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One of the most important parts of construction work is the verification of the geometry of the parts of structures and buildings constructed. Today this procedure is often semi- or fully automated. The paper introduces an approach for the automated verification of parts of buildings, by comparing the design of a building (as-planned model), derived from a Building Information Model (BIM) in an Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) exchange format to a terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point cloud (as-built model). The approach proposed has three main steps. The process begins with the acquisition of information from the as-planned model in the IFC exchange format; the second step is the automated (wall) plane segmentation from the point cloud. In the last step, the two models mentioned are compared to determine the deviations from the design, and the as-built wall flatness quantification is also executed. The potential of the proposed algorithm is shown in a case-study.

International audience; Business process optimization is a strategic activity in organizations because of its potential to increase profit margins and reduce operational costs. One of the main challenges in this activity is concerned with the problem of optimizing allocation and sharing of resources. Companies are continuously adjusting their resources to their needs following different strategies. However, the dynamic provisioning strategies are hard to compare. This paper proposes an automatic analysis technique to evaluate and compare the execution time and resource occupancy of a business process relative to a workload and a provisioning strategy. Four different strategies are presented, which are guided-respectively-by recent resource usage, recent resource request, predicted behavior, and a combination of available strategies. Such analysis is performed on models conforming to an extension of BPMN with quantitative information, including resource availability and constraints. Within this framework, the approach is fully mechanized using a formal and executable specification in the Maude rewriting logic framework, which relies on existing techniques and tools for simulating probabilistic and real-time specifications. The paper includes results on the extensive experimentation that has been carried out for validation purposes.

We show that reachability, repeated reachability, nontermination and unboundedness are NP-complete for Lossy Channel Machines that are flat, i.e., with no nested cycles in the control graph. The upper complexity bound relies on a fine analysis of iterations of lossy channel actions and uses compressed word techniques for efficiently reasoning with paths of exponential lengths. The lower bounds already apply to acyclic or single-path machines., Comment: Submitted for publication

Population protocols are a well established model of computation by anonymous, identical finite state agents. A protocol is well-specified if from every initial configuration, all fair executions reach a common consensus. The central verification question for population protocols is the well-specification problem: deciding if a given protocol is well-specified. Esparza et al. have recently shown that this problem is decidable, but with very high complexity: it is at least as hard as the Petri net reachability problem, which is EXPSPACE-hard, and for which only algorithms of non-primitive recursive complexity are currently known. In this paper we introduce the class WS3 of well-specified strongly-silent protocols and we prove that it is suitable for automatic verification. More precisely, we show that WS3 has the same computational power as general well-specified protocols, and captures standard protocols from the literature. Moreover, we show that the membership problem for WS3 reduces to solving boolean combinations of linear constraints over N. This allowed us to develop the first software able to automatically prove well-specification for all of the infinitely many possible inputs., 29 pages, 1 figure

Go is an increasingly-popular systems programming language targeting, especially, concurrent and distributed systems. Go differentiates itself from other imperative languages by offering structural subtyping and lightweight concurrency through goroutines with message-passing communication. This combination of features poses interesting challenges for static verification, most prominently the combination of a mutable heap and advanced concurrency primitives. We present Gobra, a modular, deductive program verifier for Go that proves memory safety, crash safety, data-race freedom, and user-provided specifications. Gobra is based on separation logic and supports a large subset of Go. Its implementation translates an annotated Go program into the Viper intermediate verification language and uses an existing SMT-based verification backend to compute and discharge proof obligations., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 12759, ISSN:0302-9743, ISSN:1611-3349, Computer Aided Verification, 33rd International Conference, CAV 2021, Virtual Event, July 20–23, 2021, Proceedings, Part I, ISBN:978-3-030-81684-1, ISBN:978-3-030-81685-8

