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In this article, the adaptive control for a class of strict-feedback nonlinear systems with uncertainties under injection and deception attacks is considered. An adaptive control scheme is proposed to deal with the injection and deception attacks meanwhile guarantee that regulation errors could be made arbitrarily small by adjusting control parameters. Compared with existing works whose models are linear or relatively simple, the model we consider in this article is nonlinear with parametric uncertainties. A new type of feedback control scheme is introduced to solve this problem. A simulation example is given to verify the effectiveness of our proposed control scheme.

The core-shell 2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane/2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (CL-20/TNT) composite was prepared by spray-drying method in which sensitive high energy explosive (CL-20) was coated with insensitive explosive (TNT). The structure and properties of different formulations of CL-20/TNT composite and CL-20/TNT mixture were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Laser particle size analyzer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), impact sensitivity test and detonation performance. The results of SEM, TEM, XPS and XRD show that ϵ-CL-20 particles are coated by TNT. When the ratio of CL-20/TNT is 75/25, core-shell structure is well formed, and thickness of the shell is about 20–30 nm. And the analysis of heat and impact show that with the increase of TNT content, the TNT coating on the core-shell composite material can not only catalyze the thermal decomposition of core material (CL-20), but also greatly reduce the impact sensitivity. Compared with the CL-20/TNT mixture (75/25) at the same ratio, the characteristic drop height of core-shell CL-20/TNT composite (75/25) increased by 47.6% and the TNT coating can accelerate the nuclear decomposition in the CL-20/TNT composites. Therefore, the preparation of the core-shell composites can be regarded as a unique means, by which the composites are characterized by controllable decomposition rate, high energy and excellent mechanical sensitivity and could be applied to propellants and other fields.

Efficient recycling of high-value metals from spent cathode materials is important in that it not only alleviates the severe shortage of raw material supply but also addresses the environmental and safety issues associated with the disposal of these materials. Here, we report a selective leaching strategy by virtue of the defect-induced lattice instability. In contrast to the traditional “primary leaching – multistep separation” process, this technique enables simultaneous recovery and separation of value metals from the waste cathode by selective dissolution. The feasibility of this technique was first demonstrated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and then confirmed by laboratory studies in which a spent LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 material was successfully recycled, where the recoveries of Li, Ni/Co and Mn reached close to 100%, 99.5%/98.2% and 100%, respectively, without the need for a separation step. The recovery of Li, Ni/Co and Mn uses oxalic acid, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid as leaching agents, respectively. We believe that this work has both practical and theoretical significance, in that the strategy has the potential to be expanded to the recovery/recycling of many other spent materials, and that the atomic-scale insight on the relation between vacancies and lattice stability offers new perspective for developing advanced recycling strategies.

Despite the intriguing merits of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) systems, they still suffer from the notorious “shuttling-effect” of polysulfides. Herein, carbon materials with rational tailoring of morphology and pores were designed for strong loading/adsorption with the controlling of energy-storage ability. Through rational tailoring, it is strongly verified that such engineering of evolutions result in variational of sulfur immobilization in the obtained carbon. As expected, the targeted sample delivers a stable capacity of 925 mAh g−1 after 100 loops. Supporting by the “cutting-off” manners, it is disclosed that mesopores in carbon possess more fascinated traits than micro/macropores in improving the utilization of sulfur and restraining Li2Sx (4 ≤ x ≤ 8). Moreover, the long-chain polysulfide could be further consolidated by auto-doping oxygen groups. Supported by in-depth kinetic analysis, it is confirmed that the kinetics of ion/e- transfer during charging and discharging could be accelerated by mesopores, especially in stages of the formation of solid S8 and Li2S, further improving the capacity of ion-storage in Li-S battery. Given this, the elaborate study provide significant insights into the effect of pore structure on kinetic performance about Li-storage behaviors in Li-S battery, and give guidance for improving sulfur immobilization.

Objective Biomedical text summarization helps biomedical information seekers avoid information overload by reducing the length of a document while preserving the contents’ essence. Our systematic review investigates the most recent biomedical text summarization researches on biomedical literature and electronic health records by analyzing their techniques, areas of application, and evaluation methods. We identify gaps and propose potential directions for future research. Materials and Methods This review followed the PRISMA methodology and replicated the approaches adopted by the previous systematic review published on the same topic. We searched 4 databases (PubMed, ACM Digital Library, Scopus, and Web of Science) from January 1, 2013 to April 8, 2021. Two reviewers independently screened title, abstract, and full-text for all retrieved articles. The conflicts were resolved by the third reviewer. The data extraction of the included articles was in 5 dimensions: input, purpose, output, method, and evaluation. Results Fifty-eight out of 7235 retrieved articles met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-nine systems used single-document biomedical research literature as their input, 17 systems were explicitly designed for clinical support, 47 systems generated extractive summaries, and 53 systems adopted hybrid methods combining computational linguistics, machine learning, and statistical approaches. As for the assessment, 51 studies conducted an intrinsic evaluation using predefined metrics. Discussion and Conclusion This study found that current biomedical text summarization systems have achieved good performance using hybrid methods. Studies on electronic health records summarization have been increasing compared to a previous survey. However, the majority of the works still focus on summarizing literature.

In this paper, the adaptive control for cyber-physical systems under injection and deception attacks is investigated, where a class of high-order strict-feedback nonlinear systems with uncertainties is considered. An adaptive control scheme is proposed and a kind of new feedback S -type functions with a class of new Lyapunov functions are introduced to deal with the injection and deception attacks meanwhile guarantee that regulation errors could be made arbitrarily small by adjusting control parameters. Compared with existing works whose models are linear or relatively simple, the model we consider in this paper is a class of high-order nonlinear with parametric uncertainties. Under attacks the parameters will become unknown and time-varying, which are difficult to deal with. To solve this problem, a new type of feedback control scheme is introduced. A simulation example is given to verify the effectiveness of our proposed control scheme.

