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A novel, inexpensive, easily available and eco-friendly biosorbent, Tamarindus indica activated seed coat, has been evaluated for its capability to remove fluoride from water. Batch experiments were carried out to study the effect of various parameters affecting the biosorption such as pH (2–10), biosorbent dose (0.05 g/L to 0.35 g/L), contact time (10–80 min) and initial fluoride concentration (0.001–0.006 g/L) for the biosorption of fluoride at room temperature. The maximum removal of fluoride was found at pH 6, biosorbent dose 0.3 g and contact time 60 min. Physicochemical characterization studies revealed the suitable morphology and chemical functional groups present on the biosorbent. Isothermal data agreed well with the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model with R2 value 0.976 and KL 0.1. The biosorption interface of fluoride onto Tamarindus indica activated seed coat obeyed the pseudo-second-order rate equation with R2 0.976. The present study demonstrates that Tamarindus indica activated seed coat can effectively remediate fluoride-contaminated water. HIGHLIGHTS Activated tamarind seed coat powder used as biosorbent for the removal of fluoride.; Physicochemical studies of biosorbent revealed favourable features for F removal.; Desorption studies obtained 90% recovery within three cycles.; Developed sorbent applied to real field water samples and succeeded.; This biosorbent can be considered a potential, cost-effective and eco-friendly biosorbent.

Natural fibers achieved significant attention in the structural area even though they have comparatively less strength than the regular materials. Because of having higher strength to weight ratio, natural fiber composite structures play a noteworthy role in several application domains. Natural fibers are hybridized in order to have the composite structures with the integrated strength of the individual fibers. In this work, two natural fibers such as tamarind seed powder and palm fiber have been identified and hybridized composite specimens have been fabricated in four different combinations by varying the volumetric ratio for testing their tensile strength, impact strength and hardness value. SEM images have been taken to carry out the morphology study on the surfaces of the prepared composite specimens. The obtained results confirmed the suitability of the proposed composite structure for the various existing structural applications.

While drilling a well, drilling fluids incurs 15–18 per cent of the overall cost. While preparing a drilling fluid, there are three fundamental considerations. It should be simple to use, not too expensive, and it should be environmentally sustainable. The formulation of a mud system begins with the selection of a mud family that, according to the rock formations and drilling fluid properties, will be sufficient for drilling a well. In order to develop a drilling fluid, we experimented and used tamarind seed powder with bentonite and barite. With approximately 8 to 10 seeds in each pod, tamarind seeds contained in kernels or pods are around 3 to 6 in. long. The average weight of pod is around 0.064 g. In general, a complete grown tamarind tree produces around 175 to 250 kg of seed/kernel. The density of different samples with a mixture of bentonite, barite and tamarind seed powder ranging from 5 to 20 g was found using mud balance. Results show that average mud density received after five test runs of the experiment was 8.662 ppg which is good to be considered as a good drilling fluid.

Because of increasing automobiles, power plants and factories, increasing of this automobiles, power plants produce the more emissions like CO, HC and NOx. So that the world is searching for the alternative fuel, which will not create any harm to the environment and also it would be less in cost. Biodiesel is one of the main solutions to the global energy crisis. In this present work studied the performances and emission characteristics of Tamarind Seed Oil Bio-diesel (TSO). Use of additives for better combustion characteristics to the biodiesel. The blends of Tamarind Seed oil (TSO) with the additives Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are B10 + 20 PPM Al2O3, B20 + 20PPM Al2O3, B30 + 20 PPM Al2O3. This blends were analyzed and their performance and emissions characteristics compared with performance and emission characteristics of diesel. Tests were carried out over entire range of engine operation at varying conditions of load. The engine exhaust gas emissions are reduced with increase biodiesel concentration.

Increasing energy consumption and minimisation of fossil fuels have motivated the researchers to probe biodiesel as a transportation fuel. However, large scale of biodiesel production has run into ...