International audience; The masking countermeasure is among the most powerful countermeasures to counteract side-channel attacks. Leakage models have been exhibited to theoretically reason on the security of such masked implementations. So far, the most widely used leakage model is the probing model defined by Ishai, Sahai, and Wagner at (CRYPTO 2003). While it is advantageously convenient for security proofs, it does not capture an adversary exploiting full leakage traces as, e.g., in horizontal attacks. Those attacks target the multiple manipulations of the same share to reduce noise and recover the corresponding value. To capture a wider class of attacks another model was introduced and is referred to as the random probing model. From a leakage parameter p, each wire of the circuit leaks its value with probability p. While this model much better reflects the physical reality of side channels, it requires more complex security proofs and does not yet come with practical constructions. In this paper, we define the first framework dedicated to the random probing model. We provide an automatic tool, called VRAPS, to quantify the random probing security of a circuit from its leakage probability. We also formalize a composition property for secure random probing gadgets and exhibit its relation to the strong non-interference (SNI) notion used in the context of probing security. We then revisit the expansion idea proposed by Ananth, Ishai, and Sahai (CRYPTO 2018) and introduce a compiler that builds a random probing secure circuit from small base gadgets achieving a random probing expandability property. We instantiate this compiler with small gadgets for which we verify the expected properties directly from our automatic tool. Our construction can tolerate a leakage probability up to 2 −8 , against 2 −25 for the previous construction, with a better asymptotic complexity.

International audience; Cryptographic implementations deployed in real world devices often aim at (provable) security against the powerful class of side-channel attacks while keeping reasonable performances. Last year at Asiacrypt, a new formal verification tool named tightPROVE was put forward to exactly determine whether a masked implementation is secure in the well-deployed probing security model for any given security order t. Also recently, a compiler named Usuba was proposed to automatically generate bitsliced implementations of cryptographic primitives.This paper goes one step further in the security and performances achievements with a new automatic tool named Tornado. In a nutshell, from the high-level description of a cryptographic primitive, Tornado produces a functionally equivalent bitsliced masked implementation at any desired order proven secure in the probing model, but additionally in the so-called register probing model which much better fits the reality of software implementations. This framework is obtained by the integration of Usuba with tightPROVE+, which extends tightPROVE with the ability to verify the security of implementations in the register probing model and to fix them with inserting refresh gadgets at carefully chosen locations accordingly.We demonstrate Tornado on the lightweight cryptographic primitives selected to the second round of the NIST competition and which somehow claimed to be masking friendly. It advantageously displays performances of the resulting masked implementations for several masking orders and prove their security in the register probing model.

The swift and continuous evolution of mobile devices is encouraging both private and public organizations to adopt the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) paradigm. As a matter of fact, the BYOD paradigm drastically reduces costs and increases productivity by allowing employees to carry out business tasks on their personal devices. However, it also increases the security concerns, since a compromised device could disruptively access the resources of the organization. The current mobile application distribution model based on application markets does not cope with this issue. In a previous work the concept of secure meta-market has been introduced as a mean to distribute mobile applications always guaranteed to comply with any given BYOD policy. This is achieved through a suitable combination of static analysis (i.e.model checking) and code instrumentation techniques. Although crucial, enforcing security policies over individual applications is not sufficient in general. Indeed, several well documented threats arise from the malicious interaction among applications which are harmless if isolated. In this paper, a novel technique for the security verification of groups of mobile app is proposed. The approach relies on partial model checking (PMC) to extend the existing security guarantees to groups of applications. The experimental results demonstrate the viability of the approach. Moreover, we show through a case study that even a fairly simple security policy can be violated by applications which are compliant if considered one by one. A practical approach to the validation of groups of mobile apps is presented.The approach relies on partial model checking for mitigating state explosion.Experiments on real applications show that the technique scales on real systems.The solution is integrated with a prototype of the Secure Meta-Market (SMM).

What if we designed a tool to automatically generate a dynamical transition system for the formal specification of mechanical systems subject to multiple impacts, contacts and discontinuous friction? Such a tool would represent an advance in the description and simulation of these complex systems. This is precisely what this paper offers: Dyverse Rigid Body Toolbox (DyverseRBT). This tool requires a sufficiently expressive computational model that can accurately describe the behaviour of the system as it evolves over time. For this purpose, we propose an alternative abstraction of multi-rigid-body mechanical systems with multiple contacts as an extended version of the classical hybrid automaton, which we call multi-rigid-body hybrid automaton. One of the chief characteristics of the multi-rigid-body hybrid automaton is the inclusion of computation nodes to encode algorithms to calculate the contact forces. The computation nodes consist of a set of non-dynamical discrete locations, discrete transitions and guards between these locations, and resets on transitions. They can account for the energy transfer not explicitly considered within the rigid-body formalism. The proposed modelling framework is well-suited for the automated verification of dynamical properties of realistic mechanical systems. We show this by the falsification of safety properties over the transition system generated by DyverseRBT.

