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International audience; Machine learning systems became pervasive in modern interactive technology but provide users with little, if any, agency with respect to how their models are trained from data. In this paper, we are interested in the way novices handle learning algorithms, what they understand from their behavior and what strategy they may use to "make it work". We developed a web-based sketch recognition algorithm based on Deep Neural Network (DNN), called Marcelle-Sketch, that end-users can train incrementally. We present an experimental study that investigate people's strategies and (mis)understandings in a realistic algorithm-teaching task. Our study involved 12 participants who performed individual teaching sessions using a think-aloud protocol. Our results show that participants adopted heterogeneous strategies in which variability affected the model performances. We highlighted the importance of sketch sequencing, particularly at the early stage of the teaching task. We also found that users' understanding is facilitated by simple operations on drawings, while confusions are caused by certain inherent properties of DNN. From these findings, we propose implications for design of IML systems dedicated to novices and discuss the socio-cultural aspect of this research.

International audience; We investigate how users touch arbitrary shapes. First, we performed semi-structured interviews with a fifteen-shape set as prop to identify touch strategies. Results reveal four main potential touch strategies, from which we devised nine mathematical candidate models. We investigate the ability of these models to predict human behaviour in a controlled experiment. We found that the center of a shape's bounding box best approximates a user's target location when touching arbitrary shapes. Our findings not only invite designers to use a larger variety of shapes, but can also be used to design touch interaction adapted to user behaviour using our model. As an example, they are likely to be valuable for the creation of applications exposing shapes of various complexities, like drawing applications.

International audience; Flexible sensing styluses deliver additional degrees of input for penbased interaction, yet no research has looked into the integration with creative digital applications as well as the influence of flexural stiffness. We present Hy-perBrush, a modular flexible stylus with interchangeable flexible components for digital drawing applications. We compare our HyperBrush to rigid pressure styluses in three studies, for brushstroke manipulation, for menu selection and for creative digital drawing tasks. HyperBrush yields comparable results with a commercial pressure pen. We concluded that different flexibilities could pose their own unique advantages analogous to an artist's assortment of paintbrushes.

Course selection is a crucial activity for students as it directly impacts their workload and performance. It is also time-consuming, prone to subjectivity, and often carried out based on incomplete information. This task can, nevertheless, be assisted with computational tools, for instance, by predicting performance based on historical data. We investigate the effects of showing grade predictions to students through an interactive visualization tool. A qualitative study suggests that in the presence of predictions, students may focus too much on maximizing their performance, to the detriment of other factors such as the workload. A follow-up quantitative study explored whether these effects are mitigated by changing how predictions are conveyed. Our observations suggest the presence of a framing effect that induces students to put more effort into course selection when faced with more specific predictions. We discuss these and other findings and outline considerations for designing better data-driven course selection tools., Comment: 17 pages

International audience; This paper contributes a first comparative study of three techniques for selecting 3D objects anchored to the table in tabletop Augmented Reality (AR). The impetus for this study is that touch interaction makes more sense when the targeted objects are anchored to the table. We experimentally compare touch and a mixed (touch+mid-air) techniques with the common direct mid-air technique. The touch and mixed techniques involve a decomposition of the 3D task into a 2D task by touch on the table followed by a 1D task by touch or mid-air interaction. Results show that: (1) The touch and mixed techniques present completion times similar to the mid-air technique and are more accurate than the mid-air technique; (2) The mixed technique defines a good compromise between accuracy of touch interaction and speed of mid-air interaction.

International audience; Current Mixed Reality (MR) Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) offer a limited Field Of View (FOV) of the mixed environment. Turning the head is thus necessary to visually perceive the virtual objects that are placed within the real world. However, turning the head also means loosing the initial visual context. This limitation is critical in contexts like augmented surgery where surgeons need to visually focus on the operative field. To address this limitation we propose to bring virtual objects/widgets back to the users' FOV instead of forcing the users to turn their head. We carry an initial investigation to demonstrate the approach by designing and evaluating three new menu techniques to first bring the menu back to the users' FOV before selecting an item. Results show that our three menu techniques are 1.5s faster on average than the baseline head-motion menu technique and are largely preferred by participants.

International audience; Target expansion techniques facilitate pointing by enlarging the effective sizes of targets. As opposed to the numerous studies on target expansion solely focusing on optimizing pointing, we study the compound task of pointing at a Point of Interest (POI) and then interacting with the POI menu in handheld Augmented Reality (AR). A POI menu in AR has a fixed position because it contains relevant information about its location in the real world. We present two techniques that make the cursor jump to the closest opened POI menu after pointing at a POI. Our experimental results show that 1) for selecting a POI the expansion techniques are 31 % faster than the baseline screen-centered crosshair pointing technique, 2) the expansion techniques with/without a jumping cursor to the closest opened POI menu offer similar performances and 3) Touch relative pointing is preferred by participants because it minimizes physical movements.

International audience; Jacques Bertin's legacy extends beyond the domain of cartography, and in particular to the field of information visualization where he continues to inspire researchers and practitioners. Although in the late 20 st century his books were out of print, their re-edition around 2010 has steered a renewed interest and inspired new generations of researchers to re-interpret the principles of Semiology of Graphics and La Graphique in a time of interactive computers. In particular, the work of Jacques Bertin on the reorderable matrix has been very challenging in his time, and the quest to its automation has not been satisfactory to him. This article summarizes Bertin's approach to the reorderable matrix, underlines the limitations of fully automated reordering methods, and introduces Bertifier, a hybrid system to reorder matrices using a combination of machine assistance and human control.