In this paper, a formation control strategy with collision, obstacle avoidance and connectivity maintenance is developed for a class of second-order nonlinear multi-agent systems under external disturbances. Firstly, in order to handle the nonlinear dynamics of the multi-agent systems and the unknown disturbances in the environment, neural network (NN) techniques are employed in the proposed control strategy. Then, the distributed formation controller with collision, obstacle avoidance is designed by combining artificial potential field (APF) methods and leader–follower formation methods. Secondly, due to the collision or obstacle avoidance terms within the formation controller may result in large separation distance among agents and each agent’s communication distance is limited by its hardware, the collision or obstacle avoidance terms increase the chance of losing connectivity between agents. In order to guarantee the connectivity of the formation, the connectivity maintenance controller is designed with taking the communication topology into account. Based on Lyapunov stability theory, it is proved that the stability of the closed-loop multi-agent systems can be guaranteed. Finally, the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Many efforts have been detected to investigate thermochromic (TC) glazing for improving building energy saving, while only a few approaches for daylight performance analysis. In this study, the performance of TC glazing is investigated based on multi-objective optimization for minimizing energy demand while maximizing daylight availability. The effects of five parameters including transition temperature, solar transmittance in clear state, solar transmittance modulation ability, luminous transmittance in clear state, and luminous modulation ability on the building energy consumption and useful daylighting illuminance (UDI300–3000) are examined. Linear Programming Technique for Multi-dimensional Analysis of Preference (LINMAP) is used for the decision-making of Pareto frontier. This research aims to explore the ideal thermochromic glazing by considering the daylight and energy performance of a typical office room, taking the weather condition of Xiamen, China as an example. Although it is impossible to achieve both optimal values of energy consumption and UDI300–3000 simultaneously, the proposed multi-objective optimization method could still provide low energy consumption with sufficient daylight. The non-dominated sorting of Pareto optimal solution (POS) demonstrated that the optimum building energy consumption and UDI300–3000 for single glazed windows are 46.64 kWh/m2 and 70.92%, respectively, while the values for double glazed windows are 44.40 kWh/m2 and 71.88%, respectively. The selected hypothetical TC windows can improve the building energy and daylighting performance simultaneously when compared with traditional clear single and double glazed windows. The presented framework provides a multi-objective optimization method to determine the most suitable TC glazing technologies for designers and architects during the design and retrofit procedure.

The existing recommender system provides personalized recommendation service for users in online shopping, entertainment, and other activities. In order to improve the probability of users accepting the system’s recommendation service, compared with the traditional recommender system, the interpretable recommender system will give the recommendation reasons and results at the same time. In this paper, an interpretable recommendation model based on XGBoost tree is proposed to obtain comprehensible and effective cross features from side information. The results are input into the embedded model based on attention mechanism to capture the invisible interaction among user IDs, item IDs and cross features. The captured interactions are used to predict the match score between the user and the recommended item. Cross-feature attention score is used to generate different recommendation reasons for different user-items.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can guarantee the quality of recommendation. The transparency and readability of the recommendation process has been improved by providing reference reasons. This method can help users better understand the recommendation behavior of the system and has certain enlightenment to help the recommender system become more personalized and intelligent.

The traditional acid leaching method for recycling valuable metals from the cathode material of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has encountered the problems of high consumption of H₂SO₄ and reducing agents. In this study, a novel process has been developed to strengthen valuable metal recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by reductive thermal treatment and electrochemical leaching. With the help of reductive thermal treatment under the conditions of R = 1600 °C and 120 min, the layered structure of the cathode material LiNi₁/₃Co₁/₃Mn₁/₃O₂ is reduced to a mixture of Li₂CO₃, NiO, Co₃O₄, Mn₂O₃, and MnO₂ due to the oxygen releasing from the framework. The destruction of the layered crystal structure reduces the difficulty of leaching valuable metals. 90.59% Ni, 90.53% Co, 66.40% Mn, and 100% Li were leached under the optimal conditions of 20 mL/g liquid–solid ratio, 1.5 M H₂SO₄, 0.8 A, and 150 min at room temperature. Comparing the processes of reductive thermal treatment with acid leaching and direct electrochemical leaching of spent cathode material under the same leaching conditions, the proposed approach can achieve the highest metal recovery and economic benefits. It can be implemented at room temperature, decreases the application of reducing agent and sulfuric acid, and makes full use of spent graphite, resulting in a greener recycling process for recovering valuable metals from spent LIBs.

Hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (HBNNSs) have huge potential in the field of coating materials owing to their remarkable chemical stability, mechanical strength and thermal conductivity. Thin-layer hBNNSs were obtained by a liquid-phase exfoliation of h-BN powders and incorporated into EVA coatings for improving the safety performance of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX). HBNNSs and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) were introduced to HMX by a solvent-slurry process. For comparison, the HMX/EVA and HMX/EVA/graphene (HMX/EVA/G) composites were also prepared by a similar process. The morphology, crystal form, surface element distribution, thermal decomposition property and impact sensitivity of HMX/EVA/hBNNSs composites were contrastively investigated. Results showed that as prepared HMX/EVA/hBNNSs composites were well coated with hBNNSs and EVA, and exhibited better thermal stability and lower impact sensitivity than that of HMX/EVA and HMX/EVA/G composites, suggesting superior performance of desensitization of hBNNSs in explosives.

The consumption of rechargeable batteries has been increasing rapidly. High demand on specific metals for battery manufacturing and environmental impacts from battery disposal make it essential to recycle and retrieve materials from the spent batteries. There have been some review articles on battery recycling, mostly on the technologies for the materials recovery and some on life cycle assessment (LCA). To develop a truly sustainable battery industry, however, battery recycling must be commercially viable. Yet, very limited information on the economics of battery recycling is available. This paper examines technologies and research efforts in battery recycling from the perspective of economic viability and life cycle inventory. With the support of up-to-date statistics, the paper also comments on the challenges facing battery recycling, and the role of battery design and circular economy in the sustainable development of battery industry where governments, manufacturers and consumers all play a part.

Aiming at the attitude solution accuracy and robustness for small UAVs in complex flight conditions, this paper proposes a dynamic adaptive attitude and heading systems(AHRS) estimator with singular value decomposition Cubature Kalman filter(SVDCKF). Considering the problem of random bias for the low-cost attitude sensor, this paper designs a method that the sensor random bias is used as the state vector to eliminate the effect of the sensor random bias. Due to the non-linearity of small UAVs AHRS model and the non-positive definite phenomenon of the covariance matrix, a nonlinear AHRS filter combined with the Cubature Kalman filter and singular value decomposition is designed to improve the attitude solution accuracy. In addition, when the UAV flies in the different flight conditions, the three-axis acceleration of the attitude sensor will affect the attitude solution. Thus, a dynamic adaptive factor based on adaptive filtering is used to adjust continuously the acceleration noise variance to improve the robustness of the AHRS. The experimental results show that the method and algorithm proposed not only improve the attitude solution accuracy, and satisfy the flight requirements of small UAVs, but also eliminate the influence of the attitude sensor random bias and three-axis acceleration for the attitude solution to improve the proposed algorithm robustness and anti-interference.