The water-soluble loose-fill foam obtained from tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP) was successfully prepared by a combination of mechanical frothing and freeze-drying process. The effects of TSP concentration, plasticizer content, and surfactant content on the cellular morphology, physical properties, mechanical properties, and moisture absorption were investigated. The cellular structure of TSP foam exhibited an open cell structure with a non-uniform size of the cell window, and the density varied in a range of ∼0.006–0.106 g/cm3. Foam preparation with high TSP concentration, low plasticizer as well as glycerol content enhanced the mechanical properties of the obtained foam, including tensile strength, compressive strength, and hardness. The high compressive strength of TSP foams up to ∼1.03 MPa can be produced which demonstrates that TSP foam is capable to use as a loose-fill product.

In this work, considering the various practical concerns during storage, processing, handling and emission of flash powder used for making firecracker, a slight modification was made in chemical composition of flash powder to overcome all the above-mentioned practical concerns. Generally, flash powder chemical composition consists of KNO3-60%, Al-20% and S-20% for making firecrackers. The modification was made by replacing 5% and 10% of sulfur with tamarind seed powder (TSP) in the flash powder composition. In this study, all the chemicals used for making flash powder were of nanometer size. Using this TSP-based flash powder, the bijili crackers were fabricated and tested for noise level. The performance of the noise level by TSP-based flash powder was within the specified limits. The safety aspect of TSP-based flash powder was tested for its impact and friction sensitivity. To understand the thermal behavior of the TSP-based flash powder, TG analysis and DSC were performed and compared with existing flash powder composition. The results showed that TSP could be a perfect substituent for sulfur and could play a vital role in the making of eco-friendly (Green) crackers.

The present experimentation is carried out on a diesel engine using biodiesel as a fuel. The combination of lemongrass and tamarind seed methyl ester has replaced the diesel at various percentages. This investigation used three blends of biodiesels i.e. 10% of mixed methyl ester and 90% of pure diesel (B10) similarly B20, and B30. From the obtained results it was observed the enhanced brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for biodiesel blends as compared to the diesel. The blend B20 shows enhanced BTE than other samples, being around 20% higher than the diesel. The biodiesel blends show a reduction in HC and CO emissions and enhancement in CO2 and NOX emissions than the diesel. The highest heat release rate observed for B20 at a crank angle of 355° is 68.77 J/deg.

The current study involves development of novel tamarind seed gum - alginate complex microspheres for sustained release of dalfampridine by using Central Composite design in combination with response surface methodology. Polymer ratio (A), agitation speed (B) and concentration of CaCl2 (C) were selected as independent variables. Dalfampridine loaded microspheres are prepared by ionotropic gelation technique and were evaluated for responses. The software numerical optimization process, surface and contour plots predicted the level of independent variables A, B and C (2.6, 800.412 rpm and 1.1%w/w respectively), for maximum response of drug entrapment efficiency (86.09%), controlled release of drug at 1 h, 6 h, 12 h (29.84%, 67.92%, 86.42%) and optimized particle size (613.212 μm) respectively. Low magnitude of relative error for the optimized formulation confirms the validation of model. Optimized formulation was characterized for compatibility by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy and Differential scanning calorimetry. The drug release data was best fitted by first order and Higuchi square root model with non-Fickian diffusion kinetics. Therefore, such an attempt of fabrication of dalfampridine multi-particulates system by using tamarind seed gum and sodium alginate may be useful in a better way, for sustaining the release of drug over 12 h.

The veterinary antibiotic enrofloxacin (ENR), an emerging contaminant, poses great concern due to its ubiquitous nature. Efforts have been made to eliminate ENR from synthetic aqueous solutions through applying an adsorption process, using tamarind-seed-derived carbon chemically activated with 85% (w/w) ortho-phosphoric acid (ACTS) as an adsorbent. ACTS was characterized via BET studies, SEM, EDX spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, etc. Parametric optimization was performed with the aid of a Taguchi L16 orthogonal array approach, aimed at maximizing the ENR percentage removal (% R). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results revealed that temperature, chosen as one of the process parameters, had insignificant effects. % R was found to be maximum (95.11%) at a contact time of 15 h, a pH of 8, an ACTS dose of 8 g L−1 and an initial ENR concentration of 10 mg L−1. Equilibrium and kinetics studies revealed that the adsorption process followed a Redlich–Peterson isotherm model and a pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Reusability studies were performed, which showed that the developed adsorbent is reusable and regenerable. ACTS is also cost-effective, as the laboratory preparation of ACTS incurred a cost of INR 246. Finally, the ENR-laden ACTS was safely disposed of following WHO guidelines.

