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A comparative study has been performed in the synthesis of the perovskite material and also its deposition by the one step and two step dipping methods has been studied and compared. The perovskite material prepared by both the methods have undergone through the characterization techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV–Vis absorbance spectroscopy. The J-V measurements with Keithley source meter has also been performed, which verifies the successful fabrication of the PSC in ambient air with single step as well sequential deposition of perovskite using PEDOT: PSS as HTM in each case.

Herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of highly capacitive activated carbon (AC) using a bio-waste Kusha grass (Desmostachya bipinnata), by employing a chemical process followed by activation through KOH. The as-synthesized few-layered activated carbon has been confirmed through X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The chemical environment of the as-prepared sample has been accessed through FTIR and UV–visible spectroscopy. The surface area and porosity of the as-synthesized material have been accessed through the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. All the electrochemical measurements have been performed through cyclic voltammetry and galvanometric charging/discharging (GCD) method, but primarily, we focus on GCD due to the accuracy of the technique. Moreover, the as-synthesized AC material shows a maximum specific capacitance as 218 F g−1 in the potential window ranging from − 0.35 to + 0.45 V. Also, the AC exhibits an excellent energy density of ~ 19.3 Wh kg−1 and power density of ~ 277.92 W kg−1, respectively, in the same operating potential window. It has also shown very good capacitance retention capability even after 5000th cycles. The fabricated supercapacitor shows a good energy density and power density, respectively, and good retention in capacitance at remarkably higher charging/discharging rates with excellent cycling stability. Henceforth, bio-waste Kusha grass-derived activated carbon (DP-AC) shows good promise and can be applied in supercapacitor applications due to its outstanding electrochemical properties. Herein, we envision that our results illustrate a simple and innovative approach to synthesize a bio-waste Kusha grass-derived activated carbon (DP-AC) as an emerging supercapacitor electrode material and widen its practical application in electrochemical energy storage fields.

In recent years, Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have garnered immense popularity in the field of photovoltaics, due to its efficiency comparable to silicon solar cells and its ease of processing makes it cost effective. Owing to the vast scope of organic–inorganic metal halides in the field of Perovskite Solar Cell, we have designed and fabricated a sandwiched methyl ammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) based PSC using PEDOT: PSS as hole transport material (HTM) in room ambient condition. The PSC with architecture of FTO/TiO2/Perovskite/PEDOT: PSS/Pt, show a high efficiency of 15.24% at one sun condition. Owing to the fact that most of PSC are unstable at room ambient, our PSC affirms a stability of two hours, at room environment. In recent years, for the first time such high efficiency of PSC is reported in sandwich structure in ambient conditions. Since it is completely based on solution processing with no usage of vacuum deposition, it is very cost effective.

The Nitrogen (N) functionalized graphene (NG) has been investigated to confirm its suitability for the detection of toxic Arsenic (As) present in the water, causing health hazards. The calculations have been performed using density functional theory and NEGF formalism. Here, a monolayer graphene has been modeled and functionalized by substituting its carbon with nitrogen. The computed binding energy for the adsorption of As reveals a strong interaction between the adsorbate and adsorbent. The band structure and current-voltage relationship has been analysed to examine the detection ability of the modeled NG towards the Arsenic. Band opening is the resultant of introducing As near to NG, resulted in to decrement of current in I-V characteristics in comparison to its pristine counterpart. To confirm the suitability of proposed NG as a promising candidate for detection of heavy metal Arsenic in the water, it has been observed that that the NG has sufficient binding energy, along with variation in electronic and transport properties with a reasonably short recovery time of 5.5 ms and 21.3 ms in vacuum and aqueous environment, respectively.