Artificial enzyme cascade systems with confinement effect are highly important in synthetic biology and biomedicine. Herein, a framework nucleic acid-based confined enzyme cascade (FNA-CEC) for synergistic cancer therapy in vivo was developed. The FNA-CEC consisted of glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase precisely assembled on an addressable DNA tetrahedron scaffold within few nanometers. Glucose oxidase (GOx) can trigger efficient glucose depletion for tumor starvation therapy, and increase the local concentration of H2O2 in situ for enhanced downstream horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-activated prodrug therapy. Due to the spatial-confinement on DNA tetrahedron scaffold, the efficiency of intermediate metabolites transportation between the enzyme cascades was improved. Moreover, FNA-CEC was applied for efficient synergistic cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo . As a simple and efficient approach, the FNA-CEC is expected to expand the toolbox of technologies in synthetic biology and biomedicine.

Methane gas injected into reservoirs can greatly enhance oil recovery and has been widely used. However, continuous methane gas flooding has a deleterious effect on oil recovery enhancement and eas...

Intrinsic polysulfide shuttling is the most fatal problem with Li-S batteries but it can be suppressed by functionalizing the separators with strong lithium polysulfide absorbents. Carbon nanotube (CNT)-supported MoSe2 nanoflakes with a large interlayer spacing were coated on a commercial polypropylene separator to build an efficient barrier (M/C-PP) to polysulfide shuttling for Li-S batteries. The battery with the separator had initial specific capacities of 1 485 and 880 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 2 C, respectively, and an excellent long-term cycling stability with a low decay rate of 0.093% per cycle at 0.5 C after 300 cycles. This excellent performance was attributed to the strong adsorption of polysulfides by MoSe2 and the fast charge transport channels provided by the CNTs.

Palladium (Pd) is considered as the most promising catalyst for hydrogen production from formic acid decomposition (FAD), but pristine Pd catalysts are less active and readily to perform activity decay by CO poisoning. Thus the modulation of Pd is critical for its application in H2 production from FAD. Here a Pd/APPNs catalysts by anchoring ca. 2.1 ± 0.3 nm Pd nanoparticles in the amino-pyridine polymer networks (designated as APPNs) was designed based on so-called metal-support interaction. The strong interaction between Pd and N of amine-pyridine unites was demonstrated by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis. It suggests the electron transfer between N and Pd, which could lower the d-band center of Pd and further effectively enhance the FAD catalysis performance. The initial FAD TOF value of 512 h−1 and the activation energy (Ea) of ca. 22.1 kJ mol−1 give a proper proof for the catalysis enhancement. And the third time FAD run still show a 442 h−1 TOF, indicating an excellent catalysis stability. In addition, the production analysis by Gas chromatography (GC) show that no CO was detected. This CO-free production was also confirmed through no observation of Surface-enhanced Adsorption Infrared Spectral (SEIRAS) band at 1700-2100 cm−1 (i.e. the COad species) on Pd/ANNPs surface. This work indicates that direct modification of Pd by the functionalized support (metal-support interaction) could effective enhance the FAD catalysis performance, although further work combined with other tuning means should be push forward.

Theoretically, carbonaceous materials with a high degree of graphitization and large surface area are beneficial for Li+ storage, and those with a large surface area and enlarged interlayer spacing are beneficial for Na+ storage. However, synchronously realizing them in carbonaceous materials at moderate temperatures is still a huge challenge. Herein, using bifunctional silica (SiO2), as a catalyst for graphitization of carbon and template for pore-forming, we propose a strategy to enhance the graphitization and surface area of carbonaceous materials simultaneously, besides N, P co-doping. As an anode material, the obtained 3D porous carbon network shows ideal cycling stability and excellent rate capability for both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs): outstanding reversible capacities of 1038 mA h g−1 and 238 mA h g−1 are delivered separately for LIBs and SIBs at a current of 1 A g−1. Also, it demonstrates a good rate capability at a higher current of 10 A g−1 and excellent cycling stability at 5 A g−1 for 2000 cycles for LIBs and SIBs. These results illuminate the design principle of carbonaceous materials for Li and Na storage by considering the high degree of graphitization, large specific surface area and heteroatom doping, endowing LIBs and SIBs with promising performance and applications.

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are submersible underwater vehicles controlled by onboard computers. AUV formation is a cooperative control which focuses on controlling multiple AUVs to move in a group while executing tasks. In contrast to a single AUV, multi-AUV formation represents higher efficiency and better stability for many applications, such as oil and gas industries, hydrographic surveys, and military missions, etc. To achieve better formation, there are several key factors, including AUV performance, formation control, and communication capability. However, most studies in the field of AUV formation mainly focus on formation control methods. We observe that the research of communication capability and AUV performance of multiple AUV formation is still in an early stage. It is beneficial to researchers to present a comprehensive survey of the state of the art of AUV formation research and development. In this paper, we study AUV, formation control, and underwater acoustic communication capability in detail. We propose a classification framework with three dimensions, including AUV performance, formation control, and communication capability. This framework provides a comprehensive classification method for future AUV formation research. It also can be used to compare different methods and help engineers choose suitable formation methods for various applications. Moreover, our survey discusses formation architecture with communication constraints and we identify some common misconceptions and questionable research for formation control related to communication.

Due to its high theoretical capacity (∼280 mA h g−1), lithium vanadium oxide (LiV3O8) is considered a promising electrode material for meeting the demands for a longer battery life. However, it still suffers from an inferior cycling stability and rate properties. Benefitting from the unique traits of rare earth metal La, La-doping was introduced to V-sites, leading to an expansion of the lattice volume and reduced particle size, and bringing about more oxygen defects for fast ion redox reactions. The considerable discharge capacity of optimized La-doped LiV3O8 could reach up to 308 mA h g−1, and the capacity could be kept at 252 mA h g−1 after numerous loops. Supported by a detailed analysis of the capacity curves, an improved redox activity of V5+ was strongly demonstrated. Moreover, compared to the basic materials, an increasing rate capacity located in the low potential range was detected, ascribed to the existence of an oxygen vacancy, enabling a reduction in the energy barrier and a broadening of the energy distribution. Interestingly, La-doping could ultimately improve the capacity and is thus worth further exploration, particularly for the design of advanced cathodic materials.

