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Organic piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) with light weight, good flexibility, and simple processing are promising in mechanical energy conversion. Here, a high-output polymer PENG composed of a poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluorethylene)/SnSe nanosheet (NS) nanocomposite film has been fabricated and tested. After a treatment with mixed solvents of N,N-dimethylformamide and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE), the optimal nanocomposite PENG exhibits high piezoelectric properties with a piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of 25.06 pC·N-1, a prominent open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 15.36 V·cm-2, and a short-circuit current (Isc) of 1.02 μA·cm-2. Moreover, the PENG can generate an output power density of up to 10.72 μW·cm-2 under a vertical force of 50 N. The attractive piezoelectric performance results from the doping of SnSe NSs with a high piezoelectric coefficient and also the increased β-phase ascribed to the introduction of nucleating agent NSs and the TCE solvent. The PENGs reveal great application potentials in consumer electronics.

Piezo-phototronic effect has been extensively investigated for the third generation semiconductor nanowires. Here, we present a demonstration that piezo-phototronic effect can even be applied to tune polarization-sensitive photodetectors based on cation-mixed organic–inorganic perovskite nanowires. A big anisotropic photoluminescence (PL) with linearly polarized light-excitation was found due to a strong spontaneous piezoelectric polarization besides the anisotropic crystal structure and morphology. The piezo-phototronic effect was utilized to tune the PL intensity, and an improved anisotropic PL ratio from 9.36 to 10.21 for linearly polarized light-excitation was obtained thanks to the modulation by piezo-potential. And a circularly polarization-sensitive PL characterized with circular dichroism ratio was also discovered, which was found to be modulated from 0.085 to 0.555 (with a 5.5-fold improvement) within the range of applied strain. The circular dichroism was resulted from the joint effects of the modulated Rashba spin–orbit coupling and the asymmetric carriers separation and recombination for right- and left-handed helicity due to the presence of effective piezo-potential. These findings not only reveal the promising optoelectronic applications of piezo-phototronic effect in perovskite-based polarization-sensitive photodetectors, but also illuminate fundamental understandings of their polarization properties of perovskite nanowires.

A novel grant-free random access scheme is proposed to support massive connectivity with low access delay and overhead for machine-to-machine communication in massive multiple-input–multiple-output systems. This scheme allows all active user equipments (UEs) to transmit their pilots and uplink messages via the same time–frequency resource and performs the joint active UEs detection and uplink message decoding without channel estimation in one shot by utilizing the proposed ensemble independent component analysis (EICA) decoding algorithm. We call the proposed scheme the EICA-based pilot random access (EICA-PA). We analyze the successful access probability, probability of missed detection, and uplink throughput of the EICA-PA scheme. Numerical results show that the EICA-PA scheme significantly improves the successful access probability and uplink throughput, decreases missed detection probability and provides low-frame error rate at the same time.

Relative spectral responsivity is a basic parameter for detecting and evaluating the in-band response non-consistency of the channel polarization remote sensor (CPRS) in laboratory calibration. In ...

Generalised spatial modulation (GSM) activates more than one transmit antenna to send information each time and can achieve higher transmission rates than conventional spatial modulation (SM). Because the GSM information matrix cannot have a unitary matrix structure, the usual differential scheme cannot be used directly in GSM systems. A new scheme based on generalized spatial modulation is proposed(NGSM), in which each transmit frame consists of a reference block and normal blocks. Every normal block is differentially coded based on reference. Reference blocks are allocated more power than normal blocks. The performance of the NGSM system is analysed, and an analytical expression for a tight bound of the average bit error probability (ABEP) is derived. A sub-optimal low-complexity detection algorithm, message passing (MP), is presented to reduce the computational complexity of detection. Simulation and theoretical results demonstrate that the proposed NGSM scheme has only 0.5 dB of ABEP performance loss as compared to coherent GSM when the frame length is 400. The MP algorithm achieves near-maximum likelihood detection accuracy, while reducing complexity by 70%.

A novel A-D-A (acceptor-donor-acceptor) type non-fullerene small molecule, A201, consisting of an asymmetric thieno[1,2-b]indaceno[5,6-b′]thienothiophene (TITT) unit as middle D part and 2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydroinden-1-ylidene) malononitrile (IC) groups as end-capped A parts was designed and synthesized. The asymmetric TITT building block showed a higher dipole moment of 0.85 Debye (1 Debye = 3.33564 × 10−30 cm) compared with the symmetric analogues of indacenodithiophene (IDT) and indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene (IDTT) of 0.098 and 0.13 Debye, respectively. The solution-processed bulk heterojunction solar cells using a benzotriazole (BTA)-based polymer of J71 as donor and A201 as acceptor, showed a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.36% with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.88 V, a short-circuit current (Jsc) of 13.15 mA cm−2, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.67, under the illumination of AM 1.5G at 100 mW cm−2. The high PCE of this material combination could be attributed to its broad absorption spectrum and the high hole mobility (μh) and electron mobility (μe) of 9.56 × 10−4 and 5.17 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. These results indicate that the asymmetric electron-donating segments are promising to construct A-D-A type small molecular acceptors, which could largely enhance the diversity of building blocks to design photovoltaic materials.