International audience; A bipartite graph is a powerful abstraction for modeling relationships between two collections. Visualizations of bipartite graphs allow users to understand the mutual relationships between the elements in the two collections, e.g., by identifying clusters of similarly connected elements. However, commonly-used visual representations do not scale for the analysis of large bipartite graphs containing tens of millions of vertices, often resorting to an a-priori clustering of the sets. To address this issue, we present the Who’s-Active-On-What-Visualization (WAOW-Vis) that allows for multiscale exploration of a bipartite social-network without imposing an a-priori clustering. To this end, we propose to treat a bipartite graph as a high-dimensional space and we create the WAOW-Vis adapting the multiscale dimensionality-reduction technique HSNE. The application of HSNE for bipartite graph requires several modifications that form the contributions of this work. Given the nature of the problem, a set-based similarity is proposed. For efficient and scalable computations, we use compressed bitmaps to represent sets and we present a novel space partitioning tree to efficiently compute similarities; the Sets Intersection Tree. Finally, we validate WAOW-Vis on several datasets connecting Twitter-users and -streams in different domains: news, computer science and politics. We show how WAOW-Vis is particularly effective in identifying hierarchies of communities among social-media users.

International audience; Wall-displays allow multiple users to simultaneously view and analyze large amounts of information, such as the increasingly complex graphs present in domains like biology or social network analysis. We focus on how pairs explore graphs on a touch enabled wall-display using two techniques, both adapted for collaboration: a basic localized selection, and a propagation selection technique that uses the idea of diffusion/transmission from an origin node. We assess in a controlled experiment the impact of selection technique on a shortest path identification task. Pairs consistently divided space even if the task is not spatially divisible, and for the basic selection technique that has a localized visual effect, it led to parallel work that negatively impacted accuracy. The large visual footprint of the propagation technique led to close coordination, improving speed and accuracy for complex graphs only. We then observed the use of propagation on additional graph topology tasks, confirming pair strategies on spatial division and coordination.

International audience; This paper presents an approach ensuring mutual awareness among airliner pilots using touch-based interactions. Indeed, touchscreens are making their way into cockpits, but touch-based gestures are less performative than gestures on physical controls, and they are limited in aircraft for efficiency and safety reasons. To support a safer perception by the other pilot, we propose to supplement the perception of performed gestures with graphical representations. Our hypothesis is that representing the effect of gestures is more relevant than representing gestures themselves. We introduce our design choices to build the representations for mutual awareness based on an analysis of the activity and graphical semiology. We report results gathered from walkthroughs of the designs with airliner pilots. These results confirm that representing the effects of gestures is an efficient means for mutual awareness. Our work shows how pilots understand the effect of gesture both as a result and as an impression.

International audience; Multiclass maps are scatterplots, multidimensional projections, or thematic geographic maps where data points have a categorical attribute in addition to two quantitative attributes. This categorical attribute is often rendered using shape or color, which does not scale when overplotting occurs. When the number of data points increases, multiclass maps must resort to data aggregation to remain readable. We present multiclass density maps: multiple 2D histograms computed for each of the category values. Multiclass density maps are meant as a building block to improve the expressiveness and scalability of multiclass map visualization. In this article, we first present a short survey of aggregated multiclass maps, mainly from cartography. We then introduce a declarative model—a simple yet expressive JSON grammar associated with visual semantics—that specifies a wide design space of visualizations for multiclass density maps. Our declarative model is expressive and can be efficiently implemented in visualization front-ends such as modern web browsers. Furthermore, it can be reconfigured dynamically to support data exploration tasks without recomputing the raw data. Finally, we demonstrate how our model can be used to reproduce examples from the past and support exploring data at scale.

We present PANENE, a progressive algorithm for approximate nearest neighbor indexing and querying. Although the use of k -nearest neighbor (KNN) libraries is common in many data analysis methods, most KNN algorithms can only be queried when the whole dataset has been indexed, i.e., they are not online . Even the few online implementations are not progressive in the sense that the time to index incoming data is not bounded and cannot satisfy the latency requirements of progressive systems. This long latency has significantly limited the use of many machine learning methods, such as $t$ t -SNE, in interactive visual analytics. PANENE is a novel algorithm for Progressive Approximate $k$ k -NEarest NEighbors, enabling fast KNN queries while continuously indexing new batches of data. Following the progressive computation paradigm, PANENE operations can be bounded in time, allowing analysts to access running results within an interactive latency. PANENE can also incrementally build and maintain a cache data structure, a KNN lookup table, to enable constant-time lookups for KNN queries. Finally, we present three progressive applications of PANENE, such as regression, density estimation, and responsive $t$ t -SNE, opening up new opportunities to use complex algorithms in interactive systems.

International audience; End-to-end latency corresponds to the temporal difference between a user input and the corresponding output from a system. It has been shown to degrade user performance in both direct and indirect interaction. If it can be reduced to some extend, latency can also be compensated through software compensation by trying to predict the future position of the cursor based on previous positions, velocities and accelerations. In this paper, we propose a hybrid hardware and software prediction technique specifically designed for partially compensating end-to-end latency in indirect pointing. We combine a computer mouse with a high frequency accelerometer to predict the future location of the pointer using Euler based equations. Our prediction method results in more accurate prediction than previously introduced prediction algorithms for direct touch. A controlled experiment also revealed that it can improve target acquisition time in pointing tasks.

International audience; Text selection on touch devices can be a difficult task for users. Letters and words are often too small to select directly , and the enhanced interaction techniques provided by the OS – magnifiers, selection handles, and methods for selecting at the character, word, or sentence level – often lead to as many usability problems as they solve. The introduction of force-sensitive touchscreens has added another enhancement to text selection (using force for different selection modes); however, these modes are difficult to discover and many users continue to struggle with accurate selection. In this paper we report on an investigation of the design of touch-based and force-based text selection mechanisms, and describe two novel text-selection techniques that provide improved discov-erability, enhanced visual feedback, and a higher performance ceiling for experienced users. Two evaluations show that one design successfully combined support for novices and experts , was never worse than the standard iOS technique, and was preferred by participants.