Herein, we report a voltammetric method for the nanomolar detection of cefixime, a third-generation antibiotic. The determination of cefixime is validated on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as well as on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). In the present study, we have reported a facile "one step simple hydrothermal synthesis" of MoS2 quantum dots and with the oxidation of aurochloric acid for the further formation of an MoS2 QD-AuNP composite. The as-synthesized nanocomposite was characterized via UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, TEM and EDX techniques, and further applied in the modification of working electrodes, showing excellent electroactivity. The sensing of cefixime was done via cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. The presence of the only anodic peak in the voltammogram reveals the irreversible oxidation of cefixime in the potential range of about 1.3 ± 0.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The study was also performed at different scan rates, which indicate a diffusion-controlled mechanism. The proposed cefixime sensor showed a linear response in the concentration range of 0.33-90.82 μM (at S/N = 3) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.9-4.5 nm. The electrochemical sensitivity is calculated as 8.63 μA μM-1 cm-2 and 7.07 μA μM-1 cm-2 in buffer and pharmaceutical formulation (commercially available cefixime tablet), respectively. The effects of several interferents were also investigated. The proposed sensor is effectively used for estimating cefixime in phosphate buffer and the commercially available cefixime tablets with no cross-reactivity or matrix effects and shows a promising prospect for real applications.

We report the toxic gas sensing ability of ZnO Nanowire performed by using Density Functional Theory (DFT) based first principle approach. The ZnO Nanowire with rectangular morphology has been modeled and investigated for its energetic stability, analysed in terms of binding energy. The adsorption of a single molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas on the fully relaxed rectangular ZnO Nanowire has been analysed through its dynamic response discussed in terms of conductance. The sensing ability has been evaluated further through adsorption energy, electronic band structure, density of states, Mullikan population and current-voltage analysis of the Nanowire. It has been observed that CO2 is physisorbed on the rectangular ZnO Nanowire via van-der-Waals interaction and relatively shows higher sensitivity of this morphology over other reports, defends this as a good candidate for CO2 sensing using ZnO structures.

In this paper an electrochemical sensor for transferrin was developed by anchoring molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) on surface of gold coated quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) using starch nanoparticles (Starch NP) - reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposite as polymeric format for first time. The nano MIP sensor was developed by electrodeposition of Starch NP-RGO nanocomposite on EQCM electrode in presence of template transferrin. Due to the location of imprinted sites on surface and high specific surface area, analyte molecules have good accessibility and high binding affinity to template molecule thus yielding highly sensitive and efficient signal. Under optimized conditions, the change in frequency of modified electrode coated quartz crystal electrode showed linear dynamic ranges (1–10 μM) using EQCM method. The limit of detection 20 ppb (EQCM) without any cross reactivity and matrix effect indicates high sensitivity and selectivity for transferrin. The sensor was appreciably selective to transferrin in presence of possible interferrents. The relative standard deviation for determination was 5.23%. On the basis of speediness and sensitivity, the sensor is reusable and shows a great improvement in selectivity and adsorption capacity over other sensors.

In this paper, we explain the electrochemical sensing of commercially available pioglitazone hydrochloride (PIOZ) tablets on a nitrogen (N) doped r-GO (Nr-GO) modified commercial glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and a commercial screen printed graphite electrode (SPGE). Nr-GO is synthesized by the chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and simultaneous insertion of an N-dopant by hydrazine monohydrate. Pristine GO itself is prepared by chemical exfoliation of bulk graphite. Upon chemical reduction, the exfoliated GO sheets restack together leaving behind the doped N-atom as evidenced by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The N-atom exists in the pyrrolinic and pyridinic form at the edge of graphitic domains which is confirmed by XPS. The as-synthesized Nr-GO is used for the preparation of electro-active electrodes with the help of the GCE and SPGE. These electrodes have the capability to oxidize PIOZ by a diffusion dominated process as evidenced by the impedance spectroscopic technique. The differential pulse voltammetric responses of different concentrations of PIOZ are assessed over the Nr-GO modified GCE and SPGE, which exhibit better limits of detection (LODs) of 67 nM and 29 nM, respectively, compared to those from earlier reports. These assays exhibit non-interfering capability in the presence of various body interferents at pH = 7.0.

Methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI(3)) perovskite materials, have a significant impact in the field of solar cells. The solar-to power conversion efficiency of PSC, achieved so far is quite high as compared to the organic solar cells and dye sensitized solar cells. in this study we report the synthesis of perovskite (MAPbI(3)), the hole transport material (HTM) Nickel oxide and their application in the fabrication of perovskite solar cell (PSC) at room temperature. NiO has been an effective HTM due to its wideband gap and better carrier mobility. Noticeably, the PSC exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.04%, which is the best performance reported so far in the sandwich structure employing NiO as HTM, with Voc = 0.78 V, J(sc) = 40 mA/cm(2) and fill factor = 0.45. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In the present paper, we have studied the better performance of zinc oxide (ZnO), gold (Au) and graphene-based SPR biosensor for the detection of pseudomonas and pseudomonas like bacteria. The performance of proposed SPR biosensor is based on theoretical analysis of the sensitivity, detection accuracy, quality parameter and electric field intensity enhancement factor (EFIEF) with angular interrogation method. In this biosensor, prism (BK-7 glass) base is coated with ZnO followed by Au, graphene and different affinity layers, water is used as sensing medium. The advantage of the present biosensor is the hybrid structure of graphene, gold and ZnO with enhanced sensitivity in which the molecular recognition sites on graphene bind strongly the pseudomonas like bacteria with the help of affinity layers. ZnO is responsible for the larger shift in resonance angle that leads a significant enhancement in the sensitivity of the present biosensor. On analyzing the results, we have found that the proposed biosensor has a greater sensitivity of 187.43 deg/RIU, detection accuracy of 2.05 deg-1 and quality parameter of 29.33 RIU-1 as compared to the other reported conventional SPR biosensor for the detection of pseudomonas like bacteria.

In the present paper, we have reported the variation of CaWO4:Eu3+ nano phosphors with different compositions of Li+, (LEC) (Li+ = 2, 5, 7 and 10 at%). The as-prepared (ASP) samples are annealed at 900 °C to eliminate unwanted organic moieties present in the sample and to improve crystallinity. These nanoparticles are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence studies. FTIR gives the absorption band at ~832 cm−1, which corresponds to antisymmetric vibrations due to O-W-O band in the WO42- tetrahedron. This is also confirmed by the Raman Spectroscopy. CaWO4 has a crystal of the Scheelite type having C4 h point group symmetry and I41/a space group symmetry. The surface/ particle morphology of 900 °C annealed samples studied using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and show the formation of nanosheet like structure. Annealed samples of lithium co-doped CaWO4:Eu3+nanoparticles have shown the red luminescence which is attributed due to the strong host contribution and different energy transfers from Li+ ions to host matrix under 392 nm excitations. Li+ ion improves the crystallinity and radiative transition rate and these materials may be potential candidates for white light emitting diodes and may be widely used as optoelectronic materials.

Fatty acid molecules 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (C18:3), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (C18:2), and hexadecanoic acid (C16:0) possessing active functional groups with the capability of fast electron transfer have been established for effective corrosion inhibition of mild steel. In this regard, a microalga Scenedesmus sp. is isolated and its fatty acids have been studied to corroborate the adsorption behavior, attributing the anticorrosion efficacy on mild steel in 1 M HCl solution by forming metal–inhibitor framework. Electrochemical analysis has been used to ascertain the surpassing corrosion inhibition efficiency at an optimal concentration of 36 ppm with maximum 95.1% inhibitive performance. The results of metallography with or without the inhibitor molecules have indicated significant changes in surface morphology of mild steel specimen for gradual enhancement in immersion time (72 h). Hydrogen evolution reaction has been emphasized to observe the tendency of significant decrease in the bubble formation in the presence of inhibitor compared to 1 M HCl solution only. Surface morphometric studies (scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy) have also revealed the excellent adsorption capacity of Scenedesmus fatty acids on metal surface. Quantum chemical calculations, performed by density functional theory, determined significant adsorption effectiveness, based on the donor–acceptor capability between metallic surface and inhibitor molecules.