Detecting vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), a kind of tumor biomarker, is of significant clinical importance in evaluating the prognosis of patients with cancer. However, laboratory analyses are usually not suitable for point-of-care testing because they are expensive and time consuming. In response to these challenges, we fabricated an origami paper-based microfluidic electrochemical device. To improve the specificity of VEGF-C detection, nanocomposites, synthesized by new methylene blue (NMB), amino-functional single-walled carbon nanotubes (NH2-SWCNTs), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), were used to modify the surface of working electrodes. Results of electrochemical detection showed that the immunosensor had excellent linearity, ranging from 0.01 to 100 ng mL−1 (R2 = 0.988), and the limit of detection was 10 pg mL−1. To confirm the high specificity of the device under real-world conditions, we evaluated the device using clinical serum samples from our hospital. The results demonstrated that the device had an excellent performance and could provide a platform for real-time detection of cancers., Sun, Wang et al. report an origami paper-based immunosensor for the electrochemical detection of the VEGF-C biomarker in blood serum. The immunosensor is made by modifying the surface of working electrodes with new methylene blue, amino-functional single-walled carbon nanotubes, and gold nanoparticles and demonstrates excellent performance with a limit of detection in the range of picograms per milliliter.

In this article, the power distribution and tracking problems of the distributed energy storage system (ESS) are addressed by designing a cooperative adaptive terminal sliding mode (CATSM) controller based on a multi-agent network topology for each ESS. First, a novel adaptive power allocation algorithm (APAA) is proposed to achieve a consistent state-of-charge (SOC) for each battery in a distributed ESS. Then, considering the capacity degradation of the battery during long-term charging and discharging, we use real-time current and SOC to estimate the current capacity of the battery, which ensures the accuracy of the algorithm. Then, based on the proposed algorithm, the CATSM controllers are designed for each ESS via a multi-agent network topology for the distributed ESS, and the projection operator is used to guarantee the boundedness of adaptive estimation. Finally, the simulation results are provided to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

The superposition state of photonic orbital angular momentum (OAM) has more degrees of freedom than pure photonic orbital angular momentum, with rich physical implications and engineering application possibilities. Here we propose a scheme for polarization multiplexed terahertz OAM superposition state generation using an all-silicon metasurface. Two types of spatially interlaced metasurface OAM superposition state generators are designed and experimentally verified, which realize the generation of polarization-dependent single or multiple terahertz vortex interference beams. The first type of metasurface consists of polarization-maintaining silicon pillar arrays, which can switch the transmitted terahertz beam between different OAM superposition states. The analyzer direction of the superposition state is always consistent with the incident polarization. The second type of metasurface introduces units with a polarization conversion function, so that the analyzer direction of the OAM superposition state under different incident polarizations is always kept unchanged. In addition, the proposed metasurfaces can also generate a longitudinal electric field component and manipulate the superposition state of OAM. Both types of metasurfaces show excellent performance of efficient generation and switching of terahertz OAM superposition states. This method provides a new idea for photonic OAM manipulation based on metasurfaces.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) holds a number of advantages for tumor therapy. However, its therapeutic efficiency is limited by non-sustainable reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and heterogeneous distribution of photosensitizer (PS) in tumor. Herein, a "Sustainable ROS Generator" (SRG) is developed for efficient antitumor therapy. Methods: SRG was prepared by encapsulating small-sized Mn3O4-Ce6 nanoparticles (MC) into dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs) and then enveloped with hyaluronic acid (HA). Due to the high concentration of HAase in tumor tissue, the small-sized MC could be released from DMSNs and homogeneously distributed in whole tumor. Then, the released MC would be uptaken by tumor cells and degraded by high levels of intracellular glutathione (GSH), disrupting intracellular redox homeostasis. More importantly, the released Ce6 could efficiently generate singlet oxygen (1O2) under laser irradiation until the tissue oxygen was exhausted, and the manganese ion (Mn2+) generated by degraded MC would then convert the low toxic by-product (H2O2) of PDT to the most harmful ROS (·OH) for sustainable and recyclable ROS generation. Results: MC could be homogeneously distributed in whole tumor and significantly reduced the level of intracellular GSH. At 2 h after PDT, obvious intracellular ROS production was still observed. Moreover, during oxygen recovery in tumor tissue, ·OH could be continuously produced, and the nanosystem could induce 82% of cell death comparing with 30% of cell death induced by free Ce6. For in vivo PDT, SRG achieved a complete inhibition on tumor growth. Conclusion: Based on these findings, we conclude that the designed SRG could induce sustainable ROS generation, homogeneous intratumoral distribution and intracellular redox homeostasis disruption, presenting an efficient strategy for enhanced ROS-mediated anti-tumor therapy.

In recent years, semantic segmentation based on deep convolutional neural networks has developed rapidly. However, it is still a challenge to balance the computing cost and segmentation performance for the current semantic segmentation methods. This paper proposes a lightweight real-time semantic segmentation model Balanced Sample Distribution Network (BSDNet), to solve this problem. In BSDNet, we introduce the Balanced Sample Distribution Module (BSDModule) to balance the sampling distribution of convolution and obtain features with a larger receptive field. To optimize the segmentation effect, we introduce a Shuffle Channel Attention Module (SCAModule) to enhance the interaction of channel features at the cost of a small number of parameters. BSDModule and SCAModule are lightweight and flexible and can adapt to different types of network structures. Extensive experiments on CityScapes and CamVid show that the proposed method can balance the computing cost and segmentation performance. Specifically, on the CityScapes with $512\times1024$ resolution, BSDNet-Xception39 achieves 68.3% MIoU and 84.6 FPS with only 1.2M parameters.