International audience; Parallelism is one of the key performance sources in modern computer systems. When heuristics-based automatic parallelization fails to improve performance, a cumbersome and error-prone manual transformation is often required. As a solution, we propose an interactive visual approach building on the polyhedral model that visualizes exact dependences and parallelism; decomposes and replays a complex automatically-computedtransformation step by step; and allows for directly manipulating the visual representation as a means of transforming the program with immediate feedback. User studies suggest that our visualization is understood by experts and non-experts alike, and that it may favor an exploratory approach.

Data physicalizations are growing popular in many societal domains which indicates a strong potential for fostering public engagement thanks to public exhibition (e.g. in train stations, in airports, on roundabouts, and in enterprises). We focus on dynamic physical charts for visualizing renewable energy forecasts in public spaces. To get charts readable from any point of view around, we propose a physical ring chart inspired by stone cairns. To build this physical chart, we designed an expandable and stackable illuminated ring. In this paper, we describe the design process and the limitations of the first prototype of such a ring.Maxime Daniel, Guillaume Rivière, Nadine Couture. Designing an Expandable Illuminated Ring to Build an Actuated Ring Chart. Twelfth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interactions (TEI'18), Mar 2018, Stockholm, Sweden. 〈hal-01668076〉

International audience; Visual data analysis is a key tool for helping people to make sense of and interact with massive data sets. However, existing evaluation methods (e.g., database benchmarks, individual user studies) fail to capture the key points that make systems for visual data analysis (or visual data systems) challenging to design. In November 2017, members of both the Database and Visualization communities came together in a Dagstuhl seminar to discuss the grand challenges in the intersection of data analysis and interactive visualization. In this paper, we report on the discussions of the working group on the evaluation of visual data systems, which addressed questions centered around developing better evaluation methods, such as " How do the different communities evaluate visual data systems? " and " What we could learn from each other to develop evaluation techniques that cut across areas? ". In their discussions, the group brainstormed initial steps towards new joint evaluation methods and developed a first concrete initiative — a trace repository of various real-world workloads and visual data systems — that enables researchers to derive evaluation setups (e.g., performance benchmarks, user studies) under more realistic assumptions, and enables new evaluation perspectives (e.g., broader meta analysis across analysis contexts, reproducibility and comparability across systems).

Honorable Mention Award; International audience; While popular digital maps support an unprecedented number of use cases, new reference map customization tools have been created for purposes for which those maps fall short. With the goal of informing the design of this new class of cartographic tools, we present the first study of naturalistic (" bespoke ") map customization behavior. Through a mixed methods and mixed-media approach involving a survey, the analysis of a corpus of customized maps, and an interview with a power user, we find that bespoke map customization is a relatively common activity and identify frequent use cases as well as map customization strategies. We discuss these use cases and strategies in detail, and propose design implications for future customization tools, such as the use of templates for common use cases, adaptability for various customization styles and the support of multimedia interaction.

We introduce Codestrates, a literate computing approach to developing interactive software. Codestrates blurs the distinction between the use and development of applications. It builds on the literate computing approach, commonly found in interactive notebooks such as Jupyter notebook. Literate computing weaves together prose and live computation in the same document. However, literate computing in interactive notebooks are limited to computation and it is challenging to extend their user interface, reprogram their functionality, or develop stand-alone applications. Codestrates builds literate computing capabilities on top of Webstrates and demonstrates how it can be used for (i) collaborative interactive notebooks, (ii) extending its functionality from within itself, and (iii) developing reprogrammable applications.

International audience; Watches benefit from a long design history. Designers and engineers have successfully built devices using rotary physical inputs such as crowns, bezels, and wheels, separately or combined. Smart watch designers have explored the use of some of these inputs for interactions. However, a systematic exploration of their combinations has yet to be done. We investigate the design space of interactions with multiple rotary inputs through a three stages exploration. (1) We build upon observations of a collection of 113 traditional or electronic watches to propose a typology of physical rotary inputs for watches. (2) We conduct two focus groups to explore combination of physical rotary inputs. (3) We then build upon the output of these focus groups to design a low fidelity prototype, and further discuss the potential and challenges of rotary inputs combinations during a third focus group.; L’histoire des montres est pleine d’exemples utilisant une ou plusieurs modalités tangibles d’interaction comme les couronnes, les lunettes et les molettes. Pourtant les concepteurs de "smartwatches" ont seulement exploré un sous ensemble de ces mécanisme et surtout n’ont pas considéré la possibilité de les combiner. Dans cet article, nous étudions les possibilités o ertes par la combinaison de plusieurs de ces mécanismes rotatifs en trois étapes pour les smartwatches. (1) Nous rassemblons une collection de 113 montres traditionnelles ou électroniques pour faire une typologie de leurs mécanismes rotatifs, (2) dont les combinaisons sont explorées et discutées durant deux focus groups. (3) Ces discussions nous mènent à développer un prototype pour discuter des potentiels et des défis des combinaisons d’entrées rotatives au cours d’un troisième focus group.