An attempt was made to formulate moxifloxacin loaded alginate beads incorporated into spongy wound dressing to heal chronic wounds as well as to reduce frequency of painful dressing change. Moxifloxacin loaded beads (sodium alginate:pectin, 1:1) were prepared by ionic gelation method, with entrapment efficiency 94.52%, crushing strength 25.30 N and drug release 90.52%. Beads were further incorporated into wound dressing, made of pectin and carboxymethyl tamarind seed polysaccharide (CMTSP). Spongy wound dressing was obtained by freeze drying technology, which showed good folding endurance, high wound fluid absorption and good crushing strength. Drug release was found to be 85.09%. Dressing made of CMTSP:pectin (1.5:2) showed good water vapour transmission and antibacterial activity. Porous nature of dressing absorbed exudates of wound. Excision wound model in rats revealed wound healing within 17 days: groups I (control), II (moxifloxacin beads loaded wound dressing), III (moxifloxacin beads), IV (pectin film) and V (sodium alginate film) showed 65.28, 99.09, 86.90, 66.84 and 64.30% wound closure, respectively. To conclude, moxifloxacin beads loaded spongy wound dressing has good healing and wound closing potential compared to pectin film and moxifloxacin beads. Thus, the formulation is novel for biomedical application which reduced the frequency of painful dressing change.

Development of multifunctional textile materials is a quest of research today and multifunctional fabrics particularly based on cellulose are highly demanded. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is widely reported; however, the reports on green in situ synthesis of nanoparticles on textile materials is quite limited. Another issue which needs to be addressed through research is the durability of functional properties in case of nanoparticle-containing fabrics. In the present work, linen fabric was first coated with a chitosan-based formulation and the modifed linen was utilized as a backbone for in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles using tamarind seed coat extract. The modified fabric was characterized and further evaluated for change in appearance using reflectance spectroscopy. The functional properties of the modified linen viz. wrinkle recovery, antibacterial activity, ultraviolet protection, flame retardancy and antioxidant activity were evaluated. The retention of such functional properties against subsequent laundering treatments was evaluated. The brown-coloured modified linen showed efficient functional properties, with bacterial reduction of 100%, UPF rating of 50 + and antioxidant activity of 97% and LOI of 23. The functional properties except flame retardancy were retained to a satisfactory level even after 50 washes. The results obtained were promising enough to claim the resulting material as multifunctional textile material suitable for various technical applications.

The study aimed to compare the effect of individual or combined supplementation of condensed tannins (Tamarindus indica) and saponins-containing (Sapindus mukorossi) phyto-sources on enteric methan...

The rise in industrialisation and the upgrading of the technology, has led to tremendous changes adversely in the nature. There are many effects in such as pollution rise in water and air leading to various ill effect on health of living. In this paper we have concentrated working on removing of toxic compound which is extracted from battery waste and then removed using activated carbon from coconut shells Nano sized(AC-NP) and tamarind seeds Nano sized(AT-NP).The nanoparticles sized were analyzed using SEM, which were about the size of 1000nm(AT-NP), and 500nm(AC-NP) respectively. After, optimized over a period of time the nickel removed showed tremendous change

In this work, an experimental investigation has been carried out to reduce the emission and improve the performance and combustion characteristics of direct injection compression ignition (...