This paper presents an approach for the modeling and analysis of resource allocation for business processes. It enables the automatic computation of measures for precisely identifying and optimizing the allocation of resources in business processes, including resource usage over time. The proposed analysis, especially suited to support decision-making strategies, is illustrated with a case study of a parcel ordering and delivery by drones that is developed throughout the paper. The paper comprises an encoding of a significant and expressive subset of the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) in rewriting logic, an executable logic of concurrent change that can naturally deal with state and with concurrent computations. The encoding is by itself a formal semantics and interpreter of the BPMN subset that captures all concurrent behavior and thus is used to simulate the concurrent evolution of any business process with a given number of resources and replicas.

In this paper, we combine formal modeling and analysis of infrastructures of organizations with sociological explanation to provide a framework for insider threat analysis. We use the higher order logic (HOL) proof assistant Isabelle/HOL to support this framework. In the formal model, we exhibit and use a common trick from the formal verification of security protocols, showing that it is applicable to insider threats. We introduce briefly a three-step process of social explanation, illustrating that it can be applied fruitfully to the characterization of insider threats. We introduce the insider theory constructed in Isabelle that implements this process of social explanation. To validate that the social explanation is generally useful for the analysis of insider threats and to demonstrate our framework, we model and verify the insider threat patterns of entitled independent and Ambitious Leader in our Isabelle/HOL framework.

The problem of finding a mediator to compose secured services has been reduced in our former work to the problem of solving deducibility constraints similar to those employed for cryptographic protocol analysis. We extend in this paper the mediator synthesis procedure by a construction for expressing that some data is not accessible to the mediator. Then we give a decision procedure for verifying that a mediator satisfying this non-disclosure policy can be effectively synthesized. This procedure has been implemented in CL-AtSe, our protocol analysis tool. The procedure extends constraint solving for cryptographic protocol analysis in a significative way as it is able to handle negative deducibility constraints without restriction. In particular it applies to all subterm convergent theories and therefore covers several interesting theories in formal security analysis including encryption, hashing, signature and pairing., Comment: (2012)

International audience; Business processes support the modeling and the implementation of software as workflows of local and inter-process activities. Taking over structuring and composition, evolution has become a central concern in software development. We advocate it should be taken into account as soon as the modeling of business processes, which can thereafter be made executable using process engines or model-to-code transformations. We show here that business process evolution needs formal analysis in order to compare different versions of processes, identify precisely the differences between them, and ensure the desired consistency. To reach this objective, we first present a model transformation from the BPMN standard notation to the LNT process algebra. We then propose a set of relations for comparing business processes at the formal model level. With reference to related work, we propose a richer set of comparison primitives supporting renaming, refinement, property- and context-awareness. Thanks to an implementation of our approach that can be used through a Web application, we put the checking of evolution within the reach of business process designers.

International audience; Fault-tolerant distributed algorithms play an important role in many critical/high-availability applications. These algorithms are notoriously difficult to implement correctly, due to asynchronous communication and the occurrence of faults, such as the network dropping messages or computers crashing. We introduce PSYNC, a domain specific language based on the Heard-Of model, which views asynchronous faulty systems as synchronous ones with an adversarial environment that simulates asyn-chrony and faults by dropping messages. We define a runtime system for PSYNC that efficiently executes on asynchronous networks. We formalise the relation between the runtime system and PSYNC in terms of observational refinement. This high-level synchronous abstraction introduced by PSYNC simplifies the design and implementation of fault-tolerant distributed algorithms and enables automated formal verification. We have implemented an embedding of PSYNC in the SCALA programming language with a runtime system for partially synchronous networks. We show the applicability of PSYNC by implementing several important fault-tolerant distributed algorithms and we compare the implementation of consensus algorithms in PSYNC against implementations in other languages in terms of code size, runtime efficiency, and verification.

International audience; This paper proposes a framework that automatically checks and configures data security in Web Services starting from high level business requirements. We consider BPEL-based composed Web Services. BPEL processes and initial security parameters are represented as component-based models labeled with security annotations. These models are formal and enable automated analysis and synthesis of security configurations, under the guidance of the service designer. The security property considered is the non-interference. The overall approach is practical since security is defined separately from functional processes and automatically verified. We illustrate its utility to solve intricate security problems using a smart grid application.