International audience; Graphical sliders are widely used on mobile devices. However, with a single hand, reaching for far values is difficult : users change their grip and can drop the device. Moreover, sliders require visual attention to operate them. Envisioning mobile devices that dynamically extend tangible sliders out of the screen, the contribution of this work is a first attempt to experimentally study a deformable tangible slider that facilitate thumb interaction on mobile devices. The deformable tangible slider expands its cursor (Figure 1) to avoid hand-grip changes by maintaining the thumb within its comfortable area. Moreover, its tangible aspect allows eyes-free interaction. We first compared a low-fidelity prototype with a classic tangible slider. The prototype improves performance by 9.2% when targets are outside the thumb's comfortable area. We then designed a de-formable slider that we compared to a classic tangible slider and a graphical one. Though the deformable slider is globally faster (14.3%) than the classic tangible one, the difference is not significant. While the graphical slider performs faster, the deformable tangible slider o ers eyes- free interaction and stable hand-grip.; Les curseurs graphiques sont largement utilisés sur les dispositifs mobiles. Cependant, atteindre des valeurs éloignées avec le pouce de la main qui tient le dispositif est difficile : les utilisateurs changent alors la prise en main du dispositif au risque de le faire tomber. De plus, les curseurs graphiques sollicitent l’attention visuelle pour les manipuler. En anticipant que les dispositifs mobiles pourront faire émerger de leurs écrans des curseurs physiques dynamiquement, notre contribution est une première exploration expérimentale d’un curseur tangible qui se déforme pour faciliter l’interaction mobile avec le pouce de la main qui tient le dispositif. Le curseur tangible se déforme pour que le pouce manipule toujours le curseur dans la zone d’action facilement atteignable (Fig. 1). Le curseur tangible déformable (1) évite les changements de prise en main en maintenant le pouce dans sa zone de confort, et (2) permet une interaction sans regarder le dispositif mobile. Nous avons d’abord comparé un prototype basse-fidélité avec un curseur classique tangible. Le prototype améliore les performances de 9.2% lorsque les cibles sont en dehors de la zone de confort du pouce. Nous avons ensuite conçu un curseur déformable que nous avons comparé à un curseur tangible classique et à un curseur graphique. Les résultats expérimentaux démontrent que le curseur tangible déformable est globalement plus rapide de 14.3% que le curseur tangible classique sans que les résultats soient significativement différents. Alors que le curseur graphique o re de meilleures performances que les deux autres curseurs tangibles, le curseur tangible déformable o re une interac- tion sans regarder le dispositif avec une prise en main du dispositif stable.

TEC - Travaux en Cours; International audience; In this paper, we propose an eight-dimensional design space to provide a framework for guiding future application designers to access a patient's health record. The dimensions of our design space came from the 5W1H method used to collect information. Then, we situate a few existing systems compared to the dimensions of our design space to identify the lacks in electronic health record visualization as potential for our future work.; Dans ce papier, nous proposons un espace de conception à huit dimensions afin de fournir un cadre pour guider les futurs concepteurs d’applications permettant d’accéder au dossier d’un patient. Les dimensions de notre espace de conception sont tirées de la méthode 5W1H utilisée pour la collecte des informations. Quelques systèmes existants sont ensuite analysés à travers notre espace de conception afin de montrer les manques dans la visualisation des dossiers des patients comme potentiel de nos futurs travaux.

TEC - Travaux en Cours; International audience; Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) community has proposed many methods, techniques and standards for the development of interactive systems. Despite the great recognition of many of these approaches in academia, little is known about the state of practice in industry. To what extent are they known and used, while using a defined software process, to develop interactive systems? What is their level of use compared to software engineering approaches? This paper presents a study that we have conducted to answer these questions. This study is developed on top of one of the widest used software process improvement model: CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration). This paper presents the planning of this study, the research protocol and some initial results.

International audience; Multitouch interaction with spreadsheets on mobile devices raises multiple interaction issues. In this paper, we present the design and evaluation of novel interaction techniques for spreadsheet based on the stacking paradigm, which consists in laying one edge/face/corner of a smartphone on a tablet screen. We first explore the available gestures and degrees of freedom of our prototype to delimitate the possible interaction's vocabulary. Then, we propose novel interaction techniques to perform range selection in a spreadsheet on a tablet. To detect the smartphone on the tablet screen, we conceive a conductive smartphone copper-shell. We evaluate our prototype against the regular tactile interactions provided by spreadsheet apps. Our studies reveal that some of our interaction techniques perform between 15% and 20% faster for range selection.; L'interaction multitouch avec des tableurs sur tablettes soulève de nombreuses problématiques d'interaction. Dans cet article, nous présentons la conception et l'évaluation de nouvelles techniques d'interaction pour tableurs basées sur une manipulation de type stacking, qui consiste à poser l'arête/le coin/la face d'un smartphone sur l'écran d'une tablette. Dans un premier temps, nous explorons l'espace des gestes et les degrés de libertés du stacking afin de délimiter le vocabulaire d'interaction possible. Ensuite, nous proposons plusieurs techniques d'interaction pour réaliser la tâche de sélection de plages de données dans un tableur sur tablette. Afin d'implémenter la détection du smartphone par l'écran de la tablette, nous construisons une coque conductive en cuivre. En utilisant notre prototype nous comparons nos techniques à l'interaction tactile classique proposée par les tableurs. Nos résultats montrent que certaines de nos techniques d'interaction sont entre 15% et 20% plus rapides que le tactile pour sélectionner une plage de données.

TEC - Travaux en Cours; International audience; In this work, we explore a new form of juggling. The juggler interacts with balls carried with nano-drones using 3D gestures. In this paper, we discuss technological as well as interaction issues.

TEC - Travaux en Cours; International audience; Adapting at runtime user interfaces is a well-known requirement in human computer interaction which becomes a very challenging task when taking into account dynamic user properties such as emotions. To address the question of adapting user interfaces to emotions, we propose Perso2u is an architecture to personalize user interfaces with user emotions at runtime. This approach relies on emotion recognition tools which raises the question of accuracy This paper aims at showing that it is possible to obtain similar emotion results from several tools based on face recognition to emphasize the independence of the emotion inferring engine and more globally of the architecture. To achieve this goal, this paper reports on the results of an experiment to compare three emotion detection tools.; L’adaptation des interfaces homme-machine à l’exécution est une problématique bien connue en interaction homme-machine qui devient encore plus prégnante lors qu’il s’agit de prendre en compte des caractéristiques dynamiques de l’utilisateur telles que les émotions. En guise de contribution à l’adaptation des interfaces aux émotions, nous proposons Perso2U, une architecture de personnalisation à l’exécution. Cette approche s’appuie sur des outils de reconnaissance des émotions, ce qui conduit à se questionner sur la précision et la similarité, entre outils, des émotions détectées pour conduire l’adaptation. Cet article a pour but de montrer que des résultats similaires peuvent être obtenues à partir de reconnaissance faciale d’émotions afin de montrer l’indépendence aux outils du moteur d’inférence des émotions et plus généralement de l’architecture. En ce sens, l’article présente une expérimentation qui compare trois outils de détection d’émotions.