Novel hydrogels of 5, 6, and 7% w/v of methylcellulose (5MC, 6MC, and 7MC) with 1.5% w/v of tamarind seed xyloglucan (TSX) were developed via an in situ gel forming process. The MC and MC/TSX solutions formed two gel types: a soft gel and a turbid hard gel respectively upon heating. These samples were characterized using a test-tube-tilting method (TTM), rheological, and turbidity measurements. The interactions and the mechanism of gelation were studied using ATR-FTIR. The release of metronidazole (MTZ) from the hydrogels was also investigated. Based on the TTM results, 6MC/TSX, 7MC, and 7MC/TSX were solution at room temperature but could form gel at body temperature. ATR-FTIR demonstrated stronger hydrophobic associations of MC in the turbid gel than in the soft gel which corresponded to the higher intensity of the C–O band of MC. The peak intensity was greater in the presence of TSX, reflecting the role of TSX to increase hydrophobicity and decrease gelation temperature of MC. SEM revealed a microporous morphology of 6MC/TSX, 7MC, and 7MC/TSX and the pore size of the soft gel was greater than that of the turbid gel. The high relative rheological synergism at 37 °C indicated a high mucoadhesive property of the MC/TSX hydrogels. MC and MC/TSX exhibited a suitable syringeability to ease of administration at 25 °C. MTZ exhibited a more sustained release from 7MC/TSX than from a commercial formulation. Therefore, 7MC/TSX hydrogel could be potentially used for the in situ delivery of MTZ for the treatment of periodontitis.

In the firecracker industry, the employees are exposed to various health and safety issues in their workplace due to the handling of different chemical powders. Normally prepare the firecracker it needs potassium nitrate (60%), sulfur (20%), and aluminium (20%). Among this firecracker chemical mixture, aluminium is a highly hazardous material because of its sensitivity and reactivity. The fire and explosion easily occur in the workplace during the handling of chemical mixtures and during the bursting of firecrackers, the environment also will be getting affected. In this work, with consideration of the aforementioned issues, a new firecracker is prepared by reducing nano aluminum powder at different compositions like 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%, it is even handed by Tamarind Seed Powder (TSP). The performance characteristic like noise level, sensitivity tests like impact and friction sensitiveness are measured for both existing and modified crackers chemical mixture. The modified chemical mixture does not have frictional sensitivity. The performance like the sound level of the modified cracker is increased slightly and the value is 116 dB (AI). The sound level of the normal firecracker is 107.9 dB (AI). So, this new cracker chemical composition promotes workplace safety and creates a safe working environment in the workplace.

In this work, structural characteristics of TSPs treated by high-pressure homogenization (HPH) and their effects on physicochemical properties of corn starch were analyzed. HPH induced monosaccharides change, Gal/Glc ratio decrease from 0.32 to 0.25, and molecular weight (Mw) decrease from 10.55 to 4.47 × 105 Da through damaging glycosidic linkages in the backbone and side-chain of TSPs. Furthermore, 90 MPa homogenized TSP (higher Gal removal) showed inhibitory effects on starch paste retrogradation, and TSPs with a lower Mw (homogenized at 60 and 90 MPa) could limit water precipitation during the long-term storage. Moreover, Mw and Gal/Glc ratio were the major factors for the determined effects of TSPs on physicochemical properties of corn starch. The results could provide new insights into the relationship between TSP structure and their effects on the physicochemical properties of starch.

This chapter focuses on enhancing the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a novel biodiesel blend-a mix of diesel (80%) and tamarind seed oil (20%), represented as tamarind seed methyl ester (TSME) with alumina oxide (Al2O3), Carbon nano tubes (CNT), and Cerium oxide(CeO2) considered as potential nanoparticles. These were added to TSME at concentration of 50 ppm and were uniformly dispersed in the biodiesel blend with the help of a magnetic stirrer as well as an Ultrasonicator to attain stable suspension. The immersed nanoparticles in the tamarind seed oil blend exhibit multiple advantages such as an enhanced air-fuel mixing, better oxidation process, larger surface area to volume ratio results in higher brake thermal efficiency, as well as a significant reduction in smoke opacity, hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions.

The present experimental work is focused on the use of Taguchi method to evaluate the optimum intake parameters to obtain the enhanced engine performance characteristics of diesel engine fuelled wi...

The limitations and ramifications of petroleum fuel on the present environmental society raised the necessity of alternative fuel. The physicochemical properties of biodiesel and its ability to red...