A green and holistic approach is proposed for inhibitive performance of methanolic extract of microalgae Chlorococcum sp. (MEC), effectively contributed by levoglucosenone and hexadecanoic acid for corrosion resistance on mild steel under acidic environment. Inhibition properties of these bioactive compounds are demonstrated by gravimetric (weight loss), electrochemical (Tafel polarization, impedance spectroscopy) and surface morphological analysis (scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy) that support excellent adsorption potential. The maximum inhibition efficiency is obtained ~96% at 11.7 ppm MEC in 1 M HCl at 303 K. The theoretical calculation is investigated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) to understand the intra molecular charge transfer in aqueous environment as well as the electrostatic interaction between inhibitor molecules and metallic surface. Microstructural analysis is carried out to corroborate the consequence of surface corrosion at different time interval up to three days consecutively. The inexpensive inhibitor extracted from Chlorococcum sp., exhibited an enormous strength for large scale utilization in metal corrosion inhibition under acidic medium.

Cost effective prevention of steel corrosion utilizing eco-friendly materials is a high priority subject for the industries, these days. In this regard, we have explored ethyl acetate extract of Musa paradisica peels (EAEMPP) for mild steel protection in acidic media (hydrochloric and sulfuric acids). The electrostatic interaction of EAEMPP molecules with mild steel has been verified using UV–vis spectroscopy that clearly indicates extract molecules being adsorbed on the surface. The corrosion behavior of mild steel substrate in the presence of the fruit peel extract was investigated by Tafel polarization curves, linear polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The results of electrochemical study strongly validate that EAEMPP limits the oxidation as well as reduction reactions at the active centers of the metal surface and thus retards mild steel corrosion in both acidic media. Variations in surface morphology of the mild steel with and without inhibitor have been studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), which has directly verified the reductions of corrosion loss. The adsorption behavior of the extract in both acid media is also studied, which is described suitably with Langmuir isotherm. Quantum chemical parameters, calculated by DFT calculations, have also aided in better understanding of the corrosion inhibition mechanism. We believe that employing green inhibitors from food waste may be useful in corrosion protection of mild steel with economical and ecological approach.

The present work reports a highly efficient Ca doped Eu: Y2O3 i.e Ca0.05Eu0.01Y1.94O3 (CEY.) nanophosphor material synthesized through a facile combustion method, as a simple and selective turn-off fluorescence probe for the quantitative analysis of iron ions (Fe3+). The proposed sensor allows the quantification of iron in the range of 10 µM–90 µM with a limit of detection (LOD) ∼ 63.2 nM under the natural pH range. Moreover, CEY nanophosphor shows an excellent fluorescence phenomenon with a gradual increase in the Fe3+ ion concentration. It has been observed that the corresponding PL intensity gets completely quenched with 500 µM Fe3+ ion concentration. Furthermore, the applicability of the sensor as an efficient probe has been investigated with real water samples, iron tablets, and human blood serum (HBS). The selectivity of the probe has also been analyzed with various metal ions and biomolecules. Thus, in turn, the as-obtained sensing probe illustrates an excellent accuracy, sensitivity, and selectivity, and offers potential application in clinical diagnosis, biological and real water sample studies, with the detection of Fe3+ ion. Furthermore, it does not require any acidic medium for a level-free, and non-enzymic detection of a real sample with almost not affecting the sample quality and henceforth provides more reliable results.

The pristine graphene (G) and copper decorated boron/nitrogen doped graphene (Cu-B/NG) nanosheets have been computationally analyzed and demonstrated for their detection ability towards Arsenic, presence in the aqueous environment. The sheet’s detection ability has been analyzed in terms of it’s interaction stability and the observed variations in electronic and transport properties. The results reveal that the interaction stability of As has improved significantly for the Cu-BG/NG sheets in comparison to the pristine graphene. The computed electronic properties deduce the adsorption of As, transforms the semiconducting behavior of the Cu-BG/NG sheets into metallic, leading to the variation in its conductance. The observed variation in conductance found to be 25% and 55% for Cu-BG and Cu-NG sheets, respectively, which are relatively higher than the one computed for its pristine (19%) counterpart. Thus, the above results confirm that the functionalization of graphene sheet via doping and decoration with nitrogen and copper, respectively (Cu-NG), enhances the sheet's response by 189%, compared to the pristine sheet. Therefore, Cu-NG nanosheet can be implemented as a potential candidate as Arsenic detector in the aqueous environment.

