated chitosan fibers were fabricated by a wet spinning process and characterized by scanning electronic microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction and thermal gravimetric analysis. The result shows that the regenerated chitosan fibers had the same chemical structure as the raw chitosan flake, however, its thermal stability and crystallinity is a little low. Furthermore, a new mechanism of dissolving chitosan in ionic liquid was proposed. The chitosan fibers had soft feeling, excellent antibacterial property and have huge potential application in biomaterials.

Chicken feather, a potential source of keratin, is often disposed as waste material. Although some methods, i.e., hydrolysis, reduction, and oxidation, have been developed to isolate keratin for composites, it has been limited due to the rising environmental concerns. In this work, a green solvent N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) was used to extract keratin from chicken feather waste. Eighty-nine percent of keratin was extracted using 75% NMMO solution. However, the result from size exclusion HPLC showed that most of the keratin degraded into polypeptide with molecular weight of 2189 and only 25.3% regenerated keratin was obtained with molecular weight of 14,485. Analysis of amino acid composition showed a severe damage to the disulfide bonds in keratin during the extraction procedure. Oxidization had an important effect on the reconstitution of the disulfide bonds, which formed a stable three-dimensional net structure in the regenerated keratins. Besides, Raman spectra, NMR, FT-IR, XRD, and TGA were used to characterize the properties of regenerated keratin and raw chicken feather. In the end, a possible mechanism was proposed based on the results.

Keratin particles with microscale are prepared by ball mill and its influences on the chitosan membrane is evaluated. Composite membranes with various content of keratin are fabricated, and their physical and chemical properties such as morphology, wettability, crystallization, thermal stability, tensile strength, and break elongation are investigated. Optical microscope and situ topographic scan mode of nano-test system are used to examine the dispersion and aggregation of keratin on the surface of chitosan membrane. The result of contact angle (CA) and mechanical testing show that the incorporation of keratin particles decrease the CA from 98.1 ° to 58.2 °. Tensile strength and break elongation of the composite membrane reaches a maximum of 65 ± 8 MPa and 15% when the keratin content is 6%, an increase of 80% and 88% compared with the pristine chitosan membrane. Both the increase in tensile strength and break elongation is result of the incorporation of keratin particles known for their excellent compatibility between keratin and chitosan matrix. These kind of composite material combines the antibacterial properties of chitosan with cell culture preference of keratin which may have potential biomedical application. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 134, 44667.

In the present study, regenerated cellulose membrane with “imprinted morphology” and low crystallinity was fabricated from the crystal cellulose/[Bmim]Cl solution. Spherulites of 1-butyl-3-methilimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) and cellulose/[Bmim]Cl solution were observed using polarized optical microscopy under certain condition. The fabricated cellulose membranes presented some particular characteristics compared with the membrane prepared from traditional cellulose/[Bmim]Cl solution. All the fabricated membranes were characterized by optical microscope, Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), thermo-gravimetric analysis, and mechanical testing. The images showed that the resulting membranes prepared from crystal cellulose/[Bmim]Cl solution were “imprinted” with patterns which originated from the crystalline structure of [Bmim]Cl. The results of WAXD showed that the obtained cellulose membrane exhibited low diffraction peaks and crystallinity of approximately 24.57%. Furthermore, the low crystallinity led to the low mechanical property (27.5 MPa), thermal stability (315.4 °C), and high moisture regain (9.5%). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43798.

In this research, keratin was extracted from the disposable chicken feather using l-cysteine as reducing agent. Then, it was re-dissolved in the sodium carbonate-sodium bicarbonate buffer, and the pure keratin membrane and fiber were fabricated by doctor-blade casting process and wet spinning method, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the chemical and physical properties of resulting powder, membrane and fiber. Compared with the raw chicken feather, the regenerated keratin materials retain its chemical structure and thermal stability, their relative crystallinity is a little different depend on the shaping method, which leads to the difference in moisture regain. The mechanical results show that tensile strength of the keratin membrane researches 3.5MPa, have potential application in biomedical fields. However, the keratin fiber presents low tenacity, i.e. 0.5cN/dtex, this problem should be solved in order to apply the new fiber in textile and material science.