Tamarind seed mucilage (TSM) was evaluated as a novel wall material for microencapsulation of sesame oil (SO) by spray-drying method. Wall material:core ratios of 1:1 (M1) and 1:2 (M2) were considered, and the corresponding physical and flow properties, thermal stability, functional groups composition, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, and oxidative stability were evaluated. Powder of M1 and M2 microcapsules exhibited free-flowing characteristics. The particle size distribution for M1 microcapsules was monomodal with diameter in the range 1–50 μm. In contrast, Microcapsules M2 presented a bimodal distribution with diameter in the ranges 1–50 μm and 50-125 μm. M1 microcapsules were thermally stable until 227 °C and microcapsules M2 until 178 °C. Microcapsules M1 and M2 exhibited a dominant amorphous halo and external morphology almost spherical in shape. Encapsulation efficiency was 91.05% for M1 and 81.22% for M2. Peroxide formation reached values after six weeks was 14.65 and 16.51 mEq/kgOil for M1 and M2 respectively. Overall, the results led to the conclusion that tamarind mucilage is a viable material for high microencapsulation efficiency, while offering protection against oxidation mechanisms of SO.

Development of tamarind seed gum (TSG)-hydrolyzed polymethacrylamide-g-gellan (h-Pmaa-g-GG) composite beads for extended release of diclofenac sodium using 32 full factorial design is the main purpose of this study. The ratio of h-Pmaa-g-GG and TSG and concentration of cross-linker CaCl2 were taken as independent factors with three different levels of each. Effects of polymer ratio and CaCl2 on drug entrapment efficiency (DEE), drug release, bead size and swelling were investigated. Responses such as DEE and different drug release parameters were statistically analyzed by 32 full factorial design using Design-Expert software and finally the formulation factors were optimized to obtain USP-reference release profile. Drug release rate was found to decrease with decrease in the ratio of h-Pmaa-g-GG:TSG and increase in the concentration of Ca2+ ions in cross-linking medium. The optimized formulation showed DEE of 93.25% and an extended drug release profile over a period of 10 h with f2 = 80.13. Kinetic modeling unveiled case-I-Fickian diffusion based drug release mechanism.

The present research work focuses on the influence of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the characteristics of the diesel engine operated with 20% tamarind seed methyl ester (TSME 20) as t...

High quality of activated carbon (AC) was successfully produced from Tamarind seed (TS) via single and two steps chemical activation using ZnCl2, K2CO3 and KH2PO4 as chemical activators. The raw, char and synthesized ACs were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Sodium Thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) volumetric method and Scanning Electron Microscopy analyses. High percentage yield was shown by ZnCl2-AC (39.18 %) via single step chemical activation. ZnCl2-AC also showed high iodine number for both single step (883.22 mg/g) and two steps (987.94 mg/g). There are several functional groups given in raw, char and prepared ACs such as hydroxyl group (O-H), alkanes (C-H), aromatic (C=C) and ethers (C-O). SEM analysis proved the development of porous network occurred on the surface of synthesized ACs compared to raw and char. To conclude, two steps chemical activation showed higher porosity and high iodine number in comparison to ACs prepared through single step.

This research work presents the comparison of fracture toughness of composites with multi fillers used with GFRP. The natural bio fillers like coconut shell particulate and tamarind seed particulate are used in epoxy. Fillers are added to the epoxy material with fiber filler ratio of 100:1.The laminates was fabricated using GFRP/epoxy filled with bio-filler adopting conventional hand lay-up process. Various combinations of epoxy based bio-filler composites are investigated and their fracture toughness is calculated. The result indicates that the conventional Glass/epoxy laminates perform better than the other composition using bio fillers. The performance of GFRP/epoxy laminates using bio fillers are in the decreasing order of glass/epoxy composite with 1% coconut shell particulate, Glass/epoxy composite with 0.5%coconut shell particulate + 0.5% tamarind seed particulate and Glass/epoxy composite with 1% tamarind particulate . The maximum load and the corresponding deflection of the specimens are evaluated; the critical energy release rate, critical loads and the corresponding displacements are discussed to observe the suitable composition for fracture toughness.