We study various generalizations of reversal-bounded multicounter machines and show that they have decidable emptiness, infiniteness, disjointness, containment, and equivalence problems. The extensions include allowing the machines to perform linear-relation tests among the counters and parameterized constants (e.g., “Is 3x−5y−2D1+9D2

Stochastic hybrid systems involve the coupling of discrete, continuous, and probabilistic phenomena, in which the composition of continuous and discrete variables captures the behavior of physical systems interacting with digital, computational devices. Because of their versatility and generality, methods for modeling, analysis, and verification of stochastic hybrid systems (SHS) have proved invaluable in a wide range of applications, including biology, smart grids, air traffic control, finance, and automotive systems. The problems of verification and of controller synthesis over SHS can be algorithmically studied using methodologies and tools developed in computer science, utilizing proper symbolic models describing the overall behaviors of the SHS. A promising direction to address formal verification and synthesis against complex logic specifications, such as PCTL and BLTL, is the use of abstraction with finitely many states. This thesis is devoted to formal abstractions for verification and synthesis of SHS by bridging the gap between stochastic analysis, computer science, and control engineering. A SHS is first considered as a discrete time Markov process over a general state space, then is abstracted as a finite-state Markov chain to be formally verified against the desired specification. We generate finite abstractions of general state-space Markov processes based on the partitioning of the state space, which provide a Markov chain as an approximation of the original process. We put forward a novel adaptive and sequential gridding algorithm based on non-uniform quantization of the state space that is expected to conform to the underlying dynamics of the model and thus to mitigate the curse of dimensionality unavoidably related to the partitioning procedure. PCTL and BLTL properties are defined over trajectories of a system. Examples of such properties are probabilistic safety and reach-avoid specifications. While the developed techniques are applicable to a wide arena of probabilistic properties, the thesis focuses on the study of the particular specification probabilistic safety or invariance, over a finite horizon. Abstraction of controlled discrete-time Markov processes to Markov decision processes over finite sets of states is also studied in the thesis. The proposed abstraction scheme enables us to solve the problem of obtaining a maximally safe Markov policy for the Markov decision process and synthesize a control policy for the original model. The total error is quantified which is due to the abstraction procedure and caused by exporting the result back to the original process. The abstraction error hinges on the regularity of the stochastic kernel of the process, i.e. its Lipschitz continuity. Furthermore, this thesis extends the results in the following directions: 1) Partially degenerate stochastic processes suffer from non-smooth probabilistic evolution of states. The stochastic kernel of such processes does not satisfy Lipschitz continuity assumptions which requires us to develop new techniques specialized for this class of processes. We have shown that the probabilistic invariance problem over such processes can be separated into two parts: a deterministic reachability analysis, and a probabilistic invariance problem that depends on the outcome of the first. This decomposition approach leads to computational improvements. 2) The abstraction approach have leveraged piece-wise constant interpolations of the stochastic kernel of the process. We extend this approach for systems with higher degrees of smoothness in their probabilistic evolution and provide approximation methods via higher-order interpolations that are aimed at requiring less computational effort. Using higher-order interpolations (versus piece-wise constant ones) can be beneficial in terms of obtaining tighter bounds on the approximation error. Furthermore, since the approximation procedures depend on the partitioning of the state space, higher-order schemes display an interesting tradeoff between more parsimonious representations versus more complex local computation. From the application point of view, an example of SHS is the model of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), which captures the evolution of temperature inside a building. This thesis proposes a new, formal two-step abstraction procedure to generate a finite stochastic dynamical model as the aggregation of the dynamics of a population of TCLs. The approach relaxes the limiting assumptions employed in the literature by providing a model based on the natural probabilistic evolution of the single TCL temperature. We also describe a dynamical model for the time evolution of the abstraction, and develop a set-point control strategy aimed at reference tracking over the total power consumption of the TCL population. The abstraction algorithms discussed in this thesis have been implemented as a MATLAB tool FAUST2 (abbreviation for “Formal Abstractions of Uncountable-STate STochastic processes”). The software is freely available for download at http://sourceforge.net/projects/faust2/.

Automated verification of operating system kernels is a challenging problem, partly due to the use of shared mutable data structures. In this paper, we show how we can automatically verify memory safety and functional correctness properties of the task scheduler component of the FreeRTOS kernel using the verification system Hip/Sleek. We show how some of Hip/Sleek features such as user-defined predicates and lemmas make the specifications highly expressive and the verification process viable. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first code-level verification of memory safety and functional correctness properties of the FreeRTOS scheduler. The outcome of our experiment confirms that Hip/Sleek can indeed be used to verify code that is used in production. Moreover, since the properties that we verify are quite general, we envisage that the same approach can be adopted to verify components of other operating systems.