International audience; We present an experience with the development and evaluation of AppsGate, an ecosystem for the home that can be programmed by end-users. We show the benefits from using the homes of the project team members as real-life living-labs. In particular, we discuss the first person perspective experience as an effective way to conduct longitudinal experiments in real world settings. We conclude that a programmable habitat is desirable provided that attention cost is minimized.; Cet article présente une expérience avec la mise en œuvre et l’évaluation d’AppsGate, un écosystème domestique programmable par l’habitant. Nous montrons l’apport de l’utilisation des domiciles de membres du projet tout au long du processus de développement, et notamment l’intérêt de « vivre avec » comme technique d’expérimentation longitudinale.

International audience; The cerebral activity is an intangible physiological process difficult to apprehend, especially for children. With the aim of providing a new type of educational support, we studied the pedagogical potential of an interactive tangible interface (Teegi) designed to be used in educational context. This interface aims at enabling children to discover the relation between the brain activity and the human body functions. We propose in this study a methodology to evaluate its pedagogical potential in real context of use, considering the specificities of the children. This study, carried out with 29 pupils, highlights the strengths of this system, both in terms of its usability and its impact on learning. Moreover, the results provided by this methodology revealed possible improvements for a greater pedagogical effectiveness. This type of interactive interface, as well as the evaluation method proposed, paves the way for the pedagogical use of new interactive and tangible devices at school.; L’activité cérébrale est un processus physiologique intangible qui peut être difficile à appréhender, notamment pour des enfants. Pour répondre aux besoins en supports pédagogiques et favoriser les apprentissages liés à ce type de concepts, nous étudions le potentiel d’une interface tangible interactive dédiée à la visualisation d’activités cérébrales (Teegi) en contexte éducatif. Nous proposons une méthodologie d’évaluation du potentiel pédagogique en contexte réel d’utilisation par des enfants. Cette étude réalisée avec 29 enfants, met en évidence les forces de ce système, tant au niveau de son utilisabilité que de ses impacts sur les apprentissages visés. Les résultats obtenus mettent en lumière des axes d’améliorations possibles pour une plus grande efficacité pédagogique. Ce type d’interface, ainsi que la méthode d’évaluation que nous proposons, ouvrent la voie de l’utilisation pédagogique de nouveaux dispositifs interactifs et tangibles en milieu scolaire.

TEC - Travaux en Cours; International audience; Multi-display environments (MDE) are becoming more and more common in public areas. They are mainly used to display information due to the limited interaction possibilities they offer. In this paper, we study how using everyday objects, available on or around users, could improve interaction with public multi-display environments. To this end, we conducted a study, in the form of a creativity session, to understand how participants would use everyday objects, to realize the most usual tasks in public MDEs. The results of this study are presented and discussed in this paper.; Les environnements multi-écrans (EME) se multiplient dans les lieux publics. Les possibilités d’interaction qu’ils offrent étant limitées, ils sont principalement utilisés pour afficher de l’information. Dans cet article, nous étudions comment les objets du quotidien, disponibles sur ou autour des utilisateurs, pourraient porter l’interaction avec les environnements multi-écrans publics. Cette approche fait émerger des solutions pour des interactions rapides, opportunistes et naturelles, ce qui répond aux besoins liés à ce type d’environnements (publics et peu sécurisés). Nous avons réalisé une séance de créativité à laquelle ont participé 8 personnes. Le but de cette séance était d’étudier la manière avec laquelle les participants exploiteraient différentes catégories d'objets du quotidien pour réaliser plusieurs tâches d’interaction avec des EME.

International audience; During the design of IS, several stakeholders, each with their own expertise and culture, will use the task model (TM). Then, TM must be understood by several kinds of stakeholders. Adapting the presentation of the TM information to the stakeholder and the use he or she makes of it, is therefore a key point for them to be understood. however, none of the tools for use information of the TM allow to understand the modeled activity without knowing the notation used. In this paper, we propose to use a presentation in the textual form as a tool for verification and consultation of the task model. Two evaluations were conducted on the use of this presentation for (1) the correction of a model by its designers and (2) the understanding of a task model by computer scientists who did not design the model. These evaluations show that the textual presentation of the task model provides a complementary point of view allowing a better understanding and facilitating the improvement of the model.; Pendant la conception de SI, plusieurs intervenants, qui ont cha- cun une expertise et une culture propres, sont amenés à utiliser le modèle de tâches (MdT) et donc à le comprendre. Adapter la pré- sentation des informations du MdT à l’intervenant et à l’utilisation qu’il va en faire est alors un point clé pour qu’elles puissent être comprises. Or, actuellement aucun des outils de présentation des MdT ne permet de comprendre l’activité modélisée sans connaitre la notation utilisée. Dans cet article, nous présentons une approche de génération d’une présentation textuelle du MdT. Deux évalua- tions ont été menées sur l’utilisation de cette présentation pour (1) la correction d’un modèle par ses concepteurs et pour (2) la compréhension d’un modèle par des informaticiens qui ne l’ont pas conçu. Ces évaluations montrent que la présentation textuelle apporte un point de vue complémentaire sur le MdT permettant une meilleure compréhension et facilitant son amélioration.