Magnetic Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/ZnO-R (NZFO/ZnO-R) nanocomposites are prepared via the rapid combustion-coprecipitation process, and they are characterized by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), the X-ray Diffraction (XRD), the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the Energy Dispersive X-ray Detector (EDX), the Specific Surface Area (BET), the UV-vis Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy (DRS), and the Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The photocatalytic activity of NZFO/ZnO-R nanocomposites is assessed in ultraviolet light (365 nm) by decoloration of methylene blue (MB). The results show that the magnetic NZFO/ZnO-0.2 nanocomposites consist of particles and rods. The size of particles is 18 nm. The width and length of rods are 66 nm and 198 nm, respectively. NZFO/ZnO-0.5 nanocomposites have better photocatalytic performance than that of NZFO, ZnO and NZFO/ZnO-R (R = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.7) from the results. Through careful investigation of influencing parameters (the amount of catalysts, pH and concentration of MB solution), the degradation efficiency of MB is closely connected with the transparency of solution and surface charge of catalysts. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of NZFO/ZnO-0.5 nanocomposites can be ascribed to the matching band positions between ZnO and NZFO, which results in a low recombination between the photogenerated electron-hole pairs. The possible mechanism is proposed for the improved ultraviolet photocatalytic activity of NZFO/ZnO-0.5 nanocomposites.

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new type of porous materials with some unique characteristics such as uniform pore size, adjustable pore structure, easy synthesis and structural diversity. Ionic liquids-modified MOFs (ILs/MOFs) composite materials not only retain the structural characteristics of MOFs, but also have the advantages of adjustable physical and chemical properties of ILs with high stability. They have great application potential in the field of separation and analysis, which has aroused great interest of researchers. This article mainly reviews the preparation methods of ILs/MOFs composite materials and their research progress in separation and analysis in the latest five years, including adsorption/extraction, chromatographic separation, spectral and electrochemical analysis. And their future development trends are expected.

Fumed silica (FS)-filled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite is widely used as the external insulating material in power grid. The function of PDMS composite is to keep the core of an insulation device being dry by preventing the permeation of outside water. To study water diffusion in PDMS composite helps to shed light upon the failure mechanism of the insulation devices. In this paper, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were applied to study the FS/PDMS interface structure and water diffusion in PDMS composite. It is found that the FS has two basic existing states in PDMS matrix: dispersed state and percolated state, and the percolation threshold of FS is fitted to be 6.0 wt.%. In the dispersed state, the FS particles are randomly dispersed in PDMS matrix. The values of $$\tau _3$$ remain stable, being approximately 1.0 ns, indicating no overlaps of the FS/PDMS interfaces. Moreover, water cannot diffuse through the sample after corona aging. In the percolated state, the FS particles are tightly packed in the PDMS matrix. The values of $$\tau _3$$ decrease with the weight fraction of FS, suggesting the overlapping of the FS/PDMS interfaces. As the FS percolates in sample bulk, these overlapped FS/PDMS interfaces provide continuous diffusion tunnels for water, thus resulting in failure of the composite after corona aging. It is found that polarization and discharge of the electrons at FS/PDMS interface under corona discharge is the main mechanism that leads to the failure of the composite bulk.

C2H4/N2O has recently been proposed as a promising monopropellant for hydrazine replacement. In this work, the auto-ignition capability of argon diluted C2H4/N2O was experimentally investigated firstly in a rapid compression machine by detecting the light emission and the pressure evolution profiles. The auto-ignition boundary temperature which separates the non-ignition and successful ignition cases was then determined and modeled as a function of pressure and mixture composition. Results show that the auto-ignition temperature decreases with the increase of pressure and increases with the argon dilution fraction and fuel oxidizer ratio. In addition, for successful auto-ignition cases, the ignition delay times were measured and used to validate several recently developed kinetic mechanisms. A mechanism was developed and showed good agreement with the measured ignition delay time as well as the auto-ignition boundary temperature at all test conditions. Finally, the auto-ignition boundary temperatures at practical rocket engine conditions (without dilution) were numerically predicted at various pressure and fuel oxidizer ratio conditions. The model is of merit for designing the cooling system and the local flow residence time to reduce the risk of fuel line explosion and the resonance acoustic induced combustion instability in practical rocket engine.

Aiming at the problems of large temperature differences and inconsistent baking speeds at different positions in the tobacco chamber of the tobacco baking room, this paper proposes a complex structure processing technology of fan vent. according to the structure and drying principle of the baking room, ANSYS fluent simulation software was used to analyze the processing parameters of the heat flow field inside the baking room. combining the characteristics of positive and negative air supply baking, the processing and manufacturing parameters of the baking room were optimized, and then the baking comparison test was performed. The results show that: the forward and reverse air-baking method and the complex structure reduces the temperature difference in the interior of the smoke chamber; the forward and reverse air-bake method reduces the baking time by 11 hours, and reduces the coal consumption and power consumption by 12.6%, 48.5%, the standard deviation of temperature monitoring points in the baking room decreased by 44%.

Path planning is the key technology for UAV to achieve autonomous flight. Considering the shortcomings of path planning based on the conventional potential field method, this paper proposes an improved optimization algorithm based on the artificial potential field method and extends it to three-dimensional space to better achieve flight constrained 3D online path planning for UAVs. The algorithm is improved and optimized aiming at the three problems of goal nonreachable with obstacle nearby (GNWON), easy to fall into local minimum, and path oscillation in traditional artificial potential field method. First, an improved potential field function with relative distance is used to solve the GNWON, and an optimized repulsive potential field calculation method based on different obstacles or threat models is proposed to optimize the planned path. Secondly, in order to make the drone jump out of the local minimum trap, a method of setting heuristic sub-target points is proposed. For local path oscillation, a method using memory sum force was proposed to improve the oscillation. The simulation results show that the improved optimization algorithm in this paper effectively makes up for the shortcomings of the traditional artificial potential field method, and the designed 3D online path planning algorithm for the UAV is practical and feasible.

In this study, an excellent phosphate adsorbent was prepared for removing phosphate to an extremely low concentration. The La(OH)3 nano-rods stabilizing in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers (PLNFs) were prepared by electrospinning and a subsequent in situ precipitation. PAN nanofibers were employed as the matrix of the composite nanofibers, where the well-dispersed La(OH)3 nano-rods were encapsulated as the active species for highly efficient phosphate capture owing to the strong binding between phosphate and lanthanum. On account of the nano-structure, the maximum phosphate adsorption capacity was 151.98 mg P/g (La), much higher than the result of La(OH)3 nano-crystal, produced by precipitation without PAN or any organic surfactants. Moreover, the PLNFs could remove phosphate (2 mg P/L) to an extremely low concentration within 20 min, which could lead to a nutrient deficient condition to protect water quality and ecosystem. The optimization of PLNFs design was implemented through parameter adjustment of electrospinning. Lanthanum salt content, humidity, concentration of solution and applied voltage were chosen to analyze the influences on the composition, diameter and morphology of the nanofibers, giving the result that the most effective adsorbent was the PLNFs with spider-web-like nano-structures.