International audience; Many companies have adopted MDD for developing their software systems. Several studies have reported on such industrial experiences by discussing the effects of MDD and the issues that still need to be addressed. However, only a few studies have discussed using automated verification of industrial model transformations. We previously demonstrated how transformations can be used to migrate GM legacy models to AUTOSAR models. In this study, we investigate using automated verification for such industrial transformations. We report on applying an automated verification approach to the GM-to-AUTOSAR transformation that is based on checking the satisfiability of a relational transformation representation, or a transformation model, with respect to well-formedness OCL constraints. An implementation of this approach is available as a prototype for the ATL language. We present the verification results of this transformation and discuss the practicality of using such tools on industrial size problems.

International audience; Security APIs, key servers and protocols that need to keep the status of transactions, require to maintain a global, non-monotonic state, e.g., in the form of a database or register. However, most existing automated verification tools do not support the analysis of such stateful security protocols – sometimes because of fundamental reasons, such as the encoding of the protocol as Horn clauses, which are inherently monotonic. A notable exception is the recent tamarin prover which allows specifying protocols as multiset rewrite (msr) rules, a formalism expressive enough to encode state. As multiset rewriting is a " low-level " specification language with no direct support for concurrent message passing, encoding protocols correctly is a difficult and error-prone process. We propose a process calculus which is a variant of the applied pi calculus with constructs for manipulation of a global state by processes running in parallel. We show that this language can be translated to msr rules whilst preserving all security properties expressible in a dedicated first-order logic for security properties. The translation has been implemented in a prototype tool which uses the tamarin prover as a backend. We apply the tool to several case studies among which a simplified fragment of PKCS#11, the Yubikey security token, and an optimistic contract signing protocol.

We consider past pushdown timed automata that are discrete pushdown timed automata with past formulas as enabling conditions. Using past formulas allows a past pushdown timed automaton to access the past values of the finite state variables in the automaton. We prove that the reachability (i.e., the set of reachable configurations from an initial configuration) of a past pushdown timed automaton can be accepted by a nondeterministic reversal-bounded counter-machine augmented with a pushdown stack (i.e., a reversal-bounded NPCM). By using the known fact that the emptiness problem for reversal-bounded NPCMs is decidable, we show that model-checking past pushdown timed automata against Presburger safety properties on discrete clocks and stack word counts is decidable. We also investigate the reachability problem for a class of transition systems under some fairness constraints in the form of generalized past formulas. Finally, we present an example ASTRAL specification to demonstrate the usefulness of the results.

Distributed groupware systems provide computer support for manipulating objects such as a text document or a filesystem, shared by two or more geographically separated users. Data replication is a technology to improve performance and availability of data in distributed groupware systems. Indeed, each user has a local copy of the shared objects, upon which he may perform updates. Locally executed updates are then transmitted to the other users. This replication potentially leads, however, to divergent (i.e. different) copies. In this respect, Operational Transformation (OT) algorithms are applied for achieving convergence of all copies, i.e. all users view the same objects. Using these algorithms users can exchange their updates in any order since the convergence should be ensured in all cases. However, the design of such algorithms is a difficult and error-prone activity since building the correct updates for maintaining good convergence properties of the local copies requires examining a large number of situations. In this paper, we present the modelling and deductive verification of OT algorithms with algebraic specifications. We show in particular that many OT algorithms in the literature do not satisfy convergence properties unlike what was stated by their authors.

Despite their popularity and importance, pointer-based programs remain a major challenge for program verification. In recent years, separation logic has emerged as a contender for formal reasoning of pointer-based programs. Recent works have focused on specialized provers that are mostly based on fixed sets of predicates. In this paper, we propose an automated verification system for ensuring the safety of pointer-based programs, where specifications handled are concise, precise and expressive. Our approach uses user-definable predicates to allow programmers to describe a wide range of data structures with their associated shape, size and bag (multi-set) properties. To support automatic verification, we design a new entailment checking procedure that can handle well-founded predicates (that may be recursively defined) using unfold/fold reasoning. We have proven the soundness and termination of our verification system and built a prototype system to demonstrate the viability of our approach.