International audience; Touch is one of the primary channel of non-verbal communication. It is used to convey emotions and to establish bounds between people. Its use has already been considered in HCI to interact with devices, but it has rarely been used for direct emotional communication between individuals. This article presents a literature review of social touch in human-computer interaction. Based at the cross-section of psychology, HCI, emotions and haptics research communities, we first review the role and importance of social touch for communicating emotions. We then discuss existing and emerging technologies to perform social touch and finally we present new perspectives for interfaces in HCI.; Le toucher est l’un des principaux canaux intervenant dans la communication non verbale. Il permet de transmettre des émotions et de renforcer les liens affectifs entre les personnes. Son utilisation a déjà été envisagé en Interaction Homme-Machine comme un moyen d’interaction avec des dispositifs, mais rarement pour une communication émotionnelle directe entre individus. Cet article présente un état de l’art du toucher social en IHM. Considérant les travaux en psychologie, en IHM, en haptique et de informatique affective, nous expliquons en premier lieu le rôle et l’importance du toucher social dans la communication et la transmission des émotions. Nous évoquons ensuite les technologies existantes et émergentes pour effectuer un toucher social et enfin nous présentons de nouvelles perspectives pour les interfaces en IHMs.

International audience; In many domains, the realization of an abstract model implies to cross the valley separating an abstract conceptualization and its actual completion in the physical world. In this paper, we propose a generic model based on Clancey's ontology of generic tasks and the dual reality paradigm. This model aims at bridging the real and the virtual sides of dual reality in the generic context of task/project realization. We describe existing implementations of the model, focusing on tangible tabletops – a medium particularly well suited to blend the real and the virtual worlds in a consistent tangible environment. Discussion, perspectives and conclusions are then presented.; Dans de nombreux domaines, la réalisation d’un modèle abstrait implique de traverser la vallée séparant une conceptualisation abs- traite et son achèvement réel dans le monde physique. Dans cet article, nous proposons un modèle générique basé sur l’ontolo- gie des tâches génériques de Clancey et le paradigme de la réalité duale. Ce nouveau modèle vise à relier les deux côtés, réel et vir- tuel, de la réalité duale dans le contexte générique de réalisation de tâches/projets. Nous décrivons des implémentations existantes du modèle, en nous concentrant sur des tables tangibles interactives – un moyen particulièrement adapté pour mélanger les mondes réel et virtuel dans un environnement tangible et cohérent. Une discussion, des perspectives et des conclusions sont ensuite présentées.

International audience; Free-space gestural systems are faced with two major issues: a lack of subtlety due to explicit mid-air arm movements, and the highly effortful nature of such interactions. With an ever-growing ubiquity of interactive devices, displays, and appliances with non-standard interfaces, lower-effort and more socially acceptable interaction paradigms are essential. To address these issues, we explore at-one's-side gestural input. Within this space, we present the results of two studies that investigate the use of side-gesture input for interaction. First, we investigate end-user preference through a gesture elicitation study, present a gesture set, and validate the need for dynamic, diverse, and variable-length gestures. We then explore the feasibility of designing such a gesture recognition system, dubbed WatchTrace, which supports alphanumeric gestures of up to length three with an average accuracy of up to 82%, providing a rich, dynamic, and feasible gestural vocabulary.

International audience; This paper presents an intelligent user interface model dedicated to the exploration of complex databases. This model is implemented on a 3D metaphor : a virtual museum. In this metaphor, the database elements are embodied as museum objects. The objects are grouped in rooms according to their semantic properties and relationships and the rooms organization forms the museum. Rooms organization is not predefi-ned but defined incrementally by taking into account not only the relationships between objects, but also the users centers of interest. The latter are evaluated in real-time through user interactions within the virtual museum. This interface allows for a personal reading and favors the discovery of unsuspec-ted links between data. In this paper, we present our model's formalization as well as its application to the context of cultural heritage.

Internet-native audio-visual services are witnessing rapid development. Among these services, object-based audio-visual services are gaining importance. In 2014, we established the Software Defined Media (SDM) consortium to target new research areas and markets involving object-based digital media and Internet-by-design audio-visual environments. In this paper, we introduce the SDM architecture that virtualizes networked audio-visual services along with the development of smart buildings and smart cities using Internet of Things (IoT) devices and smart building facilities. Moreover, we design the SDM architecture as a layered architecture to promote the development of innovative applications on the basis of rapid advancements in software-defined networking (SDN). Then, we implement a prototype system based on the architecture, present the system at an exhibition, and provide it as an SDM API to application developers at hackathons. Various types of applications are developed using the API at these events. An evaluation of SDM API access shows that the prototype SDM platform effectively provides 3D audio reproducibility and interactiveness for SDM applications., IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC2017), Paris, France, 21-25 May 2017

International audience; Ontology alignment is an area of active research where many algorithms and approaches are being developed. Their performance is usually evaluated by comparing the produced alignments to a reference alignment in terms of precision, recall and F-measure. These measures, however, only provide an overall assessment of the quality of the alignments, but do not reveal differences and commonalities between alignments at a finer-grained level such as, e.g., regions or individual mappings. Furthermore, reference alignments are often unavailable , which makes the comparative exploration of alignments at different levels of granularity even more important. Making such comparisons efficient calls for a " human-in-the-loop " approach, best supported through interactive visual representations of alignments. Our approach extends a recent tool, Matrix Cubes, used for visualizing dense dynamic networks. We first identify use cases for ontology alignment evaluation that can benefit from interactive visualization, and then detail how our Alignment Cubes support interactive exploration of multiple ontology alignments. We demonstrate the usefulness of Alignment Cubes by describing visual exploration scenarios, showing how alignment cubes support common tasks identified in the use cases.