Microwave photonic radars enable fast or even real-time high-resolution imaging thanks to its broad bandwidth. Nevertheless, the frequency range of the radars usually overlaps with other existed radio-frequency (RF) applications, and only a centimeter-level imaging resolution has been reported, making them insufficient for civilian applications. Here, we propose a microwave photonic imaging radar with a sub-centimeter-level resolution by introducing a frequency-stepped chirp signal based on an optical frequency shifting loop. As compared with the conventional linear-frequency modulated (LFM) signal, the frequency-stepped chirp signal can bring the system excellent capability of anti-interference. In an experiment, a frequency-stepped chirp signal with a total bandwidth of 18.2 GHz (16.9 to 35.1 GHz) is generated. Postprocessing the radar echo, radar imaging with a two-dimensional imaging resolution of ∼8.5 mm × ∼8.3 mm is achieved. An auto-regressive algorithm is used to reconstruct the disturbed signal when a frequency interference exists, and the high-resolution imaging is sustained.

Summary In chemodynamic therapy (CDT), novel chemodynamic reactions are urgently needed to promote the generating efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and meanwhile the real-time monitoring of ROS is really critical to minimize the toxic side effect of CDT. Herein, we develop a pH-responsive chemiluminescent and chemodynamic system (ultrathin Mn-oxides [MnOx] nanosheet - semiconducting polymer nanoparticles [SPNs]). We, for the first time, discover the capability of ultrathin MnOx nanosheets to generate 1O2 under the trigger of acidity. Notably, the 1O2 produced by MnOx can substitute light and specifically excite thiophene-based SPNs to emit photons for near-infrared chemiluminescent imaging, which greatly amplifies the generation of 1O2. Because of the intrinsic acidity within tumor, MnOx-SPNs realize the activatable chemodynamic therapy for solid tumor. Furthermore, the ratiometric chemiluminescent/fluorescent imaging is able to calibrate the output of 1O2 and achieve more accurate real-time and in situ monitoring of 1O2 production during therapy.

Alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) are attracting more and more attention due to the advantages of using non-platinum-group (NPG) metal catalysts and less expensive metal hardware at the high pH conditions. However, the studies of electrodes with the non-precious metal are still less and the performance of the AEMFC operated with the NPG metal catalysts need to improve. In this work, based on AEMFCs operated with the commercial non-precious metal ORR catalysts (Acta 4020), a two dimensional, two-phase flow and steady-state agglomerates model is developed, and the effects of operational conditions of the relative humidity and the structure of the catalyst layer on fuel cell performance are numerically studied and analyzed. The results demonstrate that the relative humidity directly impacts the water distribution and transport in the MEA, and the low relative humidity in the cathode can increase the water back diffusion from the anode to the cathode and improve the fuel cell performance. An increase in the catalyst loading has been found to have a positive effects on the fuel cell performance, but the improvement is limited when the catalyst loading increases to a certain value. In addition, the increase in the mass ratio of catalyst to ionomer results in a decrease in the thickness of the ionomer film, but the excessive mass ratio of the catalyst to the ionomer also leads to a decrease in ionic conductivity, thereby deteriorating the performance of fuel cell. At last, operating with the optimized conditions from the model, the AEMFC realized a good fuel cell performance, and the peak power density reached 566 mW cm−2 and 326 mW cm−2 for H2/O2 and H2/Air (CO2-free) at 60 °C, respectively, and the results are higher than those reported in references.

MnO2 has the highest potential as a supercapacitor electrode; however, its disadvantage in electronic conductivity hinders its widespread use. This study reports the excellent electrochemical performance of MnMC/NF (MnO2 and ZIF-derived nanoporous carbon on nickel foam) composites. MnMC/NF composites are produced when leaf-like Co-ZIF is annealed on nickel foam, followed by potassium permanganate treatment. When the annealing temperature reaches 700 °C, the maximum specific capacitance of 531 F/g is achieved at 1 A/g (456 F/g at 20 A/g) with a rate capability of 85.5%. MnMC/NF700 has a long cyclic stability, and the capacitance retention was 82% after 5000 cycles. The energy density of an assembled device using MnMC/NF700 composite as positive electrodes can reach 38.8 Wh/kg. This is due to the combined effect of nickel substrate's 3D porous structure and the excellent electronic conductivity of ZIF-derived nanoporous carbon. The unique configuration of MnMC/NF composites may provide a referable design for energy storage systems, including materials that have the highest potential for use as supercapacitor electrodes.

Water management has been proven significant for enhancing both performance and durability of anion exchange membrane fuel cell. Besides searching new material, decreasing membrane thickness and modifying operation parameters, a simple and universal method of altering membrane structure is proposed in this work. Composite membranes made by unique processing method that includes both casting and electrospinning processes were compared with traditional casting membrane, all with the same thickness of 40 µm. Comparing to traditional casting membrane, the composite membrane put at proper position shows a higher water permeability, thus even more than 50% enhancement of the peak performance.

Sargassum fusiforme, also known as Yangqicai (羊栖菜) in Chinese and Hijiki in Japanese, is a brown seaweed that grows abundantly along the rocky coastlines of Asian countries such as Japan, Korea, and China. The first use of S. fusiforme as a traditional Chinese medicinal plant was recorded in the Shennong Bencao Jing, dated 200 AD. It was referred to as Haizao (seaweed), renowned for treating Yinglu (tumor‐like induration), dysuria, and edema. Currently, it is commonly used in traditional cuisine as it is rich in dietary fiber and minerals such as calcium, iron, and magnesium. Owing to its health benefits, S. fusiforme remains popular in China, Korea, and Japan, as well as in the UK and in North America. Currently, there is a lack of research on S. fusiforme; thus, we review the therapeutic effects of S. fusiforme, such as anticancer, antiangiogenic, and antiviral effects, in vitro and in vivo as reported during the past two decades. This review may promote further research on the therapeutic uses of S. fusiforme. Furthermore, we discuss the processes and considerations involved in using drugs produced from marine sources., We review the therapeutic effects (anticancer, angiogenesis, and antiviral) in vitro and in vivo reported during the past two decades. This review would promote research on the therapeutic development of Sargassum fusiforme. Processes and considerations involved in using such drugs from marine sources are also presented.

