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In this paper, a method for retrieving the line charge density and the current of a downward leader based on ground observations of lightning images and electric field changes was proposed and examined. The method was then applied to two downward negative leaders in a rocket-triggered lightning discharge with measurements of broadband interferometric images and electric field changes at close distance. Only the descending channel portion between about 900–400 m high of the two leaders were analyzed, where the channel was in free air rather than the trace of triggering wire. The line charge density for both leaders showed a general increasing trend with a big impulsive change around 500 m high, as the leaders moved downward, which was in good agreement with the prediction of existing downward leader models. The range of the line charge density was similar for the two leaders (−0.03 to −0.32 mC/m and −0.02 to −0.33 mC/m, respectively). The impulsive change of the line charge density was corresponding to a sharp turn of the leader channel around 500 m high, which may imply that the sharp turn of the leader channel was probably associated with a pre-existing local positive space charge pocket. The estimated leader currents for two leaders ( −20 to −315 A and −77 to −541 A, respectively) were also in good agreement with independent estimations in the literature.

This paper presents a novel approach for an electric-drive-reconstructed onboard charger (EDROC) for electric vehicles incorporating a symmetrical nine-phase permanent magnet machine. To implement three-phase power factor correction and propulsion battery voltage/current regulation, an exclusive utilization of the nine-phase propulsion system is developed. First, a paralleled three-phase pulsewidth-modulated voltage source rectifier is reutilized from six inverter legs and is directly connected to the three-phase utility grid through six-phase out of the machine stator windings. Second, a three-phase buck-type converter is reconstructed by the remaining three-phase inverter legs and machine windings. Third, to realize zero electromagnetic torque production during the three-phase charging mode, the rotor parking position is applied in the decoupling transformation matrix. Moreover, control schemes for a charging mode including current balancing and interleaving strategy are elaborated. To evaluate the steady-state and dynamic behavior of the proposed EDROC system under different operation scenarios, 3.3-kW laboratory prototype based tests have been conducted.