International audience; We introduce Visual Sedimentation, a novel design metaphor for visualizing data streams directly inspired by the physical process of sedimentation. Visualizing data streams (e. g., Tweets, RSS, Emails) is challenging as incoming data arrive at unpredictable rates and have to remain readable. For data streams, clearly expressing chronological order while avoiding clutter, and keeping aging data visible, are important. The metaphor is drawn from the real-world sedimentation processes: objects fall due to gravity, and aggregate into strata over time. Inspired by this metaphor, data is visually depicted as falling objects using a force model to land on a surface, aggregating into strata over time. In this paper, we discuss how this metaphor addresses the specific challenge of smoothing the transition between incoming and aging data. We describe the metaphor's design space, a toolkit developed to facilitate its implementation, and example applications to a range of case studies. We then explore the generative capabilities of the design space through our toolkit. We finally illustrate creative extensions of the metaphor when applied to real streams of data.

International audience; In this paper we review the activities of Air Tra c Control and Management (ATC/M) and expose scenarios that illustrate current and future challenges in this domain. In particular we look at those challenges that can be tackled with the use of immersion. We introduce the concepts of an immersive Remote Tower and Collaborative Immersive Trajectory analysis. These make use of immersive technologies such as Head Mounted Displays (HMDs) or large, tiled displays to immerse users in their tasks, better supporting the management and analysis of the complex data produced in this domain

International audience; The expectations of computerizing hospitals are high, in the belief that it will improve health care quality, reduce costs, and increase administrative efficiency. However, effective computerization of hospitals is a real challenge. The explanations of this failure are typical of HCI misdesign. In this paper, we focus on the computer support of the activity within the surgical suite. Our research objectives are to understand the local activity at the DUNN Operating Rooms surgical suite of the Houston Methodist Hospital, propose a technological solution to instrument the staff activity, and deliver a design method and a toolkit to adapt our solutions to other hospitals.; Les attentes de l'informatisation des hôpitaux sont fortes: elle devrait améliorer la qualité des soins, réduire les coûts et améliorer l'efficacité de l'administration. Cependant, une informatisation des hôpitaux efficiente reste un défi. Les explications qui sous-tendent ces difficultés sont typiques d'un problème de conception IHM. Dans cet article, nous nous concentrons sur le support informatisé à l'activité de la "suite chirurgicale". Nos objectifs de recherche sont de comprendre l'activité spécifique à la suite chirurgicale DUNN OR du Houston Methodist Hospital, proposer une solution technologique pour instrumenter l'activité du personel et proposer une méthode de design et une toolkit pour adapter nos solutions à d'autres hôpitaux.

International audience; Machine learning is one of the most important and successful techniques in contemporary computer science. It involves the statistical inference of models (such as classifiers) from data. It is often conceived in a very impersonal way, with algorithms working autonomously on passively collected data. However, this viewpoint hides considerable human work of tuning the algorithms, gathering the data, and even deciding what should be modeled in the first place. Examining machine learning from a human-centered perspective includes explicitly recognising this human work, as well as reframing machine learning workflows based on situated human working practices, and exploring the co-adaptation of humans and systems. A human-centered understanding of machine learning in human context can lead not only to more usable machine learning tools, but to new ways of framing learning computationally. This workshop will bring together researchers to discuss these issues and suggest future research questions aimed at creating a human-centered approach to machine learning.

International audience; We present a visual notation framework for real-time, score-based computer music where human musicians play together with electronic processes, mediated by the Antescofo reactive software. This framework approaches the composition and performance of mixed music by displaying several perspectives on the score's contents. Our particular focus is on dynamic computer actions, whose parameters are calculated at run-time. For their visualization, we introduce four models: an extended action view, a staff-based simulation trace, a tree-based hierarchical display of the score code, and an out-of-time inspector panel. Each model is illustrated in code samples and case studies from actual scores. We argue the benefits of a multifaceted visual language for mixed music, and for the relevance of our proposed models towards reaching this goal.

Representer visuellement des donnees complexes tels que les reseaux sociaux permet de mieux les comprendre. Depuis plus de 70 ans, les representations utilisees pour visualiser les reseaux ou les graphes sont les diagrammes nœuds-liens. Si ces representations sont familieres et peuvent etre qualifiees d’intuitives, leur lisibilite se degrade fortement lorsque la taille ou la densite des reseaux visualises augmente. Dans cet article, nous presentons les differentes alternatives aux diagrammes nœuds-liens. En particulier, nous detaillons une serie de representations hybrides basees sur les representations matricielles des graphes. Ces nouvelles representations permettent de visualiser des reseaux plus grands et plus denses, ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives sur l’exploration visuelle des reseaux sociaux.

Interactive systems have largely evolved over the past years. Nowadays, different users can interact with systems on different devices and in different environments. The user interfaces (UIs) are expected to cope with such variety. Plastic UIs have the capacity to adapt to changes in their context of use while preserving usability. Such capability enhances UIs, however, it adds complexity on them. We propose an approach to verifying interactive systems considering this adaptation capability of the UIs. The approach applies two formal techniques: model checking, to the verification of properties over the system model, and equivalence checking, to compare different versions of a UI, thereby identifying different levels of UI equivalence. We apply the approach to a case study in the nuclear power plant domain in which several UI are analyzed, properties are verified, and the level of equivalence between them is demonstrated.

International audience; SmartTokens are small-sized tangible tokens that can sense multiple types of motion, multiple types of touch/grip, and send input events wirelessly as state-machine transitions. By providing an open platform for embedding basic sensing capabilities within small form-factors, SmartTokens extend the design space of tangible user interfaces. We describe the de- sign and implementation of SmartTokens and illustrate how they can be used in practice by introducing a novel TUI design for event notification and personal task management.