Prosthesis-associated infections and aseptic loosening are major causes of implant failure. There is an urgent need to improve the antibacterial ability and osseointegration of orthopedic implants. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are a common type of zinc-containing metal oxide nanoparticles that have been widely studied in many fields, such as food packaging, pollution treatment, and biomedicine. The ZnO-NPs have low toxicity and good biological functions, as well as antibacterial, anticancer, and osteogenic capabilities. Furthermore, ZnO-NPs can be easily obtained through various methods. Among them, green preparation methods can improve the bioactivity of ZnO-NPs and strengthen their potential application in the biological field. This review discusses the antibacterial abilities of ZnO-NPs, including mechanisms and influencing factors. The toxicity and shortcomings of anticancer applications are summarized. Furthermore, osteogenic mechanisms and synergy with other materials are introduced. Green preparation methods are also briefly reviewed.

Chiral metasurfaces can achieve giant chiral optical responses and have been expanded from the optical band to other electromagnetic bands. Here, we propose a new method for dynamic terahertz circular dichroism (CD) manipulation in metasurfaces. By introducing a patterned and electrically doped graphene into the metamirror consists of double layer C-shaped split ring resonators (SRRs), efficient terahertz CD modulation is observed. Since the electrical doping of graphene changes the absorption loss of the metasuface cavity, the structure shows switching between a chiral metasurface and an ordinary metal mirror, which can be seen as "on" and "off" states. The calculation results show an efficient modulation of the terahertz CD in a large dynamic range. In addition, we also use the new method to design two metasurfaces for dynamic terahertz wavefront modulation and near-field digital imaging, both of which show a high-performance electrical switching. This method provides a new way for the design of active terahertz devices based on metasurfaces, and also promotes the applications of terahertz chiral metasurfaces in high-speed wireless communication and dynamic imaging.

In this study, sheet bulk metal forming (SBMF) processes for manufacturing sidewall-thickened cups were explored, including sheet forming processes for the preparation of cup billets and bulk forming processes for sidewall thickening. To avoid forging laps caused by the clearance between the cup corner and die during sidewall upsetting, a locally thickened tailored blank was designed and produced. To form tailored blanks, coining and orbital forming were compared, and a strategy based on a coining process with different lubrication conditions was analyzed. The tailored blanks were drawn to cups, which had sharp corners and were used as billets for the final upsetting operation to avoid the clearance and thus eliminate forging laps. Adopting upsetting with controllable deformation zone (U-CDZ) method, the cup sidewall was thickened. During forming, the buckling on the sidewall and laps on the corner were prevented. The numerical and experimental results indicate that sheet parts with complex sections can be formed using a tailored blank with the U-CDZ method.

From the perspective of resource reserves, environmental effects, and production costs, direct utilization of natural ores as electrode materials for rechargeable batteries after mineral processing is of more practical significance than chemosynthetic materials. While the corresponding investigation is relatively insufficient, herein phenolic resin (PR)-coated natural pyrite composite (FeS₂@PR) is successfully fabricated using natural pyrite and oligomeric phenolic resin as starting materials. Subsequent oligomer polymerization and calcination process convert FeS₂@C into sulfur-doped carbon-coated Fe₇S₈ (FS@C). Benefiting from the good electric and ionic conductivity of Fe₇S₈, abundant sulfur active sites, and porosity on carbon shell and effective carbon buffering, FS@C exhibits impressive electrochemical performance as anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). It delivers high reversible capacities of 1319 and 796 mAh g–¹ after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g–¹ for LIBs and SIBs, respectively. Even at a high current density of 2.0 A g–¹, considerable capacities of 771 mAh g–¹ after 1000 cycles and 545 mAh g–¹ after 400 cycles are retained for LIBs and SIBs. This work provides a promising prospect toward scalable production of high-capacity iron sulfide anode for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries.

To capture the stochastic characteristics of renewable energy generation output, chance-constrained unit commitment (CCUC) model is widely used. Conventionally, analytical reformulation for CCUC is usually based on simplified probability assumption or neglecting some operational constraints, otherwise scenario-based methods are used to approximate probability with heavy computational burden. In this paper, Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is employed to characterize the correlation between wind farms and probability distribution of their forecast errors. In our model, chance constraints including reserve sufficiency and branch power flow bounds are ensured to be satisfied with predetermined probability. To solve this CCUC problem, we propose a Newton method based procedure to acquire the quantiles and transform chance constraints into deterministic constraints. Therefore, the CCUC model is efficiently solved as a mixed-integer quadratic programming problem. Numerical tests are performed on several systems to illustrate efficiency and scalability of the proposed method.

A novel sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor based on cuprous oxide (Cu2O)@copper-metal organic framework (Cu-MOF)@gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) core–shell structure was proposed. Cu2O@Cu-MOF@Au attached with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) triple-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for detecting CEA antigen. In this work, 50 nm Cu2O nanospheres were prepared. Using Cu2O nanospheres as the core, Cu-MOF was coated on the surface of Cu2O nanospheres by reaction of Cu2O and ligands. Subsequently, chloroauric acid was reduced to Au NPs without adding any reducing agent and Au NPs dispersed on the surface of Cu-MOF. Finally, the Cu2O@Cu-MOF@Au-HRP-Ab2 nanoprobe was successfully prepared. Immunosensors had good performance due to the following reasons. Firstly, Cu2O, Cu-MOF and HRP have excellent catalytic properties for hydrogen peroxide. In addition, the synergistic effect of Cu2O, Cu-MOF and HRP promoted the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and tripled amplification of electrical signals. Here, the successfully prepared immunosensor detected carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) sensitively, the detection range was 50 fg/mL–80 ng/mL, and the detection limit was 17 fg/mL. Besides, the proposed immunosensor had good stability, selectivity and specificity. Detection in human serum samples had good results without matrix effect. This provided a new idea for the clinical detection of tumor markers: "metal oxide—metal organic framework—precious metal nanoparticles" (MMP).