Two-dimensional (2D) printing is a simple technology that shows the possibility for the preparation of personalized pharmaceutical dosage forms. This technology can accurately print medicine in different sizes, which can be applied to develop a personalized, drug-loaded orodispersible film for patients with dysphagia. Seed gum from Tamarindus indica Linn was selected as the film former of the printing substrate, and sorbitol was applied as a film plasticizer. Theophylline was used as a printed model drug due to its narrow therapeutic index. From the results, the mechanical properties of the film indicated that increasing the level of sorbitol improved the flexibility and strength of the film, which rendered the gum film suitable as a printing substrate. Conversely, raising portions of the gum (more than 3.5%) led to the use of rigid and stress-resistant films that can crack during the printing process. The Fourier transform infrared result revealed that there was no interaction between theophylline and the gum after the printing process. The printed theophylline was mainly in an amorphous form based on the X-ray diffraction results. Furthermore, theophylline was deposited at the surface of the gum substrate after the drug-printing process, as depicted in the scanning electron microscope images. The printed drug on the orodispersible film can be accurately determined by varying the printing size/repeat. Lastly, the drug was completely released from the orodispersible film within 5 min. The research results showed the possibility of utilizing tamarind seed gum as a potential printing substrate for the 2D drug-printing technique. Moreover, this can be applied as an electronic prescribing system for telemedicine in the future.

Water contamination seems unavoidable as many human activities involve the use of water in one way or the other. Chemical coagulants, especially aluminium based, which are widely used in treatment of wastewater or contaminated water have been associated with some health issues. Research on the use of plant based coagulants in water treatment now draws a lot of attentions, not only because the natural coagulants are presumed safe but also because of their biodegradable nature. In this present study, efforts have been made to evaluate the effectiveness of locally available tamarind seed powder as natural coagulant and Sodom apple (Calotropis procera) as coagulant aid for the treatment of textile wastewater. The tests were carried out using the conventional jar test apparatus at various pH and coagulant dosage with no aid added. Also, three sets of jar test experiments were performed at constant values of coagulant dosage and pH (which were found to be favourable in the first experiments) by varying the dosage of liquid and solid coagulant aid as well as time. The results obtained show that pH slightly affected the pollutants removal efficiency of the unaided coagulation. The neutral pH was found to be favourable with turbidity and colour removal of 22.25% and 30.36% respectively. The optimum mixing time of turbidity removal efficiency was found to be 2 min with rapid mixing of 30 seconds and 1½ min of slow mixing with turbidity and colour removal of 69.48% and 60.53% respectively. The optimum dosage was found to be 4.0 g of coagulant and 1.0 g of coagulant aid for turbidity, total dissolved solid and colour removal efficiency.

Tamarind seed mucilage was isolated and dried with spray dryer. Functional properties and physicochemical characteristics of the extracted mucilage were evaluated. Functional properties showed that the solubility, water holding capacity and oil holding capacity increased with temperature. The swelling index was determined at different temperatures (25, 45 and 65 °C) and pH (2, 4, 6, 7 and 8), increasing when these variables were increased. Emulsifying ability increased and emulsifying stability decreased when the weight of powder of tamarind seed mucilage/oil volume ratio was increased. Thermogravimetry showed that mucilage particles were thermostable until 175 °C when an appreciable mass loss began. The morphology of the external surfaces of tamarind seed mucilage particles showed continuous walls with no fissures, cracks or interruptions, semi spherical particles with a skin-like particle structure. Given the similarity of this novel mucilage with commercial hydrocolloids, it could be potentially applied for human consumption industries as functional, cheap and environmental friendly hydrocolloids.

In this study, the physical properties of sisal and coir fibers have been described. Using manual extraction procedures, the sisal fibers were extracted from the sisal plant and coir fibers from th...