In the last few decades, the heavy metal contamination in water has affected the human health in a big way and hence an area of great scientific concern. Among these heavy metals, lead (Pb) is highly toxic and leads to the adverse effect on human body, causing severe health problems like anemia, hypertension, renal impairment, immunotoxicity, toxicity to the reproductive organs, cancer etc. here, the Boron and Nitrogen functionalized graphene sheets (B-Graphene and N-Graphene), have been analysed for its suitability to detect the lead, by computing the band structure, density of state, charge transfer and Current-Voltage characteristics, using the Density Functional Theory based ab-initio approach. The computed results demonstrate that the N-doped Graphene is relatively better sensor for lead in aqueous environment, with a sensitivity of ~ 67% at lower bias voltage, high detection range and short recovery time. However, the Pb sensitivity of the N-Graphene sheet at low bias is very high 329% in absence of water environment.

In this work, a novel sensing scaffold consisting highly dispersed Eu:Y 2 O 3 fluorescent flexible film of poly vinyl alcohol (EYCP) was synthesized by simple mixing method and applied to facilitate non-enzymatic detection of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) by turn off probe of fluorescence. The fluorescence spectra of EYCP consisting number of emission sharp transitions from excited, 5 D 0 → 7 F j ( j = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) energy levels of doped Eu 3+ ion in Y 2 O 3 host. In the presence of H 2 O 2 , the fluorescence intensity of the EYCP film was quenched due to the reduction of electron–hole pair recombination in Eu centers by electron transfer from Eu–O excited state to H 2 O 2 energy level rather than 5 D 0 state of Eu 3+ , which reduces the number of electron in 5 D 0 state. The EYCP film shows excellent fluorescence quenching in presence of H 2 O 2 by significantly increasing concentration of H 2 O 2 and completely quenched at ∼150 μM. A linear relationship is observed between 0.0 and 60 μM with a correlation coefficient of 0.989. H 2 O 2 sensing is also compared with the EYC nanoparticles. This study is expected to have a significant impact on further study of the Eu:Y 2 O 3 fluorescent flexible film for wide range applications.

Inhibition effects of Irbesartan drug on mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl and 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 solutions have been investigated by open circuit potential (OCP) curves, Tafel polarization curves, linear polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) along with cyclic voltammetry (CV), UV–visible, FTIR and NMR spectroscopy techniques. Maximum corrosion inhibition of 94% and 83% have been achieved at 300 mg L − 1 Irbesartan concentration in 1 M HCl and 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 , respectively. Adsorption of Irbesartan on mild steel surface is studied by SEM and various isotherm models, which follows Langmuir isotherm. The effects of rise in temperature and acid concentration on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in both acid solutions are also studied by weight loss method. Corrosion inhibition by Irbesartan is explained on the basis of experimental results as well as frontier molecular orbitals estimated by CV and UV–visible spectroscopic measurements.