The high-temperature (up to 200 °C) reliability analysis of 1200V/100A 4H-SiC JBS under 168 hours of high-temperature storage stress (HTSS), high-temperature reverse bias (HTRB) and high-humidity HTRB (H3TRB) stress test are reported. Results show that, all the statistical distribution of the data consistency is more dispersed after HTSS, HTRB and H3TRB test, which suggests that there are more degradation in the forward voltage and leakage current characteristics of JBS device under high temperature (up to 423K) stress. The increased reverse leakage currents after HTSS and HTRB stresses at different test temperatures are mainly due to the thermionic emission with the image force barrier height lowering. However, it is not the same phenomenon after HTRB stress. And the stability of VR under HTRB test is better than the one under HTSS test, which may be due to the migration and accumulation of charge during exposure to HTRB.

In order to improve the fault diagnosis theory of switched systems, observer-based method is proposed to deal with the fault diagnosis issue subjected to the parameter uncertainty, unknown process disturbances and unexpected faults. By employing proportional-integral observer (PIO) technique and the average dwell-time (ADT) method, an H∞/H− performance level is considered to ensure the worst case of robustness to the disturbance and sensitivity to the fault simultaneously. Moreover, the obtained fault diagnosis observer can give accurate fault estimation online for the piecewise constant fault. Finally, a two-tank system example is introduced in the end to show the effectiveness of the proposed results.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibility that design research involving a series of actions is an appropriate approach to memory place-making. It tries to explore how memory expressed in public space and how memory place becomes an agency system and re-organize fragments of memory in practice specifically. Design/methodology/approach Taking the memory project of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge (NYRB) as an example of design research and re-establishing new cognitions of contemporary memory place-making through the elaboration and analysis of the design process of a series of teaching, exhibition and public participatory activities. Findings Design research is oriented towards multi-discipline campaigns of agency and actions and acts as thinking patterns and integration mechanisms, so that the memory place-making can be incorporated into the scope of planning and design. This paper suggests that contemporary memory place-making should pay more attention to the spiritual experience of individual participation and the identity relations behind these emotional memories. On one hand, social bonds are established between people and have involved more public participation. On the other hand, multiple resources are integrated through a series of practical activities and design research, and the memory place becomes a catalyst for individual memory, emotions and communication thus redefining memory place-making. Social implications NYRB is a controversial mid-20th century national monument. In the social context of contemporary China, design research has helped to redefine and shape this national icon into a contemporary memory place where people can share memories of the bridge. Originality/value It is project-based in the sense of adding the dimension of memory to the practice of place-making through design research.

In view of the food safety and hygiene issues caused by pathogenic microorganisms, tetrabutyl titanate was used as a precursor for the preparation of a TiO2 nano‐semiconductor photocatalyst via the sol–gel process. The plate count method was then adopted to investigate the photocatalytic sterilization performance of the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles toward Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Subsequently, a backpropagation (BP) neural network model was developed to predict the photocatalytic sterilization performance. The photocatalyst was structurally characterized by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method for specific surface area determination, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicated that the prepared TiO2 nano‐photocatalyst was of high purity with a specific surface area of 76.5 m2/g and the particle size range 15–18 nm. The nanoparticles exhibited characteristic peaks corresponding to the oxide component Ti–O, hydroxyl group ˙OH and oxygen chemisorbed and presented an anatase‐dominated multiphase structure that enhanced the photocatalytic performance. UV irradiation at 254 nm produced better sterilization effects on E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans, with elimination rates after 30 min of reaction of 97.8%, 99.4%, and 93.6%, respectively. These results indicated that the TiO2 nano‐photocatalyst is a promising environmentally friendly catalyst with good sterilization performance. The constructed BP neural network also exhibited high training accuracy and good generalization ability, with correlation coefficients between the network‐predicted and experimental target values of 0.9789. These results support research on the intelligent processing of photocatalytic sterilization with TiO2 nanoparticles.

Carbon materials with layered structure and high conductivity are promising electrode candidates for dual-ion batteries (DIBs). However, the size mismatch of electrolyte ions and interlayer spacing of carbon materials limits the overall performance of DIBs. Thus, finding an effective strategy to adjust the interlayer spacing of carbon materials is of great importance. Here, we describe an efficient electrochemical strategy combining ion pre-intercalation and gas evolution reaction treatment to expand the interlayer spacing and modify graphene layers of carbon fiber papers. Furthermore, through the theoretical calculation we have demonstrated that the anion adsorption energy is reduced and kinetics is accelerated by the introduction of functional groups on the graphene layer. After the electrochemical modification, the discharge capacity of CFP increases more than 50%, the transfer resistance reduces even more than 40% and the capacity retains 94% after 1000 cycles in an ionic liquid electrolyte. These promising results demonstrate an effective and convenient method to solve the size mismatch issue, and therefore, arouse the potentials of carbon materials and other materials with layered structure for high performance DIBs.

For chemotherapy, drug delivery systems often suffer from the inefficient drug loading capability, which usually cause systems toxicity and extra burden to excrete carrier itself. Moreover, the cancer therapeutic efficacy is also greatly limited by the specificity of tumor microenvironment for reactive oxygen species (ROS) based cancer therapeutic strategy (e.g., chemodynamic therapy). Herein, we have developed metal-drug coordination nanoplatform that can not only be responsive to tumor microenvironment but also modulate it, so as to achieve efficient treatment of cancer. Excitingly, by employing small molecule drug (6-thioguanine) as ligand copper ions, we achieve a high drug loading rate (60.1%) and 100% of utilization of metal-drug coordination nanoplatform (Cu-TG). Interestingly, Cu-TG possessed high-efficiently horseradish peroxidase-like, glutathione peroxidase-like and catalase-like activity. Under the tumor microenvironment, Cu-TG exhibited the self-reinforcing circular catalysis that is able to amplify the cellular oxidative stress, inducing notable cancer cellular apoptosis. Moreover, Cu-TG could be activated with glutathione (GSH) and facilitated for GSH triggered 6-TG release, higher selective therapeutic effect toward cancer cells, and GSH activated T1 weight-magnetic resonance imaging. Based on the above properties, Cu-TG exhibited magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guiding, efficient and synergistic combination of chemodynamic and chemotherapy with self-reinforcing therapeutic outcomes in vivo.