Mahboubeh Razavi,1 Hamed Karimian,1 Chai Hong Yeong,2 Mehran Fadaeinasab,3 Si Lay Khaing,4 Lip Yong Chung,1 Didi Erwandi B Mohamad Haron,5 Mohamed Ibrahim Noordin1,6 1Department of Pharmacy, 2University Malaya Research Imaging Centre and Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, 3Center for Natural Product Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), 4Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 5Shimadzu-UMMC Centre for Xenobiotics Studies, Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 6Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (IPharm), National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Penang, Malayasia Abstract: This study aimed to formulate floating gastroretentive tablets containing metformin hydrochloric acid (HCl), using various grades of hydrogel such as tamarind powders and xanthan to overcome short gastric residence time of the conventional dosage forms. Different concentrations of the hydrogels were tested to determine the formulation that could provide a sustained release of 12 h. Eleven formulations with different ratios of tamarind seed powder/tamarind kernel powder (TKP):xanthan were prepared. The physical parameters were observed, and in vitro drug-release studies of the prepared formulations were carried out. Optimal formulation was assessed for physicochemical properties, thermal stability, and chemical interaction followed by in vivo gamma scintigraphy study. MKP,3 formulation with a TKP:xanthan ratio of 3:2 was found to have 99.87% release over 12 h. Furthermore, in vivo gamma scintigraphy study was carried out for the optimized formulation in healthy New Zealand White rabbits, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of developed formulations were obtained. 153Sm2O3 was used to trace the profile of release in the gastrointestinal tract of the rabbits, and the drug release was analyzed. The time (Tmax) at which the maximum concentration of metformin HCl in the blood (Cmax) was observed, and it was extended four times for the gastroretentive formulation in comparison with the formulation without polymers. Cmax and the half-life were found to be within an acceptable range. It is therefore concluded that MKP,3 is the optimal formulation for sustained release of metformin HCl over a period of 12 h as a result of its floating properties in the gastric region.Keywords: drug delivery systems, floating system, gastric retention, sustained release natural polymers, evaluation in vitro and in vivo

Background Tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP) is used as a texturizing agent and a thickener in food and pharmaceutical products. There are no publications describing the addition of TSP to intra-articular injection formulations for arthritis. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the rheology and efficacy of the formulation of TSP with hyaluronic acid (HA) as a new material for injection for arthritis. Methods We investigated the viscoelastic properties of formulations of HA and TSP as potential lubricants for arthritis, and tested the improvement of right/left paw weight distribution in monosodium iodoacetate-induced arthritis in the rat. Results HA formulations with 3% and 4% TSP showed improved rheological characteristics and were protected against changes induced by heat sterilization. Addition of TSP also reduced pain in the arthritis model, as evidenced by normalization of the distribution of paw weight. Conclusions TSP is a potential material as a substitute for HA or in combination with HA for intra-articular injection for arthritis.

Most of the natural dyes require mordants for their fixation on textile materials. Natural mordants are thus gaining importance in order to get complete-natural dyeing. In the present work, natural dyes and mordants were extracted using conventional and ultrasound methods and comparative studies were made. The natural mordants namely harda and tamarind seed coat and natural dyes like turmeric, henna were extracted using conventional and ultrasound approaches and various extracts obtained were described in terms of their optical densities. In order to verify the extraction efficiencies, wool fabrics were dyed with extracts of various combinations of mordants/dyes and dyed fabrics were evaluated for their colour strengths and fastness properties. The extent of colour extraction was higher in case of ultrasound assisted extraction as compared to that of conventional method. The fabrics dyed using extracts of ultrasound method showed higher colour values as compared to those dyed using extracts from conventional methods thus confirming ultrasound as more efficient method of extraction.

In this study, thedye treatment which is methylene blue (MB) as water pollutants was ascertained with the activated carbon that prepared from the tamarind seed(Tamarindusindica). The conditions used to prepare activated carbon, (TSC) were activated using phosphoric acid as an activating agent at temperature 500 oC for four hours. These conditions may be attributed to enhance the surface area and pores development of TSC. Single point BET surface area (SBET) analysis gave the surface area of TSC was and FESEM analysis showed that the pores development and formation were mostly in circle and oval pattern. The best conditions for TSC sample to adsorb MB effectively were at 50 mL of MB with concentration 120 ppm at temperature, 323 K by using 0.04 g of TSC. The maximum adsorption capacity for MB dye solution was 102.77 mg g-1Keywords: Tamarind seed; dyes; methylene blue; adsorption; phosphoric acid.