Chitosan is one of the important natural bio-polymers. Besides its good green value, it is rarely used to protect metals in aggressive media in direct form due to rapid degradation of its molecules in acid. Hence, it is necessary to use some means to increase protection efficiency of chitosan. In present work, cobalt and tin sulfide nanoparticles are used to synthesize chitosan-cobalt and chitosan-SnS2 nanocomposites, and used for corrosion protection of mild steel (MS) in 1 M HCl at room temperature. The prepared composites are investigated by UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, HRSEM, HRTEM and EDAX techniques, which have shown successful formation of nanocomposites. Corrosion behavior of the composites have been examined by Tafel polarization curves (TPC), single sine electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (SSEIS) and surface analyzing techniques. The results have declared that chitosan-cobalt nanocomposite is more effective in corrosion inhibition of mild steel than chitosan-SnS2 nanocomposite. Alone chitosan provide only 77% inhibition to mild steel, while it increases for chitosan‑cobalt (>95%) and chitosan-SnS2 (>80%) composites. Isotherm study suggests that adsorption of chitosan/composites over MS is main reason of inhibition and can be best defined with Frumkin isotherm. Adsorption of chitosan and chitosan-nanocomposites over MS is also evident by SEM and AFM.

This article addresses a high sensitivity, non-invasive, and use-throw in nature type biocompatible Eu: Y2O3 dispersed PVA film with gold nanorod (AEYCP film) fluorescent sensing probe for non-enzymatic detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose (C6H12O6). The fluorescence spectra of the as-synthesized AEYCP fluorescent film consist of some sharp emission (most intense peak at ∼611 nm, owing to the 5D0-7F2 transition) which corresponds to electrical and magnetic dipole transitions. In the presence of H2O2 and glucose, the fluorescence intensity of the AEYCP film gets quenched due to the reduction of electron-hole pair, at the Eu center. The AEYCP film shows excellent fluorescence quenching in the presence of H2O2 at ∼500 nM (with a low detection limit of 1.80 × 10−9 M) and glucose (with a low detection limit 1.60 × 10-6 M). Herein, we envision that our result provides an insight for the synthesis of rare earth metal-doped oxide flexible,non-enzyme mimicking fluorescent probe for different biomedical applications.

In the present communication, a highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor with Kretschmann configuration having alternate layers, prism/zinc oxide/silver/gold/graphene/biomolecules (ss-DNA) is presented. The optimization of the proposed configuration has been accomplished by keeping the constant thickness of zinc oxide (32 nm), silver (32 nm), graphene (0.34 nm) layer and biomolecules (100 nm) for different values of gold layer thickness (1, 3 and 5 nm). The sensitivity of the proposed SPR biosensor has been demonstrated for a number of design parameters such as gold layer thickness, number of graphene layer, refractive index of biomolecules and the thickness of biomolecules layer. SPR biosensor with optimized geometry has greater sensitivity (66 deg/RIU) than the conventional (52 deg/RIU) as well as other graphene-based (53.2 deg/RIU) SPR biosensor. The effect of zinc oxide layer thickness on the sensitivity of SPR biosensor has also been analysed. From the analysis, it is found that the sensitivity increases significantly by increasing the thickness of zinc oxide layer. It means zinc oxide intermediate layer plays an important role to improve the sensitivity of the biosensor. The sensitivity of SPR biosensor also increases by increasing the number of graphene layer (upto nine layer).

Label-free and sensitive detection of PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) is still a big challenge in the arena of prostate cancer diagnosis in males. We present a comparative study for label-free PSA aptasensor and PSA immunosensor for the PSA-specific monoclonal antibody, based on graphene quantum dots-gold nanorods (GQDs-AuNRs) modified screen-printed electrodes. GQDs-AuNRs composite has been synthesized and used as an electro-active material, which shows fast electron transfer and catalytic property. Aptamer or anti-PSA has immobilized onto the surface of modified screen printed electrodes. Three techniques are used simultaneously, viz. cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedence spectroscopy (EIS) to investigate the analytical performance of both PSA aptasensor and PSA immunosensor with its corresponding PSA antigen. Under optimum conditions, both sensors show comparable results with an almost same limit of detection (LOD) of 0.14 ng mL−1. The results developed with aptasensor and anti-PSA is also checked through the detection of PSA in real samples with acceptable results. Our study suggests some advantages of aptasensor in terms of better stability, simplicity and cost effectiveness. Further our present work shows enormous potential of our developed sensors for real application using voltammetric and EIS techniques simultaneous to get reliable detection of the disease.