International audience; In this article we explore the design space of gesture shortcuts on touchpad with four novel interaction techniques: SpotPad and LociPad rely on one-finger static gestures, but differ in their graphical representation (Grid vs. loci). ChordPad relies on two-finger static gestures with a hierarchical representation. Finally, InOutPad relies on dynamic gestures crossing the edges of the touchpad. We present and compare the properties of these techniques of interaction and describe how they can be deployed on Mac OS X.; Dans cet article nous explorons l'espace de conception des techniques de raccourcis gestuels sur pavé tactile à travers quatre nouvelles techniques d'interaction : SpotPad et LociPad illustrent un vocabulaire gestuel qui repose sur des gestes statiques en un point, mais diffèrent par leur représentation graphique (grille vs. loci). ChordPad illustre un vocabulaire gestuel qui repose sur des gestes statiques à deux doigts et une représentation hiérarchique. Enfin, InOutPad emploie un vocabulaire de gestes dynamiques joignant des bords du pavé tactile. Nous présentons et comparons les propriétés de ces trois techniques d'interaction et décrivons comment elles peuvent être déployées dans le système Mac OS X.

Publication étudiante; International audience; The activity of air traffic control is complex. The operators involved in numerous interactions with computer systems to ensure the flow of air traffic in conditions of security and optimization. The mouse is the main modality to interact with different screens, while many alternatives exist. In this article, we report our study of this area of activity with the goal of using the eyes as a new input of air traffic control systems. Our study, based on a user-centered approach, includes a study of the activity, a classification of interaction techniques based on the gaze and finally a functional prototype to evaluate the developed interaction techniques. Our goal is to make an inventory on the use of the gaze as a means of interaction, and give recommendations for its use in air traffic control systems (ATC).; L'activité du contrôle aérien est complexe. Les opérateurs réalisent de nombreuses interactions avec des systèmes informatiques dédiés pour assurer l'écoulement du trafic aérien dans des conditions de sécurité et d'optimisation. La souris est la modalité principale pour interagir avec les différents écrans, alors que de nombreuses alternatives existent. Dans cet article, nous rapportons notre étude de ce domaine d'activité avec pour objectif l'utilisation du regard comme une nouvelle entrée des systèmes du contrôle aérien. Notre étude, basée sur une démarche centrée utilisateurs, comporte une étude de l'activité, une classification des techniques d'interaction basées sur le regard, et enfin un prototype fonctionnel permettant d'évaluer les techniques d'interaction développées. Notre but est de faire un état des lieux sur l'utilisation du regard comme moyen d'interaction, et de donner des recommandations pour son utilisation dans les systèmes du contrôle aérien (ATC).

International audience; In the case of high density and high occlusion factor, it becomes hard to distinguish nodes and links which compose a graph. Many bundling techniques allow visual aggregation and simplification by merging links together. This creates dense areas in favor of sparse ones thus helping visual structures to emerge. In this paper, we have gathered visualization and interaction techniques that perform graph visual simplification and exploration. Our goal is to better understand existing techniques and to discuss their assets and their limitations. We also provide uses cases where these techniques are applicable. Finally we conclude by future challenges and possible evolutions of existing techniques in the area of graph visualization and exploration.; Dans le cas d'une forte densité et d'un fort taux d'occlusion, il devient difficile de distinguer les noeuds et les liens qui composent un graphe. Plusieurs techniques de bundling permettent la simplification visuelle de graphes en agrégeant les liens pour créer des zones de fortes densités au profit d'espaces plus clairsemés et ainsi faire émerger des structures visuelles. Dans cet article nous avons rassemblé des techniques de visualisation et d'interaction pour la simplification visuelle et l'exploration de graphes. Notre but est de mieux comprendre les techniques existantes et de discuter de leurs avantages et inconvénients. Nous donnons des cas d'utilisation avérés de ces techniques et nous concluons par leurs futurs défis et les possibles évolutions dans le domaine de la visualisation de graphes.

International audience; The linguistic perspective emphasizes the use of linguistic taxonomy to classify (partition) graphical user interface concepts and elements on several linguistic levels with clearly-defined interfaces between levels. This perspective is based on Nielsen's Virtual Protocol for Interaction that consists of several linguistic levels: goal, pragmatic (task), semantic, syntactical, lexical, alphabetical and physical. A linguistic modeling is modeling the graphical interface by abstracting each linguistic level. The aim of the linguistic modeling is to enhance the maintainability quality of the graphical user interface model as defined in ISO-25010:2011, by enhancing sub-qualities of modularity, analyzability and modifiability. Recent research reported on the linguistic perspective and the linguistic modeling requirements. In this paper, we elaborate more towards a linguistic modeling by modeling the task level; the high abstract level in the linguistic stack. Our contribution is an executable hierarchical task model that fulfils the specific needs towards linguistic modeling.

International audience; The notion of Continuity refers to a subject's ability to "link" objects, actions or events that exhibit a proximity or similarity in space or in time, to make it the parts of a whole. We think that the concept of continuity is a tool that is particularly suited to respond to the increased complexity and the evolution of interactive systems. We propose the concept as a new "Strong Concept" for the design of interaction. Based on multidisciplinary contributions we build the Concept of Continuity for HCI. We present the contribution of this concept to design graphical architecture of complex interactive systems through the results of a design-oriented exploration.; La continuité réfère à notre capacité à mettre du lien entre des objets, actions ou événements présentant une proximité ou similarité dans l'espace ou dans le temps, pour en faire les parties comprises d'un tout. Nous pensons que le concept de continuité est un outil particulièrement adapté pour répondre à la complexification des interfaces graphiques des systèmes interactifs. Nous proposons ce concept comme une nouvelle idée-force pour le design de l'interaction. À partir d'apports multidisciplinaires nous formulons le concept de continuité pour l'interaction homme-machine et présentons les résultats d'une démarche de recherche orientée design sur l'apport du concept pour l'architecture graphique des systèmes interactifs.