The near future of drug delivery system would lie in the search of a versatile and innocuous material, based mostly on the natural resources. The tamarind seed xyloglucan (XG) is a natural neutral hemicellulose and a hydrophilic polysaccharide consisting of a main chain of glucan backbone with xylose and galactose side chains. XG is endowed with idiosyncratic mucoadhesive and in situ gelling properties which rated XG as an attractive, functional polymer for numerous drug delivery applications. In milieu of this, the present review is designed to underline the plausible potential of XG or XG-based systems in drug delivery. The feasibility of surface-tailoring, the flexibility of chemical-modification, and the possibility as ligand-conjugations grant XG an extraordinary consideration in the scientific territory. The authors are hopeful that the versatility of XG would meet the expectations of regulatory authorities and the XG-based products will serve the therapeutic needs of the community in the future, if sufficiently investigated and promising outcomes are obtained in human subjects.

A new pH-sensing film was developed by using tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP) and natural dye extracted from litmus lichen (LLE). The addition of LLE from 0 to 2.5% decreased the tensile strength and elongation at break from 30.20 to 29.97 MPa and 69.73% to 60.13%, respectively, but increased the water vapor permeability from 0.399 × 10−9 to 0.434 × 10−9 g·s−1·m−1·Pa−1. The UV–Vis spectra of the litmus lichen extract (LLE) in the pH range of 4–10 showed that the color clearly changed from orange to blue. The characterization results showed that TSP interacted with LLE through hydrogen bonds. The color of the film varied from orange (pH 4.0) to blue-violet (pH 10.0). The full cream milk spoilage test indicated that the film is suitable for application in full cream milk spoilage detection. The developed pH-sensing film could be used as a promising diagnostic tool for the detection of food spoilage.

Synergistic interactions between hyaluronic acid (HA) and tamarind seed polysaccharide (TS-polysaccharide) have been demonstrated by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This study was designed to investigate the potential clinical benefit of a combination of HA and TS-polysaccharide in managing dry eye disease (DED).A total of 49 subjects with moderate DED, confirmed by Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire score between 10 and 25, tear break-up time (BUT)10 seconds, or Schirmer I test5.5 mm after 5 minutes, and lissamine green staining of the ocular surface2 according to National Eye Institute score system, were enrolled into this multicenter, randomized, double-masked study to receive either combination of HA and TS-polysaccharide or carmellose sodium for 3 months, both instilled 4 times per day. The assessments included OSDI questionnaire, tear film stability (BUT), tear production (Schirmer I test), and corneal and conjunctival staining.Patients treated with HA and TS-polysaccharide showed a statistically significant improvement in the OSDI score at the end of the study compared to the baseline and control groups. The HA and TS-polysaccharide and carmellose sodium were equally effective in reducing BUT and the extent of injury assessed by corneal and conjunctival staining. Non-significant changes were recorded for Schirmer I test.Based on the results of this clinical trial, the combination of HA and TS-polysaccharide appears to be effective in improving the symptoms of dry eye, opening new scenarios in possible treatment of the disease by combining different molecules.

Tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP), a natural polysaccharide extracted from tamarind seeds is used in the pharmaceutical, textile and food industries as a mucoadhesive polymer. This work aimed to extract TSP from tamarind seeds from three sources with two methods and characterized its physical and chemical properties. Kernel powder of tamarind seeds was slurried into a clear solution, set aside overnight and then centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 20 min to separate all foreign matter. The supernatant was separated and poured into excess 95% ethanol with continuous stirring. The precipitate obtained was collected and dried in the oven and then the dried TSP polymer was stored in a desiccator. The dried TSP was analyzed by ¹H-NMR, FT-IR and XRD. The results showed TSP from tamarind seeds taken from paddy farmland (A), a waste from the export tamarind juice industry (B) and the export tamarind powder industry(C) gave yields of 31.55%, 26.95% and 17.30%, respectively, using method 1 and 11.15%, 53.65% and 54.65%, with method 2, respectively, but method 2 gave purer TSP than method 1. The FT-IR spectra displayed peaks at 3351.95 cm(-1), 2920.76 cm(-1), 1018.85 cm(-1) and 555.16 cm(-1). The ¹H-NMR showed polysaccharide peaks between δ 3.50-4.20 ppm and XRD diagrams indicated their amorphous nature. Future works will focus on the quantitative analysis, biological activity and possible use of TSP as a drug delivery system.