Polymer piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) have attracted extensive interest in mechanical energy conversion and wearable electronics for the advantages they have to offer owing some of their characteristics, e.g., the fact that they are light weight, possess a desirable flexibility, and benefit from a high adaptability and simple large-scale manufacturing processes. In this paper, a high-performance organic flexible PENG based on a poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluorethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] film doped with a SnS nanosheet (NS) micropillar array has been prepared and characterized. The piezoelectric coefficient of the P(VDF-TrFE)/SnS NSs (0.3 wt. %) nanocomposite has been greatly enhanced compared with that of the pristine P(VDF-TrFE) film, from 13 to 21 pC N−1. It also demonstrates outstanding open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current (Isc) outputs of 17.28 V cm−2 and 0.94 μA cm−2 under the pressure of 0.5 MPa, which represents a 6-fold and 4-fold improvement, respectively, compared with what a neat P(VDF-TrFE) film was able to deliver. The device was capable of producing a high output power density of 10.69 μW cm−2 under an applied pressure of 0.5 MPa. The dramatic enhancement obtained using nanocomposite micropillar array films results from a more developed β-phase content in the organic film, the higher piezoelectric properties of SnS NSs, and the better alignment of dipoles induced by the micropillar array structure. These remarkably enhanced PENG performances seem to hold much promise for the development of wearable electronics exploiting ambient mechanical energy, thanks to its ability to produce different signals depending on the nature of the source of stimuli.

Performance analysis is presented for the joint estimation of symbol timing, frequency offset, and phase offset with continuous-phase modulation. In this study, undesirable influences on parameters to be estimated, which arise from the inaccuracy of the already estimated parameters, are computed mathematically. Based on performance analysis, a conditional Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) is put forward, and a hypothesise is made that phase offset variance with frequency error present should match with the conditional CRB for any digital phase modulation. Moreover, the hypothesis is manifested by analysing the log-likelihood function in a more general mathematical manner. To alleviate the influences, a data-aided acquisition and phase-locked loop tracking algorithm is proposed. The results of Monte Carlo simulations are presented, showing good agreement with theoretical analysis. Simulation results also show that the proposed algorithm can improve performance in terms of phase error variance at the expense of a high signal-to-noise ratio threshold.

A kind of novel calibration source with dual output modes, namely, narrow-band and broadband, was designed. The optical system of the source is refractive, in spectrometer-like optical configurations using a prism as the dispersion device. The Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) is used as the spatial light modulator, which locates at the focal plane of the dispersion unit. The dispersive wavelengths are located at the active area of DMD, every column of the DMD corresponds to a different wavelength and the rows of each DMD column correspond to the intensity of that wavelength. With the modulation of the DMD, it can produce narrow-band/monochromatic output like a monochromator by switching the corresponding columns on, and broadband output by switching several different columns on. The source’s operating band spans 450~2250nm, consisting of two independent parts which span 450~1000nm and 1000~2250nm, respectively. The narrow-band bandwidths spans 5~28nm for VIS-NIR and 20~40nm for SWIR subsystems. Several broadband target spectra, including sea water, plants and sun, were simulated by this source through spectral simulation algorithm. The source’s radiometric metrics are suitable to be traced to the absolute cryogenic radiometer (ACR), the most accurate optical power standard at present, which is helpful to improve the calibration accuracy for remote sensors at the beginning. The capability of simulating target spectra will reduce the calibration uncertainties caused by the spectral mismatch between calibration sources and targets viewed by the remote sensors. Based on the considerations above, the source is very appropriate and applicable for remote sensor’s calibration.

A coherent detection receiver for multiple symbol trellis-coded continuous phase frequency shift keying (MSTC-CPFSK) system in burst-mode transmission is proposed. The receiver exploits a joint data-aided (DA) acquisition and phase-locked loop (PLL) tracking algorithm (DA-PLL) for coherent demodulation. Firstly, an all-zero sequence is utilized as a pilot for DA acquisition and then, a second-order PLL structure is introduced for tracking processing; subsequently, we calculate the equivalent Cramer-Rao bound (ECRB) for the PLL structure of the MSTC-CPFSK system; finally, some simulations are performed to verify our structure design and performance analysis.

This paper studies the parameter-tuned stochastic resonance (PSR) effect in Binary PAM Signal Processing under coherent and non-coherent received by the measure of Bit Error Rate (BER). Based on probability density function of general Gaussian noise, we derive an analytical expression of the BER under coherent and non-coherent received through different types of noise. The theoretical and numerical results demonstrate that the noise-enhanced transmission BER occur for non-coherent received in various noise scenarios. The BER of the signal from a nonlinear system over that of a linear system. For coherent received, whatever background noise is not favorable for the signal processing. The performance of a linear system is best.

In this paper, we present a simple Stokes parameter measurement method for a rotating quarter-wave plate polarimeter. This method is used to construct a model to describe the principle of how the magnitudes of errors influence the deviation of the output light Stokes parameter, on the basis of accuracy analysis of the retardance error of the quarter-wave plate, the misalignment of the analyzing polarizer, and the phase shift of the measured signals, which will help us to determine the magnitudes of these errors and then to acquire the correct results of Stokes parameters. The method is validated by the experiments on left-handed circularly polarized and linear horizontal polarization beams. With the improved method, the maximum measurement deviations of Stokes parameters for these two different polarized states are reduced from 2.72% to 2.68%, and from 3.83% to 1.06% respectively. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method can be used as a promising approach to Stokes parameter measurement for a rotating quarter-wave plate polarimeter.